5.

DME 4105:-MACHINE DESIGN AND
DRAWING
Concept of stresses and strain:
Stress:
 Stress is the internal resistance offered by a
unit area of the material from which a
member is made to an externally applied
load.
 The normal stress is denoted by σ and
Tangential stress is denoted by τ.
force, the stresses are called compressive
stress.”
Direct shear stress:
“when the external force acting on a
component tends to slide the adjacent planes
with respect to each other, the resulting stress
on these planes are called direct shear stress.”


 unit of stress is Pa or N/mm2 Bending stress:
The machine element when loaded in
bends under given load .As a result the
nature of induced stress is tensile at outer
fiber & compressive at the inner.

Strain:
 In other words, “ The deformation per unit
length is known as strain”
 It is denoted by Greek symbol.

 M = Bending moment acting at the given

Direct tensile stress: section,
“If the load acting on the body is tensile in σ = Bending stress,
nature then induced stress is called Tensile I = Moment of inertia of the cross-section about
Stress.” the neutral axis,

Torsional shear stress:

“The internal stress which are induced to resist
the action of twist, are called torsional shear
Direct compressive stress: stress.”
“It is defined as the stress induced due to
compressive load(Force)”
In other words, “When the fibers of the
component tends to shorten due to external
 stresses associated with this plane. Considering
equilibrium of forces, it can be proved that,

τ = Torsional shear stress induced at the outer

surface
r = Radius of the shaft,
T = Torque or twisting moment,
J = Second moment of area of the section
σ1 & σ2 are called principle stresses
C = Modulus of rigidity for the shaft material,
l = Length of the shaft,

Principal stresses:
Consider a member subjected to biaxial stresses
σx , σy and a shear stress is shown in fig.

THEORIES OF ELASTIC FAILURE

The principal theories of elastic failure are:-

(i) Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine s
theory)
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory (Coulomb,
Tresca and Guest’s theory)
(iii) Distortion energy theory (Huber von Mises
and Hencky’s theory)
(iv) Maximum strain theory (St. Venant’s
theory)
(v) Maximum total strain energy theory (Haigh’s
theory)

1. Maximum Principal or Normal Stress Theory

(Rankine’s Theory)
Fig shows the stresses acting on an oblique According to this theory, the failure or yielding
plane. The normal to the plane makes an angle occurs at a point in a member when the
Ɵ with the axis, σ and τ are normal and shear maximum principal or normal stress in a bi-axial
stress system reaches the limiting strength of
the material in a simple tension test.

σ t1 and σt2 = Maximum and minimum

principal stresses in a bi-axial stress system,
ε = Strain at yield point as determined from
simple tension test,
1/m = Poisson’s ratio,
σyt = Yield point stress in tension as determined
E = Young’s modulus, and
from simple tension test,
F.S. = Factor of safety.
σu = Ultimate stress.
4. Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Haigh’s
2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest’s
Theory)
or Tresca’s Theory)
According to this theory, the failure or yielding
According to this theory, the failure or yielding
occurs at a point in a member when the strain
occurs at a point in a member when the
energy per unit volume in a bi-axial stress
maximum shear stress in a bi-axial stress system
system reaches the limiting strain energy (i.e.
reaches a value equal to the shear stress at
strain energy at the yield point ) per unit
yield point in a simple tension test.
volume as determined from simple tension test.

τmax = Maximum shear stress in a bi-axial stress Strain energy per unit volume in a bi-axial stress
system, system:-
τyt = Shear stress at yield point as determined
from simple tension test,
F.S. = Factor of safety.

Limiting strain energy per unit volume for

yielding as determined from simple tension
test:-
3. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint
Venant’s Theory)
According to this theory, the failure or yielding
occurs at a point in a member when the
maximum principal (or normal) strain in a bi-
According to the above theory, U1 = U2
axial stress system reaches the limiting value of
strain (i.e. strain at yield point) as determined
from a simple tensile test.
This theory may be used for ductile materials

5. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory

(Hencky and Von Mises Theory)
According to this theory, the failure or yielding
occurs at a point in a member when the
distortion strain energy (also called shear strain
energy) per unit volume in a bi-axial stress
system reaches the limiting distortion energy
(i.e. distortion energy at yield point) per unit
volume as determined from a simple tension
test.

This theory is mostly used for ductile materials

in place of maximum strain energy theory.

QUESTIONS:-
1. What is advantage of using the theories
of elastic failures?
2. What are the important theories of
elastic failures?
3. State maximum principal stress theory
of failure.
4. Where do you use maximum principal
stress theory of failure?
5. State maximum shear stress theory of
failure.
6. Where do you use maximum shear
stress theory of failure?
7. State distortion energy theory of
failure.
8. Write short note on maximum shear
stress theory verses maximum strain
energy theory.