GROUP STUDY

tract
• mesoderm → most of urinary
•
ectoderm → bladder
becomes ectoderm )
d- 9-14 →
bilaminagfepibatas.tl
hypoblast ( becomes endoderm )
d. is -16 → trilaminar
- i /
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

nephewGenie cold intermediate

d. 28 →
urogenital ridge
mesoderm
gonadal ridge

pronephros
look 3- 4) →
degenerates by end of wk ¢
kidneys →
tract
( uh 4-10 ) → later forms part of part of reproductive
→ mesonephros
→ metanephros (starts to develop wk 4- s ; functional > low )
^
ureterie metanephros
blastema
angiogenic mesenchyme
bud +

/ ) (
glomerulus etc )
.

CD,
calyces ,
Bowman 's capsule ,
renal
pelvis ureter
* of
, rest of nephron
BMP induction
reciprocal
BDNF
HGF

urethra bladder
bladder +

y
urethra
• 4- 7 wk :
urogenital septum I
urorectae
/
-

septum ↳
anal canal penis / clitoris

DRUGS
LOOP
•
NKCC on thick ascending loop of Henle
( luminal side)
•

furosemide , bumetanide ,
ethaorynir acid
•

to Nat reabsorption = water out

•
to Cait +
Mg reabsorption
Hoo }
phosphate excretion weak carbonic anhydrase activity
-

+
•

SE :

tuk , b Na , trmg it ca
to
electrolytes
-
-

gout spares
-

-
oto toxicity
dizziness etc
- orthostatic hypotension ,
.

Precautions :

gout
- combo w/ other oto toxics

pregnancy
+ breastfeeding

Indications :

severe hypercalcemia
failure
-

-
heart
- cirrhosis → ascites
renal impairment
-
oedema from
 THI AZIDES

chlorthalidone
•

hydro chlorothiazide indapanride , ,

Nat ICI
inhibit
symporter
-

•
in DET

•
also vasodilation
• t ca "
reabsorption
SE :

-
to Na it K
,
ICI ,
te Mg it ca - dirtiness etc .

hyperuricaemia
impaired glucose tolerance → DM
-

precautions :

gout
-

-
DM

pregnancy
-

Indications :

-
MTN

-
oedema → HF , cirrhosis

nephrogenir diabetes insipidus

AR A- s

•
spironolactone eplenerone ,

. bind to mineralocorticoid receptor so that aldosterone can't

↳ no new
ENaC s , no new Nat / K+ ATPase = A Nat excretion

5¥:p vie
-

gynecomastia -
,
menstrual irregularities
-
to Naito
precautions :

hyperkalemia malefoetus
feminisation of
-

→ could cause
-

pregnancy

indications :

aldosteronism
-

primary add cirrhosis

oedema on e.
g.
-

→
-
refractory
-
heart failure
TRIPLE WHAMMY
-
hirsutism in females
- NSAID
channels
amiloride +
hydro chlorothiazide → Nat
-
ACE it ARB
-
can

cause renal

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

-

loop diuretic failure

•
Acetazol amide

glaucoma
-

epilepsy
-
tr inter cranial pressure
 GFR
•
~ 120mL / min
•
GFR =
Kf ( ( Pc -
PBC ) -

th -

TIB
c)
blood
flow SA of capillary also
influence GFR
'

80 180
mmHg → stable
glomerular
-

pressure
•

( systolic)

Auto
- regulation-

vasoconstriction to GFR
1) Myogenic → stretch - AA →
reflex =

T ca "
entry
=

'

1^61=12 + Nat 1^4 to GFR

2) Tubulo
glomerular feedback : → +
→ macula densa vasoconstriction of AA →

( T adenosine Jb A
↳ vasoconstrictor
N ation in the kidney )
GFR
•
SNS ( B1) -
low mod -
: v /C AA + F- A → maintained

I high doses
mainly vlc of AA to GFR
-

→
-

coeliac → renin release

plexus

Hormonalregulation.AT
11 → v1 c F- A → A GFR ;
T aldosterone +
effects of A -111 = T Nat reabsorption → less pee

v1 d AA → T GFR
.
ANP → v1 c EA ,
→ more pee
•
ADH → VIC AA → to GFR

Cockcroft -
Gault Equation

440 age ) -
× IBW
(✗ o.gs for women )
o.gl#

PAH
•
RPF → PAH 100% clearance in a
single pass /for a
single low dose
of 100µg
blood + urine concentration
•

compare

•
RPF =
where ✗ = PAH

Px

RPF = RBF ✗ (I -
haematocrit )

RBF =
Renal plasma flow
11 -
haematocrit)