ViolinMakingasItWasandIsBeingaHistoricalTheoreticalandPracticalTreatiseontheScie 10020441

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MAKI
AS I T WAS AND IS
B E I NG A
li lstori eal , t heoreti ca l, a nd Practi cal t reati se

ON TH E
S C I ENC E AND ART OF VI O LI N — M AK I NG

‘
FO R TH E US E O F
VI O LI N M AKER S AND PLAYER S,
AM AT E U R AND P RO FES S I O NAL .
ED . H ERO N ALLEN -
,
“
VI O LI N TI I E H I S TO RY G REAT VI O LI N CAs n
"
A UT HO R OF T H E ANC ES T RY
. O F T HE .
-
O F A ,
“
T H : R O M ANCE or A n o a r c.
WI T H U P WA R D S O F 2 00 I L LUS T RA T I O NS B Y T HE A U T HO R .
Vi v a fu i i n sy l v i s , su m du rd o cc i s a s e c u r i ,
D a m vi z i tac u i , m o r tu a d u l ce ca n o .
P R EC E D E D BY
Ji n e ssa y o n the Vi ol i n a nd i ts Posi ti o n as a musi ca l I nstr ume nt .
WA R D , LO CK CO LI M I TE D
LO ND O N AND B
M EL O U RNE
P r i n te d i n G r e a t B r i ta i n by
ED .
C H AS . S T R AK E R , L r D
'
LO ND O N.
THE LI B RAR Y
B RI GHAM Y O UNG UN I VERS I T Y
PR O VO UTAH ,
HI S R O YA L H I G H NE S S
a l frco E rne s t E l be r t, E u k e of E omb u r g b

E a r l o f R e n t, E a r l o f lll l s te r ,
‘
ano
1M B R U
: k l) $ GJ IM B
.
ETC .
, ET C ETC .
,
P R I NCE OF TH E B R O THER HO O D 0F AM AT E U R VI O LI N I S T S ,
TH I S VO L U M E IS ,
B Y
m s RO YA
L H I G H NE S S
’
M O S T G R AC I O U S PERMI SSI O N,
RE S P E C T F U LL Y
E e O tc a te o
C D C E tttb o r .
P R E F ACE T O TH E S E CO ND E D I TI O N .
As y O f m y R a de rs e d ubtl ss lre dy w re m u c h o f
m an e ar o e a a a a ,
th subst c e o f th e Th re ti c l
e an d P r ti l p rts f th f l eo a an ac ca a o e o
l w i g tr tise pp r d o rig i lly i th p ges f Am te

o n ea a ea e na n e a o a ur
W k I l l t ted (v ls i ii i
or us r a 1882 3 Th w rk h o . . .
,
ii . e o as
pr fit d l rge ly by this pr li m i ry publi ti i s ri l f r m

o e a e na ca on n e a o ,
f
o r, a s c h pt e r fte r h pt r pp e r d m
a y v lu bl e l tte r s
a c a e a a e ,
an a a e
wer r c e iv d fr m r d rs f th M g i e w h w r i t r ste d
e e e o ea e O e a az n o e e n e e
i Vi o li m ki g b th pr f ssi
n n lly d
a n m t ,
ti i g
o o e on a an en a a eur
,
c o n a n n
i f r m ti o d o ubtful p i ts hi ts d s gg sti s s t th
n o a on n o n ,
n an u e on a o e
d si d e r ta o f fid dl e m k rs
e a d p i ti g t w h e r m y w rk-
a e ,
a n o n n ou e o
w s to th e c s
a l r d r u i t lli gibl a s m i gly i c rre c t
ua ea e n n e e, or ee n n o .
Al l su c h c o rr ti s d d d iti s w er
ec thus su gge st d h ve
on an a on as e e a
no w b d d d t th e o ri g i l t xt g re tly f c urs to i ts
e en a e o na e ,
a ,
o o e,
a d v ta ge f r it is h rd ly
an c ss ry to p i t
,
o t th t th r e m ust a ne e a o n ou a e
a l w ys be m u h i w rk w hi h m y s m c l e r a s th e o
a c n a o c a ee a no n
d y to th e w rite r but w hi h m y b i c m pr h sibl t th

a ,
c a e n o e en e o e
r d r w ho c
ea e t f ll w w h t w s th e Auth r s h i O f
an n o o o a a o
’
c a n
th u ght s h m m itt d his s te c s t p pe r I n th s m

o a e co e en n e o a . e a e
w y si c
a th
,
ppe a r c f th e fi rst d itio t th d O f th e
n e e a an e o e n a e en
y r 1884 I h v r e iv d m y v lua bl e su gg sti s fr m

ea ,
a e ce e an a e on o
r de rs s gge s ti s by w hic h I h v gr t fully pr fite d a d

ea ,
u on a e a e o
,
n
I s i e thise z pp rtu ity t r rd m y i d bt d ss i this

o o n o e co n e e ne n
r sp c t to M J h Bish p (o f Ch lt h m ) w ith w ho se
e e r. o n o e en a ,
ki dly d r ful ssist c I h v b e e bl e d t d d m n y

n an ca e a an e a e en na o a a
t u h s w h r th y h v b e s ri usly
o c e e e d d d ls o to
e a e en e o n ee e ,
a n a
e lu i d t m y p i ts w hi h h v pp a r d v gu i the te xt
c a e an o n c a e a e e a e n .
Writt ri gi lly f th p g s f
en o x lusive ly pr c ti c al
na or e a e o an e c a
Ma g i th
az w rk i
ne its s ri l f rm w s o f a e x c l sixe ly
,
e o n e a o a n u
pr ti l ture but o w th t sp is l ge r O bj c t o f 80
ac ca na ,
n a ace no on an e
b
v ii i P R EFAC E .
m u h c o si d r ti
c n s it is i e p ri d i l w h s p ge s
a on a n a e o ca , o e a a re
c r fully
a e ll tt d m gst itsa o tribut rs I h v th ught it f
e a on co n o a e o o
,
i t r st d d v t g t th w rk t dd
n e e an a an a I tr d u c t ry
e o e o o a an n o o
E ss y a d th H ist ri l h pt rs t th s m w h t b l d d g
a
,
n e o ca c a e ,
o e o e a a o
m t w hi h it w
a a c ss ry t l y d w i as stri g w ith ut
n ece a o a o n n a n o
a n m m e t up th m wh d s ribi t h tu l st ps t
y c o n c gon e , en e n e ac a e o
be t k ia th en s luti o f th pr bl e m
n e oGi l g f
on e o ve n , a o o
fi d d l e Th s h pt rs th t bul t d r sults
”
w oo d m k a e, a . e e c a e a re e a a e e
,
o f m y y rs f ssid u us stu dy f th hist ry f S tri g d

an ea o a o o e o o n e
I stru m ts
n d f c st t r s r h
en ,
an m go m r l
onss an e ea c a on o e or e
f rg tt
o outh rs f p ss g s w h ic h m ight a ssist m i f rm i g
en a o or a a e e n o n
an i d f th sti m ti i w hi c h th ki g o f i stru m ts
ea o e e
“
a on n e n n en
h as b h ld thr u gh ut th
een e turie s w hi h h v l ps d
o o e cen c a e e a e
si c e th i tr d u c ti
n e f h o w i stru m
n o ts i th ir pr s t
on o n en n e e en
f rm s
o d I h v b
,
a n m st r ful t giv th e full st re f r
a e een o ca e o e e e
e n ce s to v e ry uth r I h v e sult d a th t m y w rk m y
o a e con e ,
so a o a
h v bibli g r phi l s w ll
a e a o hist ri l v lu
a ca a e a s an o ca a e .
Writt ri gi lly f Am t urs I tr st th t th d t I h v e

en o na or a e ,
u a e a a a
g iv w ith
en, ll th m i ut ssa r sulti g f re m l g xp nri en e e n o a on e e en ce
o f Vi li m ki g m y pr v o f m u c h pr ti l v lu t th s
o n -
a n ,
a o e ac ca a e o o e
w h s m ti
o e it is t g iv li f d s g t th d ull w d w hic h
e er o e e an on o e oo ,
is d sti d t b m
e ne th t w d r f m usi c th vi li
o eco e a on e o ,
e o n .
”1
U til r n tly m st w rks w hi h h v b

ecen publish d
o o c a e een e on
th e Vi li w h th r pr c ti
o n, l th r w is h v b
e e w ritt a ca or o e e, a e een en
by Am t urs w h h v h d but littl

a e ,
o tu l xp ria e a e or no ac a e e en ce
o f th pr c ti l pr c ss s f Vi o li m ki g
e a ca d th r f r th
o e e o n -
a n , an ,
e e o e , e
on ly b ks w hi h h v b oo f y g rc t v lu t t
a h luthi
e r ee n o an ea a e o e e
h v b
a e th s w ritt u d r th d ir ti
een o e f if t di t t d
en n e e ec on o , no c a e
by m p ti c l fiddl m k r Thus th t s c r littl w rk

.
so e rac a e -
a e . a a ce e o
,
L Ch l o m i
a eby th Abb é S ibi w w k w p ti
no e
,
e re
2
,
a s, e no
,
rac
c lly i
a it tir ty th w rk f th
n s en l br t d m k r Ni l s
e e o o e ce e a e a e co a
L p t; g i
u o th a y m usa n, e an on w ritt o en
To p e r f e c t th at w on der of tr a v e l — th e l o c o m o ti v e — h a s p e r h a ps n ot
r e qu i r e d th e e x pe n d i tu r e of m o re m e n ta l str e n gth an d a pp l i c a ti o n , th a n to
pe r fec t th a t w o n d e r of m us i c — th e violin .
-
W '
. E
Gl a d s to n e
. .
La Ch e l o n o m i e , o u l e a r f a i t Lu th i e r , P p a r M l Ab b é S i b i r e ( a r i s : M i ll e t,
.
’
P
“
Le s Lu th i e r s I ta l i e n s , a u x x v i i e t xv ii i ° si ec l e s ;
’
r e pr i n te d i n J Ga l l a y s
°
.
P
No u v e l l e e d i ti o n d u a r fa i t Lu th i e r d e l Ab bé Si bi re
’
(P a ri s,
“ ”
Lu th o m o n o gra ph i e H i sto r i qu e e t Ra i s o n n e , e tc é .
,
r
p un
a Am a te u r (F ra n k .
fo r t SIM Ch . J u ge l ,
PR EF AC E . be
by th e R an pri Yo ussi p w ( J so p ) f is
n ce so ful l u ss o u o or ou u o ,
of str
an e m
g ist k s a to b f but littl e v lu p a rt fr ma e s e o a e a o
its bibli gr phi l r rity ; d th re is

o a ca d ubt th t S d y s
a an e no o a an
d F rst r s Hist ry f th Vi li w s its p pul rity

’ ” 1
an o e o o e o n o e o a
an d v lu e tir ly to th f c t th t to th c h rm i g styl a d
a en e e a a e a n e n
c ultiv t d r s r h f M S dys
a e e ea w c dd d th pr a c ti c l
o r. an ,
as a e e a
k w l dg o f th g re t S i m A d r w F rst r Thus it is th t
no e e e a on n e o e . a ,
th u gh m y w rks
o u lly pr d u c d i v ri us l gu g s
an o are an n a o e n a o an a e on
th e subj c t f th Vi li e u til v ry r
o tly th r h
e oxiste d n ,
n e e cen e e as e
re lly a pra c ti l g ui de t th a c tu l m u f tur f Vi li s

no ca o e a an ac e o o n
in an
y l u
g g s v t
anh s m w h aat m e,
g r M a u le E r t e o e ea e an e o e
”
o f MM M gi e t M i g . I t w s urg d by this t rribl e

an n a ne .
’
a e e
c o si d r ti
n th t I d t rm i d t w ri t th pr s t w rk so
e a on a e e ne o e e e en o ,
th t Am t urs
a d l g r y i d sp ir I sh ul d like
a e n ee no on e sa n e a ,
o
to m k fi dd l but
a e a t fi d d ir c ti s y w h r how to
e, ca n n o n e on an e e
se t to w o rk s th t vi li ists m y t l st r lly k w so m e
,
o a o n a a a ea no
thi g b ut h w th ir i str m ts
n a o o m d d th t th o s
e n u en are a e, a n so a e
w h o w ul d l r h w fiddl
o e built
ea n d s w ith ut g i g
o es ar ca n o o o o n
thr gh th t d i us d xp siv c urs f t iti w hi h I d

ou e e o an e en e o e o u on c ,
a n
a l l th r fid d l m k rs h v h d t
o e e d ur
-
Thus t th e Th ry
a e ,
a e a o en e .
,
o eo
w hi h h s b e c my st t stu dy v r si
a en I first t u c h d
con an e e n ce o e
a vi li I h v br u ght th P r ti w hic h h b
o n
,
a e o th e ac ce as een e
f s c i ti g m us m
a na t f l t y rs d I thi k I m right
n a e en o a e ea ,
a n n a
i s yi g th t
n a w f
n th e first ti m th H ist ry Th ry
a no or d e e o ,
eo ,
a n
P r ti c ac o f Vi li e m ki g h ve b c m bi
o d i
n -
si gl
a n a een o ne n a n e
vo lu m e.
l Vi th vi w to r d u i g to m i i m u m th hist ri l pa rt o f
a e e c n a n e o ca
m y w rk ( ot m k it a m u h so a s p ssibl pr ti b k)
o a e s c as o e a ac ce - oo ,
I h v afi d su h p rt t m y I tr d u ti
e con ne d c f w pr li a o n o c on an a e e
mi y h
n ar
c p t rs s p r t da f r m e th r st ,
f th so w rk th
e t a a e o e e o e o a
th s w h e t i t re st d i th i stru m t b y d th c tu l
o e o ar no n e e n e n en ,
e on e a a
pri ipl s d pr c ti
nc e f its c stru ti
an d a t ss rily
ce o on c on , n e e no n ece a
r d th m t u d rst d th e r st f th tr tis but I

ea e o n e anh rdly e o e ea e, can a
im gi e th t th r br th s th m w ith s o ul d d
a
“
n a e e s ea e e an so ea a
n ot t fe l o
y uri sity i e th e an v luti o c d i t h oi i d ts n e o n , an n e nc en
9
Th e H i sto ry o f th e Vi o li n , a n d o th e r I n str u m e n ts pl a y e d o n w i th th e b o w , ’
e tc , b y Wi lli a m S a n d s a n d Si m o n An d re w F o r ste r
.
y (Lo n d o n S m i th ,
Ma n u e l a E o r e t , No u v ea u Ma n u e l o m p l e t d u Lu thi e r , e tc , par MM C .
C
.
I . . M a u gi n et W Ma i gn e (
. P a ri s Eo r e t,
I P REFAC E .
O f ist e f th i stru m t w hi h h w t h s gr w i g b
ex en c , o e th n en c e a c e o n enea
h i s h d s i t th v ry i
an r ti n f MUS I C
o S u h th ri se e n ca na on o . c eo e
as I h v qu t d fr m a th r w rks I h v supp rt d by th e
e o e o o e o ,
a e o e
a uth rity fr m w h o th y m o t t m k m ys l f e n ce e ca e , so as no o a e e
r sp sibl f th rr rs f th rs w hi h I h v stigm ti d
e on e or e e o o o e , c a e a z e as
su c h w hilst pr s ti g th m t m y r d rs ; d su h p r ti ul rs
e en n e o ea e an c a c a
a s h v b by th ir tur
a e v lu m e i d m issi bl s f t
een e na e or o na e a oo
ts I h v t t
no e , pp dic s a e se ou as a en e .
F i lly I b g t l y
na tribute f th w r m st g r titu d t th
,
e o a a o e a e a e a e
f e t f th s m m b rs f th Vl li tr d w h h v
e o o e e t l l ti m s e o e o n -
a e o a e a a e
pl c d th ir v lu bl ti m xpe ri
a e e d tr sur s t m y bs l u t
a a e e,e e n ce , a n ea e a a o e
d isp s l w ith o urt us g r sity w hi h I h d ith r ri ght

a ,
a co eo en e o c a ne e a
t o xp t e th t m rity t d m d E sp i lly I d sir t

ec n or e e e o e an . ec a e e o
th k M an G g Ch t wh s
on s. pupil i th t f vi li
e or es a ri o
,
o e n e ar o o n
m ki g it h
a b m y privil ge t b f th p i s w ith w hi h
n as een e o e, or e a n c
he h sw r d m y m i ut st i quiri s d h put his st r s

as an e e n e n e , an as o e
o f k w l d g skill no d xp ri e t m y d isp s l
e, d fi lly ,
an e e e n ce a o a an na
M Wi l li m E b w th H i ll
r . d his tw s s w h s
a s rm usor ,
a n o on ,
o e eno o
e xp ri f th e tr d
e d wh s
e n ce o thusi s m d rgy i ll a e, an o e en a an ene n a
m tt rs a c t d w ith th e i stru m
e co n n e t h v e m de th fri d
e n en , a a e en
ship th y h v u i f rm ly xt d d t m f i l ul bl v lu
e a e n o e en e o e o n ca c a e a e
i thn m p siti e cod r visi f th f ll w i g p g s

o on an d t e on o e o o n a e , an o
th m y r d rs o f this w rk w h h v ppli d t th m f
e an ea e o o a e a e o e or
i f r m ti
n o d i stru ti a th t ir u m st
on a n s h v pr v t d n c on , a c c a n ce a e e en e
m fr m supply i g th m w ith p rs
e o lly n e e on a .
With this pr f t ry x ursi w hi h I h v e de e m d e a o ss ry e c on , c a e n e ce a
to pr fix t th s e d d iti f m y w rk f
o th purp se f
e eco n e on o o or e o o
xpl ti
e d i tr d u ti
ana
(i f on t f p l
an y
g ) I t k l v
n o c on no o a o o ,
a e ea e
f m y G tl R d rs i y f w h m I k w
o en e lr dy l d
ea e ,
n an ~
o o no a re a ea o
fri d s t w h s
en riti ism s d su gg sti s
,
o o e t m y w rk c c an e on an en o
wh it pp r d i Am t W k d p its first pp r
en a ea e n a eu r or ,
a n u on a ea
an cei v lu m f r m I w m u h f su h c m m
n o e d ti o m y ,
o e c o c o en a on as a
r w rd m y ff rts t i iti t th m i th e f s i ti g m yst ri s

e a e o o n a e e n a c na n e e
o f th e S i d A t f Vi o li m ki g
c e n ce a n r o n a n .
ED . H E RO N ALLEN -
.
Sr . J O HN S ,
’
P UT NE Y HI LL,
LO ND O N, S . W .
, S ep te m be r , 1885 .
C O NT E N T S .
n u
FO REWO RD S
TI T LE
PO EM ( P E RC Y RE E VE )
P RE F A C E
TA B LE O F C O NT E NT S
LI S T OF I L L U S T R A T I O NS
“ A
E CI I O E S (R . .
)
I NT R O D U CT I O N
D E FI D I B US
”
(S . C . G .
)
PART I —11
9i £ito LtItal .
’
‘
.
C H A P TE R I .
TH E ANC E S T R Y O F T H E VI O L I N.
D i fil c u l ti cs i n th e Wa y of Re s e a r c h — D e s tr u c ti o n — E rr o r s of D es cr i p ti o n
and Re p re se n ta ti o n — Me n ti o n of Vi o l s i n th e B ibl e— B o w I n str u m e n ts

am o ng th e An c i e n t G r e e k s d Ro m a n s — Th e Ra v a n a s tr o n — Th e O m e r ti
an
— I he o u z — Th e Re h a b e s h S h a e r — Th e G o n d o k — Th e
’ ’
K e m a n ge h a g
' ‘
Re h a b— T h e No f r e — Th e As sy r i a n Tr i go n o n — e a r s h a pe d Vi o l s— Th e P -
I te b ec a n d th e Vi o l — Th e Gi g u e a n d K i t— Th e Vi o l m a k e r s a n d th e i r -
I n str u m e n ts— F r e n c h C
l a i m s to I n v e n ti o n — Th e Vi o l d a Ga m ba
l
P ya f o r d — Th e B ar
y to n e — P r ae to r i u s — Ch e s ts o f Vi o l a 29—57
P
CH A TE R I I .
THE WE L S H CB WT H .
a n cien t H e b r e w Ly r a — Mo d e r n Afr i c a n Ly ra — Gr ee k an d Ro m an Lym

— Th e Ro tta — Th e C
r w th Tr i th a n t— T h e Ch ro tta , o r Cr w th pr o pe r
G r u ff y d d a p H o w e l — D a i n es a r r i n gto n — B Wy n n e Fi n c h — Ge n e a l o gi el
o f th e Vi o l i n a n d r w th C 58—68
mi CO NTENTS .
CH A P TE R I I I
B I O G RA P H I CAL .
i re :
Ear l y Ma k e rs - P
Gas pa r o d a S a l o — Gi o a o l o M a ggi n i — An d r e a s Am a ti — An .
to n i u s a n d H i e r o n y m u s Am a ti — Ni c o l a u s Am a ti — An d r e a s G u a r n e r i u s
-
J a c o b u s S te i n e r F r a n c i s c o Ru ggi e r i — An to n i u s S tr a d i u a r i u s
J o se ph G u a r n e r i u s e te r P
Gu a r n e r i u s L a u r e n ti u s Gua d a g n i n i
J oh a n n es B
a pti s ta Gu a d a gn i n i D o m e n i c us Mo n ta gn a n a S a n c tu s
S e ra p h i n o — a rCl o e r g o nBz i — F r a n c i sc u s a n d O m o b o n o S tI a d i u a r i u s
J o se ph An th o n y Gu a r n e r i u s (d e l J es u) —Vi n c e n z o P an o r m o — a r o l u s C
F e r d i n a n d u s La n d o l ph i — La u r e n ti u s S to r i o n i — Ni c h o l a s Lu p o t— J ea n
B a pti ste Vu i l l a u m e — B
a ra k No r m a n — en jam in B
a n k s— Th o m a s D o d d B
— Wi lli a m F o r ste r — Ri c h a r d D u k e — e te r Wa m sl e y — J o h n Lo tt P
g C
Wi ll i a m Ebs w o r th H i l l — Ge o r e s h a n o t— J a c o b s Am s te r d a m — Th e ( )
Mi r e co u r t VIO I I D Tr a d e 0 o o o o o 0 69— 85
C H A TE R I VP .
TH E B O W .
C
Pr o gre ssi v e H i sto r y o f th e B o w — Th e o r e l l i B o w — Th e Cr é m a i l l é r e — To u r te
— Th e M o d e r n B o w — D i m e n si o n s— H a i r i n a n d Re b a i r i n — Ro si n a n d
g g
i ts Ac ti o n — F o ld i n g B o w — Vui l la u m e s B o w — Wi th e r s— O th e r
’
a te n ts P
Th e Gr ea t B o w m a k e r s -
86— 103
CH A TE R VP .
TH E VI O LI N, I T S VAG A R I E S AND I T S VAR I E G AT O R S.
Per fe c ti o n of th e E x i s ti n g F o r m — E a r th e n w a r e , Me ta l , Le a th e r , P a pi er
Nac h é and E c c e n tri c Vi o l i n s— Tr u m pe t Vi o li n — Pe a r - sh a pe d Vi o l i n
’
P
H u ls k a m p s Vi o l i n — o l y c h o r d Vi o l i u s — I s o a r d s— D u bo i s — Vu i l l a u m e
’
— H (n n se l — H a w k i n s — S i n c la i r — Wy ld e ’s Na g e l ge i g e , o r Na il Vi o li n -
B o x w oo d Vi o h n Ho w e l l s
’
J a c qu e e ell
’
Ro b e r tso n B
o l li n s C
H o w e l l — M o l l e n h a u e r — Gu i ta r sha pe d F i d d l e s— Ga l b u se r a — F
-
han ot . C
-
’
P
S a v ar t s Tr a pe z o i d Vi o l i n — a te n t Re pa i r s l O i — l 2l
.
PART I I — ’Cl l eor rttral.

ll J
’
C HAPTER VI .
TH E WO O D — T H E M O D E L,
Th e Vi o l i n — Th e Wo od s u se d — Ch e m i c a l ly pr e pa r e d Wo o d s— Th e Q u a l i ti e l
o f th e Wo o d s B a c k s—
“
Ha lf , Th e Mo d e l
"
an d Sla b
M e th o d o f C o py i n g a n O l d M o d e l — Me th o d of D raw in g a Ma th e m a ti c a l
O u tli n e 125— 130
CO NTENTS .
C H APTE R VI I .
T H E B AC K , B EL L Y , AND S I D E S.
’ AGI
Th e Th i c k n e sse s of th e B a ck a n d B e ll y — C o py i sts — Th e S id e s— Ma ss of Ai r
c o n ta i n e d in a Fidd l e — H e i gh t of th e S i d e s 14 0— 14 6
C HAP TER VI I I .
T H E I NT E RI O R O F T H E VI O L I N.
Th e Bl ock s — Th e S i d e Li n i n gs — Th e So u n d P o s t— I ts Me a s u r e m e n t
P o s i ti o n i n th e Fi d d l e — F u n c ti o n s o f th e S o u n d ost — ’
P e ti z e a u s P
So u n d P o st— H an se l s— D a v i d so n s— Th e a ss B a r — I ts M e a su r e m en ts
’ ’
B
— P o s i ti o n i n th e F i d d l e — Th e O l d B a r s— Va ga r i e s a tte m
pte d w i th th e
B 3 88 B a r 0 o D 14 7 — 154
C H AP T E R I X .
T H E E XT E R I O R O F T H E VI O LI N .
ff Ho l es — Me th o d of Tr a c i n g— Th e i r O b j e c t— P o s i ti o n i n th e B e l ly
Th e ir C a
pa c i ty
— Ne c k
S c r o l l — I ts F u n c ti o n s — I ts S e tti n g o u
Th e and
th e F id d l e — I ts M e a su r e m e n ts — Me th o d o f Tr a c i n g— Th e h a n o t S c r o l l C
B
O l d Ne c k s— Th e r i d g e — An c i e n t r i d ge s— Th e D e si g n a n d M a te r i a l
-
B
-
I ts F u n c ti o n s — S e tti n g to th e I n str u m e n t— O tto
’
s B id g
r e Re gu l a to r
P o s i ti o n on th e B e lly— Pu r fli n g— I ts C om po si ti o n
— F i tti n — Th e
g Pg e s
— T h e i r r a i so n d étr e — O r n a m e n ta ti o n O r n a m e n ta l Pu r fli n g— I n l a y
’ ' ‘
i n g— C a rv e d H e a d s— P ain ti n g— B r a n di n g— l n l a i d Fi tti n s
g 1 5 5 — 167
C H APTE R X .
T I I E VA R NI S H .
Ch a r l es Rea d e on th e O l d Va r n i s h e s -
O l d Re c i pe s— Al e xi s th e Pi ed m o n tese ,
l 5b0— Fi o ra v a n ti of B o log n a , 1564 — An d a , l 663— Z a h n , 1685— 0 . Mo r
l e y , 1692— B on a n n i of Ro m e , 17 13 — Q
by Vi o l i n Var n i s h
u a l i ti e s r e q u i r e d
—Am b e r Va r n i sh e s — S i r i t Va r n i sh e s— A l i c a ti o n — S i z i n g — Te sts f o r
p pp
Pu r i ty o f I n g r e d i e n ts— l
o o r a ti o n o f Va r n i s h C— o m po si ti o n — Ti m e f o r C
m a k i n g Va r n i sh e s — Re c i pes 168— 186
C H A PT E R X I .
F I TT I NG S A ND A P P L I ANC E S .
Th e Pg e sMa te r i a l — Fi tti n g — M a c h i n e H e a d s — a te n t e gs— Th e Nu t

