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AERO 404-Sp22-Fatigue-1
AERO 404-Sp22-Fatigue-1
AERO 404-Sp22-Fatigue-1
Single load
Intrusion
Extrusion
Cyclic load
Stages of the fatigue process
Crack initiation Crack growth
Final failure
Laboratory testing
Railway car loading B B
C
A C A
D
D
The Wöhler Plot (S-N curve)
S: stress amplitude sa N: number of cycles
To obtain probability of failure
one must assume a
probability distribution for
fatigue life.
Steels: Yes
Al alloys: No
Yielding versus fatigue failure in ductile materials
Fatigue limit (stress below no fatigue failure) More generally, stress at given (large)
is found for some metals, e.g., steels, and can be number of cycles, called fatigue strength
as low as 25% of sU is used.
Fatigue data for common metals.
Note:
Fatigue limit for typical aircraft
materials (Al and Ti alloys) does
not exist. Fatigue strength is
used in these cases.
S-N data-based design
Expression used by curve-fitting to data:
Or, if sa is specified,
Aircraft loading spectrum
Mean stress, sm ≠ 0
Mean stress, sm = 0
Fatigue life calculated for this case
S-N data generated for this case
Cyclic stress variables
R = smin/smax
Effect of mean stress
Tensile strength
Yield stress
⎛ σm ⎞
Goodman: σ a = σ fat ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ σ ts ⎠
⎡ ⎛σ ⎞2⎤
Gerber: σ a = σ fat ⎢1− ⎜ m ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ σ ts ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ σm ⎞
Soderberg: σ a = σ fat ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ σ ys ⎠
⎛ σm ⎞
σ a = σ fat ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ σ ts ⎠
C
O
Variable amplitude loads:
Damage accumulation
s1 s2
s3 k
ni
n3
Miner’s rule ∑N =1
n2 i=1 i
n1
Equivalent blocks of constant amplitude loads