— P P
T e F i n ge
h r B o a r d
- — u tti n g
— M a te r i a lC— S p o h r s Fi n g e r B o a r d — O th er
’
-
—
Va ga r i e s Th e Ta i l i e c e Ma te ri a
— l —- P
S po h r s T a i l i e c e — V u i ll a u m e s
’
-
P ’
P
S o u r d i n e e d a l e — Z e b r o w s k i S — Th e Ta i l Pi n — Th e Re s t— h i n Re s ts
’
-
C -
H i l l s — Ch a n o t
’ ’
S ‘
Th e M u te — H i l l
’
s —Ro s i n — I ts P r e pa ra ti o n — Ga u g e s
T u n i n g F o r k s— S tr i n g B o xes— Mi n o r Ac c e s s o r i e s Fi d d l e C a se s 187 -
2 2
-
xi v CO NTENT S .
CHA P TE R XI I .
T H E S T R I NG S .
P AGE
Ch o i ce of S tr i n gs — Th e o r y of Vi b ra ti o n — Re l a ti o n s to O n e An o th e r
“
Tru e an d “
F a l se S tr i n gs— Tr u e a n d H a r m o n i c O c ta v e a n d F i f th
—
Te s ts App e a r a n c e o f a Go o d S tr i n g
— r e se r v a ti o n P
o f S tr i n g s — D if
f e r e n t S o r ts o f S tr i n g s— Th e i r C
o m po si ti o n — Me th o d o f r e pa r a ti o n P
and M an u f a c tu r e — o v e r e d C
S tr i n g s — S i l k a n d A c r ib c l l e 2 0 3 — 2 15
P ART III —
1 m mtil l.
9
C HAPTE R X I I I .
TH E T O O LS .
O To o l s— S pe c i a l To o ls — To o th e d Pl a n e — S c r a pe rs—
rd i n a r y n i v e s — Ma r k K
i g
n o i P
n t— e n d i B
n g I r o n s — O va l l a n e s — S pr i nPg C o m pa s s e s —
f f Ho l e
P
ierc e r s — G a u i
g g n a l l i p e rCs — S c r e w s p p C
— li s— r a m s — o m a s s e s
p C C
Pu r fli n g To o l s 219— 225
C HAPTE R XI V .
T H E O U T S I D E M O U LD e
.
Co pj
in
g th e O u tl i n e — Ma k i n g th e Mo u l d — I ts D i a m e te r s— Th e O u tl i n e
Mo d e l s- Th e Ar c h i n g Gu id c s— Th e r a m pi n g l oc k s
-
C 22 6— 229 B
C HAPTE R XV .
T HE S I D E S, o n R I B S , B LO C K S AND S I D E LI NI NG S
-
.
Se l e c ti o n of Wo o d — Th e Si d e s — B e n d in g th e Si d e s — F i tti n g th e S i d es — Th e
To p an d B o tto m Bl o ck s— Th e C o rn e r Bl oc k s — Th e S i d e l i n i n gs
-
B e n d in g th e S i d e l i n i n g s — F i tti n g — F i x i n g th e Li n i n g s— Le v e l l i n g
-
F i n i sh i n g th e S id e s , Li n i n gs , and Bl o c k s, I n si d e an d O u ts i d e 230 — 239
C HA PTE R X VI .
T H E T AB L E S : B AC K A ND B ELL Y .
P
J o i n i n g th e Ta b l e s— l a n i n g th e Fl a t S u r fa c e — M a r k i n g th e O u tl i n e
Cu tti n g o u t — Fi r s t Go u g i n g— Co r r e c ti n g th e O u tl i n e — S e c o n d Go u g i n
-
g
P
— Fi r st l a n i n g— Th e S u n k Ed g e — S e c o n d P1a n i n g S c r a i n —Ma r k
p g
~ ~
P
i n g th e l a n e S u r fa c e s f o r Go u gi n g o u t a c k a n d e ll y B 240— 2 4 6 B
C HAPTE R XVI I .
T HE B A CK .
Go u g i n g -
o u t— Pl an in g
— Sc r a i n —
p g e v e l
~
l B
i n g th e E d g e — F i tti n g o n th e Rib s
—S i z i n
g th e B lo c k s— Pe g h o l e S — F i x i n g th e Ri b s
-
F i n i s h i n g — Th e
C
La be l — o r r e c ti n g th e B o tto m J o i n — Th e Ta i l -
p i n Ho le 24 7 — 252
CO NTENT S . XV
C H APTE R XVI I I .
THE B E LL Y .
P AG I
M a rk i n g th e f f Ho l es— C u tti n g o u t th e f f H o l e s— Go u gi n g o u t th e B e l l y
P l a n i n g— S c r a pi n g a n d F i n i s hi n g— F i tti n g th e B a r — F i xi n g th e B a r
F i tti n g ou t eh S i d e s— Fi x i n g
— o r r e c ti n — C
g Fi n i shi n 253 -
261
C H AP TE R XI X .
P U R FL I NG AND FI NI S H I NG T H E B O D Y .
—
Mar k i n g th e Pu r fl i n g Th e e gs T — P
h e P u r fl i n g
— F i tt i n g
— Fi x i n g
— R a i s i ng
h
t e E d g e s a n d o r n e C
rs — F i n a l S c r a
p gi n — S a n d a
p p e r i n g
— -
Th e R e s t
Fi t ti n g
— F i x i n g
— F i n is h i n g
— R o u n d i n
g t h e E d g es — Fi n i s hi n
g t h e o dy B
“
in th e Wh i te
n
o o o o o o o o 0 262 268 -
C HAP TER XX .
T H E NE CK AND SC R O LL.
Th e Wo o d — Pr e pa ra ti o n — Ma r k i n g O u tl i n e —Cu tti n g ~
out -
Ma r k i n g an d
S h a pi n g out th e Ne c k and S c r o ll — Ro u gh i n g out th e Vo l u te — Fi n i sh i n g
th e Vo l u te — H o l l o w i n g th e B
a c k o f th e H e a d — Th e P e g bo x — F i n i sh -
i n g th e H e a d — Th e Ne c k — F i tti n g th e Ne c k to th e o d y o f th e F i d d l e B
-
C u tti n g o u t th e Ch b e r — S h a pi n g th e S h o u ld e r — Te sti n g th e F i t
am ~
F i x i n g— Th e F a l s e F i n ge r b o a r d — Th e
-
B
u tto n — Th e S h o u l d e r — F i n i sh .
i n g th e Ne c k a n d S h o u l d e r — Fi n a l O pe ra ti o n s 269 — 281
C HAPTER XX I .
T H E GU AR NE R I U S M O D E L, WI T H W H O L E T AB L E S O N AN I NSI D E
M O U LD .
Th e I n s id e M o u ld i ts Ac c e sso r i e s — Th e H a l t o u tl i n e — Th e Ri b o u tl i n e
and -
— Th e Wh o l e B
a c k — Th e Wh o l e B
e l l y — Th e B l o c k s — Fi tti n g th e
o
lo ck s B
—M a r k i n th e
g l o c k s—BSh a
p i n g
— F i tt i n g th e O
’
s— Fi x i n g
— Fi n i sh i n g
th e B
l o c k s — F i tti n g th e pp e r a n d U L o w e r B o u i s— Fi x i n g
— Re u l a ti n
g g
th e D e p th —Th e Lo w e r Li n i n gs — Th e I n si d e s o f th e l o c k s — Th e a ck B B
— Go u i n
g g
-
out an d P r o c ee d i n gs to C om p l e ti o n — Th e B e l ly— Go u g i n g
o u t— Ma r k i n g f f h o l e s— F i x i n g B a r — P r o c e ed i n gs to o m pl e ti o n C
Fix i n g B ack to Ri b s— Ta k i n g o ut M o u l d — Th e U ppe r Li n i n gs— Fi n i s h .
i ng th e Li n i n g s an d Bl o c k s— F i tti n g an d F i x i n g th e B e l ly— Th e H e a d
an d N cc k — F i n i s h i n g th e F i d d l e i n th e w h i te 2 82— 293
C HAPTE R XX I I .
VAR NI S H I NG A ND F I TTI NG U P.
S ta i n i n g— Va rn i sh i n g— Pg o l i sh i n — F i tti n g th e F i n g e r b o a r d — F i xi n g th e
-
Nu t— F i n i s h i n g th e Nu t a n d Fi n ge r b o a r d w i th th e Ne c k —F i tti n g th e
-
P e g s —F i n i s h i n g th e P
e g s— F i tti n g a n d F i x i n g th e Ta il pi n — F i tti n g -
th e Ta i l p i e ce a n d Lo o p— S e tti n g u p th e S o u n d po s t— Th e S tr i n g s
- -
C u tti n
g a n d F i tti n
g th e r i d g e — FBi n i s l 29 i — 305
m C O NT E NTS .
C HAPTE R XX I I I .
B E P AI R S .
I 'Afl l
Re m o v i n g th e B e ll y o fth e F i dd l e — C ra ck s i n th e B a ck o r B e ll y — Cr a c k s
in Wi n g s of ff C
H o l e s— ra c k e d C o r n e r s— C ra ck at th e J o i n t, or Un
gl u i n g of th e Ta b l e s — C ra ck e d Ed ge s an d B it s S pli t OR th e O u tl i n e
C ra ck fr o m th e P r e s su r e o f th e S o u n d p o s t— Ve n e e r i n g Ne w
-
o o d i n to W
B C
‘
a Fi d d l e — Lo o se n i n g o f th e e l l y fr o m th e H e a t o f th e h i n o r Ha n d
Sp l i t l B
o c k — S p l i c i n g th e H e a d o n to a Ne c k , an d F i tti n g i t on a
Fi d dl e — Va r n i sh i n g Re pa i r s— O NC L U SI O NC 306— 320
3 1111211011 1255 .
A M AT E RI ALS
. U SED I N VA R NI S H I NG T H E VI O LI N
B . TH E P R E S E R VAT I O N O F T H E I NS T R U M E NT
C TH E
. B I B LI O GRAP H Y O F TH E VI O L I N
D . A C AT AL O G U E 01" VI O L I N SCH O O L S A ND I NS T R UC T I ON
BO O K S
E AN H I S T O RI C VI O L I N S C H O O L
.
19021115 .
J) s ta g g um .
(u ) fi r ho z s 3i 3.
(i ii ) 2
5: J ibi bu s Qt 6 . .
(i b) J ihbl r anb I J r r bz r ir k Q . m u mm y
QI h i l b fl i r tu o u ‘Eh g 3 11m
‘
(b) a a . ra n -
.
XVI I I LI S T OF WO O D -
C UTS .
'16 . ’ 10
22 D is e a n tu s , l 6th ce n tu r y (M Agr i co l a )
. . . 80 D . gr a m o f n w e l l : e a m n m l B a c k . tr i te
ia -
23 .Pe ra or P o c h e , 164-3 01 Me i s e i i i i us )
. . . th i c k n e sse s i n fr a c t i o n s o f a n 1n c h .
24 D e u ce O f J o h n O po r i n u s (B i l e ) . 1530
. . 81 . D i a g r a m o f a w e l l s e a s o n e d B e l l y , W i th -
25 Vi o l a d a G a m b a , 1667 (C S i m p s o n ) t h i c k n e s s e s i n fr a c t i o n s o f a n i n c h
‘
. . .
.
. 28 An c i e n t H e b r e w Ly r a , B C 17 00
. . 82 . Th e l n te i i o r o f th e Vi o l i n .
27 K i ss a i (An c i e n t a n d Mo de r n A f r i c a n )
. . 83 . S e c t i o n o f th e Vi o l i n a c r o ss th o f f h o l e s .
28 A n c i e n t G r e e k Ly r s s m tn B r i d ge s
. . 84 . Me th o d o f tr a m g a pa i r o f f f h o l e s c
.
29 B a r b i to s (f ro m H e r c u l a n e u m ) . 85 . Th e Ne c k a n d S c xo l l , Fr o n t a n d S i d e
30 R o tta o f th e 7 th c e n tu r y (MS P sa l te r i n
. . Vi e w s .
B r i t i s h M u se u m ) . 88 . B r i d ge o f S e v e n s tr i n ge d Vi o l (F J Fé t i s } -
.
81 Ro tta b o rn th e S t B l a s i u s MS
.
(9th . . 87 . An t i q u e Vi o l i n B u d ge An to n i u s A m a ti .
ce n tu r y ) .
(F J Feti s ) .
32 C r w th O ! th e 9th ce n tu r y (Wi l l e m i i i )
.
. . 88 . A n ti q u e Vi o l i n B ri d ge Ni co l a us Am a ti .
83 C i n t l i ti o m
. M S f r o m S t M a r ti a l d o . .
(F J Fé ti s )
. . .
Li m o ge s (1 1 th ce n tu r y ) . 89 . B r i d g e o f Fi v e s tr i n ge d Vi o l (W E 11111) -
. .
34 C r w th o f 12th c e n tu r y (lt u l i l m a n i i )
. . 90 . T h e Mo d e r n Vi o l i n B u d ge
35 C r w t h f r o m Wo r c e s te r C a th e d r a l (13th
. 91 . O r i i a m e n ta l l y i n l a i d P u i fl i n g .
S tra d i v a i i s m e th o d o f fi x m g th e P egs o r
’
c e n tu r y ) . 92 .
36 . 13th c e n tu r y C r w th f r o m Am i e n s Ca th e P a i n ts (a c tu a l S iz e ) .
d i a l (d e Co u ss e m a k e r ) . 93 . O rn a m en ta l P u i fl i n g
f S ti a d i v a r i u a o .
37 . Fi g ur e o f C r w th g i v e n b y D a i ri e s B a r r i n g 94 . Vi o l i i i W i t h i n l a i d B a c k a n d c m v e d [ l e a d
to n , Fé ti s , S a n d y s a n d Fo r s te r , e tc . 95 Vi o l i n Pe gs .
38 . Ci w t l i i n S o u th K e n s m gto n M u s e u m . 96 . M a c h i n e h e a d f o r Vi o l i n .
39 . D i a g i a m e x p l a i n i n g Te c h n i ca l l e i i i i s u s e d
' ‘
97 .
Wa l l i s s Pa te n t P e g
'
to d e n o te th e v a r i o u s p a r ts o f th e 98 . P a te n t P e g to e n s u r e r m n e ss fi .
Vi o l i n . 99 . Th e F i i i ge r b o a i d -
.
40 .
f h o l e o f Ga s p a r o d a S a l o Te n o r . 100 . O i d i n a r y f o r m o f Ta i l p i e ce -
.
41 f li o le o f An d r e a s 1111 . S po h r s P a te n t Ta i l p i e c e -
[ h o l e o f A n to n i u s a n d H i e r o n y m u s Am a ti Vi i i l l a u i i i e s S o u r d i i i e P e d a l s
'
42 . 102 . .
Z e b r o w s k i s B r i d ge a n d M u te
'
103 . .
43 .
f h o l e o f J a co b S te i n e r (1650) 104 . S e c ti o n o f Ta i l l i i n Wi th S i d e s , S l i lo -
44 .
f l i o l e o f Fr a n c i s co R u g gi e r i (17 20) l i n i n gs , a n d B l o c k .
45 .
f l i o l e o f An to n i u s S ti a d i r a r i i i s 105 . Vi e w o f Ta i l p i n w i th Re s t, a t b a se 0 ! -
46 . h o l e o f S a n c tu s S e r a p h i n o Fiddle .
47 .
[ h o le o f Ca r l o B e r go n z 1 106 . Ch i n r e s t (L S p o h r )
-
.
1 h o l e o f J o se p h G u a r n e r i u s d e l J e s h 107 Ne w fo r m o f C h i n r e s t
'
48 .
-
.
49 . B o w o f t h e I n d i a n Ra v a n as ti o n 108 . Ta il p i e c e a n d C h i n r e s t co m b i n e d
- -
.
50 B o w o f th e MO O i i s h Re h a b . 109 . Ne w e s t i m p r o v e m e n t o f C h i n r e s t -
.
B o w 0! th e 8th c e n tu i y ( H e i h c ) H i l l s Vu l c an i t e M u te
'
51 . . 1 10 . .
52 . B o w 0 ! th e 9t h c e n tu i y (Ge i h e i t) . 1 11 . S i n g l e Vi o l i n c a s e -
.
53 . B o w o f th e 10th ce n tu r y (Co tto n 112 . D o u b l e Vi o l i n c a s e -

.
54 B o w s o f t h e 1 1t h c e n tu ry 1 12 4 P a te n t Vi o l i n B a g (G A C h a ri o t) . . .
55 . B o w s o f th e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y . 1 13 . D i a g i a n i i l l u s t i a t i u g th e i n fl u e n c e o f
56 . B o w s o f t h e 1 3 th c e n t u r y . l e n g th o n th e No te p i o d u ce d by a S t i m g .
57 . B o w s O ! t h e 14 th c e n t u r y . 114 . Th e H a r m o n i c O c ta v e .
58 B o w s o f th e 15 th c e n t u r y . 1 15 . T h e H a r m o n i c D o u b l e O c ta v e -
.
59 B o w s o f th e 16th c e n tu r y . 1 16 . C o m m o n l i o n C r a m ps .
60 . B o w s o f t h e 17 th c e n tu i y . 1 17 . S e c ti o n s o f F i l e s r e q u i r e d .
B o w o f th e 18th c e n tu i y u i th C i é m a i l l er e . 1 18 . S u m me r ,
B o w b y l o u i te (t h e e l i l e i ), W i th Nu t a n d S l i a i p e n i n g S te e l fO i S c r a pe rs
'
1 19
‘
62 . . .
Vi o l i n m a k e i s K n i f e
'
Scr e w . 120 .
-
.
63 . M o d e r n B o w (a f i e i To u r te , j u n 121 . B e n d in g I ro n .
64 Nu t a n d S e i e w o f M o d e r n B o w , s h o w i n g 122 . A n o t h e r (a n d b e tte r ) f o r m o f Re a d i n g
m e th o d o f fi
x i n g th e H a i r . I ro n .
65 . H e a d o f Mo r l e i n B o w , S h o w in g m e th o d o f 1 23 L i n i n g C h i se l .
fi x m g th e H a i r 12 4 O a l l l a n e , u p pe r a n d l o w e r s i d e s (a c tu a l
’
.
v
We d g e b o x 111 H ea d sn d Nu t o f M o d e r n
,
66 .
-
si z e )
B o w (e n h u ge d ) 125 . O l P l a n e (s m a ll e r s i z e )
va .
67 K n o t a t E n d s o f ”a n 126 Ma i k i n g a n d Me a s u i i i ug Co m pa sse s
. .
S e l f l l n l l l l l g B o w (Vi i i i i a r m e ) f l i o le l i e i c e i
’
68 . . 127 .
69 . Na ge l ge i ge o r Ei se n v i o l i i i e (Wi l d e ) 1 28 Ga u g i n g C a ll i pe rs .
l i e u e l l s Pa te n t Vi o l i n (183 5. NO Vi o l i n S c r e w
'
70 . . 1 29 . .
M I I Co l l i n s Pl a n a n d S ou n d b a r C l i ps
’
71 . . . Ec l i o l i n in 1 30 .
-
.
S e c ti o n 131 S o u m h b a r Cr a m p
. .
72 M 11 Co l l i n s P a te n t P e g
.
’
I 32 B o w Co m p a ss
.
73 Lo d e l ge i g e o r S p o o n fi d d l e -
. 133 P u i il i n g G a u g e o r M a r k ‘
. .
Th e C l i a i i o t Vi o l i n l i i i i l m g Co m p a s se s
’
74 . . 13 4 .
T h e C h a n o t Vi o l i n w i th Re v e r se d S c ro ll l i i i fl i n g C h i se l
’
75 . 1 55 .
a n d G u i t a r e ti i n g a tt a c h m e n t . O b lo n g S te e l P l a n s .
76 T h e S a v a nt T r a p e z m d Vi o l i n . 13 7 l i i i l n g C l i p
. . .
77 . D n i g m m e x p l a i n i n g M e th o d s o f c u tti n g 138 Wa v y f o r m o f te n ta k e n b y e x tr a h a n u
.
o
Wo o d fo r Vi o l i n m a k i n g -
so m e w oo d .
P l a n k f o r t i a c i n g t h e O u t l i n e o f a Fi d d l e 139 D i fl e r e i i t S ta ge s 0 ! B e n d i n g th e Ce n t r e
’
78 . . .
'9 . Me th o d o f D r a w m g a n O u tl i n e i n a t h e B o u ts .
i n a t i c a l l y o n a g i v e n g 1 a i l u a tu l s t i a i g l i t 14 0 D i l i e i r i i t S ta ge s o f B e n d i n g t h e U p p e r
.
li n e a n d l m w m B o u ts .
LI S T O F WO O D -
C UTS . XI X
' 10 . n o .
14 1 To p a n d B o tto m B l o c k s (i n th e r o u gh )
. 169 B a se o f S h o u l d e r (ac t u a l s i z e )
. .
17 0 We dge f o r te s ti n g se t ti n g o f He m a n d
.
14 2 S e t ti n g o f th e S i d e s Co r n e r B l o c k s , a n d
. . .
S i d e l i n i n gs i n th e Mo u ld
-
. Nec k .
I 4 S M e th o d o f S h a p i n g t h e Co r n e r B l o c k s
. . 17 1 Fi n ge r b o a r d H o l d e r
.
-
.
I 4 4 Me th o d o f S e tti n g Li n i n gs o f C e n tre
. 17 2 Gu i d e f o r th i c k n e ss e s o f th e Ne c k a n d
.
B o u ts i n to s l i ts c u t in C o r n e r B l o c k s . Cu r v e s o f th e F i n ge r b o a r d .
145 F i n a l S h a p e o f th e Li n i n gs (S e c ti o n )
. 17 3 H a l f o u tli n e o f Ta bl es (B a c k a n d B e l l y )
.
14 0 Wo o d fo r Ta b l e s Jo i n e d, a n d w i th s te axl y i n g
. .
. 17 4 H a l f o u tl i n e o f S i d e s
. .
We d ge s f o r p l a n i n g t h e fl a t s u r f a c e 17 5 I n s i d e Mo u l d w i th r o u gh B l o c k s fi tte d
. .
14 7 Cu r v e o f C u tti n g Go u ge f o r s i n k i n g th e
. 17 6 T h e C r a m p i n g B l o c k s o f P l a to V i n
. .
E dge s .
p o s i ti o n a ga i n s t th e Mo u l d (b l o c k s
14 8 S ta ge s o f th e Cu tti n g, i n s i n k i n g th e
. fi n i sh ed ) .
E dge s . 17 7 We d ge c u t f o r
. w h o le B a ck .
I 49 . D ia g r a m fo r R e gu l a ti n g th e th i c k n e sse s 17 8 S ec ti o n o f B l o c k fi xe d to Mo u l d
.
o f th e B a c k . 179 D i a g r a m e x p l a i n i n g th e C u tti n g o f th e
.
150 . Fi n a l th i c k n e ss o f th e B a c k . Co r n e r B l o c k s .
151 . I n n e r Ed ge o f th e P l a te s (s e c ti o n ) fi n i s h e d . I SO F i n i s h i n g th e Co r n e r B l ock s a n d j o i n i n g
.
152 . Ta b l e fi tte d o n to R i b s a n d fi x e d Wi th th e R i bs .
S c re w s . 181 S tr a d i u a r i a n B l o c k
. .
153 .
f h o le o f S tra d i v a r i Mo d e l (a c tu a l s i z e )
. . 182 S e c ti o n o f B l o c k u s e d f o r Cr a m p i n g o n
.
154 . D i a gr a m e x p l a i n i n g th e th i c k n e ss o f th e th e Fi n ge r b o a r d -
.
B e l l y a n d th e se tti n g o f th e B a r . 183 Gu i d e fO I m a r k i n g S tr i n g gro o v e s o n th e

.
-
155 . M e th o d o f ra i s i n g th e Wi n g o f th e h o l e . Nu t .
156 . F i n a l s h a p i n g o f th e B as s b a r -
. 181 P e g h o l e B o r e r
.
-
.
157 . Ar r a n ge m e n t o f S c r e w s i n fi xi n g B e l l y 185 P e g h o l e F i n i s h e r
.
-
.
(to a v o i d th e c o m e r s ) . 186 P e g Fi tte r .
158 . Me th o d o f P u r fl i n g i n th e co r n e r s , a n d 187 S e t ti n g o f th e P e gs i n th e Ch e e k s o f th e
.
o u tl i n e fo r m a i k i i i g th e P u r fl i n g u n d e r S cro l l .
th e B u tto n . 188 S o u n d po s t S e tte r

.
-
.
159 P u r fl i i i g Th e th r e e S tr i ps cu t to a B e v e l
. . . 188A Gu i d e f o r C u tti n g th e Ar c h i n g o f th e
160 Th e O p e r a ti o n s o f Cu tti n g, F i x i n g , a n d
. B r i d ge .
F i n i s h i n g th e Re s t . 189 Cr a c k s i n th e Wi n gs o f th e f f h o l es a n d
.
161 P l a n k O u tli n e o f Ne c k a n d S c ro ll (o n
. s p l i t co r n e r .
b lo c k ) . 190 Me th o d s o f r e se tti n g p i e ce s s p l i t f ro m
.
-
162 O u tl i n e s f o r m a k i n g Fr o n t a n d B a c k 0!
. t h e o u tli n e o f th e Fi d dl e .
Sc r o l l (a c tu a l S i z e ) . 191 Ap pa r a tu s f o r s tr e n gth e n i n g a n o l d Ta b l e
.
163 Ne c k B l o c k m a r k ed f o r c u tti n g o u t (Fr o n t

. vv i th a v e n e e r o f n e w w o o d .
a n d B ac k v ie w s) . 192 O p e r a ti o n o f s p l i c i n g H ea d o n to Ne c k
.
164 Co m m e n c e m e n t o f c u tti n g o u t Ne c k a n d
.
(s i d e Vi e w ) .
Sc ro ll . 193 O pe r a t i o n o f s p l i c i n g H e a d o n to Ne c k
.
165 Fr o n t a n d B a c k o f Vo l u te (Ge o m e tr i c a l ) . (f r o n t v i e w ) .
166 M o de l fo r C h i n o f S c r o ll 194 B a s o f P e g bo x p r e p a r e d to s p l i ce o n to
a
-
. . .
167 C u ttm g o f t h e Co u l u s es o r Gr o o v e s r o u n d
. Ke c k .
th e 11e a d . 195 To p o f Nec k p re p a r e d to r e ce i v e H e a d

. .
168 Ne c k o u tl i n e (a c tu a l s i ne }
. 196 O pe r a ti o n o f s p l i c i n g H ea d o n to Ne ck
. .
Th e I n s tr u m e n t o n w h i ch h e p l ay e d
C
Wa s in r e m o n a s w o r k s h o p s m a d e .
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B y a g r e a t m a s te r o f th e p a s t,
Er e y e t w a s l o s t th e a r t d i v i n e .
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Ex q u i s i te w as i t i n d e s i gn ,
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'
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T h e m a k e r fr o m w h o s e h a n ds i t c am e
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Ta l es of a Wa y s ide I n n.
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VI O LI N MAKI NG : AS I T -
WAS AND I S .
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Va c c a su p e r Lu n a: c o r n u a p ro si l u i t
c c ta tu m a d m i ss us r i s i t si n e fi n e Ca te l l u s,
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I NTR O D U CTI O N.
THE R E a r e but fe w us w h c l k up th e b v e d l i gh t
of o an oo on a o e
fu l d r a w i n g o f M r
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ki n dl y a d a p te d a n d s u bs c r i b e d i n h i s a u to g r a ph fo r m e .
2 VI O LI N MA I NG -
K a s I T w a s AND Is .
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A ca t c a m e fi d d l i n g o u t o f a b a rn ,
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-
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S h e c o u l d s i n g n o th in g b u t Fi d d l e c u m f e e ,
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and he a lso qu t s o e on e of sti ll gr t r ea e an tiquity , w h r e e th e
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c a lled c a l l e d f o r h i s bo w l , a n d h e c a l l e d f o r h i s
fi d d l e r s th r e e ,
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(Tw e e , tw e e d l e d e e , tw e e d l e d e e w e n t th e fi d d l e rs ) .
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’
s n o n e so r a r e a s c a n c o m pa r e
Wi th Ki n g C o le a n d his fid d l e rs th r e e .
Th e tr a d i ti o n a l n u r s e r y r h y m es o f Gr e a t r i ta i n c o m m e n c e w i th a l e ge n d a r y B
sa ti r e o n K C
i n g o l e w h o r e i gn e d i n B
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.
th e th i r d c e n tu r y a f te r h r i st Ac c o r d i n g to Ro b e r t o f Gl o u c e s te r , h e w a s th e
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fa th e r o f S t H e l e n a , a n d if so , u tl e r m u s t be w r o n g i n a scr i bi n g a n o b sc u r e
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o r i gi n to th e c e l e b r a te d m o th e r o f o n s ta n ti n e i n g o l e w as a b r a v e a n d . K
p o p u l a r m a n i n h i s d a y , a n d a sc e n d e d th e th r o n e o f r i ta i n o n t h e d e a t h o f B
As c l e p i o d a m i d s t th e a c c l a m a ti o n s o f th e pe o p l e , o r , a s Ro b e r t o f G l o u c e ste r
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e x p r e s s es h i m se l f , th e f o l c w a s th o o f th i s l o n d y pa i d w e l y n o w At . -
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.
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to th a t sc i e n c e f u r th e r th a n w h a t i s c o n ta i n e d i n th e f o r e g o i n g l i n es , w h i c h a r e
of d o u b tf u l a n ti q u i ty Vi d e J O Ha l l i w e l l ,
. Th e Nu r s e r y Rh y m e s o f
. .
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by m a n y p a re n ts a n d gu a rd i a n s o f o u r o w n d a ys I t se e m s .
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fiddlin g d isre puta bl e , a n d th e w o rd a syn o n ym fo r d i s r e pu ta
bi li ty fo r h e sa y s i n a n o th e r pl a c e 1 “
An d I h e a rd s o m e
p e rso n s a sse rt tha t Ki n g J a m e s w a s su n g a n d fi dd l e d o u t o f
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P a rk e t e lls a sto ry o f M iss Bre n t, w h o a s D r Arn e s .
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en -
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b i m or i i d brisk th vi ls e Th
a r e mi s f an
’’ 3
T
as e n an o . e ene e o
} E str g us d t v t th ir spl by lli g hi m

’
R g o er an e e o en e een ca n
R g th F i d l r
o er d publish d e t bly c l br t d squib
e
,
an e no a a e e a e ,
en titl d Th L y l Obs rv t r
“
e H ist ri l M m irs f th
e o a e a o : or o ca e o o e
Li f d A ti s f R g r th F idl r li th Obs rv t r
e an c on o o e e e a as e e a o
”
( L don 1 68 3 4
ont 1 2 ,
T h f ll wi
g i: t r sti g o, t e o o n n e e n no e
is pp d d a Th subj t f this lib ll us p squi d w

en e e ec o e o a na e as
R g r LE t h i k “
r ll s
’ ’
Si r o g w e w m d C m
s ra n e, o as n c na e o we
F i dl r fr m his h vi g b h rd pl ym g i rt h r
”
e o a n een ea a n a c o n ce w e e
,
th U surp r w
e pr s t O f this ff ir h sp ks his Truth
e as e en . a a e ea ln
d L y lty Vi d i te d thus — “
r i g th st ry f ” ‘
an o a C n ca o n ce n n e o o
l
M1sc e l l a n e o u s th e l a te Wo rk s o f
h i l i p D o r m e r Sta n h o pe , E a r l o f h e ste r P C
fie ld (D u b l i n v o l i i p 97 M i s c e l la n e o u s i e c e s NO V I I I P . X .
h
, . .
, . .
b e i n g a l e tte r i n Co mm on S e n s e o r th e E n g l i s h m a n s J ou r n a l , O c to b e r 14 t ,
’
1 7 38 (Lo n d o n , v o l i i , p 2 13
P
. . . .
M u si c a l M e m o i rs (Lo n d o n ,
’
ark e s v o l i , p 1 50 . . . .
A Wo o d s Li f e , i n M S i n th e As h m o l e a n Li b ra r y , O xf o r d w r i tte n 165 3
’
. . .
a n d pu b l i s h e d a t O x fo r d i n 17 7 2
AC C
.
Re pr i n te d l n th e H a r l e i a n M i sc e l l a n y
“
o ll e c ti o n o f S c a r c e , u ri o u s, a n d
En t r ta i n i n g P
a m ph l e ts a n d Tr a c ts , e tc
”
( L o n d o n : W h i t e S t 1 8 1 0) vol . .
M 65
B
.
Tm th a n d Lo y a l ty Vi n d i c a te d f r o m th e Re p r o a c h e s a n d Cl a m o u r a on
M r E B a gs h a w e , e tc (Lo n d o n , 1662, Mo ) . .
I NTR O D U CTI O b . 5
th e fi dd l e
,
this I supp s ,
it ; be i g i n o e, m g i ht be th e ris e of n
St J m . a e s s P rk I h rd
’
g t u
a h d i ,
littl e l o w r ea m an o r an o c e n a oo
M H k I w d f u d priv te m p y ’
o f on e r. ti en c so n s en n, an o n a a co an
o fs m fi o six p rs s Th y d sire d m t t k vi l d
e ve o r e on . e e e o a e a o an
b r p rt I d i d
ea a ad th t p rt t
. t mu h dv
so , a n to a a
,
oo, n o c a a n ce
th r put ti
e e f m y cu ai g B y d by w ith ut th l st
on o nn n .
-
an ,
o e ea
c o l ur of d si g o xp ta ti i e m s C r m w e ll
n or e H f u d ec on ,
n co e o . e o n
us pl yi g d h l ft us
a n
,
Th O bs rv t r w
an so e p pr e .
”
e e a o as a a e
t up by S i R g r ft r th d iss luti f Ch rl s I I
’
se r o e a e e o on o a e .
P rli m t
a a 1 67 9 en th d si g inf w hi h w t vi d i c t , e e n o c as o n a e
th m e sur s f th C ur t d th h r t r f th Ki g fr m
ea e o e o ,
a n e c a ac e o e n o
th h rg f b i g p pishly a ff t d T th b v p squi d
e c a e o e n o ec e . o e a o e a na e
an d th rs h w r t io e r ply Th Obs rv t r d f d d by
“
e o e n e ,
e e a o e en e
th e uth r o f th O bs rv t rs i a ful l A s w r t s v r l
a o e e a o n n e o e e a
d ls st u p hi m t t (L d ”
S ca n a ca on ,
e c .
, e c . on on ,
Th s it w ill b su th t t b vi li ist r quire d i th d ys

e een a o e a o n e n e a
o f f r f th rs s m c ur g
our o e a th p rt fe m t ur j st
o e o a e on e a o an a a e ,
u
as a f w y rs g it r quir d
e ea sid r bl a rv f
o l d y to e e co n e a e ne e or a a
pl y th vi li i p bli P rk th g i l d d is ursi w
a e o n n u c . a e ,
e en a an c ve , as
no t fr fr m this f ibl ; f
ee oh s ys (u d r d t F bru ry 1 9th o e or e a n e a e e a
,
w hilst d is us i th p r f r m Of r t ri s (s n t bly t h e an ce o no a e
g c e o o a o
fif i h) t C v t G r d
e ss a a Th C o rt s w r by Cl m ti
en a en e o n ce o e e e en
on th pi f rt
e d M d m an o o G th t th vi li
e, an I t is a a e au ero on e o n .
s id by f bul us w rit rs th t Mi rv h pp i g t l k i t
a a o e a ne a, a en n o oo n o
th str m w hilst pl yi g h
e ea f v urit i stru m t (th flut )
a n er a o e n en e e ,
an d p r ivi g th d ist r ti
e ce f u t
n th t it
e si d o on o co n en an ce a o cca on e ,
w a s so m u h d is g ust d th t h c st it w y d d sh d it i e a s e ca a a an a e n
pi s Alth u gh I w ul d t r m m d y l dy pl yi g
e ce . o o n o eco en an a a n
on v lu bl C r m
a a fi ddl t f ll w th x m pl f th
a e e on a e o o o e e a e o e
g dd
o ss y t it
e strik s,
m th t e i f h is d sir us f ee r pturi n
g e a ,
s e e o O n a
h er u di a h sh uld d ispl y h t l t i
e n ce, s e situ ti o a er a en n a a on
wh r th r is ly just lig ht ugh t m k d rk e ss ‘

e e e e on en o o a e a n
visibl It
e . urs t m th t i f th s i ty f the pr s e t
1
o cc o e a e oc e o e n
d y a t rt i d y su h h rribl i d s v ry l rg m u t f
en e a ne an c o e ea , a e a e a o n o
w rl d ly pl
o sur w ul d be l st t th d v t e s f m usi c i n
ea e o o o e e o e o
g ene r l d f th vi
a , an li i p rti ul o r e o n n a c a .
D b ur g t lls us th t Q
u o
9
E li b th we vi li ist d a uee n z a e as a o n
,
a n
his st t m t s m s t b a e rri d t by th w d rful fi dd l e

en ee o e ca e ou e on e
,
no w xhibit d th S uth K si gt M us u m w hi h is m d
e e ln e o en n on e ,
c a e
f b x w d b uti ful ly rv d w ith w d l d s

“
s ’’
o o oo ,
ea d ca e oo an ce n e , an
w hi c h is s i d t h ve b iv e by Q u E li b th t th
g a o a een n een z a e o e
W . P M u si c a l M e m o i r s (Lo n d o n ,
a rk e ,
”
v ol i p 1 29
. .
, . .
f
G D u bo u r g
. Th e Vi o l i n e tc (Lo n d o n l s t Ed i ti o n , 1 836 ;
, , .
,
2 n d Ed i ti o n , n d . .
3r d E d i ti o n , n d 4 th E d i ti o n , . . 1852 ; 5th Ed i ti o n , e n l a r g e d
by J o h n B
i sh o p, 187 8) l st E di ti o n , p 224 ; 5tl . i E d i ti o n , 254 .
6 VI O LI N M AK I NG : -
AS I T WAs AND 13 .
Ea rl o f L i st r Th b st k w i st
e ce e .
1
f l a dy e e no n n a n ce o a
a m t ur a e f th l st tury is th t f S ig r M dd l
o e a ce n a o no a a a ena
L m b di i t w h m T rti i w r t his
o ar n , o l br t d L tt r
o
“
a n o e ce e a e e e a
a ll S ig r M dd l
a no L m b di i i s rvi t
a a d
a en a a im o ar n , n e en e a un
p rt
o t l
an e i p su ez t ri di
on e V i li w hi
er h w s 1 pub on a o o no,
”
c a
li h d
s e f w m ths ft r his d th i
a e E r p Li tt
on i
a e ea n u o a e ra r a
”
t( m o 1 7 70 pt ii p
e v , . A H l l h justly r m rks
,
. .
, . s u a e a
3
“
Th bl k e d stupi d st ish m
an an t w i th w hi h th pp ritio a on en c e a a n
—
y
na t h v ry m ti —
e f f
e m l vi li ist w
en r
on iv d o a e a e o n a s o n ce e ce e
a m g
onst us is h ppily thi , g f th p st a d th i stru m at n o e a
,
a n e n en
w hi h Fi s l h
c fts put i t th h d s f his g ls d
o e a s so o en n o e an o an e ,
an
R ph l f his s i ts is
a ae o l g r r g rd d u b m i g t
a n ,
no on e e a e as n eco n o
th x e se i y h d s u
n or
g r ful But
n an v rythi g i this
an n a ce . e e n n
w rl d s i d M t st si is h bit ; v virtu its l f 1 Th r is

’
o ,
a e a a o
,
a e en e e e e
an Ox f rd tr diti th t t o m t ur
a rt b ut th y r
on a a an a a e con c e a o e ea
182 7 th p rf r m e f th first m l pi ist th t h d b

e o a n ce o e a e an a a een
seen th t u iv rsity w r w rde d w ith st rm f hiss s

a n e as e a a o o e .
Th pi f rt w th re g rd d
e an o o e ss ti lly w m s
as en a e as e en a a o an
’
i stru m t I F rtu t ly
n en h g t t o l ; but na e n ou s a vo n s c an e
’
ou ce a
th e f t r m i s th t till
ac e m p r tiv ly r
a n tly th fi d dl
a
“
co a a e e ce n e e
w as ss ti lly th i stru m t f w h t D m ritus J u i r

e en a e n en o a e oc n o
( R Burt
.
) lls i on f r g
ca u s d v g b d s d
c r cu nl o rea n o e an a a on an
Fr is B
an c w s ly usi g th l gu g
a con a f his on wh n e an a e o e ra en
h t lls us th t Th m ist l s
e e d sir d t f st t t u h
a e lut oc e ,
e e a a ea o o c a e,
h s id h
e a ul d t fi dd l but y t he ul d m k s m ll t w
e
‘
co no e, e co a e a a o n
a
g r t ity ea d h c g s t y A d
an c rt i ly th see oe on o sa ,
‘
n e a n o
Th i s i n stru m e n t 1s i ll u stra te d a n d fu ll y d e sc r i b e d i n S i r J o h n H a w k i n s
’
H i s to r y o f M u si c ( L o n d o n v o l i v p 34 2 a n d a l s o i n a r l E n ge l s
’
C
C , , , . . .
D e sc r i p ti v e a ta l o g u e o f th e M u s i c a l I n s tr u m e n ts i n th e S o u th e n s i n g to n K
M u se u m (L o n d o n , p 2 87 ,
i n w h i c h l a t t e r pl a c e i ts.f u l l h i s to r y m a y b e
Ge n e r a l H i sto r y o f M u si c ” ’
fo u n d I t i s a l so m e n ti o n e d i n D r B u r n e y s
. .
(Lo n d o n , Vi d a p 109 . .
2
Thi s l e tte r w a s pu b l i sh e d se pa r a te l y w i th a tra n sl a ti o n o n th e O ppo si te p a ge s
by D r . B
u r n e y th u s i n ti tu l e d L e tte r a d e l d e fo n to S i g n o r G i u se p pe Ta r ti n i
a l l a S i gn o r a M a d d a l e n a Lo m b a r d i n i , e tc ( L o n d ra , a n d t h e tra n s l a te d .
ti tl e pa ge (o ppo s i te ) r u n s , A
l e tte r f r o m th e l a te S i gn o r Tar ti n i to S i g n o r a
M a dd a l e n a L o m b a r d i n i (n o w S i gn o r a S i r m e n ) , pu b l i sh e d a s a n i m po r ta n t
l e s so n to p e r f o r m e r s o n th e v i o l i n , tr a n sl a te d b y D r urn ey
( L o n d on , . B
A s e c o n d e d i ti o n a p p e a r e d i n 17 7 9 a n d a Ge r m a n tr a n s l a ti o n e n ti tl e d . r i ef B
an Ma gd a l e n Lo m b a r d i n i , e n th a l te n d e i n e w i c h ti g e Le c ti o n f ii r di e Vi o l i n
”
s pi e l e r ( Ha n o v e r , Th i s tr a n sl a ti o n h a d b e f o r e a pp e a r e d i n H i l l e r s
’
L e b e n s b e sc h r e i b u n g e n b e r ii h m te r Mu s i k ge l e hr te n u n d To n k ii n stl e r ,
“ ”
e tc .
p 27 8 An E n gl i s h tr a n s l a ti o n a ppe a r s a t p 257 o f D u b o u r g s w o r k
. .
’
.
2
( s i d e n o te , p 5th e d i ti o n . .
J H u l l a h , M u si c i n th e H o u se (Lo n d o n ,
.
p 30 . .
Th e Wo r k s o f F r a n c i s B
”
a co n , by J S pe d d i n g a n d o th e r s (Lo n d o n , 1858) .
vol v , p 7 9 Th e p a s sa ge h e r e fe r s to a b o u t Th e m i sto c l e s i s th a t o n e f o u n d i n
P
. . . .
L U T A R C H :— I I AT TAP X O T I O I : GE M I ETO K AH Z I I B tic r epa y év r a ts -
ék e v d epl a u K a i d o r e l a us dca r p tfia i s {me 7 631! r e w a cfie ti a da e do xo é w w r xh e va fép e v o r

’
'
fiv a y xd gcr o (popn xurr e po v M er c a d o : M7 0 », (in Ml pa v u év dpuéo a a fia c Ka t p er c

‘ '
' ' ‘
I NTR O D UCTI O N . 7
d e ge n e r te rts d shi fts w h r by m y c o u c ill o r a d

a a an ,
e e an n s n
g ov r e rs g i nob th f v ur w ith th ir m st rs
a n d osti m ti a o e a e an e a on
w ith th vulg r d s rv e e b tt r m th fid d l i g !
a ,
e e no e e na e an n
N w h w v r th vi li fi d s its v t ri s
0 ,
o e e ,
I h v s i d li k e
e o n n o a e , as a e a ,
a
a m g onpri s d p s ts E
n ce g l d h s b p
ane uli rl y ea an . n an a een c a
f rtu t i
o u m b ri g m m b rs f its R y l f m ili s m o n g
na e n n e n e e o o a a e a
m t ur pl y rs I P rk s Musi l M m irs b o v qu t d
“ l ’ ”
a a e a e . n a e ca e o ,
a e o e ,
w e fi d u d r d t J u ry 14 th 1 7 87
n ,
n e u t o f Su d y
a e an a , ,
a n a cc o n a n a
c o n cert t L rd H m pd a r i g w hi c h h s ys
o I
a
’
e n s, c o n c e n n e a n
one f th o v rtur s th P ri c f W l e s d the D uke s

e o e e e n e o a an
o f Gl o e st r d C u m b rl d p r f r m d ; th
uc e an tw o fo r m e r e an e o e e
Vi l ce ll l tt r th e vi li Ki g ”
on th e d th o on o, an e a e ou o n . n
Ch rl s I wa e t l d by M ssrs S dys d F rste r ( i d e

.
, e are o e . an an o s
no e t p 1
w s,
ot . ly g r t p tr o f m usi b t ls
a n on a ea a on c, u a o
a fi pl y r
ne th b ss Vi l o vi l d g m b a hi m se l f
a e on e a -
o r o a a
,
e sp i lly i th s i m p r bl ph t si s f M C pe i o
ec a
“
n o e n co a a e an a e o r. o ra r
t tho rg e o w hi h h d an mp ,
im t f e vi o li
c d a an a cco an en or on n an
a b ss Vi l A d t m d w t t d y th br th rh d o f
a -
o .
2
n o co e o n o o -
a , e o e oo
a m t ur vi li ists is l d by Hi
a e o R y l H i gh ss Al fr d D uk
n e s o a ne e e
o f Ed i burgh ; nth t th i t sti gm tt hi g to th so a e a n c en a a ac n e
i stru m t w m y w
n en si d r t b thi g o f th p st n d
e a no co n e o e a n e a
,
a
wh it c r ps up w
en n l ok up it s r li o f b rb rism i e ca oo on a a e c a a
Whilst th e subj t f m t urs it m ust bon te d th t the ec o a a e ,

e no a
t rm m t ur is t th high st m pli m t th t pl ye r c
e a a e n o e e co en a a a an
b p i d f it is
e a d l w ys h
,
or b e , l m st e quiv l t to a
,
an a a as en a o a en n
a cc us ti o f m di rity w h
a on is sk d H w d s S d o
“
e oc en on e a e ,
o oe O an- -
s
pl y ? to r ply Oh
a
”
m t e I th l st ,
tury it ,
en a a eu r .
”
n e a ce n
w as th e c ust m to d isti g uish m t urs fr m pr o f ssi
o ls by n a a e o e on a
ca lli g th f rm e r g tl m pl y rs ;
n
“
e o d sto ry is t l d en e en a e an a o ,
d ti g fr m 1 7 9 1 (P rk s M usi l M m irs l i p 14 2)
’
a n o a e ca e o vo . . .
, ,
O f g a tl m w h
en b i g e sk d h anw L r d C (w h w o, e n a e o o o as a
v ry i d i ff r t vi li ist) pl y d r pli d
e n e en H i L rd ship I o n a e
,
e e s o ,
ca n ssur ya sir pl ys i e v ry g tl m l k m
ou, r ,
a n a e en e an -
i e an n e .
P rh ps
e a f th m st g i l one o d tri f m t ur vi li e o en a an eccen c o a a e o n
i t w
s s Fr as A t W b r (f th r f th
anz l br t d c o m
n on e e a e o e ce e a e
p s r) w h w
o e
,
this c u t g r t f v urit t th c urt
o as ou a co n a ea a o e a e o
xe tpl a a o d a e w ahrfi wu
p 015K éw l a r a r a c, « 61 w 6% u m p d w K a t fi
w a p a h a cbv
B
,
€V60£o v K a t u s yd h q v d w e p yd a a o d a e
‘
a c o n tr a n sl a te s k é a v ,
'
p u év d pn da a a d a e K a t
‘
.
W a xe tpl o a a fl a t wa h n jpto u by fi d d l e l '
O th e r s i m po r t y e t n o bl e r a r ts f r o m F r a n ce ,
Te a c h k i n g s to fi d d l e a n d m a k e s e n a te s d a n c e 1
A O PE, “
Th e D u n c i a d ,
”
. P
o o k I V , l i n e 598 B . .
CO pe r a r i o w a s th e I ta l i a n i z e d n a m e o f o n e J o h n o o pe r , a c o m po se r C
fo r , a n d p e r f o r m e r o n , th e l u te a n d v i o l d a ga m ba H e w a s th e m a s te r o f th e
P C
.
c hi l d r e n o f K
i n g J a m e s I , a n d d i e d d u r i n g th e r o te c to r a te o f r o m w e l l , l ea v i n
.
g
be hi n d h i m m a n y c o m po si ti o n s e v i d e n tl y d o n e to o r d e r
“ ”
.
8 v I O LI N MA -
K I NO As I T WAS AND IS .
of Ka rl The o do r El to r f th P l ti t b ut th m i dd l o f ,
ec o e a a na e
,
a o e e
th e e i ght th c tury een H pl y d th vi li r m rk bly en . e a e e o n e a a
w e ll d us d to st ish th g d p pl
,
an e f H il d sh i m d uri g
a on e oo eo e o e e n
his w lks i n th ig hb urh d by w d rful fli ghts f f y o

a e ne o oo on e o an c n
his f v urit i stru m t H ft r w rd s d g r t d i t

a o e n en . e a e a e en e a e n o
S t d t M usi k t fi dd l r t b lls w dd i gs d th lik ’ 1 ”

a an ,
or e a a ,
e n ,
an e e.
C h rl s I X f F r ce w
a e m t ur vi li ist
. o f t h w an as an a a e o n
,
2
a ac , o
e v r w hi h d i d o tp
e ,
c t G d i m l (i stru t r f P l stri )
n reven ou e n c o o a e na
fro m b i g kill d i m ss r f S t B rth l m w s d y ’

e n th e n e a ac e o . a o o e a .
P is o t s ys h h
o s th i stru m t this m r h pl ye d i
a e as een e n en on a c a on n
th e Bibli th equ d C lu y (S O o t L 0ir ) Ie d t qu t th

e n a ne e e .
3
n ee no o e e
tim h ur d but i d i ti l g d th t N r fiddl d w hilst R m

e- on o e o c e en a e o e o e
bur d but th b v
ne ,
d t r m i ds m e e f it a Cypri o e an ec o e e n o . en
D e sm r is te lls us th t C h rl s I V D k e o f L o rr i
a a
‘
d a a e .
,
u a ne an
B wa
a r,
g r t p tr s a f vi li m ki g
ea d th t it w a u d ron o o n -
a n ,
a n a as n e
his a uspi th t o f Am ti s w rk m
ce a m d M d r wa
on e a
’
o en , n a e e a ,
s
e st blish d i F r
a e d om m nd d t m ke t of h w
a n ce
,
an c an e o a a se o
i stru m ts f th S t t c c rts th t the s i stru m ts w re

n en or e a e on e a e n en e
illu m i t d (like th s f Am ti i d t ) w ith th d u l rm s

na e o e o a ,
s e no e
2
e ca a .
‘
S me f th
o b st m t urs w h h v l ft th ir m rks
o e e a a e o a e e e a
on th r lls e f f m h v b
o c l r ym e
go f r m ath m eks a e een e n
,
o e on
o f th e m i dd l e g s to t h e m usi a l “
c l i o
a f t e d y c er c s o o -
a .
‘
Th e Gr e a t M u si c i a n s , e d i te d b y F r a n c is H u e tf e r
”
We b e r , by Si r .
“
B
J u l i u s e n e d i c t (Lo n d o n ,
3
I t w a s fo r C
h a r l e s I X th a t An d r e a s Am a ti m a d e th e c e l e b r a te d i n str u
C
.
”
m e n ts k n o w n a s h a r l e s I X Am a ti s Th e s e w e r e tw e n ty f o u r v i o l i n s (tw e l v e
. .
-
l ar g e a n d tw e l v e s m a l l pa tte r n ) , s i x v i o l a s a n d e i g h t v i o l o n c e l l o s Th e w o r k .
m a n sh i p w a s e x qu i si te , a n d th e c o l o u r a r i c h r e d b r o w n Th e y w e r e i l l u m i n a te d -
P
.
”
w i th th e a r m s o f F r a n c e , a n d th e m o tto i e ta te e t J u sti ti a O n e o f th e m i s
P P
.
r e pr e se n te d i n th e h o to g r a ph s , l a te s I I a n d I I I (vi d e pa g e
C
. .
E P o i so t, H i sto i r e d e l a M u si q u e e n F r a n c e d e pui s 1e s te m ps l ea
P
. .
p l u s r e c u l s jus q é
u a n o s j o u rs (
’
a r i s 1 860 D e n tu )
C
.
,
y pr i e n D e sm a r a i s , Ar c h o l o gi e d u Vi o l o n é
D e sc r i pti o n d u n Vi o l o n
’
P
.
H i sto r i qu e e t M o n u m e n ta l ( a r i s ,
1 836 s i d e n o.te p .
Th e sa m e w r i te r go e s o n to sa y : “
Lo u i s X I V f u t l s pr e m i e r pr i n c e q u i .
a d o p ta po u r se c h a p e l l e e t po u r l s s e r v i c e d i v i n , l u sa g e d es i n s tr u m e n ts :1
’
c o r d es e t a a r c h e t, te l s q u e v i o l o n s , a l to s , b a s se s , e t c o n tr e b as s e s Ce f u tLul l y , .
s u r i n te n d a n t d e l a m u si q u e d u r o i , q u i f u t c h a r g e d e s e n p ro c u r e r I ls fur e n t
’
.
é
f a b r i qu s e t f o u r m s p a r M ed a r , l u th i e r a Na n c y : l e s v i o l o n s f u r e n t pe i n ts d u n e
’
é
c o u l e ur r o u g e , m o i n s fo n c e c e p e n d a n t q u e c e l l e d e s v i o l o n s d e S tr a d i v a r i u s .
é
I l s f ur e n t a r m o r i s a u x a r m e s d e F r a n c e e t d e Na v a rr e , a v e c c e tte d e v i se d u
gr a n d ro’ i : Ne e p l u r i bu s i mp a r
’
To u s l es r o i s d e 1 E u r 0 pe s e m pr e ss er e n t d e
’
.
s u i v r e l e x e m p l e d e Lo u i s X I V e n a d o pta n t po u r l e u r m u si q u e l u sa g e d e s
’
.
i n s tr u m e n ts 9 c o r d es e t a a r c h e t
. .
As I w r i te th e a b o v e m y th o u gh ts n a tu r a l l y w a n d e r to th a t e c c e n tr i c
e n th u s i a s t a n d e xq u i s i te w r i te r o n a l l su b e c ts c o n n e c te d w i th m u si c a n d th e j
v i o li n , th e Re v H R H a w e i s , o f w h o m a n d o f w h o s e w o n d e r f u l e x e c u ti o n i n
C
. . .
, .
th e o l d d a y s a t a m b ri d g e , w o n d e r f u l sto r i e s a r e sti ll to l d b y e y e w i tn e ss e s a n d -
h ea re r s . To a ll w h o a r e i n te r e s te d i n th e v i o l i n , w h a t c a n b e m o r e f as c i n a ti n g
“
th a n th e l a r ge se c ti o n o f h i s r e c e n t w o r k , M y M u s i ca l Li f e (Lo n d o n ,
“ ”
B o o k iii , pp 215 388, Th e Vi o li n
. .
-
.
Sa n dys ( t
an p
d Fo 3) r l
e a t th t rst r
th e m i t s ide n o
1
e , . e e a e n en
p r h r
ea c w e p r f r m r
B o u r de l o tth vi li a d qu t as a e o e on e o n
,
n o e
f ll w i g cd t pp i t d to pr h
“
th e o o H w n an e o e e as a o n e ea c on
Go d F rid yo d th pr pe r ffi r t a tt d h i m t
a
,
an e o o ce o en o
c hur h ha vi g rrive d t his h us w a s d i c t d to g t th

c n a a o e, re e o o e
stu d y f h im A h e ppr a h d h h r d th s u d f
or . s a o c e e ea e o n o a
vi li o d th e d r b i g p
n, an ,
littl w y h w B
oo d l t e n o en a e a
,
e sa our e o
stripp d t his ss k pl yi g brisk tu o th i str m t

e o ca oc ,
a n a ne n e n u en ,
an d d i g b ut th r m H w m u h surprise d d
an c n a o e oo . e as c
,
an
k nock d t th d o r w h n th d isti g uish d divi l i d d w

e a e o ,
e e n e ne a o n
his i stru m t a d putti g

n his g w t l d th ffi r w ith
en ,
n n on o n
,
o e o ce
his usu l c m p s d l k th t h w r dy t t t d h i m O
a o o e oo a e as ea o a en . n
th ir w y his c m p i
e a xpr ss d his surpris t w h t h h d
o an on e e e e a a e a
s een t B d l t w h r pli e d th t h m i ght b u l ss m d

o ou r e o ,
o e ,
a e e, n e a e
a c qu i t d w i th his pr
a n e ti th s si s O thi ki g ac ce on e e o c ca on . n n n
o v r th i t d d subj e c t f his dis urs h f u d th t h w

e e n en e o co e, e o n a e as
to d pr ss d t tr t it s h
o e e u ght d th r f r h d r urs
e o ea a e o ,
a n ,
e e o e ,
a eco e
to his usu l m th d — s m m usi d littl b dily x r is

a e o o e c an a e o e e c e,
an d thus put hi m s l f i t pr p r fr m f m i d t e bl h i m n o a o e a e o n o ena e
t g w ith pl sur t w h t w ul d
o o th r w is h v b e
ea e w rk o a o o e e a e en a o
f p i d l b ur t h im Truly i st “
d ci g
”
o a n an a o f o .
,
an n a n ce o a an n
p rso w hi h re m i d s us o f th g y y u g l e rgym
a n,
”
c f thn e a o n c an o e
tim o f Ed w rd I I f w h m w
e t l d th t w h h g o
a .
, o o e a re o a en e e
out
He p u tte th i n h i s pa w te n e r a k e r c h i e f a n d a c o m b ,
A s k e w e r a n d a c o y f to bi n d w i th h i js l o c k s
‘
An d r a ty l i n th e r o w by b l e , a n d i n n o n o th e r b o o k s .
Ne m osl
Sou h f th m te urs w h o h v g e b f r us I t is
m c or e a a a e on e o e .
to b pr su m d th t th
e te rm a m t ur m ust
e e ti u to b
a e a e con n e e
i s me w y
n o t rm f t m pt u til th
a a x w hi h is by
e o con e n e se
,
c a
str g m is m r t rm d th w k r sh ll h v w ip d w a y
an e no e e e e ea e ,
”
a a e e a
this r pr h I e l usioa c I ly y th t m y is th
. n con c on , ca n on sa a an e
ti m e w h I h v d e v utly w ish d th t m t urs w uld h i

en a e o e a a a e o ea r n
m i d th e w rd s
n f S t ph s wh r m rks w ith m u h d y
o o e en ,
2
o e a c r
hu m o ur d s u d s s A fi dd l r is w h h pl ys w ll
an o n en e, e ,
en e a e , a
d li g ht
e ly f th m th t h v e th ir h ri g but is w h h
on or e a a e ea n , , en e
pl ys ill d light ly f th o s w h h v t th ir h ri g
a ,
a e on or e o a e n o e ea n .
”
t d y th w rd fi dd l h m y ppr bri us i g i fi
“
E ve n o -
a e o e as an o o o s n ca
ti s r li s f th d ys w h
on ,
e c fidd l r w
o sy y m fe a en a e as a non or a
r gu e
o u s l ss f ll w or d th F r h s w k w h v v
e e e o ,
a n e en c ,
a e no ,
a e e en
n w th e phr s e m e ttr vi l i g t im pris

“ “ ”
o m a e an o on, ean n o on o r
Ro w b y bl e , r u b i b l e , r u b e b e , r e be c te r m s s y n o n y m o u s, vi d e c h a p i
C
. .
J S te ph e n s ,
. Es sa y e s a n d h a r a c ter s , I r o n i c a l a n d I n str u c ti v e (Lo n d o n ,
”
Th e S e c o n d I m p r es si o n ,
10 VI O LI N MAK I NG : -
AS I T WAS AND Is .
l k p Ab ut th rigi f this
oc u . f th w rd i l
o th r e o n o u se o e o v o on e e
h v b m y dis ussi s m g phil l gists d ty m l gists
a e e en an c on a on o o an e o o
a w rit r i N t e d Q i ni t lls us th t i th
o es an u er e s, n e a n e
ti m f L uis X I th S ll d P P d
e o
“
o . P r dus ) e a e es as e ra us
”
e
w as m u h fr qu
so t d by sp d ssi s turbul t l rks d
c e en e a a n ,
en c e an
stu d ts th t b ili ff f th p l
en , t
a put a e d t a th ir o e a a ce , o an n o e
d isturb s d pt d th pl
a n ce f shutti g th m
,
a o
p i l
e w r e an o n e u n a o e
r m f th
oo i rg ri w hilst th
o urts w r sitti g but
e co n c e e e e co e e n
, ,
a s
th y w r t guilty f y pu ish bl ff
e e e no h ll w d th m o an n a e o e n ce e a o e e
a v oi li t m us nth m s lv s w ith d uri g th ir t m p r ry p
o a e e e e n e e o a ca
ti i ty
v H . th w r d vi l m
e n ce t be ppli d to pl s
e o o on ca e o a e a ce
wh r ep rs s u d r pr visi l rr st w r
e e on fi d H w
n ” e o on a a e e e con ne . o
ev r this m y b it is ythi g but m pli m t ry t th i t

e a e, an n co en a o e n s ru
m e t w hi h
n w rit r i th D i ly T l g p h justly r e m rks
c , as a
” e n e a e e ra a ,
“
is p m i tly th i stru m e t f p
re e -
nen d t tm t f e n n o e a ce an con en en
,
o
g entl su si e d h r m y a m g m
on ki d an f i d d a on a on an n ,
”
o r, n ee ,
as
C p t i M h th sa ys i his pre tty

a a n ac m pli m e t lik e t w o m
ea n co n a o an
an d th vi o li e n
4
1f th e h e a r t o f a m a n i s d e pr e ss e d w i th c a r e s ,
Th e m i st i s d i s pe l l e d w h e n a w o m a n a ppe a r s
Li k e th e n o te s o f a fi d d l e s h e s w e e tl y , sw e e tl y
”
Ra i se s th e spi r i ts a n d c h a r m s o u r e a rs,
an d To m H o o d sp o k e fro m th e b o tto m o f his h e a rt w h e n be

ra th e r de s c riptive ly put it He a v e n r e w a r d th e m a n w h o fi rst
hit up o n th e v e ry o rig in a l n o tio n o f sa w i n g th e in side o f a c a t
No te s Q and t h i r d s e r i es , v o l v 1 , p 4 96 (D e c e m b e r 1 7 th ,
u er i e s , . .
Th e a b o v e a ppe a r e d o r i gi n a l l y i n Ga l i g n a n i O n J a n u a r y 2 l s t, 1 865, a n o th er
.
w r i te r i n No te s a n d Qu e r i e s (v 0 1 r e fe r r i n g to th e a b o v e r e c i te d a r ti c l e ,
.
s a y s, a p r op o s o f th i s s u b j e c t [ tr a n s l a ti on ] Th e f o l l o w i n g e x p l a n a ti o n b y th e
e m i n e n t F r e n c h p h i l o l o gi st Gen i n , i s m o r e to th e p u r p o se 1 to o k n o te o f i t .
’
fr o m a s e r i e s o f pa pe r s b e f u r n i s h e d s o m e y e a r s a go to th e J o u r n a l d I l l u e tr a
ti o n , b u t i t i s to b e f o u n d w i th m a n y o th e r c ur i o u s th i n g s i n h i s Rec r ea ti o n s
P hil o l o gi qu e s
’
M E T T R E A U VI O L O N — I t i s w e l l k n o w n th a t i n th e m i d d l e
P
.
a g e s th e y sa i d , i n ste a d o f m e ttr e a u v i o l o n ,
” “
m e ttr e a u p sa l t r i o n
”
sel
”
é .
ter i o n , s a l té r i o n , sa u té r i o n , a r e a l l i d e n ti ca l w i th th e La ti n w o r d p sa l te r i u m ,
th e se b e i n g Ga l l i c i z e d fo r m s Th r o u gh o u t th e m i d d l e a g e s th e se v e n pe n i te n ti a l
.
’
s a l m s w e r e a s m u c h u se d a s l o r a i so n d o m i n i c a l e i t se lf B y d e g re es i t
p .
“ ”
b e c a m e a h a bi t to s a y c a su a l l y ti m e to s a y a s ep t p se a u m e s , as n o w w e sa y -
ti m e to r e c i te a p a ter
’
”
M e ttr e e u p sa l t r i o n
.
’
é
m e a n t, th e r e f o r e , to b e se t
d o w n to o n e s p sa l te r , to b e s e t d o w n to a p e n a n c e , to m e d i ta te o v e r o n e s f o lli e s ,
to r e pe n t o f th e m , a n d to r e c i te th e se v e n p e n i te n ti a l psa l m s (u n e sep t p s e a u m e s) -
w i th o u t f e a r o f i n te rr u pti o n B u t th e p s a l t. r i o n w a s a l s o a m é
u s i c a l i n s tr u
m e n t a n d th e po pu l a c e to o k ad v a n ta g e o f th e e qu i v o qu e , a n d , se e i n g th a t th e
,
l t r i u m w a s a n ti qu a te d , s u b sti tu te d fo r i t th e v i o li n , w hi c h h a d a ss e r te d i tse lf
p s a e
as th e k i n g o f i n str u m e n ts
”
I n s te a d o f s a y i n g
.
“
m e ttr e a u p sa l t r i o n
’
w e sa y é
m e ttr e e u v i o l o n , a n d th e p l a y u po n w o r d s i s k e pt u p .
F e b r u a r y 13th , 1882 .
J Ga y , Th e B egga r s Op e r a (Lo n d o n , 17
’
. a ct s o 1. .
l2 v I O L I N MA -
K I NG : As I T WAS AND I s.
fo r th e pi i s f of r f th rsn on r i g th vi li
o our d th e o e a e co n ce n n e o n ,
an
m i g i th ir stim ti
ean n ,
f th w rd
n fi d dl
e
1
e a on
,
o e o e .
”
H w v r s m ll m y h v b
o e e i d ys g by th st m
a a a e een , n a on e ,
e e ee
i w hi h th vi li w
n c h l d th r is e d ubt b ut its hi g h
o n as e , e e no o a o
p siti
o w d ys b th s
on no i lly d m m r i lly
a a
”
,
w th t o oc a an co e c a ,
no a
ou r d u g ht rs a b i g t u ght th vi li i st d f th pi
e are e n a e o n n ea o e an o
,
an d th t vi li s f t h su m s f m
a oy w hi h n sim ply t
e c o on e c a re ou
o f ll r s a A r g r d s th f rm r f th s
ea on .
“
sig s f th
s e a e o e o e e n o e
ti m s w rit r i
e ,
”
C all F m i ly M g i e justly r m rk d
n a ss e
’
s a a az ne e a e
a sh rt tim g
o Th r g f e t hi g girls th vi li
a o
3
e a e or eac n e o n,
w hi h t pr s
c t xists i E gl
a d is littl m r th
e en e f shi n n an
,
e o e an a a on,
an d u l ss it is d ir t d w ith m r k w l d g
,
n e d c r ec e o e no e e an a e on
th e p rt f p r ts th
a m st o f th m w sh w
a en i t w ill d i an o o e no o ,
e
lik e A d w
one . t quit l r th t i f this r is
n e a re no e c ea a , ca e
w ithh l d m r e suit bl ,
d s lut ry
a do ul d v rt k it
e a e an a a en co o e a e .
A w t rr r w ul d b
ne d d d t s i ty w r
e o v ry bu d di g
o e a e o oc e e e e e n
Miss b tt r i stru c t d i th t th u d r th pr s t
,
no e e n e n e ar an n e e e en
re
g
’
i m h is lik ly
e s t b w re p r m itt d r quire d t m p l o e, e e e e or e e o co e
th sil
e f th d r w i g r m w hilst h e s r p d
e n ce o e t af n -
oo s c a e ou on e o
B lli i s irs w ith v ri ti s

e n
’
a This is qui t tru bl a a on .
”
e e en oc
,
b t th r is
u d ubt th t w h
e e th first r g
no s qu t
o a en e a e con e en on
th p rf t t h iqu e f su h l dy pl y rs
e e ec ec N m n N ru d o c a -
a e as or an n -
c a
,
B ”
I go fu r th e r I w o u l d s a y a w o r d o n m y c o n sta n t u s e o f th e w o r d
e fo r e
fid d le i n ste a d o f v io li n i t i s a pr e j u d i c e o f m i n e I a l w a y s pr e fe r to .
“ ” “ ” “
sa y fid d le , te n o r , b a ss, a n d d o u b l e b a ss, r a th e r th a n u s e th e I ta l i a n
” “ ”
w o r ds v i o li n , v iol a , v i o l o n c e l lo , an d vi ol on o , o r th e F r e n c h
"
vio lo n ,
a l to ,
”
b a ss e , a n d c o n tr e b a ss e
”
We sh o u l d n o t m u c h l i k e i t i f w e w e r e
-
P
.
“ ” “ ” “ ” “
m a d e to u s e th e o l i sh sk r z p c é , a l to w k a , b a se tl a , a n d k o n tr a b as
s o w h y c a n n o t w e u s e E n g l i s h w o r d s w h e n w e h a v e th e m to u se ? e o pl e h a v e P
o f te n a sk e d m e (i n a b s o l u te g o o d f a i th a n d i n n o c e n c e ) , Wh a t is th e d i ff e r e n c e
b e tw e e n a fi d d l e a n d a v i o l i n ? a qu e s ti o n w h i c h a l w a y s r e m i n d s m e o f a
s to r y to l d b y M r
“
A Ch a s e m o r e , i n h i s H i s to r y a n d As s o c i a ti o n s o f th e O l d
P
. .
B r id g e a t F u l h a m a n d u tn e y ( L o n d o n 1 87 5 8v 0 ) o f a n o l d w a te r m a n a t
P , , ,
u tn e y , w h o , i n d e sc r i bi n g th e gl o r i e s o f a c e r ta i n b a n d k n o w n a s
’
roo k s B
B an d ,
”
w h ich p a y e d o n th e o c c a si o n s o f th e o l d F u l h a m w a te r m e n s
l
’
Re g a tta , sta te d th a t i t c o n si ste d o f a bi g d r u m , a c l a r i o n e t, tw o fi d d l e s a n d a
vi o l i n
2
Wh i l st I w r i te th e a b o v e th e r e c o m e s i n to m y m i n d a l i ttl e b o o k w h i c h
w a s s e n t m e th e o th e r d a y , a n d w h i c h b y i ts r e c e n t d a te s h o w s th a t th e a n ti qu e
p j
r e u d i c e a ga i n st th e fi d d l e i s n o t a b so l u te l y e x ti n c t e v e n
“
n ow Th i s l i ttl e .
b o o k l e t, w h i c h i s f o r tu n a te l y a n o n y m o u s , i s e n ti tl e d , Th e s i n gu l a r l i fe a n d
s u r p r i si n g a d v e n tu r e s o f J o s e h
p Th o m pso n , k n o w n b y th e n a m e o f F i d d l e r
Th o m ps o n o f H a l i fa x , w i th a n a c c o u n t o f th e v a r i o u s h a r d s h i ps h e e n d u r e d ;
th e w i c k e d n es s o f c o m m o n F id d l e r s a n d F i d d li n g h i s p r a c ti c e a s a H o r s e
r i d e r a n d J u ggl e r ; n ar r o w e s c a e f r o m d e a th ; h i s b e i n g a F id d l e r o n a c r u i se
p
P
i n a r i va te e r ; h i s c r u e l ty a s a h u sb a n d , f a th e r , ar e , a n d hi s s u b se q u e n t c o n
v e r s i o n a n d d e v o te d n e s s to Go d
( W a k e fi e l d W N i c h.o l so n , n d It . . .
i s e x tr a o r di n a r y to m e , h o w i n th e se d a y s o f e n li gh te n m e n t su c h a ph i li ppi c
c o u l d h a v e b e e n p u bl i sh e d .
Vi d e T he M u r i e a l S ta n d a r d , Au gu st 5th , 1882, a n d th e O r c he str a an d

( h a i r S e pte m be r 1 882 .
I NTRO D UCTI O N . 13
r si
Te e n a Tu a , d e P o m m e r e u l , a n d o e w e ll k th r
n o w n v i o li n i s te s ,
-
l l i s
h a s c o o e d d o w n , th e a d e w h o c o n n e to pl y i li ill a ti u
th e v o n w
r is
a e
( as I h v s i b r
a e a d e fo e
) t h e t ur i li ist
name of
“
A m a e V o n
r sl u h sp
f o m th e o g o f d e o n d i n w c hi h it is pr s t su k at e en n fo r
it is bvi us th t
o o a r t r p rs v r
th e g e a e e li y spirit
e e a n c e , d e ca c , a n d of
em ul i at on
,
o f tir
h e f a s e x ,
thi
t o s a
y n r t r ti
o n
g o f t h e g e a e m e a t
th ir isp s l ust s
e d o a , m r is th
oon a e by em st
fa r r e o n d th e a n da d
a tt ia n ed by i t n n e e en v ry t ty
ou t of e e l bip s w en ma e ed w ho
pl ya fi l littl
th e d d e a k
e, yo u n ow
”
.
Th e pr t is ith r suit bl pl
e se n ne e a a e ppr pri t
a ce n o r a n a o a e
o cc a si on xp si i
fo r a n e o ili s
t o n o f th e fa r i ry
n
g o f th e o d na
am a e t ur but th r
; e e are pri i l
tw o s hi h s rv
nc
p a one w c d e e e
a p ssi
a n
g ti th s
n o ce : x ssiv tu i
e e a r e , e ce sh i
e n n
g an d
“
ow n
g
o ff .
”
h r s
T e e e e m to be m a n y t ur am a e thi k it
fidd le r s w h o n
sh ow s sl -
skill
e f c o n fid e n c e , ,
h l o r n tu
o n c a ith
a n c e to n e w
u n n e ce ss ry vi ur
a
g o u
and at ss ry l th
n n e ce r l ti
a e n
g , n o t e f e c n
g
th ta to th e e xp ri e usi i su h pr
e n ce d m c an i isc a rt i o ce e d n
g a ce a n
i i ti
n d ca x ut ry
on of e e c o p ssi
i n e p ti tu de ”
sh i
Th e a . o n fo r
“
ow ng
o ff
”
is pp r tly
a a en i ur bl is s
an nc a h rs v
e d e a e , fo r on e ea e en
v
a d a n ce d pl y rs ru i s l s up
a e nn n
g c a e b r
a n d d o w n th e fi n e r
g oa d -
an d pl yi br vur p ss s h v r th y
a n
g a a a
g
a e w e n e e suit bl
e c a n
g e t a a e
or u suit bl pp rtu ity

n a e o o n is It i ly . t ptibl
a m a dd e n n g co n e m e
h bit
a . Wah t is r istr simo e d usi l
e s n g to th e m th ca ca r a n th e
is r t
d c o da n q
’
th t pr
u a r t d h e ur e -
a s v rtur
e ce d e thst
e o e e i n m o
of our th tr s
ea e ? lis s r ully
I f on e te n ca e f t , o n e c a n o f e n d i s
h l x r is s by ll k
ti n g u i s h w o e e e c e we s rs b i nown m a te-
e n
g
“
ru n
thr u h by i ivi u l
o
g nd d a fi d d is r l t
l e r s I tr r t t e a . e d o f C a m e ,
h a
h
w en on his w a
y tl p y
o E n g a n d h e w a s e n ga ge d to la a con
ce rt o o n th e vi li o n a t th e rt piritu l
Co n c e Sris e i n Pa
-
On .
en et ri n
g th r h str
e o c e stru k i h
a he w a s c t s i
w t am az em en at ee n
g
Fr a n c i s B
e a u m o n t, Th e K n i g h t of th e B u r n i n g P e s tl e ,
”
C om edy, fi r st
pl a y e d i n 1 611
P
.
3
h i l i p Ma ss i n ge r w a s a l so i m pr e ss e d w i th th i s i d ea , w h e n fid d l e s fi r s t
ca m e o v e r to E n g l a n d , f o r h e sa y s
Wi r e -
s tr i ng an d ca t- g u t m e n , a n d str o n g b re a th e d h o b o y s,
-
F o r th e c red it of your c a l l i n g h a v e n o t y o u r i n str u m e n ts

”
To tu n e
.
w he n y o u s tr i ke u
p .
The Gu a r d i a n , a co m e dy (Lo n d o n ,
An d I can a lw ay s C
f e e l fo r , a n d sy m pa th i se w i th , th e o u r t i n th e o l d s to r y o f th e
Ea ste r n po te n ta te f o r w h o s e d e l e c ta ti o n a b a n d w a s s e n t f o r th to h i s d o m a i n s .
B e fo r e th e i r fi r s t (pr o po se d ) pe r f o r m a n c e th e y b e ga n to tu n e th e i r i n s tr u m e n ts,
a n o p e ra ti o n w h i c h p ro d u c e d o n th e C
o u r t th e s a m e k i n d o f e ff ec t th a t s te pp i n g
o n a r e d h o t sh o v e l pr o d u c e d o n
-
Ma r k T w a i n s c o n te m pl a ti v e s pi d e r
’
(H e .
fi r s t e x pre sse d a w il d as to n i sh m e n t a n d th e n sh r i v e l l e d u p I) O bs tup ue r u n t

ate te r u n tq ue c o m es — a n d th e m i se r a b l e fi d d l e r s w e r e s e n t h o m e a s f as t a s po ss i b l e
by th e k i n g , w h o r e f u se d to h ea r a n o th e r n o te o f th e i r m u si c , te a r i n g i t m i gh t
”
be u p to sa m pl e 1
As I T W AS AND I S.
th e se d d i f ri r vi li pl y rs pl yi g f th ir o w
co n ,
a n n e o o n a e a n or e n
a m us m t th m s t di ffi ult br vur p ss g s t th t p f
e en e o c a a a a e a e o o
th fi g e b rd n
“
erI f th u ght h
-
oa th e F r . h sub o rd i t ,
”
o e, en c na e
fid d l pl y rs p ss ss su h u
e -
a e mm p w rs f x uti I
o e c n co on o e o e ec on ,
ca n h ve littl h a f pl si g P risi
e c udi a n ce o H w ea n a a an a e n ce .
"
o
ev r h w t thr gh his
e ,
e en rt d w c rd d w hirl
ou co n ce o an as a co e a
wi d n f ppl us ; o xt d y
a his m ti i g th m tt r t
a e ne a , on en on n e a e o
an mi e t F r h m usi i th l tt r r pli d Oh i
nen en c f u d c an , e a e e e
,
co n o n
th m th y ly pr tis su h m k y tri ks
e ,
e on d c pl y ac e c on e -
c ,
an an a
no thi g ls n S u h pl y re this w th l br t d L lli

e.
”
c a a e as as e ce e a e o
1
,
wh s ms t h v b
o ee tri k pl y r f m rv ll us f r
o a e ee n a c -
a e o a e o o ce ,
et p t i h i l ! I d d P rk i
r ce c r e a n his M usi l M m irs n ee a e n ca e o
( l
vo i p 5 2 ) s
. ys
,
o f
. h i m H i x uti a w st ishi g d : s e ec on as a on n
,
a n
th tri ks h pl y d i
e c v ri us p rts f his
e a rt x i t d th
e n a o a o c o n ce o e c e e
risibility m r th th e d m ir ti o f his u d it rs
e an Th ly a a on o a o .
”
e on
p rse f on d y ( f o I k w) wh h
our am d pr ti as a r as no o as a e a ac ce
of this ki d f h rl t ry is n rt i
o tri pr f ssi l
c a a an a ce a n e cce n c o e on a ,
wh h or tly m d his pp r
as e ce n t m usi h lls d th r
a e a ea a n ce a c- a an o e
en t rt i m ts f sim il r tur u d r th hid usly g

e a n en o a a na e n e e eo su
g stiv
e ti tl f o P g i i R d ivivus
e o My r d rs ( w h
a h v an n e .
”
ea e o a e
no t h i m ) w ill j dg
see n f him d his m rits w h I y u e o an e en sa
An to n i o Lo l li w as a n a ti v e of B
b o r n i n 17 30, w h o m S i r Geo r ge e r ga m o ,
Gr o v e i n h i s “
D i c ti o n a r y o f M u si c a n d M u si c i a n s ( L o n d o n ,
1 8 8 0 — 1884
)
“
d e sc r ibe s a s a m o st e x tr a o r d i n a r y p e r fo r m e r , b u t a l s o th e ty pe of an
u n m us i ca l , e m pty h e a d e d v i i t u o s o , a n d i n a d d i ti o n a c o m p l e te f o o l
-
a n d th i s
o pi n i o n o f h i m i s u n a n i m o u s l y th a t o f a l l h i s b i o gr a p h e r s
C
.
Mr H . Lu n n , i n h i s
. .
“
S u gge s ti o n s f o r a M u s i c a l Am p h i the a tr e in
M usi n gs o f a M u s i c i a n (Lo n d o n , 2 md Ed n , 184 9, p g i ve s a d e l i gh t . .
f u l i te m i n a n i m a g i n a r y pr o gr a m m e , b e i n g a h i t a t th e s i c k e n i n g w a y i n w h 1c h
“
i n f e r i o r p l a y e rs pa n d e r to th e po pu l a r ta s te b y th es e e x h i bi ti o n s of
“
m u s i c a l p y r o te c h n i cs H e sa y s M r LU C I U S G RA H AM WA L K E R , th e
. .
j
Mi r a c u l o u s Vi o l i n i st ( u stl y s u r n a m e d th e O n e s tr i n g e d P r o d i gy ) w i l l a fte r w a r d s -
go th r o u gh th e w h o l e o f h i s m u c h a d m i r e d pe r fo r m a n c e s U P O N A S I NG L E
S T R I NG I n o r d e r th a t th e r e m a y b e n o d e c ep ti o n i n th i s , th e v i o l i n w i l l b e
.
b r o u gh t b e f o r e th e a u d i e n c e a n d th r e e s tr i n g s br o k e n i n th e i r p r e s e n c e Af te r .
th i s f ea t h e w i l l e x h i bi t s o m e o f h i s n e w e ff e c ts f o r t h e i n s tr u m e n t w h i c h h a v e
b e e n r e c e i v e d o n e a c h r e pr e s e n ta ti o n w i th S H O U T S o f LA G H T E R a n d U
T H U ND E R S o f A PP LA U S E Am o n gs t th e m o s t pr o m i n e n t o f th e se w i ll be a
.
l i l l d g o t b y ge n tl y t i n g th e s tri n g , w h i l s t th e w o o d o f th e bo w
’
p e c u a r 8 0 l l ’
a
pp
l s p l a c e d c l o s e to th e b r i d g e a n d s u d d e n l y d r a w n u p a n d d o w n th e s tr i n g
w i th g r e a t f o r c e Th e p o r ta m e n to to o , s o m u c h u se d by s i n g e r s a n d l a te ly
.
by v i o l i n i s ts , w h i c h c o n s i s ts o f gl i d i n g o n e n o te i n to t h e o t h e r i n s te a d o f
se p a t a ti n g th e m a s th e a r e m a r k e d up o n th e p a p e r , w i l l , o n th i s o c c a s i o n , h e
y
c a r r i e d to a n e x tr e m e H e w i l l p e r f o r m a po r ti o n o f a w e l Lk n o w n c o n c e r to ,
.
i n w h i c h , b y s i m p l y us i n g th e m e a n s a bo v e m e n ti o n e d , h e w il l m a k e th e
m o s t l o v e l y a n d a n te a ppe a r a s e l i e s o f th e m o s t e x tr a o r d i n a r y w a i l : e v e r
l i s te n e d to , a n d tt a n s fo r m a b e a u tif ul c o m po s i ti o n i n to a c o r r e c t r e pr e se n ta ti o n
o f a c o n c e r t of c a ts Th i s f e a t h a s a l w a y s b e e n r e c e i v e d w i th th e u tm o s t
.
L A U G H T E R a n d A P P L A U S E , — a n d , i n tr u th , th i s j u s t d e s c r i b e s m a n y o f th e
w o n d e r f u l e x h i b i ti o n s o f m u s i c a l gy m n a s ti c s fo r c e d u po n w o n d e r m g c a rs b y
h u n d re d s o f C h a r l a ta n s , a m a te u r a n d pr o fe ss i o n a l , i n th e d ra w i n g r o o m , o n th e -
p l a tf o n n — a n d i n th e c i r c us .
I NT R O D U CT I O N . 15
he a e a pp rs
a
gh stly bj t
a o ec , ,
m a de upto e em r s ble th e c o rps
e
i l i i r i
o f N c o o P a ga n n a c c o d n g to th e w e de ir st l k ss s
i e n e e o f hi m ,
o n a da en ed rk
s ta ge a n d to sl
ow m usi
c, a f e t r h h pl ys
w ic h e a
o n e o r tw o o f th e
“
t urs
o r
d e fo e e w hi
ch a re a ss i t
o c a ed w t ih - -
r h h rl t
th e n a m e o f th e a c c a a a n a n d virtu s
o o , th e n
gki of -
vi li ists
o n , P a
g ai i
n n I si ply
m m u s t e r pr u
o d c e a n a d v e
. e rtis
m en t
sf his hi h pp r
w c a e a e d in th e Ti m e s o f th e 2n d M a r c h , 1 883,
and w hi h ru s thus
c n
AGANI NI RE D I VI VU S b g t m k k i e s o a e no wn , n
p l y t m i q i i th
re t h l d m o n u erous n u r e s, a e se o
p f m B th C
er or t M d
s l h ee o ve n s
’
o n ce r o , en e sso n s
’
C t T i i D il S
o n ce r o ,t B h
”
Ch a rt n
’
s ev
’
s -
ona a, ac
’
s a
th th t
co n n e , ty p d pi orf th e o er s ereo e ec es o e
i i t bl ll d l i l
nev ep t ia ePg i i so c a
-
e c a ss c a r er o re. a an n
R di i h h d th e f q v vus ly h k y d as ear e m so re ue nt ac ne e
b t by l i l a t i ou p pi l th C ti tt e c o n se r v a o re u s on e on
n en t, th a t th e y h a v e l o st th e i r i m po r ta n c e f o r him .
H o w e v e r , a l th o u g h f r o m a v i o l i n i s ti c p o i n t o f vi e w
th e y a r e w o r s e th a n tr i vi a l , s ti l l a s m u s i c a l co m
po s i ti o n s th e y a reTh e r e fo r e l a te r
v ery a d m i r a b le
P
.
on a g a n i n i Re d i v i v u s m a y be i n d u c e d to g i ve a
P C C
S E I AL R E I TAL o f th e a b o v e s ta te d pi e c e s , in:
o r d e r to s h o w th e Lo n d o n pu bl i c h o w th e y s h o u ld be
l
p y a ed .
No t f m i is e d d to p i t th m r l f th
com m en o ne ne e o n e o a o e
ab v e d i fyi g p r g r ph
o e Tru e h w n m rv ll us x u t
a t a a .
,
e as a a e o e ec an ,
but fr m rtisti p i t f vi w b h I I t is this t rribl

o —
an
1
a c o n o e a e e
te m pt ti t h rl t ry w hi h sp ils th pl yi g f s m y
a on o c a a an c o e a n o o an
a m t urs f a e i th ir l v f x iti g w d r d ppl us

,
or n e o e o e c n on e an a a e ,
th y l se sig h t tir ly f th gl ri s f purity f t

e o d en e o e o e o o o ne an
expr ssi ew hi h m t bon,th su bstr tu m t w hi h l l r

c us e e a o c a o na
m e ts f styl
n o pur ly i id t l th t p pl m y y i
e a re e nc en a
,
so a eo e a sa n
th e w rd s o f Ed m u d G s
o n ro s e
,
2
h e n I s ta n d An d w
To w a tc h th e fi n ge r s o f
’
m a s te r s h a n d , a
A n d ta s te th e r i c h a r p e gg i o s, a n d a b l a z e
Wi th fl o r i d c h o r d s, h e a r h o w th e fi r e i s fa n n e d ,
.
da s I b
.
I thr o b w i th joy ; an lo k I lea rn .
urs th g r t thi g w hi h st d s i th w y f
Of co e e ea n c an n e a o
am t urs is w
a e t f pr ti c B ys t w ill
an t gi th o ac e . o ca n n o or no ve e
r quisit ti m t th i s tru m t w hi h is th i vi t bl p th w y
e e e o e n en c e ne a e a a
t pr fi i
o y ; th y
o t r li th p w rs f th Ni b
c en c e can n o ea z e e o e o e e e
l g li d
un V lk r w h is d s ri b d s w i l d i g th fidd l b w
en e o e ,
o e c e a e n e e -
o
as d xt r usly s th
e s rd ; th y c v ry s l d m v b
e o a e wo e an e e o e en e
p rsu d d t f ll o w th x m pl f d r ld S m u l P pys w h
e a e o o e e a e o ea o a e e ,
o
An y o n e w h o fe e ls a n i n te r e st i n th i s n i n e te e n th c e n tu r y Lo l l i s h o u l d r e fer
to th e pa ge s o f t h e fll u s i c a l S ta n d a r d fo r Ma r c h l 0t h a n d 2 i th , 1883 .
E W Go s se ,
. O n Vi o l a n d Lu te
.
(Lo n d o n , Ad a u d i to r e m , p l . .
16 VI O LI N MA K I NG -
. As I T WAS AND IS.
te lls s (D c m b r 3 d 1660)
u R s by
e e dl d spe t m
e
y
r , o e ca n e
,
an n
m r i g i
o n n fi dd li g till tim t g t th ffi
n d it sn e o o o e o ce an I
urg d th t th pursuits f b ys d m u fit th h d s f th e
e a e o o an en n e an or
d li t t u h
e ca e ss ry t p rf t i t ti
o c th suppl
n ece ss a o a e ec n on a on . or e en e
r quisit f
e pr p r t h iqu up th fi g b rd
e or a th is
o e ec n e on e n er -
oa :
1
is w hy I h il th ti m w h w m sh ll pl y th vi li t
a e e en o en a a e o n o
us w h th x r bl m t ur fi dd l r w h m w e h v ll
,
en e e ec a e a a e e , o a e a
en d ur d d e th m ti d sh l l b
an thi g f th p st d
an a e a z e
,
a e a n o e a ,
an
w he it w ill be c t d sh m e d d isg r c t pl y th e
n oun e a a an a a e o a
vi li ith r lik m rv ll us pi
o n e e f m h is m e a tr i d a e o e ce o ec an or a a ne
an im l Of a ur it is o t f th qu sti t supp s th t
.
2
co e u o e e on o o e a
am t urs ( va e l di s !) w ill v ; m ul t th ph m l
e en a e e er e a e e en o en a
appli ti w hi h is r p rt d f P g i i f w h m w h v
ca on c e o e o a an n
,
o o e a e
h d d d w t us t rri bl st ri s f t
an e o n d t w lv h urs
o e e o e o en an e e o
a d y u i t rrupt d pr ti
a n n th t th y w ill pr ti till
e e ac ce ,
3
or a e ac ce
th i fi g rs bl d lik th pupils f th g ius F

e r n e ee
g i 3 e e o e en o s se r n
‘
No th i n g co ul d d d to th e c h a r m a n d v a r e ty o f M u s i c i n th e
p o ssi bly a -
H o u s e l i k e a g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e o f S k i l l i n v i o l in p l a y i n g An d i f th i s i n c r e a se -
.
18 to b e m a d e i t m u s t b e m a d e f o r th e p r e se n t a t l e a s t th r o u gh fe m a l e a i d
, .
An e x c l u s i v e d e v o ti o n th r o u g h th e g r o w i n g y e a r s o f b o y h o o d , to c r i c k e t a n d
,
b o a ti n g , h o w e v e r di r e c tl y c o n d u c i v e to th e p r o m o ti o n o f p i e ty a n d go o d
l i te r a t u r e , l e a v e s l i ttl e ti m e f o r th e a c q u i s i ti o n o f s k i ll o n a m u s i c a l in s tr u
m e n t, n e t to s a y th a t h a n d s s ti ff e n e d b y th e b a t a n d c a r a r e l i ttl e l i k e l y to
m a k e m u c h o f th e b o w o r fi n g e r b o a r d — H M h H
j u ll a h , u s i c i-
n t e o u se . .
(L o n d o n ,
2
S p e a k i n g o f t r a i n e d a n i m a l s r e m i n d s m e o f a m o s t i n te r e s ti n g n o te w h i c h
Am e r i c a n M e c h a n i c a l D i c ti o n a r y N Y
’
I fin d i n K n i gh t s ( e w o r k , 187 5,
3 v o l s a r ti c l e s
.
, F i d d le an d Vi o l i n w h i c h p o i n ts o u t th e f a c t th a t
th o u gh g r a s s h o pp e r s , c r i c k e ts a n d th e l i k e a r e fr e q u e n tl y s p o k e n o f a s
,
”
s i n gi n g , yet th e y d o n o t s i n g th e y fi d dl e B y r u b b i n g l e g s a n d w in gs , .
to ge th e r — e a c h i n th e m a n n e r p e c u li a r to th e s p e c i e s— th e s e i n s e c ts p r o d u ce
th e s o u n d s w h i c h c h a r a c te r i z e th e m L o c u s ts a r e fi d d l e r s Th e i r h i n d l e gs
. .
a r e th e b o w s , a n d th e p r o j e c ti n g v e i n s o f th e i r w i n g c o v e r s th e s tr i n gs On -
.
e a c h s i d e th e b o d y i n th e fi r s t s e gm e n t o f th e a b d o m e n
, u st a bo v e an d a , j
l i ttl e b e h i n d th e th i g h s i s a d e e p c a v i ty c l o se d b y a th i n p i e c e o f s k i n
,
s tr e tc h e d ti gh tl y a c r o s s i t l i k e a b a n j o c o v e r Wh e n a l o c u s t b e g i n s to p l a y -
.
h e b e n d s th e s h a n k o f o n e h i n d l e g b e n e a th th e th i g h , w h e r e i t i s l o d g e d i n
a fu r r o w d e s i gn e d to r e c e i v e i t , a n d th e n d r a w s th e l e g b r i s k l y u p a n d d o w n
s e v e r a l ti m e s a g a i n s t th e p r o j e c ti n g l a te r a l e d g e a n d v e i n s o f th e w i n g c o v e r -
.
S h o r tl y a f te r r e a d i n g th e a b o v e I w a s l y i n g i n th e b l a z i n g s u n o n o n e o f th e
P
,
s o u th e r n s l o p e s o f th e y r e n e e s a n d a n e n o r m o u s fi e l d c r i c k e t o r gr as s
-
h o p p e r , u n a w a r e o f m y p r e s e n c e , c a m e a n d s a t d o w n a fe w i n c h e s fr o m m y
h e a d , a n d ga v e m e a c o n c e r t I w a tc h e d h i m v e r y c a r e fu l l y , a n d th e
.
o p e r a ti o n w a s e x a c tl y a s a b o v e d e s c r i b e d h i s to n e w a s fu l l a n d r o u n d a n d ,
fo r m e d a p l e a s i n g c o n tr a s t to th a t o f a l a d y fi e l d c r i c k e t w h o w a s fi d d l in g -
a b o u t a y a r d a w a y , w i th w h o m m y s o l o i s t s e e m e d to b e c o n v e r s i n g He r .
to n e w a s c o m p a r a ti v e l y thi n a n d w e a k a n d p r e s e n tl y c e a s e d a l to ge th e r , ,
wh e r e u p o n m y g a ll a n t i n s e c t s k i d d e d a w a y to m a k e i n q u i r i e s
P P
.
No ti c e B i o gr a p h i q u e s u r Ni c o l o a g a n in i
”
F J F é ti s
. .
, e tc ( a r is , . ,
tr a n s l a te d i n to E n g l i s h b y We l l i n g to n Gu e r n s e y B i o gr a p h i c a l
n o ti c e o f Ni c o l o a ga n i n i , P
e tc
(L o n don S c h o tt, n d )
"
S e c o n d e d i ti o n ,
. . .
s n o n y m o u s (L o n d o n n d , . .
I n No r w a y th e g e n i u s F o s s e g r i n te a c h e s th e v i o l i n o n th e n i gh t o f H o l y
Th u r s d a y to a n y p e r s o n w h o s a c r i fi c e s to h i m a w h i te g o a t a n d th r o w s i t i n to ,
a c a s c a d e fl o w i n g n o r th w a r d , ta k i n g c a r e to tu r n a w a y h i s h e a d T h e ge n i u s .
I NT RO D UCTI O N .
17
but the fo rb r c e o f th ir r l ti s w ill s re ly ll o w th m t

ea an e e a on u a e o
g iv m re ti m e th ( s
o rul
e ) th y d d it is c rt ianly ti m e a a e e o, a n e a n
th t th pe pl w h c
a e ff r d m s t f o tuiti sh ul d pr du ce
e o an a o o or on o o
th b st r sults
e e A th e r f ult o f a m t urs is th e ir on t y ;
e . no a a e c s a nc
m t ur w ill g pl yi g s tc h s o f tu n e s s o m h w “
an a a e o on a n na e ,
e o
lik this i n w h t M C r y Gr i c lls th e the re o the re

e ,
” “
a r . o ne a n a r
a bo uts style till e l g s to be ffli te d w ith thic k i g f

,
”
on on a c a en n o
th e ty m p u m I o c e k w n m t ur w h w ul d g o
an . n ne a a a e o o o n
w o rryi g his fi d d l by th e h o ur to g th r f
n m y e d i fi ti e o t e e or ca on ,
u
o f pur v ity f his w p w e rs H r m i d d m e f

e an o Fr h o n o . e e n e o a en c
virtu s m d Al d y w h
o o, na pl y d his first ppe r c i
e a , o a e on a a an e n
E gl d ( t C l m s Th a tre i 1 7 92) rt o G d “ ’
n an a o e an e n a c o n ce o n o
s v th Ki g w ith v ri ti s Aft r s m s v t e
a e e n a a on . e o e e en e n or
e ight v ri ti s s m w g i th g ll ry ll d o t A
een a a on
“
o e a n e a e ca e u
,
re
y ou
g i g t pl y l
o nl i g ht M A l l d
o y ? T his a st r t d a l g h n ,
r. -
a a e a au ,
w hi c h tur i i t o hiss d r o v e th d i se m fi te d s l i t fr m a e o o o s o
g ,
n n n ,
th pl tf r m
e a o .
Th r is d ubt b ut it th t t h v e l
e e no t th vi li h s
o a o ,
a o a ea r n e o n a
o ften b th first m usi c l tr i i g

ee n f th g r t st
e m p s rs a a n n o e ea e co o e .
We l l h ve h rd th w ll—k w s t ry f M rt w h w h h e
a a ea e e no n o o oz a ,
o en
w asquit hild t u ght hi m s l f t pl y th vi o li th st o ry is

e a c a e o a e n e
t l d by H g rth
o fo ll o w s o Wh th f m ily r tur d to
a
1
as en e a e ne
S l burg i 1 7 62 M
a z rt (b i g th six y e rs l d ) bro u gh t
n oz a e n en a o
w ith h i m s m ll vi li w ith w hi h b m use d hi m s l f A bl e

a a o n c e a e . n a
vi li pl y r f th m f W l c ll d e d y n his f the r
o n -
a e o e na e o en z a e on a o a
t o k his
as pi i f six t i h h d just o m p o se d
n on Th y o r es e a co . e
pr e d d t try th m W l hi m se l f pl yi g th fi rst vi o li
oc e e o e , enz a n e n ,
M rt s f th r th b a ss
oz a
’
d ap rf rm r f th n m e o f
e e ,
an a e o e o e a
S h ht e
c ac th s d vi li
n Y u g Mo rt b gg d h rd to be
r
’
e e co n o n . o n z a e e a
a ll w d to pl y this l st p rt but his f th r grily r fuse d his

o e a a a
,
a e an e
r qu st tur lly c c ivi g i t t be hild ish w hi m At l st

e e , na a on e n o a c . a ,
h o w ve r e th g d hu m ur d i t r ssi
,
on o f S h cht e
e oo th e -
o e n e ce on c a n r,
th e n se i z e s th e r i gh t h a n d o f h i s pu pi l , a n d m o v e s i t o v e r th e str i n g s o f th e
fi d d l e ti ll th e b l oo d co m e s o u t u n d e r th e n a i l s Th e a p pr e n ti c e i s th e n c e f o r w a rd .
a m a s te r , a n d h i s e n c h a n te d v i o l i n w i l l m a k e tr ee s d a n ce a n d r i v e r s s ta y th e i r
c o u r se l— l u u e i e a n d th e D r a m a , M a r c h l oth , 1 883
'
C
.
G H o g a r th ,
. Mu si c a l H i s to r y , i o g ra ph y , a n d r i ti c i sm , e tc (Lo n d o n, B .
c h x i i i , p 2 40 (2n d e d i ti o n , 1838, v o l i i , e h i , p
C
. . . . . . . .
3
J o h a n n An d r e a s S e h a c h tn er h e l d th e po st o f o u r t Tr u m pe ter a t S a lz b ur g,
a n d w as a n i n ti m a te fri e n d o f th e Mo z a r t f a m i l All th ese pa r ti c u l a rs o f th e
y .
c h i ld h o o d o f Mo z a rt a s w e l l a s m a n
( y o th e rs ) ar e ta k e n fr o m a l e tte r w r i tte n
by S c h a c h tn e r , a f te r Mo z a r t s d ea th , to h i s (Mo z a r t s) si ste r , u n d er d a te
’ ’
Apr il 24th , 17 92 Th e o r i gi n a l i s in th e po sse ssi o n o f H er r Al o y s Fu c h s, an d i s

.
to be f o u n d a t l e n g th i n O tto J a h n s “
Life o f Mo z a r t, tr a n sl a te d fr o m th e
”
’
Ge r m a n by P
a u l i n e To w n sh e n d
(Lo n d o n , 1882, No v e l l o ) , 3 v o l s , v o l i , p 21 . . . .
W A Mo z a r t
.
. . Le i pz i g , 1826 59 ; r e i tk o pf , 4 v o l s 8v o ) I t i s a l so to b e -
B . .
f o u n d i n G R d e Nis se n s
’
. i o gr a ph i e W A Mo z a r ts
.
"
(Le i p z i g , B an d . .
i n A. H F S c h li c h te gr o l l s Ne k r o l o g d er D e u tsc h e n (Go th a , 17 9 0
’
. .
2
l8 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : As IT WA S AND Is .
c hil d l
pl y l g w ith h i m his littl vi li
w a s al o w ed d to a a on on e o n
,
a n
ca uti d b his f th r t m k lit tl

on e y is I f w m i ut s a e o a e e no e. n a e n e ,
no d d i g t his mp
n i s S h h t l i d d w his i stru m t
o co an on ,
c ac ner a o n n en ,
an d M rt w t l
oz a pl yi g his p rt w i th th utm st
en on a on e, a n a e o
a ccur y d st d i ss t th d m ir ti
ac an d st ish m ea t f ne ,
o e a a on an a on en o
th p rty 1 ”
e a .
A i S b sti a nB c h (b rn a t E is h i Thuri gi M h
,
e a an a o en ac ,
n n a , a rc
3 l t 1685) w i his y uth his f th r s pupil th vi l i

’
s , as d n o a e on e o n
,
an
it w s his pr fi i y this i stru m t (j i d t his fi tr bl

a o c en c on n en o ne o ne e e
v ic ) w hi h g t h i m i t th M ti
o e c h ir t th Mi h elis
o n o e a n c o a e c a
S hul
c t L b g
e a d w h e his v i uener k d h h ld f er an n o ce c ac e e e or
s m m th th p st f vi li ist i th b d f P ri J h
o e on s e o o o n n e an o n ce o an n
Er st f W i m r S hub rt ls w e t l d w his f th r s 3 ‘ ’
n o e a . c e a o, are o as a e
,
pupil th vi li t th g f e i ght I 1808 h b m

on e o n a e a e o . n e e ca e on e
o f th I m p ri l Ch p e l Ch ir
e d pupil f th S t d t i c t
e a a o ,
an a o e a co n v ,
w h e re h s b m l d r o f th s h l r h str
e oon e ca e ea e e c oo o c e a.
‘
C RE M O NA ! I t w ul d l m st s m u ss ry t k w h th r o a o ee n n e ce a o as e e
th r br th s y
e e whea h s v r h rd f
e Cr m an on e o a ne e ea o a e ona
Vi li but it is t ft wh t lki g f vi li s s m
"
o n
,
no so o en en a n o o n o e one
h ass id i v ly A d th — w h t is
a na Cr m
e i d d,
n en , a a e on a n ee ,
th m
e na w hi h is m r th e h us h l d w rd t l l vi li ists
c o e an a o e o o o a o n
is by m s u d rst d i i t f ll sig ifi ti by f w k h l
no ea n n e oo n s u n ca on o a a
e v th w ll i f rm e d P rk s s ( l i p
en e e -
A thn o a e ay vo . .
,
.
“
s e
a pp ll ti f Cr m o fiddl m y t b g r lly u d rst d

e a on o e na es a n o e en e a n e oo
I w ill t k this pp rtu ity t a xpl i it Th s i stru m ts

e o o n o e a n . e e n en
w re m d
e by tw I t li s m d Am ti d S tr d iv rius t
a e o a an ,
n a e a an a a a
f o n d o f pl a y i n g o n S c h a c h tn e r s v i o l i n o n a c c o u n t o f th e sw ee tn e ss
’
He w as
o f i ts to n e , a n d S c h a c h tn e r u se d to tu n e i t a n d l e a v e i t w i th h i m O n e da y w h e n .
S c h a c h tn e r c a m e to v i si t h i s f a th e r , M o z ar t r e m ar k e d to h i m th a t th e l a s t ti m e
h e tu n e d h i s v i o l i n h e h a d n o t k e p t i t a t i ts f o r m e r pi tc h I t i s h a lf a q u a r te r .
” “ ”
o f a to n e , sa i d h e , l o w e r th a n th i s o n e o f m i n e Th e y a t fi r s t l a u gh e d a t .
th i s e x tre m e e x a c tn e ss ; b u t th e f a th e r , w h o h a d o fte n o b se r v e d th e e x tr a
o r d i n a r y d e l i c a c y o f h i s s o n s e a r a n d h i s m e m o r y f o r s o u n d s , d e s i r e d hi m to
’
’
b r i n g S e h a c h tn e r s vi o l i n , a n d i t a c tu a l l y pr o v e d to b e h a lf a q u a r te r o f a to n e
be l o w th e o th e r .
2
Ma n y b i o gr a ph e r s sta te th a t h e w a s b o r n o n th e tw e n ty fi r s t, a n d th e y a ls o a r e -
r i gh t, f o r B
a c h w a s b o r n o n th e 2 l st (o l d sty l e ) a n d 3l s t (n e w s ty l e ) o f Ma r c h , 1 685
P
.
3
R L . o ol e , .
“
S e b a sti a n a ch (Lo n d o n , B
( Th e Gr e a t M u si c ia n s,
“
e d i te d b y F H u e fi e r ) . .
H F F r o s t, S c h u b e r t
. .
(Lo n d o n , (S a m e se r i e s ) .
As a n i n s ta n ce o f h i s d e l i c a c y o f e a r , p a ra l l e l to th a t o f M o z a r t (r i d e n o te
w e a r e to l d th a t a t h o m e , w h e n th e f a m i l y p l a y e d q u a r te tts (h e pl a y i n g t h e
v i o l a , h i s f a th e r th e b a ss , a n d h i s b r o th e r s th e v i o l i n s) , h e w o u l d d e te c t th e
sm a l l e s t b l u n d e r I n th e i n s ta n c e o f o n e o f h i s b r o th e r s h e d i d n o t sc r u pl e to
.
r e bu k e b y w o r d o r l o o k b u t i f h i s f a th e r pl a y e d a w r o n g n o te o r m a d e a f a l se
e n tr y , h e w o u ld i g n o r e th e m i s ta k e o n ce , a n d if i t o c c u r r e d a ga i n , h e w o u ld sa y
w i th h e s i ta ti o n , F a th e r , I f ea r th e r e i s a m i s ta k e so m e w h e r e l Th e v i o l a h a s
b e e n th e f a v o u r i te i n str u m e n t o f m o r e th a n o n e g r e a t c o m po se r e si d es . B
S ch u be r t, bo th Mo z a r t an d M e n d e l sso h n w e r e te n o r pl a y e r s
' o
.
20 VI O L I N MA I NG : -
K As I T WAS AND IS .
of S tra diva ri ,
Gu r ri f Am a ti f R gg i s f S t i r
of a ne ,
o ,
o u er u ,
o a ne
,
o f B rg i d hu dre d l ss r m s P pl h r m st rs
e on z
,
a n a n e e na e . eo e ea a e
lik J hi m Wi lh l mj S i t
e oa c S , a t pl y o e
g m fr m ,
a n on ,
or aras e a n a e o
s m C re m s w rksh p d m k e p th ir m i d s th t the
o e on e e o o ,
a n a u e n a
e xqui site purity f t o m s fr m th i stru m t ( d n t

o one c e o e n en an o
fr m th e pl y r
o d t o m u h fr m th i stru m
a e an t no s c o e n en as
fr m its g ! I t r m i d s
o a e o f th
e l d st ry b ut Gi rdi i e n on e o o a o a n ,
w h s t st o e d purity f t
a e anw er si m ply x quisit P rk o on e e e e . a e
s ys f h i m
a o Gi rdi i w h i his : ith pr d u d a th n en n z en o ce on e
vi li o t e m r p w e rful d l r th
n a on o
y f ehis c t mo an c ea an an o on e
p i
o rar e s T his k c k if.I m y b ll w d th xpr
na ssi pr v e
, d a e a o e e e e on , o
v ry pr fit bl e t Gi rdi i e bli g h i m t s ll his i f ri r

e o a o a n
,
na n o e n e o
i stru m ts f
n l rg pri c t g tl m w h i his h d s
en or a a e e o en e en o n an
a d m ir d th ir p w r ful t
e th o u gh th y f u d ft r w rd s t
e o e on e, e o n a e a , o
th e ir g r t surprise th t th y c l d d r w f rth v ry littl
ea ,
a e ou a o e e,
a pp r tly t w r th t th t
a en no m fr m th skill us e d
a a e a e on e ca e o e ,
an d n t f m th fid d l o P pl h v e e v e w ritt e b o ks (
ro e e . eo e a n n o or
r th r p m phl t ) t i m pr ss this the d v t s d ll c t rs

a e
,
a e s o e on e o ee an co e o
o f th i li w hi h th u gh t fte n sim ply w ritt
e v o n
,
c d o oo o en as a ver
ti e m
s t f p rti ul r m k
en s o re a lly a bs lute ly rr t
a a c a a e, a re o co ec ,
d if pr p rly stu di d ( p rt fr m th ir “
pu ff l m t) ”
an o e e a a o e e e en
w ul d
o du to a m r lib r l p tro
con ce
g f c t m p r ry o e e a a na e o on e o a
w rk o d I h v p rs
,
an lly d ubt th t hu d re d p u d
a e, e ona , no o a a n o n s
s pe t o w i br
n n w i stru m e ts w o ul d m re th
n an i cr s
ne n n o an n ea e
t f ld i th s
en f fi fty t ighty y rs f w rit o ea
bv m ti d p m phl ts w is ly m rks th
o n e a ce o e , o r, as a er
in o f th e
on e a o e -
en on e a e e re a e
,
supply o f I t li m st r vi li s is a ss rily li m it d d i
an a e -
o n n e ce a e ,
a n n a
co m p r tiv ly sh rt ti m
a a pl y rs w i ll be blig d t tur t
e o e a e o e o n o
m od m k rs fo th e ir i stru m
ern a ts I h v pl y d br
e r n en .
1
a e a e on an
Th e I h a v e i n m y m i n d a s I w r i te th i s a re p a r ti c u l a r l y a d e l i gh t
w o r k s w h i ch
f u l l y co n ce i te d w o r k b y Ge o r ge Ge m ii n d e r , th e v i o l i n m a k e r o f Asto r i a , -
“
Ne w Yo r k , e n ti tl e d
”
Ge o r ge Ge m ii n d e r s pr o gr e ss i n Vi o l i n m a k i n g,
’
e tc -
.
(Asto ri a , N Y , 1881, 8v c ) , w h i c h f o r ca s t i r o n se lf gl o r i fi c a ti o n f a r s ur pa sse s - -
P
. .
th e m o st e l o qu e n t l u c u b ra ti o n s o f th e h i sto r i c h a r i se e l An o th e r O pu sc u l u m
o f th e sa m e k i n d i s M r J F a c ts a bo u t F i d d l e s , Vi o l i n s O ld
’
B r o a d h o u se s . .
a n d Ne w ,
”
a b r o c h u r e w h i c h h a s s e e n tw o e d i ti o n s (Lo n d o n , n d , [ 187 9 a n d . .
a n d i s d e v o te d e n ti r e l y to th e a d v e r ti s i n g o f th e i n str u m en ts o f a n
a m a te u r m a k e r n a m e d Mr J o h n D a y A th i r d , w h i c h h a s r e c e n tl y m a d e i ts
. .
“
a ppe a r a n c e , i s a w o r k c a l l e d Au x Am a te u r s d u Vi o l o n H i sto r i qu e , Co n
C
.
s tr u c ti o n , Re pa r a ti o n e t o n s e r v a ti o n d e c e t I n s tr u m e n t ( al e , and B .
w r i tte n b y M C
Si m o u tr e , o f Wh o se fi d d l es i t i s i n f a c t a gr ea t a d v e r ti si n g
. .
u ff An d to g o b a c k to th e be g i n n i n g o f th e c e n tu r y , w e h a v e th e w e l l
p U
.
n o w n w o r k b y J a c o b Au gu stu s O tto ,
”
e b e r d e n B a u d er o ge n i n str u B -
m e n te , e tc , l st e d i ti o n (H a l l e u n d Le i p si c ,
. 2n d e d i ti o n (J e n a ,
“
w h i c h h a s b e e n tr a n s l a te d i n to En gl i sh b y T F a r d e l y , Tr ea ti se o n th e Co n .
s rr u c ti o n , e tc , o f th e Vi o l i n , e tc
”
(Lo n d o n a n d Le e d s , a n d by J o h n i sh o p, B
C
. .
“
h e l te n h a m , A Tr e a ti se o n th e S tru c tu r e , e tc , o f th e Vi o li n , e tc
”
of (Lo n d o n , . .
l s t e d i ti o n 184 8 2 n d e d i ti o n 1860 3r d e d i ti o n 187 5) a n d th e v e r y sc a rc e i f
n o t u n a tta i n a b l e pa m ph l e t o f M . C
ypr i e n D e sm a r a i s , D e sc r i pti o n d un Vi o l o n
’
.
I NT RO D UCT I O N . 21
re w li n s — vi li s th v r ish f w hi c h h s b e e n bs o lute ly
vi o o n e a n o a a
“
sti ky a d th e ir t h b n p rf t (th t is f c o rse it
c ,
”
n on e as ee e ec a ,
o u ,
h giv
as
g t pr
en m is ) d d
r ea ubt ft e r th
o e tr siti p
e , an
n ri o d no o a an o e
w i l l be qui t fi if tfi r i t th n th w d rful
e as ne
,
no ne , n on e a e se on e
vi li s b ri g t lis m i c m s w hi h r is e the ir pri c e s i te

o n ea n a an na e c a n
th e hu d r d s o f p o u d s
n I t is p e rh ps
e t ge r lly k n w n
n . a no ne a o
th t it is ly i w h t I h v c ll d th tr siti n p e ri d th t a
a on n a a e a e e an o o
”
a
w ll m d e vi li
e -
a is hid usly r u gh d d is rd t th t its to n e
o n eo o an co an , a
is de s rib d c w d th t pl a y rs v i d it s th e y w o uld
e as ne ,
an a e a o a
th e E vil O Wh vi o li is fi t m d
n e. d th w d is
en a n rs a e, an e oo
s ft a d s ppy d the v r ish sti ky d l sti th t o e is

o n a ,
a n a n c an e a c, e n
un
ifi d i e m r w hin ah g iv s i d
an ne f s ft ss d s w c
e e t e an ea o o ne an »
ne ss w hi h is v ry d pti to c i xp e ri
e d pl y r ; it i s
e ce ve an ne e n ce a e
w h n th e fi dd l h s b e pl y d o f
e e m a th tw e n d th e a e n or a on or o, an
fibre s o f the w d b e gi i t s w r t th s u d w v s
oo are nn n g o an e o e o n -
a e ,
th t th t b c m s h rsh d m
a e one d e At this p i t m y
o e a an u sa r . o n an a
g ood fi d d l is p r m tly e sp ilt by h vi

e
g th s u
an en d p st d o a n e o n -
o an
b ss b r shi ft d b ut d th w d s pe d t but this

a -
a e a o an e oo coo ou ,
as
b e lo gs to n the r p rt f th w o rk I m ust t i this g i e

an o a o e , n o a r r v
an c i this pl a c
e n O ft w h I h ve b e. pl yi g m y o w n en en a een a n
fid d le s i t
“
d iti frie d s h v s i d
n o con
“
W ll l d f ll o w
on n a e a e , o e ,
it s e e m s u ki d t y so to y w h o m d it but th t s b stl
n o sa ou a e
’
a ea
y
n ,
a
fi ddl I l w ys r ply
e.
”
T ut vi t a c lui qui s it tt e d re
a a e ,
o en e a a n
,
an d i d e d it is a ft r m
,
n e th o tw f this c r c k d v o i ce
,
e a on r o o a e -
con diti th t th e i stru m e t s ttl s d w g r d u lly i n to a full

on a n n e e o n a a ,
s w t to e ( th e re v rs e ) I h ve e xp ti t d thus t l e gth
ee n or e . a a a e a n
o nth e subj t o f ge b e ca use it is ec m tte r s littl u d rst o d

a
,
a a o e n e o
ev by vi li ists th m s lv s d it si m ply r du c e s its lf to this

en o n e e e ,
an e e
If vi li is w ll m d its to e fr m th b gi i g w ill e ithe r

a o n e a e, n o e e nn n
b g d i
e oo its l f o i d i te futur s w t s
n e ,
r d it w illn ca e ee n e s
,
an
g d
ra u lly i m pr
a v w ith e d g ; but o i f e fi dd l is o ri g i us lly an a e a e na
i f ri r
n e o m u t o f pl yi g up
, no a it d
o n l gth o f ti m a n on ,
a n no en e,
w ill m k e it m re th it is squ ki g w d fit ly f ”
a o an , a ea n cro e, on or
the o r h e s tr oc w rs still f th p rip t tic fi ddl e r w h o

a, r, o e ,
or e e a e ,
e xtr ts r th r th c x s p i s fr m th e p ss r by D
ac a e an oa e en n e o a e -
. r.
Oliv r W d l l H l m s i his Aut c r t t th e Br k f st

e en e o e
,
n o a a ea a
T bl d is uss s this qu sti m st b uti fully s yi g

1 ”
a e, c e e on o ea ,
a n
C rt i thi gs
e a n
g od f thi
n
g til l th
are y h v e b o e n k pt or no n e a e e
Hi t i qs or tM m
ue e t l (P i on u hi h i end i pti
a f i li a r s, w c s a e sc r on o a v o n
m d b y th
a e if f th l t M G g C h
e w e o t f P i e d a e
p ff f h . eor es an o , o a r s, a n a u o er
Al l th e se , a s w i l l b e se e n , a r e m e r e l y w r i tte n b y w a y o f
’
h us b a n d s w o r k s .
a d v e r ti se m e n t, b u t th e y a r e a ll v a l u a b l e a d d i ti o n s to th e l i te r a tu r e o f th e v i o l i n ,
bec a us e th e y po in t o u t th e po ss i b il i ty o f e x c e l l e n c e in n e w fi d d l es , w h i c h
e xc e ll e n c e i s, o f co u r s e , d e sti n e d to i n c re ase a s th e a n d use m e l l o w th e
i n s tr u m e n ts .
Appe a re d o r i gi n a ll y i n th e A tla n ti c Mon th l y i n No v e m be r , 1867 .

22 V O I LI N MAK IN G : -
as rr w a s AND Is .
lo n w hile a n so m e
thi g ti ll th y h ve b
d are g o o d fo r no n e a
l g i pt d us d
a , een
on e O f th s w hi c h m ust b k pt l g
an e o e e e on
a d n d I w ill
u se m vi li s th na s w t ld Am ti
e o n e ee o a ,
th e d ivi S tr div rius ne Pl y d a by i t m st rs ti ll

a . a e on an c en a e
th e b w h od l st its p o w r
-
an d th flyi g fi g rs sti ff
o d ; e an e n n e en e
b qu th d t th p ssi
e ea e t y u g thusia st w h m de it
o e a on a e o n en , o a
w hisp r his hi dd e lo v d y i i rti enul t e l o i

g g s
e, d an cr n na c a n n
,
an
s r m his u t l d g i s
c ea d w il his m
n o to us d sp ir ;
a on e , an a on o no e a
p ss d fr m his dyi g h d t th e c l d virtu s w h l t it

a e o n an o o o o, o e
slu m b r i its s f e ng r ti u
ca e til w h his
or h d aw en e a on
,
n , en ear as
br k up it m f rth
o en ,
m r ca d r d th e st rm y
o o n ce o e an o e e o
sym ph i s f r y l r h str s b
on e o th th rushi g b w f
o a o c e a enea e n o o
th ir l rd d l d r ; i t l ly pris s w ith i m pr vi d t
e o an ea e n o on e on o en
a rtists i t v ts fr m w hi h r s d y d i ght th h ly
n o co n en ,
o c a o e a an n e o
hym s w ith w hi h its t s w r bl d d

n c d b k g i t on e e e en e an ac a a n o
o rgi s i w hi h it l r d to h w l d l u gh s if a l gi
e n c ea ne f o an a a e on o
d vils w r shut up i
e e it ; th g i to th e ge tl e d il tt t
e n en a a n n e an e,
wh l m d it d w w ith sy m l d i s u til it s w r d h i m
o ca e o n ea e o e n an e e
s ftly i th d ys f th o l d m str s d
o as n e a
g iv o i t e ae o ,
a n so en n o ou r
h d s its p r s l l full f m usi s t i d thr u gh d thr u gh

an o e a o c
,
a ne o an o
w ith th tr te d sw e t ss f ll th h rm i e s w hi h h v
e co n ce n a e ne o a e a on c a e
ki d l d d f d d its stri g s
n e an a No w y
e onk w v ry w ll n ou no e e
th t th r
a l ss th fi fty e i ght ( i ) d i ff r t pi s i
e e a re n o e an -
s c e en e ce n a
vi li Th s pi s
o n . str g rs t
e e h th r d it t k
e ce a re an e o eac o e
,
an a
cen tury m r l ss to m k th m th ghly qu i t d At

,
o e or e ,
a e e or ou ac a n e .
l st th y l r t vibr t i h rm y d th i stru m t b m s
a e ea n o a e n a on ,
a n e n en eco e
an o rg ic w h l an i f it w r g r t
o e, a ss d psul w hi h h d e e a ea ee ca e c a
g r o w fr m n g r d bo d i C r
a m aB e si d sen th d eis n e o n a. e ,
e w oo
jui y c d full o f
an p f fi ft y y rs butsa t th d f
or fi fty ea o r so , a e en o
or hu d r d m r g ts t l r bly d y d m p r tiv ly e
a n e o e e o e a r an co a a e r
s o n ant Wh t m r b uti fu l xpl ti

.
”
a f th m tt r
o e ea e an a on o e a e ca n
w w
e t ? Wh t I h v s id c
an r i g this m tt r f w
a a e a o n ce n n a e o ne
vi li s (
o n th w rit r i or, Th O h t
as e d Ch i s ys
e n e rc es r a an o r
1
a ,
m d r o x m pl s e i tr d u c s th e xt p rtio o f this subj c t

n e a e n o e ne o n e ,
an d th t is th C ll ti a o f vi li s e o ec on o n .
Co c r i g Co ll c ti s f Vi li s m u h h b
n e n n e s i d i f v ur
on o o n c as een a n a o
o f th m d m u h ga i st th m
e an Th first r c rd I h v f u d
a n e . e eco a e o n
f su h c ll ti is i P rk s M si l M m irs w h r
“ ’ ”
o c a o ec on n a e u ca e o ,
e e
w fi d ( l i p
e n vo M E S t ph s
. .
,
. th b k r h d r. . e en on , e an e ,
a
p er h ps th a b s t d m st e v lu bl e ll t i an f C r m o a a e co ec on o e ona
v oi li s f y pri v t g tl m i E gl d I m h w v r
n o an a e en e an n n an . a ,
o e e ,
i c li d t thi k h t th s
n ne o fr qu tly m r
n t stim t d
a e e are e en o e e a e on
a cco u t o f th ir n c r ity (lik str w b rri s i J u ry) th

e s a c e a e e n an a an
O r c h e s tr a a nd Cho i r , J u n e , 1882 .
th e ir v lu bl qu litie s a ( H th e
a g ees o n w ith th e r m rks
a . e n o e a
qu t d o e p I d on t k w if .
y co l l ti h s b o no no an ec on a een
r o rd d b f r this d t
ec e if
e o I h v e v r c m e c r ss a e so , a e ne e o a o
it A to th thi s f vi li
. s ll ti g the re s m t b thr e
e e c O o n co ec n ,
ee o e e
O pi i s First th t vi li
n on . ll ti g is i v ry w y t b ,
a o n co ec n n e e a o e
d pl r d
e th e r by m g ifi t fid d l
o e ,
a s shut w y t f e a n ce n e s a re a a ou o
sight d ve r he rd this is th pi i f M J M Fl m i g
an ne a e O n on O r. . . e n ,
1
a d h
n su gg sts th t th o w rs f c ll ti s u ght t giv
e e a e ne O o ec on o o e
th m t pl y rs
e ls to trust s to l d t stu d ts ;
o a e ,
or e e ee , en o en a
pr c ti si m pl e u gh to pr p u d but slightly ut pi to
a ce e no o o n , o an ,
u s e str g r e xpr ssi

no S d th t vi li
on e ll ti g is e on . e co n ,
a o n co ec n
a m st pr is w rthy o d e xp d i t pursuit
a e oit t ds to an e en ,
as en
pr s rv ld vi li s m u h l g r th th y c ul d th r w is
e e e o o n c on e an e o o e e
l sta d th t th e re by th
,
an m st rpi as f th l d m k rs e a e e ce O e O a e
b c m h d d d w fr m g r ti t g r ti
e o e an e w ith
o n o en e a on o en e a on ,
o cca si l p ri d s f r st w hi h pr v t th ir dyi g t
on a e o O e ,
c e en e n ou
a lt g th r A d third th t v ry m h
o e e . n p r f t ri ght t ,
a e e an as a e ec o
d w h t h lik s w ith his w d th t it is b dy s busi ss ’

o a e e o n an a no o ne
,
t y
o sa th t m u g ht t at k e p a i stru m ts
an w hi h ho no o e n en c e
h s b u ght
a d p id fo Th l tt r is pri c ip lly m y pi i
an a or . e a e n a o n on .
Of urs th r is
co d ubt th t it is
e, pity th t th xquisit
e e no o a a a e e e
t e s f th s st r d vi li s sh uld v r b h rd ; — this is th
on o e e o e o n o ne e e ea e
b sis f th
a tro v rsy w hi h is g t up t i t rv ls b u t th
o e con e c o a n e a a o e
ce el br t d Gu r rius w hi h w P g i i s f v urit i st
a e a ne ,
c as a an n
’
a o e n ru
m t w hi h h e b qu th d t th m u i ip lity f his tiv

en , c e ea e o e n c a O na e
p l ce (G
a
) d w hi c h h b
en oa t u c h,
d van r si as een un o e e e n ce ,
e x c pti g e w he his g r t pupil S i i w su ff r d to pl y

n o n ce n ea vo r as e e a
o n it t e rt P pl su gg st th t i t sh ul d b pl y d
a a con c . eo e e a o e a e
up t o
on rts th t it sh uld be s ld t f u d P ga i i
a c n ce ,
a o o o o n a a n n
s h l a rship
c o d hu d r d the r us s , an su gg st d t thea n e o e a re e e o
M u i ip lity but r lly I c

n c a t s th t it is yb o dy s
,
ea ann o ee a an
’
busi e ss t i te rf r
n d I thi k it is m st
o n tur l th t th
e e, an n o na a a e
m u i ip lity f th Gr t Virtu s o s birthpl sho ul d lik to ’

n c a o e ea o a ce e
ke e p his i strum t s r d fr m l l th r to u h s
n en Th g i ac e o a o e c e .
2
en a a n
J M Fl e m i n g , 01d Vi o li n s a n d th e i r M a k e r s , i n c l u di n g s o m e r e f e r e n c e to
. .
th o se o f M o d e r n Ti m e s (Lo n d o n , Ap pe a r e d o r i gi n a l l y a s a se r i e s o f
a r ti c l e s i n T h e B a z a a r , E x c h a n ge a n d M a r t, 1882, J a n ua r y 27 th , e t s e q
P
.
”
l h is Gu a r n er i u s d e l J e s u, d a te d 17 4 3, w a s l e n t to a ga n i n i i n 1820 b y a
' ‘
M Li v ro n , a m e r c h a n t a t Le gh o rn , to pl a y u po n a t a c o n c e r t i n th a t pl a c e
P
. .
Af te r th e c o n c e r t, o n a ga n i n i s re tu r n i n g th e v i o li n to i ts o w n e r , th e l a tte r sa i d
’
to h i m , J c m e gar d e r ai bi e n d e pr o f a n e r d e s c o r d e s q u e v o s d o i g ts o u t to u c h e s
’
é
c c st a v o us m a i n te n a n t q u e m o n v i o l o n a ppa r ti e n t, a n d f r o m th i s m o m e n t i t
was P ’
a ga n i n i s pr i n c i pa l a n d f a v o u r i te v i o li n I ll u str a ti o n s o f th i s i n str u m e n t .
m a y be f o un d i n G Ha r t s Th e Vi o l i n , i ts F a m o u s M a k e rs , a n d th e i r I m i ta to r s
’
.
(Lo n d o n , ’ M o u th p i e c e ; a n d i n th e se c o n d e d i ti o n O f Mr We l li n gto n .
Gu e rn se y s tr a n sl a ti o n O f F J
’
F é ti s s , No ti c e i o gr a ph i q u e su r Ni c o l e B
P
. .
" ’
Pa g a n i n i ( a r i s , 1851 Tr a n sl a ti o n , Lo n d o n n d ; 2n d E d i t o u , Lo n d o n . . . ,
a d .
24 VI O LI N MAK I NG -
: AS I T w a s AND IS .
th e se c o n d o pi i is u d ubt dly v ry w ll c n on ive d f h d n o e e e o n ce

,
or a
it n o t b e th t th se m ste r vio li s h v b e st re d up
e n a e a -
n a e e n o
,
u to u h d fo y rs fro m ti m e to ti m the y w ul d d is pp a r
n c e r ea ,
e, o a e
fro m th f f th
e rth v ry r pidly ; but th third o pi i
a ce o e ea e a e n on
i s th e ly r lly t gibl
on d th e ealy th t b an e on e, an on one a ca n e
d isc u s s d w i th eythi g lik pr fit f it is m i f stly bsurd

an n e o ,
or an e a
to d i c t a te to m Of m s w h t th y sh ll d w ith th ir pur
en ean a e a o e
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I NT RO D UCTI O N . 25
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’
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St . P
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.
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2
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'
P r i n c i pl es O f C
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4 th e d i ti o n , 1881 , p 2 20 Mr D a v i d so n , b e s i d e s b e i n g th e a u th o r o f th e a b o v e
. . .
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a nd P r o v i n c i a l I ll u s i c Tr a d e s R e v i e w , J u n e 15 th 1 883, a n d w h i c h , li k e th e ,
a d v e r ti se m e n ts I h a v e r e pr o d u c e d o n pa ge s 14 a n d 15, I s i m l
p y tr a n sc r i be f o r
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Ve r y i m po r ta n t to a l l M u si c i a n s A Te n Gu i n e a Vi o l i n Gi v e n Aw a y
C C
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’
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P P
, . .
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Au th o r O f Th e Vi o l i n , e tc , a n d H o n o r a r y Me m b e r o f th e
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and Bri lli a n t y , a n d -
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: A S I T w a s AND 18.
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D E FI D I B US .
M a Nso s R ES O NA P R I M UM T E S T U D I NE Ns n v o s
M ER CU R I U S F E R T U R S O L L I CI T AS S E M ANU,
CU M B A P T A S P E C U m s Q UE R E NT B M C A B M XNE P H O E B UM
MO LLI VI T CR EP I TA NS FI LA CANO RA m a s s .
r LU M I NA R I VO R U M PO TU I T e xt r a n e o u s
'
mo n a a r
T H R EI CI U S VENTO S v o c n P O ETA S UA ;
Q U I N c o mm as S I LVA S B U KI T S CO P U LO S Q U E , F ER AS Q UR
I I U LCI S O NI S D O M U I T CANTI B US I LLE LYRE .
TU GENUS H U M A NU M , LACR YMAS , s e n s , GAUD I A, LUc r vs.
CALLI O PE CI THAR A S U B D I TI O NE TENES ;

GAU D I A sI TR EM U LI S FI D I B US u o n u m a rs O VAMO S ,
PLACEI P LANCTU S c o rm s D O LO R E C EM ENr

’ ‘ '
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m or o n s TU FI D I B U S w a s “ LEVA R E Q U EAB
t o N181 s anv o a U M D O M UI S TI CO RD A v m o n u x
mam PU E B I VANA S AGI TTA F UI T .

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’ ’
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-
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P
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h e sts o f Vi o l s .
Ti s tr u e , th e fi n d i n g O f a d e a d h o r se h ea d
Wa s th e fi rs t i n v e n ti o n o f s tr i n g i n s tr u m e n ts,
”3
t n c e r o se th e g i tte r n s , v i a l , a n d th e l u te .
IN subj t o f r s a rc h p e rh ps h th e A tiqu ry so
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e n o ,
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n n c, e e a O c e
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th y c h rm d m us t lo g e this h v su u m b d to the r v g s
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g r e a t e x te n t t h e s u b s ta n c e o f a L e c t u r e d e l i v e r e d b y t h e A u th o r o n F r i d a y”,
J u n e 2n d , 1882, a t th e F r e e m a s o n s Ta v e r n , be fo r e (Lbs g otta of (DUI! Vo l umes ,
’ “
w hi c h w a s su bse u e n tl i d i l i i i f i t c i rc u l a
q yp r n te n m te d e d i t i o n (2 10 C O p es o r p r v a e
ti o n ) , a n d d e d i ca te d to (li bs é cl tc o f (BBB Vo l umes u n d e r th e ti tl e O f Th e
An ce str y o f th e Vi o l i n , b e i n g a D i sc o u r se d e l i v e r e d a t th e Fr ee m as o n s Ta v e r n
’
o n Fr i d a y , J u n e th e se co n d , 1882, to (the g em o f @ 111 ! Vo lu mes ; ar t 77“ P

O r i g i n of the Vi o l i n ; P
a r t I I , T he l V . e l s h Cr w th (Lo n d o n : pr i n te d fo r th e
Au th o r b y M i tc h el l a n d H u gh e s , 140, Wa r d o u r S tr e e t, 1882, f o r m i n g NO 1 .
O f a se ri es o f
p a m p h l e ts o n th e V i o l i n , e n ti tl e d D e F id i c u l is
L i n gua , o r the Com ba t of the To n gu e a n d th e F i r e S e n s e : f o r S up e r i o r i ty ,
a n Al l e o r i c a l
g P
la y , w r i tte n i n 1607 , a n d a ttr i b u te d to An th o n y r e w er B .
30 VI O LI N MA I NG : -
K As I T WAs AND Is .
m en t pl y d w ith bo w a pl tru m h s th e a dditi n l di s

e a or ec ,
a o a
adv t g th t this n e e ss ry
an a e pp d g m y sily b m a c a a en a e a ea e co e
s p r te d fr m it d l o st w hilst th e i stru m t its l f is

e a a o an ,
n en e
pr s rve d A d i d d this is pro v d by th f t th t th u gh

e e . n ,
n ee ,
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,
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w k o w th t m y f th e c l ssi i str m ts w r pl y d w ith

e n a an o a c n u en e e a e
pl tr O f v ri us si s
ec a d f v ri us m t ri ls s m e o f
a o z e ,
an O a o a e a ,
o
the m xtr m ly h rd d d ur ble i

e e o i st e h s
e a an a
,
n n n a nc a an
auth ti c t d sp i m
en f pl e c tru m b
a e f u d to giv ec en o a een o n ,
e
us c c ur t i f rm ti o f w h t the s pr hist ri c b w s
a a e n o a on a e e o o
a c tu lly w re a This b i g so w e thr w up d sc ip

. e n ,
e a re o n on e r
ti s i n pr s
on d v rs by c t m p r ous w rite rs
e an e e on e o an eo ,
on
s ulptur s fr s c s d ca rvi gs d o pi ture s r pr s t

c e ,
e oe ,
an n ,
an n c e e en
i g n i ludi g i th ir subj ts r pr s t ti s f stri g d

, or nc n n e ec e e en a on o , n e
i stru m ts U d ubt dly f th s f ur the fi rst e th b st

n en . n o e o e e o ar e e ,
but th i f ri rity o f a w ritte de s c ripti o to

e n e otu a l p e n n an ac re r
F I G 1 —Gr o te s q u e fig u r e s f r o m p a n e ls i n th e
. . ro of o f P e te r b o r o u gh Ca th ed ra l .
D a te , 119 1.
s t ti i
cu a rvi g on dr w i g
n ds ca mm t d we
n or a n n ee no co en
,
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k o w fro m p i ful xp ri
n h o w i t s e ly u s tis f t ry
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an s m ust b ucw h w r fl e t th et n a on e en e e ec a
no t o ly m y th n rtist f his o w n rtisti p rp s s h v

a e a or a c u o e a e
“
i v td n en i stru m t o t sp k t m b llish his d sig
e an n en ,
s o ea , o e e e n,
r g rd l ss f th f t th t h e w r rdi g f th
e a e O e ac f futur a as eco n ,
or e u se o e
g r ti
en e s hist
a ry f t
onh d r ss m
,
a rs d i struom e ts of e e ,
an n e ,
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his w ti m but ls th h d f th r st r r m y h v b
o n e, a o e an o e e o e a a e een
t w o rk ;
a d I d ubt v e ry m u h w h e th r th g d
an o tur d c e e oo -
na e
p o ple w h subs ec rib e h e vily io sh d g t u p b rs a n ca

,
an e a z aa ,
rts d w h t t to r is fu ds f th r st r ti
c o n ce ,
an a no , a e n or e e o a on
”
( s v e tha m rk l ) f th e p rish hur cah w ith its m uom ts e a c , on en ,
fr s c o e s a d o r m
e ts v r r li e w h t irre p r bl m is hi f
,
n na en ,
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su c h w o rk is pt to d u l ss c re fully sup ri t d d d a o, n e a e n en e ,
an
o s c i e ti o usly d i t llige tly c rrie d o t by th e ti fi

'
c n n an n e s n a u ar ce r .
T H E AN E S T R Y o r C T HE VI O LI N . 31
As i st
an O f th
n first f th s co ti g c i s I w o ul d ca ll
a n ce e o e e n n en e ,
y ur tt ti t th
o a en ll k w H ly F m il p i t d by
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,
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C rl M il ll
a wh is p rh ps
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o ,
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t
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e rp te r
ec . e o n o ,
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J ose ph th I f t S vi ur ,
e l l br thi g i m g s w ho s e purity
n an a o ,
a r e a ea n a e
O f xpr ssi e d truth f c o l uri g w ill r d r th pic tur

e on an O o n en e e e
i m m rt l b t i o a ttitu d f d v ti th re k ls up th
u , n an a e O e o on , e n ee on e
g r uo d n
g l pl
an yi g an s o rt e f thr e e stria
g d vi lno on a O -
n e o n
c ll m r lik r M h ’
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g f th e m d e o m an e a ouz O e o e n a
m d e (Fani g 7 ) th ythi .
g ls I f w an turi s s
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s c t
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ti o f th M h m m d K m a g h i t
n O e o a e an e n e :
w ul d o pp r t h v b us d x l
a ea o a e een e e c u
d v ti l purp s s A ”
i ly f
s ve or e o on a o e . s an
i st
n f th s o d f th s
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r f a e ane n e oo
O f P t rb r u gh C th d r l
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fi gur s pl yi g vi li s (Fi g
e a n N w o n . o
,
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oo n e e o e O e a e
1 194 but ,
th e s e vi li s — I e th w rd o n us e o
a d vis dly — e lm st p rf t ; th f f
are a o e ec e
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a e ac n O e i o na e n o a een n
v lu bl i m p rf t th u gh th y m ight h v b e b t th y
a a e, e ec o e a e e n u as e
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,
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eco e ar co a a e e e .
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a c e, a c o n ce n a e en
r pr d u d figur is th t f th e
e o ce ll d Vi l o f Albi us
e,
“
a O so c a -
e o n .
”
This (F i g 2) is figur f u d i M S f th f urt th tury

. a e o n n a . O e o een ce n
i th li br ry f th U iv rsity o f Gh e t
n e a O titl d D e di v si s
e n e n ,
en e ,
er
W . Sa n d y s and S A F o r ste r ,
. . H i sto r y O f th e Vi o li n (Lo n d o n ,
32 v I O LI N I I AK I NG : -
As I T w a s AND Is .
m o n o c h o r di s, te tr a c h o r d is, pe n ta c h o r di s , e x ta c h o r u i s , e pta p
c h o r d i s, o c to c h o r di s, e tc , e x d e a fo r m a n tu r i n s tr u . quibus iv rs
men a m t usi
c a i , c u m figu r i s i n s tr u m e n to r u m Th e m a n c . us ript
is si g d but th vi l purp rts to b th i v ti n o f o n e
not ne ,
e o o e e n en o
Albi us n d u til w e ca n fi d
,
a n t w h this Albi us w a s a d
n n ou o n
,
n
w he h liv d th e fi g ure w hi h is
n e v ry i t r sti g e is n t
e
, ,
c a e n e e n on o
,
m h e S m h ve sta t d h i m to b i d ti c l w ith c rt i
uc us . o e a e e en a a e a n
Al c in w h liv d i th e e ighth c tury b t th e vi o l i s t o ly

u ,
o e n en u no n
O f v ry f urt th
a e tury sh p b t its f ur stri g s a e
o een cen a e, u o n r
ac tu lly m rk d A D
a G C w hi h r de rs it bsurd to sup
a e , , , , c en a
p s i t is f ith ful r pre s t ti n O f n i ghth ce tury vi o l

o e a a e en a o a e n .
Oth rs m re thusi sti still (r m i di g s o f R usse u d

e ,
o en a c e n n u o a an
B to l c i
ar c it d b l w )
o c us try t i de tify h im w ith the Albi u s
e e o ,
o n n
m ti d by Ca ssi d ru s (l) but th e r e a d r w h o pe rus s the

en on e o o , e e
ne xt f w p g s w ill qui kly d ism iss y i d a o f this s o rt N

e a e c an e . 0
this re m i s f th s m yste rie s w hi c h w ca o ly s lv by
a n one o o e e n n o e
an a ol gy d th r f r s w e c a n t i d tify Albi us d the

,
a n e e o e, a n o en n ,
an
M S is bvi usly f urt e th c e tury a n d pp r

. O o s f v ur th
o e n n
,
a ea a n ce a o e
a ssu m pti w l m st s f ly s y th t w h ve h e r f irly
on ,
e can a o a e a a e a e a a
w e ll d v l p d i l f th fo ur t th tury r pr se n te d w ith
-
e e o e v O o e een ce n ,
e e
its m d f tu i g d b w co m pl t
o e O n n an o e e.
Th s thre e i st e e es t f u tl ss e x m pl s en an c h ou o co n e a e ar en ou
t sh w th d i ffi ulti s w ith w hi h I e t r up
o o e a c ti o f t e c n e on no ce e
ea rli st f rm s f th fidd l P l t i d d t lls us th t m g

e o O e e. a o,
1
n ee ,
e a a on
th e i t R m s it w
an c en
“
t ll w d to p i t rs
o an th r as no a o e a n e or o e
i m it tiv rtists t i v t
a e a i v t y f rm d i ff r t fr m o nno a e, or n en an o e en o
w h t w er st blishe d o l w ful ith r i p i ti g st tu ry o

,
a e e a ,
n r a ,
e e n a n n ,
a a r
,
m usi c t m k e lt r ti his rul ul i h v ”

, y o T a e w d and e d ea e a on . o , n e
,
a
b m st useful i f it h d b
een o dh r d t thr u gh ut a l l a ge s a een a e e o o o
,
an d w uld e lie v th m usi l
o tiqu ry fr m the e c ssity
r e e ca an a o n e
o f m a ki g m y fi rst c m pl i t ; but th r v g i g r sto re r w o ul d

n o a n e a a n e
s till r g ro u d m g th e m m t t m p i ti d n ulli fy
a e a n a on on u en a e or s a c ,
an
this f s i g d pro vid t l w I t is to su c h m g r m te ri ls

ar -
ee n an en a . ea e a a ,
th r fo re e th t I tur f th i f rm a ti to b se t f rth t this
e, a n or e n o on e o a
pr s n t Eve l t r
e e . i th Mi d d l Age s a s w ill b s
n a e on n e e , e een ,
th e so ur s f i f rm ti ce a e e qu lly u s tis f c to y ;
o n o d i a on r a n a a r an n
co n c lu d i g th e s pr li m i ry re m rks f th e l gth f w hi c h
n e e na a ,
or en o
I m ust r ve y ur i d ul g ce I m r ly qu te B tté de To ul
c a o n en ,
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on ,
2
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’
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d e s i stru m e n ts e t l a plus m bre us e c e st ussi ce ll e

’
l t
c a u re n s no ,
a
1 re s i g m ts sur l e ur tur l isse t 1 lus a dé sire r

‘ ”
O ii es n e ne en na e a n e .
B f r g i g furthe r I w ill d isp s

e o e o n ce fo l l o f the o e, on an r a
,
D Le gi b u s , li b i i
e . .
B . d e To u l m o n t, “
D i sse r ta ti o n su r l e s i n s tr u m e n ts d e m us i qu e a n 1ri o n
Age ,
”
é
da n s M m o i r e s d e s An ti qua i re s d e F r a n c e , to m e l 7
”
.
34 VI O LI N MA -
KI NG : a s I T w a s AND Is .
a n d w e ca n th re fo re
quite sur th t th vi l vi li w a
e be e a e o or o n s
n ot i e m n g th us br w s f a w m y justly
on p us be f r He e ,
or e a a e e o e
b li vi g th st t m ts f J
e e n R uss u w h o d l r d th t
e a e en o ean o ea ,
ec a e a
Ad m us d a d u d rsto o d th vi l i th g r d
e an o f Ed
n !1
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1
an d o f J uli us B t l c i wh is ite d by G b t ar o o c d wh u s,
’
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3
,
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m ti s m g th i stru m ts f th H br w s th vi l
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“
e n en O e e e e o a or
c h lys but h supp rts his st t m t by o vid

e as e d o a e en n e en ce , a n
a fte r w rd s st t s th t th y h d pi o f rte s ( p i
a a e tt l) w
a e a an o s nn c ce ,
e are
j ustifi d i d ubtie g his c c ur ny S o m u h th r f r

o n f th a ac . c ,
e e o e, or e
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c a f b w d i stru m
ae t
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If y w ul d pr s c ut
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'
en u r ,
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r d i g D S t i r s Music f th e Bible ;
ea n r. a ne f a —
’
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hist ry fi ddle is tt r t si p the

ly
Th e o of th e as a m a e Of
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'
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Of en an a ed n o a n r but it is
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As a c o m m e n c e m e n to th e q e o n , I
.
E t c o m m e l a v i o l e e st l e pl u s pa r fa i t d e to u s , pa r c e qu e l l e a pp r o c h e pl us
’
pr es d u n a tu r e l q u a n c u n a u tr e , o n pe n t’ j u g’ e r qu e si AD AM a v o i t v o ul u fa i re u n
’
’
I n str u m e n t, i l a u r o i t f a i c t u n e v i o l e , e t s i l n e n a a s f a i c t i l e s t f a c il e d e n do n n e r
p
l e s r a is o n s
”
(l) J Ro u ss ea u , Tr a i t d e l a Vi o l e , e tc ( a r i s,
. .
,
é . P
p 3 .
A m o n k O f th e o r d e r o f S t B
e rn a r d , w h o l i v e d i n th e se v e n te e n th
. c e n tur y
(1613 a n d w h o , b e i n g a tta c h e d to th e Li b r a r y o f th e Va ti c a n , l e ft b e hi n d
h i m tw o tr e a ti s e s o f l i ttl e v a l u e , e n ti tl e d (i ) D e P sa l m o r u m libr o , Psa l m i s e t .
m u si c i s i n s tr u m e n ti s a n d (i i ) D e He br ae o r u m m u s i c a b r e v i s di sse r ta ti o , w h i c h
"
.
a re to b e f o u n d i n th e B
ib l i o th e ca Ra b b i n i c a (Ro m e ,
De C
a n tu e t M u s i c a Sa c r a (S t l a si”u s , . B
J o h n S ta i n e r , Th e Mu s i c O f th e i bl e , e tc (Lo n d o n , n d B . . .
O n e o f th e m ost c o m m o n l y q u o te d i n s ta n c e s O f th e u se O f th e w o r d p l e c tr u m
i s th e 64 7 th l i n e o f th e si x th b o o k o f Vi r gi l s E n e id
’
Ne c Th re i c i u s l o n ga c u m v e s te sa c e r d o s
n on
O bl o qu i tu r n u m e r i s, s e p te m di sc r i m i n a v o c u m
J a m qu e e a d e m d i gi ti s , ja m p e c ti ne pu l sa t e bu r
Mr H Ne ttl es h i p i n h i s Ab r i d gm e n t fr o m Co n n i n gto n ’
s Vi r gi l ”
(Lo n d o n 187 2
C
. . ,
one of Wh i tta k e r s Gr a m m a r ’
S c h o o l l ass i c s) gi v e s th e fo l l o w i n g n o te P E O I I NE ’ ‘
— Th o u gh th e Ro m a n s a d o pte d i n to th e i r o w n l a n g u a ge th e Gr e e k w o r d le c tr u m ,
p
th e y u s e d th e La ti n p e c te n to d e n o te th e s a m e th i n g , n o t b e c a u se th e i n str u m e n t
u s e d i n s tr i k i n g th e l y r e w a s a t a l l l i k e a c o m b i n s h a e a n d a
p pp e a r a nc e , b u t
be c a u se i t w a s h e l d i n th e r i gh t h a n d , a n d i n se r te d b e tw e e n th e sta m i n a o f th e
”
l yre as th e c o m b w a s , b e tw e e n h e s ta m i n a o f th e l o o m t .
C
TH E AN E S TR Y O F TH E VI O LI N. 35
w ill sh o rtly e u m e r t w h t M Vid l s ys th e p o i t

n He a e a . a
l
a on n .
c it s th rr us d r w i gs d l tte rpr ss f V le ri ”
e e e oneo a n an e e O one a an o ,
w h o i n 1568 i ,
his d s c ripti d r pr s e t ti
,
of n m ed l e on an e e n a on a a
O f th E m i li s ed S i bo i s f m ili s B C 204 (Fig u an cr n u a e , . . .
a lt r d th tw o lyre s h gi g th re o to Vi li (Fi g 4 ) a
e e e an n e n a o n .
d a ri g i v ti truly d e c rryi o t m y fi rst w il

n n
b ut pi c t ri l histo ry H th r f rs to gl is e d Vige e e
nno a on ,
an on a u a
3
a o o a e en e e a e n r ,
.
w ho 1 605 re pro d u c e d V l ri s e rro rs d g ve

’
i ,
n
,
a e an o ,
an a a
re pre s e t ti o f Am phio n r isi g th w lls o f Th b e s by

n a on a n e a e
f rc e O f his Vi l pl yi g
o I lusi Vi g e c it e s
o a n . n con c on, en re
V l ri s his uth o rity just i 17 35 l Abbé d e Ch te u

’
a e ano a a ,
a s, n , a a
ne u f r pr du c s the th ri e s f V l ri
4’
e o a d Vi g e e eo o a e an o n en re .
Th e w rk w a s v r by h i m i te d d f publi ti
o neb t e n n e or ca on ,
u
w aspr du c d m y y rs ft r his d th f ll O f u rr t d
o e an ea a e ea u n co ec e
f ults
a Z c ch i. T i 17 06 ss r ts p sitiv ly
a ar a Il e vo , n ,
a e o e ,
5
vi li o f i ve ta to d Orf figli d Ap l l e S f p t s
o n
‘
ii n n a eo, o
’
o O a o o e c sa
i v te l r d ri i d i c v ll
n en
’
af l a pri m a c h l
co e se c n a a o, e
‘
iI e o su o n a
c o m e si stu m o ggidi This is pr b bly i llusio to a ”

co a . o a n a n
FI G 3 M e d a l o f th e E m i li n e
. an d F I G 4 — S a m e m ed a l , e r r o n e o u sly
.
S c r i o o n i u s fa m i li e s D C . . . fi g u r e d b y Va l e r i a n o 1568 . .
we ll k w g m illust te d by M ff i r pr s e ti g O phe us
-
no n e ra a e ,
6
e e n n r
pl yi g t w il d b sts
a n vi li r pr du ed
o fr tispi c e ea on a o n, e o c as a on e
t his w rk 7 by M G l l
o w hi h w o supp s e d t b tiqu as o o e an
y . a a ,
c e,
but subs que tly pro ve d t b m p r tiv ly m d r

e n This is o e co a a e o e n .
ano th r illustra ti f m isl d i g

e rtisti i m gi ti th a on O ea n a c a na on , n
w hi h cb tt r sp c im xists th th
no
“
P r ssus
e e of e en e an e a na
R f ll i th V ti
a ae at R m
e w h re Ap ll
n is r pr s t d
e a can o e, e o o e e en e
as pl yi g Vi l My r d rs w ill f c o urs ll k o w th e ce le
a n a o .
8
ea e O e
,
a n
A Vi d l L I t m
. t h A h t (P i
a , 3 l 4t esEd i ti n s ru en s ,
rc e a r s, vo s .
, o . on
d c Lu n e .
2 “
H i e r o gl y ph i c a Co m m e n ta r ii J o a n n i s Fi e r i i Va l e r i a n i pe r Th o m a m Gu a r i
n um
3
Bd e Vi g e n er e , Le s Ta b l e a u x d e h i l o str a te , tr a d u i ts e n F r a n ca i s e t P
P
.
co m m en t s
( a r is, é
C
L Abbé d e h a te a u n e u f “ D i a l o gu e su r l a Mu si qu e d e s An c i e n s ( a r i s,
’
P
P B
.
5
Z a c c h a r i a Te v o , Mu si c o Te s to r e (Ve n i c e ,
P
. .
A M a fi e i , Ge m m e An ti c h e fi gu r a te (Ro m e ,
P
. .
7
J C a l l a y , Le s L u th i e r s I ta li e n s a u x 17 e t 1 8 si ec l e s ( ar i s ,
.
° °
9
Vi d e th e f o o t n o te to p 340 O f “
Ra ph a e l , H i s Li f e , Wo r k s , a n d Ti m es ,
-
.
fr o m th e F r e n c h o f E u g en e Mu n tz , e di te d b y Wa l te r Ar m s tr o n g , B A (Lo n d o n , . .
“
w h ch r u n s
i I t h a s o fte n b e e n a s k e d w hy Ra p h a e l , i n s te a d O f pl a c i n g
s6 VI O LI N -
MAK I NG a s I T w a s AND 18 .
br t d pi c tur y P ul V r e s i the L uvre o f th e Ma rr i age

u e e o a e on e n o ,
f G lil e i n th e f re g ro u d f w hi h i fi g re ( p
”
a tC an a o a e, o n o c sa u a or
tr it o f Titi ) pla yi g o n pe rf c tly de fi e d d ubl b ss ! I t i s

a an n a e -
n o e- a
n ee d l ss to m ultipl y s s
e ll th e supp o s d a tiq e s th t M Vid l
ca e
l a e n u a . a
c ul d g t c g i
o n ce e f w e r th w o rks o f c o m p r tiv e ly m d rn
o n z a o e e a a o e
a rtists d h ,
a s qu e tly c o m e s to th e c o c lusio n th t to th e
n e con e n n a
G r ee k s a n d R m a n s bo w i stru m ts w e re u k o w n S i J bn
o n en n n . r o
H w ki c ite s a w rk s tri g d i stru m ts w ritt n i

’I
a ns o on n e n en e n
,
A D . 60 by o e Ni ch m a h s G
.
,
n P yth g r ow ho c u e r a se n u s, a a o ea n ,
do s e t m e ti no y m o d o f vibr
n ti g stri
on
g s th
an r w is th n e a n n o e e a
w ith th e fi rs o r pl c tru m N ow i st l l this M J M

g n e g n a e .
,
a a r. . .
Fl m i g m k s s o m e m o st i te r sti g
e n
3
a e d v lu bl (if re l i bl ) n e n an a a e a e
st te m ts go i g to pr v th e xist e o f th b w i c l ssi c
a en ,
n o e e enc e o n a
ti m s q ti g fr m n ill ustr te d c t l gu f th e c ll ti o f
e ,
uo n o a a a a o e o o ec on
Gr k d Etrusc v s s m d by Lu i N p l
ee .
an an P ri c e
a e , a e c en a o eon ,
n
o f C i o publish d by subs ripti

an n ,
t Mil i e He c on a an n
m ti s a ta ll h n dle d p w hi h th fig ur s
en on -
a pi td cu on c e e a re a n e
r d n a bl
e o k gro u d Th subj c t is a m s t d r di g a
ac n . e e an ea e ea n
v lu m to tw y uths w h l i g o k tt d sti ks
o e o o ,
o, ea n n n no e c ,
are
list i g tt n tiv ly O
en n a littl t bl
e b x i fr t f th
e . n a e a e or o n on o e
pri c ip l fi gure is i sc rib d th n m e Ch i

n a i O n h e e a r o n e s.
’
n eac
si d e o f th e r e d e r is n o bj c t w hi c ha utho riti s i the s m tt s a e a e n e a er
th e l e ge n d a r y l y r e i n th e h a n d s o f Apo l l o , re pre se n te d h i m pl a y i n g th e v i o li n
P
.
’
Ac co r d i n g to a ssa v a n t Ra ph a e l , v o l i , p 1 19 ) h e w a s l e d to co m m i t . . .
a n a c h r o n is m e i th e r b y th e po pe o r b y so m e o th e r gr e a t pe r so n a g e w h o w a s
a n xi o u s to h a v e th e po r tr a i t o f so m e sk i lf u l pl a y e r , po ss i b ly o f Gi a co m o Sa n
se co n d o , w h o m C
a sti g l i o n e , i n h i s o u r ti e r , e u l o gi se s a s s o a c c o m pli s h e d a
’
C
m u si c i a n Th i s is v e r y f a r fe tc h e d , f o r
. i n tu r i cc h i o , i n h i s f r esc o e s i n th e P
B o r gi a r o o m s , h a d a l r e a d y r e p r e se n te d Mu si c u n d e r th e fi g u r e o f a y o u n g w o m a n
‘
P
p la y i n g th e v i o l i n ( i s to l e si , I l Va ti ca n o d e sc r i tto , v o l
’
Lo S pa g n a , i n
C
.
h i s Ma gl i a n a fre sc o e s , n o w i n th e m us e um o f th e a pi to l , a l w a y s s u b s ti tu te d th e
v i o l i n f o r th e l y re Ra ph ae l w a s a l s o g u i d e d i n h is c h o i c e o f th i s i n str u m e n t
.
b y s pe c i a l c o n si d e r a ti o n s , fo r th e l y r e h a d a l r e a d y b e e n pl a ce d i n th e h a n d s o f
o n e o f th e Mu se s i n th i s f r e s c o , a n d h e h a d a l so pa i n te d Apo l l o w i th i t i n Th e
S c h o o l o f Ath e n s a n d i n th e D e a th o f Ma rsy r a s H e c o u l d n o t c o n ti n u a l l y
’
.
be r e pe a ti n th e sa m e m o ti v e
P
.
“
A Vi da . Le s I n s tru m e n ts 9. Ar c h e t ( a r is ,
J Ha w k i n s
. Ge n e ra l H i sto r y o f M u si c (Lo n d o n , p 73 . .
J M F l e m i n g , “ O l d Vi o l i n s a n d th e i r Ma k e rs L d Thi s
. .
( o n o n,
w o r k fi r st a ppe a r e d se r i a l l
y , i n th e pa g e s o f th e B a z a a r i n 1882 3 .
-
.
Mi ca l i , S to r ia d e gl i An ti c hi o po li I ta l i a n i
“
“
"
(Mi l a n , P
a n d Atl as
th e r e to Ta v c i i i , Ta z z a a n u a l to m a n i c o , fi g ur e r o ss e i n fo n d o n e r o d e l l a
C
. .
f o r m a m e d e si m a n u m 6 Ta v x c i x , P r d i a n in o
.
"
Th e d e sc r i p ti o n ru n s th u s
. . . .
Mo l to si n go l a r e , q u a n to n uo v o e gra d i to d o vra pa re r e a l l o sse r v a to re i l te m a

’
d i q u es to d i pi n to Vi si v e d e n u u o m o se d e n te r a r a ln os i v v o l te li ge n o c c h i a
.
n e l su o m a n to c h e s ta l e gge n d o n u v o l u m e 0
p a pir o D uo g i o v a n n i u d i to r i , .
c i n to d e l pa l l i o , e d a m b o a ppo gia ti a u h n o d o so b a sto n e a tte n ta m e n te l o a sco l ta n o .
D i n a n z i a 1 l e ggi to re é u n o s c r i gn o a l to a c o n te n e r e i v o l u m i su l d i c u i co pe r c h i o
l e gge si i 1 ti to l o xi po r éu . Gl i a r r e d i a ppe s i i n a l to po ss o n o e ss e r e thaw s d en o
ta ti v e la pro fe ss i o n e d e l m a e str o l a to d e i d u e Ef e bi e l a so l i ta e pi gr a fe
. A
s a M s n e l m ez z o d e l l o sc r i gn o xa M
”
Th e d ra w i n g o f w h i c h th i s i s a d esc r i
.
p .
ti o n i s re pro d u c e d a t p 250 o f Mr Fl e m i n g s w o r k , c i te d i n n o te
’
. .
r m; a xo n sr a v o r
'
TH E VI O LI N . 37
te r m th cae
‘
i n d ca i ti
this p i n c ip l figu re n
g th e r o fe ss o n i of r a
k h dl n o v l d is
e , .
O e n o f th s e
h as s un din n ec or an e, a a c, o r o
e a
g
pl an e,d t il pi c e xt d i g be l w this d is c r th e r m o r
an a a -
e e en n o a e
th h l f the l e gth o f the e c k F ro m th e pp r xtr m ity f

an a n n . u e e e o
th e e c k t th l w r xtre m ity o f th e d is
n o e ostre tc he d stri g s
e e c a re n
,
an d r ss th se stri gs t the c e tr o f th e d is c is pl e d a bo w
ac o e n a n e ac
o f s r a ti a l stru c ti n s ythi g th t h c m do w to
ona co n o a an n a as o e n
us pri r t th d ys f Co r lli Th e i stru m t is i d d l m st

o o e a o e . n en n ee a o
id ti l w ith th Ra
en ca t o n th rie t l pr c urs r f th e
e van a s r ,
e o n a e o o
o c c i d n t l fi dd l e a Th e bo w b o v m ti n e d is pl c d s
e. a e en o a e o
c l se t o th i stru m o t th t it a ppe rs to h v n h ir d it
e n en a a a e o a a n
,
m ight th t onu t b c l im d a sp c ie s f pl c tru m but
a cco n e a e as a e o e
wh w enr m m b r th t P g i i is r p o rte d t h v pl y d
e e e e a a an n e o a e a e
d ivi ly up ne his vi li w ith sl d r rush ion c o t st w hi h

o n a en e n a n e c
h e h d w ith a v in y u g m a n i I t ly w n d b t o l ss
a a o n n a ,
e ee e a n o
t supp s e th t th a
o o i ts m y h ve x c it d th vibr ti s f
a e n c en a a e e e a on o
th ir stri g s by sim il r
e n t t b f r h ir c a m e t be us d
a a co n ac e o e a o e .
This is v ry i m p rt t d isc o v ry d i ts i m p rt c w ill be

a e o an e ,
a n o an e
m o re f lly ppre c i t d w h
u w e r m m b e r th e l w I
a a e llu d d to en e e a a e
j ust o w g n i st rtists alt ri g e

a n xisti g f r m s i
a th ir w rks a e n n o n e o
,
an d ou t fi d i g fre qu e t r pr s
r no nt tio s o f this i str m t
n n e e en a n n u en
m y v e ry p ssibly b
a cc o u t d f o by the r s n give by e a n e or ea o n
Mr C E g l .
1
i
. th t th s c s tra s m itt d t u s a
n e , v z , . a e en e n e o re
c hi e fly th s e f fu re l triu m ph l o o th r rite s i w hi h
ne a , a , or o e n c
i stru m t f su c h pri m iti de sc riptio

n en s o th fi dd l m ust a ve n as e e
th n h a ve b e
e (i f it e xist e d a t ll )enw o ul d h a ve t k e p rt a ,
a n no a .
L a vi g the r f r th c o si d r ti
e n ,
f th
e o s f b w d
e, e n e a on o e u e o o e
in s tru m n ts m o g th e Gre ks d R m s w ith the s st tis

e a n e an o an e a
ti s th e a rli st tr diti o s d d s c ripti s f a po sitive tur

c , e e a n an e on o na e
c o m e fr o m th E st M Fetis h ei m re th a n a e f h is
. . as n o on o
w rk s r m rk d Ri d a s l O c i de t qui n e vi e n e d o
’
o e a e ,
en u c n n
l O ie t d c rt i ly i th m tt r f th a n e stry o f the
’
r n an e a n n e a e o e c
vi o li this is pp r tly th e ca s ;
n a is it t a ll u like ly fo s
a en e n or a n , r, a
w ll k o w th W st
e a n E ur p e ) w
,
eivili d lo g fte r th e
e o as c z e n a
E ste r c ti ts I his No ti f A Str div ri he s ys 9 ”

a n on nen . n ce o . a a a
,
v ry truly I f w e w uld tr a c e bo w i stru m e t to i ts so urc e
e ,
o a -
n n
w m ust a ssu m e th m o st si m pl e fo r m i w hi c h i t c o ul d pp e a r
e e n a
,
a nd s su h r e quire d
a o a ssistan ce fr o m
c r t bro u g ht to p n an a er
f c ti o
e d su h n , f rm w e sh ll fi d i
an c th e R a st o a n n a van a ro n
( g
F i m d.e f c yli d e r oaf sy ca m r e w
o o d h ll w e d o t fro m
a n o o o o u
d t th e o th e r
”
on e en o .
C E g l C t l g f M i l I t m t i th S th K i gt
. n e ,
“
a a o ue o us ca ns r u en s n e ou en s n on
M m (L d
use u
”
on on
P
,
F J F eti
3
. N ti. d A t l St d i
s, ( oi ce t l t d i t
’
n o ne ra v an a r s, r an s a e n o
E gl i h b y J h
n s B i h p ( f Ch lt h m ) N ti f A th y S t di i th
o n s o o e eu a
“
o ce o n on ra v ar e
C l b t d Vi l i M k
, ,
”
e e ra e t (L do I 864 )
n- a er , e c ., on on , .
38 -
K
VI O LI N M A I NG : as ir w a s AND Is .
Th e fi rst tr a d iti o n we hv a e of this i str n um en t is g iv e n by

So n n e r a t l
ho m e n o n
w ti sh vi g b ith e R a v a n a str o n as a n ee n n
v t
en y rs
e d , 5000 ea by g
a o, R v th Ki g f C y l on e a an a, en n o e on .
M r l s ys
En ge 2
athis subj t H w v r this m y be th r
on ec ,
“
o e e a
, e e
is g r t pr b bility th t th e fidd l o rigi t d i H i d ust f
a ea o a a e na e n n an ,
or
S skrit s h l rs i f r m
an c o a th t th r n o m s f th e b w
us
3
a e e a re na e or o
FI G 5 — Th e R a v a n a s tr o n
. .
(An c i e n t FI G . 6 .
—
Th e Om e r ti . (I n d i a )
a n d Mo d e r n I n d ia .
)
w hic h ca n n o t b l e ss th
e 1500 to 2000 y e a
an o ld T h s m es rs . e e
na
are K én a , Gar i k a, a n d P a r i v ad a s Th e k é n a de is s rib d

. c e as
th e ru st ki
de n d o f bo w , c o n n
g sisti
o f a ca n e , e a p rh ps w ith ut o
an y h a ir ; it h v b
m a y a e e e n m a de o g e e r u h ith r by s ll i isi o s
ma nc n
“
So n n e r a t, Vo y a ge s a u x n e s I d t a l Chi (P ie a ne a r s,
C E n ge l (s id e n o te p
(P i
. .
F J F eti s
. . Hi sto ir e
. n ra e G é é l d l M iq e a us ue a r s,
r n u AN E S TR Y o r C TH E VI O LI N .
or by ppli tith e f s o m ki d f r si n
a ca H w b it ny
on o e n o e . o e ,
a one
m y a vi hi m s l f th t stri g spe i lly i f it is f silk

con n ce e a a n
,
e c a o , a s
th e stri gs f Asi ti i stru m

n o ts g r lly e m y b m d
a c n en en e a ar ,
a e a e
t s u d by th fri ti
o o n f l g e d d r w n o v r it lik e
c on o a on ro a e a
b w o (.T his
”
b rs t th supp siti ea f M F l m
ou i g
1
w h e e o on o r . e n , n
h e llu d s t th e h i rl ss b w d thr w s
a e o aw l i g ht e th o ,
an o a ne on e
pl tru m w h w r m m b r th t w fi d r pr e s t ti s f
ec ,
en e e e e a e n e en a on o
pl tr f ec sid r bl l gth m g th w rks f th c l ssi c

a o con e a e en a on e o o e a
uth rs d rtists ) Th
a o an
“
a urr c f y i stru m t
. e n on -
o cc en e o an n en
pl ay d w ith b w th m u m ts f th tio s f tiqui

is by m s s sur pr f h b e g r lly supp o s t
a o on e on en o e na n o an
y
e
no ean o e a oo , as as e n en e a e
th t th b w w u k w Th fiddl e i n its prim itive c o d iti

a e o as n no n . e n on
m ust h v b a p r c triv
e een a d pr b bly w oo d spis don a n ce , a n o a as e e
by pl y rs w h uld pr d u b tt r t s w ith g r t r f ility

a e o co o ce e e on e ea e ac
by tw gi g th stri gs w ith th ir fi g rs
an n e pl c tru m d
n e n e or a e ,
a n
thus it m y h v r m i d thr gh m y c turi s w ith ut

a a e e a ne ou an en e o
e ie i g
r y m
nc n t ri l i m pr v an m t I a e 2 0 0 0 ay e rs o e en n a
p pl
eo w ill p ssibly m i t i
e th ot s m e hi ghly p rfe t d i st a n a n a o -
e c e n ru
m t p pul r w i th th m w s e tire ly u k w to us b us e it
en o a e a n n no n
,
e ca
is t pr s t i
a pri m itiv
e en c d iti
n soth t h rdly e a on on a no on e a
no ti s it (I d e d w h sh ll y th t i d ys to m th e
ce .
”
n e ,
o a sa a n a co e
J w s ha rp m b l i i stru t “
S
’
e
y t m a d g no m !
)
eco m e a ea n n en o e
a uth rs h v o supp s d th t th R
a e t ow e i tr d u c d a e av an a s r o n as n o e
i t I d i by th M h m m da s ; i f this h d b th s it w uld
n o n a e o a e n a een e ca e o
m st lik ly b
o r s m r s m bl
e ea t th e Ar bi o d P rsi
e e e a n ce o a an an e an
i stru m ts d it w uld be f u d r th r i th h d s o f th
n en
,
an o o n a e n e an e
high r c l ss s i th t w s w h r s i t is pri ip lly m t w ith
e a e n e o n ,
e ea nc a e
a m onth e l w r r d rs f p pl i is l t
o d d m e u t i
o us eo e n o a e
g o e o an o n a n
d istri ts M r v e r it is r m rk bl th t th m st si m pl f r m
c . o eo ,
e a a e a e o e o
o f R a t
a va n
( g
F i 5 ) th r
s ron e w d ys s m . v ri ti
-
s f
. e e ar no a a o e a e e o
this i stru m t— is l m s t id ti c l w ith th Chi s fi dd le
n en a o en a e ne e
ca ll e d U h e e
— This sp i e s h
r n . ly tw o stri g s d o sists ec as on n
,
a n c n
o f a s m ll bl k f w a d h ll w d oc t o d c v re d w ith the ski

oo o o e ou an o e n
o f s p e t Th U h h
a er n . tb me ti d m g the
r -
een as n o een en one a on
m o st i t i strum ts o f th Chi s si e th r is o
an c en n en e ne e, nc e e n
e vi d o f its h vi g b
e n ce k w i C hi b f r th i tro
a n een no n n na e o e e n
d u ti c f th Bu d d hist r li gi
on o ei t th t c u try fr m I di e on n o a o n o n a.
F r o m i d i ca ti s w hi c h t p i t o t w o ul d l d t f
n on ,
h r it o o n u ea oo ar e e,
w o ul d s e m th t s v r l i stru m
e ts f u d i Chi
a e e a ri gi te d n en o n n na o na
i Hi d ust A th r f r m f m d r i stru m t lm o st
”
n n an . no e o o o e n n en a
id ti c l w ith th R
en a st o is th I di O m ti (Fig 6) a d
e a va n a r n e n an er . n
,
co mi g nste p w e stw rd s l m st id ti c l w ith th m ti i s the
a a ,
a o en a e o er
m o de rn Turkish a n d Ar bi K ma g h g No w
’
( g
F i a an e n e a ouz .
Vid e n o te D . 36.
4O VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : as IT w a s AND IS .
k e m a n ge h is
de rive d fr o m th e P e rsia n w o rd k e m a n ge h , w h i c h
m ea n s pl a c e o f the bo w , a n d a go u z m e a n s a n c i e n t, so
” ’ “ ”
tha t th e e n tire tra n sla tio n is i n fa c t a n c i e n t bo w in str u m e n t

“ " l
-
.
No w th e Ara bs th e m s e lve s sa y tha t the y g o t th e i n strum e n t fro m

P e rsi a , a n d th e w o r d b e i n g P e rsi a n supp o rts th e ir o w n sta te m e n t .
Th e P e rsia n k e m a n ge h is d e s c r ib e d by S i r Willi a m O u se l e y a s 2
pra c ti ca lly ide n ti c a l w ith th e Turkish v a rie ty, a n d tha t it ha s n o t

h a d a c h a n ge ful e xiste n c e is pro v e d by a tre a tis e o n P e rsia n m usi c ,
w ritte n , i n 14 1 8, by o n e Abd u l c a d ir, w hi c h g iv e s a n i d e n ti ca l - -
d e s c ripti o n o f the i n stru m e n t 3

An o the r m o d e r n Tu rkish a n d .
Ara bi a n i n stru m e n t is th e Re b a b, o f w hic h th e re a r e m a n y
7 — K e m a n ge h (M o d e r n T u r k is h )
’
FI G . . a gou z . .
va ri e ti s e , on e of th
b e sh S h r) diffe ri g fro m th e
em (th e R e ba a e
'
n
K m eg h
an
g ly
e i th ta it'
c sists
ou z si m ply f f
on ur si d d n a on o a o -
e
fr m (F ig
a e th t p d b tt m b i g c m p s d o f tw o pi e e s
. e o an o o e n o o e c
f str t h d ski f his rli r w rks M Fetis d e ri d th e 4

o e c I ee n . n on o ea e o . ve
ri
o g i o f bn w i stru m tsofr m th G o
n d k ( g )
F i 9 o f th e R ussi en o e n o . an
A Ch i ti. it hr sE q i Hi t i q
a n ow d l M iq c A b , (C l g s u s se s or ue e a us ue ra e o o n e,
Si W O
2
r l y B t.
T l i V i
u se e C t i f th E t p i l ly
,
ar rav e s n ar ous ou n r es o e as , es ec a
P i (L d
ers a on on
B G i b i Abd l
en dia P i m ii ,
- h u k q t d b
-
ca r w as a ers an us c an ,
w o se w or ,
uo e a o ve,
( a m a n u sc r i pt en ti tl e d U . 20
.
m m M a. c ar c ui : 0
1 v
” , r
m [ Tr ea ti se
on th e r ea s o n s of m o d u l a ti o n in c h an ts and m e a su r e s ] ) e xi s ts i n th e li b ra r y
of th e U i v e r si ty o f Le y d e n
n .
F . J . F eti s, B i og r a ph i e Un i v e r se ll e d e s Musi c i a n s 1835 .

K : as IT was AND Is .
this f m or e, t l d m the se
o e
“
o ld vi li o n s
( i v en z —vi e ll e s
) a re
h de d d w
an o n fr o m f th e r t a o so n
,
xtr m ly s r
a n d are d e e e ca ce , a n
im p ssibl t bt i fr m th ir
o e o o a n o e
o w rs N w th e R b b w
ne . o e a as
,
w ith ut d ubt i o m th o n u se
g ,
a on e
M rs i th s v th c tury
oo n d e e en en ,
an
,
as th y pr d d l g th N rth
e oce e e a on e o
o f Afri d c qu r d S p i i
ca an on e e a n n
th ighth
e tury th t
e u ts ce n
,
a a cco n
f orits pr s l g th ir tr k e en ce a on e ac
fr m th t ti m t th pr
o a tdy e o e e se n a .
A d n th A r bs th m s lv s ss rt
as e a e e e a e
th t th y g t th R b b w ith th
a e o e e a e
K m g h
e fr m P
an rsi w thus
e o e a, e
r h th i t lli g
e ac
g i ef n e e n ce a a n o
an o th r i t P rsi
e i t an c en e an n s ru
m e t w hi h m k s
n
,
th r li k c a e an o e n
F I G 9 — T h e Go n d o k
. . .
(P r i m i ti v e
Ru ssi a n .
) F I G l o — Re b a b
. . .
(No r th Af r i c a ) .
i n th e c h i
hi h tra s th s i stru m ts fr m
a n w c ce e e n en o Ind a t o g i hr u h
Pe rsi ad Ara bi i to Turk yan th o rt h a n e ,
o n e n o f th e Me di te r
d l g th
ran ean , an rth f a on e n o o
Afri i t Sp i
ca th s uth n o a n on e o .
Th r is e d ubt th t th Egy p
e no o a e
ti s h d
an i stru m t ll da an n en ca e
“
No fr e , (o r Ne fe r , o r Ne fr u ,
o r Ne f ) o f th e hi gh e st a n tiquity, .
w ith
fin g e r b o rd d bridge -
a an ,
and f er ts
fo r pr o d u i g d i ff r t c n e en
ts
n o e stri g (Fi g
on on e n .
an d it s e m s st ishi g th t e a on n a so
highly c ivili d i v tiv d z e ,

n en e , an
m usi l p pl e a th Eg pti
ca a s eo s e y an
sh ul d t h v m d th tr si
o no a e a e e an
ti o w hi c h w o l d b
n
,
tur l u e na a ,
w r th y i
e e th h bit f usi g
e n e a o n
a bridg d d fi g b d d l e N
an N (A n er '
oar e n FI G l l —
. . o f re . or e fe r . n ci en t
stru m t w ith pl tru m i

en
) a ec ,
v z .
,
E gy p t‘a n '
th t f rubbi g th stri gs by th s m m s
a o n t pr o d u e e n e a e e an so a s o c
co n ti us d slurr d t s i st d f th sh r t su dd o s
nuo an e no e n ea o e o en ne
f b it b r e i n m i d s I h v su gg st d b fo re th
or, e o n e of n ,
a a e e e e ,
e us
TH E A N E S T R C Y OF TH E VI O LI N .
h i is by m
a r s ss ti l t th xist c f b w O f th e
no ean e en a o e e en e o a o .
hi gh tiquity an f th f si
( g i fyi g w h o us d s a hier n o re n n , en e a e o
l
gy phi g o d )
c, th er is d ubt o f w
,
” 1
fi d it m o
g th e e no o ,
or e n a n
i s trum ts us
n d t c o ce rts f th
en ight th dy sty (B C
e a n o e e een na . .
1 57 5 d it c urs ls i p pyri f the d te B C 2000

an o c a o n a o a . .
,
an d v e rli r M Ch pp e ll st t s th t r pre s t ti s f it
en ea e . r . a a e a e en a on o
a e f u d d ti g f r m th
r o n f urth d y sty
a n So m fr g m e ts
o e o na . e a n
of aof w r nf u d i re t m b t Th b s by M M d x
e e o n n a o a e e r. a o
on th e k f w hi h s o m f the s fr ts (w hi h w r f rm d
n ec o c e o e e c e e o e
o f ca m l g t ti d r u d th fi g
e -
u b o a rd ) w
e still re m i i g
o n e n e r- e re a n n .
This m o st i t r sti g r li is i th Bri tish M s e u m a d i

n e e n e c n e u
,
n s
fi gur d by M F é ti
e M C h pp l l g.i s m y m st
s .
2
r. a e
3
ve an o
in t re sti g fig ur s d de sc ripti s f this i s tr m e t

e n e an pg on o n u n on a e
FI G . 12 — Tr i g o n o n .
(As s y r i a n )
320 h e re pro d c e s o w ith thr e bri dg s d u rv d h d ne e e ,

an a ca e ea ,
b i g pl y d w ith a pl c tr m ; d
e n a e p 62 h giv s tw e u an on . e e o
fig ur s f its e s hi r g lyphi w ith tw r s b rs (

e o us a a e o c, o c os a or
p gs) i n th h d d
e f th m w ith p f t bri d g
e ea ,
an d one o e a er ec e an
ta il pie e Hi illustr ti s e fr o m th e D k m al e
-
c . s f a on ar en r
”
o
L psi s d e o f th f urth dy a sty i th r i g f Che phr e

e u , an ar e o n ,
n e e n o n
( orS ph i u w h r c t dsth s c d g r t pyr a m i d

o Thise e e e e on ea .
w ul d
o iv e th i stru m t tiquity f 3 1 24 B C r d co
g e n c en an an o . . a
i g t L psius o
n o o f 2083 B C
e rd i g t S i G a r d r a c co n o r ner
Wilki s o
.
,
n n .
S . Bi
An I n tr o d u c ti o n to th e S tu d y o f th e Egy pti a n H i e r o gl y ph i c s
r ch ,
’
i
(L2o n d o n , p 225 . .
F J F eti s ,
. H i sto i r e G n r a l e d e l a M u s i q u e
. To m e i , p é é
C
W h a ppe l l , Th e Hi sto r y o f M u si c , v o l i (a l l pu bl i s h e d ) (Lo n d o n , n d
.
3 “ ”
.
. . . .
44 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : a s I T w a s AND Is .
M r Ru ge l g ive s a fi g ure fr o m
.
l
sl b i th an As syri a n a n e
Briti sh Muse u m , o f a b o ut 880 (Fi g pl yi g i stru m t . a n an n en
o f th tri g sp i s h l di g pl tru m f sid r bl l g th

e on on ec e ,
o n a ec o con e a e en
i n th right h d w hilst h st ps th stri gs w ith th l ft

e an
,
e o e n e e ,
w hi h c M E ge l justly r e m rks m y v ry pr b bly b

,
as r. n a ,
a e o a e a
rud pr t typ f th m d r i li b w f th s l g pl tr
e o o e o e o e n v o n o ,
or e e on ec a
co n st tly ur ; d s th y m u t h v be v ry m u h m o r
an o cc an ,
a e s a e en e c e
i c v i t t tw g the stri g s w ith th

n on en en o sh rt
an w ul d n an a o on e o
h v b a e it is t m y m i d l m st
een ,
rt i ty th t th pl c tru m
o n a o a ce a n a e e ,,
w h it g t b y o d
en rt i l gth
o e sdt b n a ce i stru m t a n en
,
c e a e o e an n en
of p r ssi
e cu d be c a m e f fri ti
on, an F r m l l th s f ts o c on . o a e e ac
,
th r f r I d d u this th t e e o e
,
e ce on e, a
i g s f th e hi g h e st tiquity n a e o an
b w i s tru m ts t y r t o -
n en ,
or a an a e
s tri g d i tru m ts fr m w hi h n e ns en o c
th e t w s pr d u d by fri one a o ce c
ti xist d m g th pri m itiv on, e e a on e e
A si ti s Th t w ith th M r a c . a e oo s
d M h m m d s th s i t an o a e an e e n s ru
m ts j our y d w st w rd i t en ne e e a n o
Sp i d s uth st r Eur p a n an o -
ea e n o e .
F r m th s tw p i ts th y p o e e o o n e ro
g d t th r th w st by th e r e sse o e no -
e
l i ti f th British I sl s co on z a on o e e
d Britt y fr m S p i d an an o a n, an
,
w ith ut s ri g i to th I d o oa n n e n o
E ur pe a rigi f th e C ltic o n o n o e
trib s w e m y s y th t th se e
,
a a a e
g r e t w v s f p pul ti w r a a e o o a on e e
pr g r ssi g gr du lly i t N rth o e n a a n o o
E ur p fr m th st d e rn o e o e ea an
m
Ka
. 13 —
M . s uth
id fr om st bri S
gi
of
gSt w ith
. th m o -
ea ,
n n e
” 1 " 1
th ir sup ri r fi dd l (ke m
“
e e o es an
g e b s r b bs ,
t ) t sup
e e rsa d t
,h m e cr . i f ri r
o b w i e e e o e n e o o n
w hi h I sh ll pr s tly r ef r
t m
s ru t l dy th
en
(ts a r ea er e
) o c a e en e
Th r is e d ubt th t fr m S p i
e no o l ists w r a ti u lly)
o a n co o n e e con n a
ov rru e i g E ur pe nn n d this u ts f th pr s c i
o an a cco n or e e en e n
,
n e a rly l l E ur p e l gu g s f M rish m s f m usi l
a o an an a e o oo na e or ca
i stru m ts it b i g t t ll i m pr b bl th t m s o f c ru d
n en ,
e n no a a o a e a na e e
a d i m p rf
n t i stru m ts h v i ll l gu g s b m e tr s
e ec n en a e n a an a e e co an
f rr d t n w r
e e d m o r p r f t i stru m
o e e an ts th f r m e r e e ec n en as e o
w t t f
en d th
ou l tte r m e i t
o , an F r m S p in
e a ca n o, u se . o a
c ol ists s ttl d i Britt y E gl a d No rm n dy a d the r

on e e n an n n a n o
, , ,
C E g l Th M i f th M t A i t N ti
. n e , e t
us c o (L d e os n c en a o n s, e c. on on ,
p 4 9
..
C
TH E A N E S TRY O F T HE VI O LI N . 45
pa rts o f p l g b r the I n do E uro p e a n trib e s ha d

Eu r o e, on e fo e -
re a c he d so fa r , a n d a c c o rdi n gly it is i n the s e c o u n trie s tha t w e

fin d re c o rd s o f th e fi r st p e a r sh a p e d vi o ls, pr o p e rly s o c a ll e d , -
be a ri n g stro n g r e s e m bl a n c e to a s m a ll v a ri e ty o f a n c i e n t a n d
m o d e r n Mo o rish k e m a n ge h We d o n o t fi n d a n y a c t u a l a n d .
a u the n ti c r e pr e s e n t a ti o n s o f p e a r sh a p e d vi o ls b e fo r e th e n i n th -
s e n tu r
y, w hi c h sup p li e s us w i th a o n e stri n
g e d vi o l F
( gi fr o m -
.
a M S fr o m th e M o n a ste ry o f S t Bl a si u s i n th e Bla c k F o re st
. .
,
w hi c h M S w a s d e s tr o y e d w h e n
. the Mo n a ste ry w a s burn t
d o w n , but o f th e illustra ti o n s O f w hi c h th e A bb o t Ge r be r t ha d
tra c i n g s, w hi c h h e subs e qu e n tly re pro d u c e d R e pre se n ta ti o n s
l
.
o f vi o ls o f supp o s e d e a rli e r d a te s ha v e b e e n n o w a n d the n

pro d u c e d, but the y ha ve a l w a ys b e e n fo u n d to be a n te da te d -
.
I n th e e a rli e st r e pre s e n t a ti o n s o f h o w i n stru m e n ts it is ra th e r

th e e x c e pti o n to fi n d a brid ge , ta il pi e c e , s o u n d h o l e s, e tc -
,
.
F I G l l — Vi o l f ro m th e Co tto n M S
. . . F I G 15 — Vi o l f r o m El e v e n th C e n tu r y
. .
T e n th c e n tu r y (S a x o n ) . P s a l te r (B r i ti s h Mus e u m )
. .
re pr s t d but s th e y cc ur fre qu tly it s m s rt i th t

e en e a o en ee ce a n a
wh th y d
en t it is by th
e m issi i g r e f th rtist
o no e o o n or no anc o e a
or sc ulpt r by subs qu t r st r ti
o ,
o r f his w rk A v e ry e en e o a on o o .
f v urit sp i m
a o is f u d i
e M S i th British Mus u m
ec en o n n a . n e e
2
( g
F i f
. th t th c tury w hi
o h b a rs m aerk e d r
ene s m bl n c en ,
c e a e a e
to a f r m f th e
o i t M rish k e m g h d e h b w hi c h is
o an c en oo an e an r a ,
still f d m g th e Br t
oun d B squ e p s try u de r th
a on e on an a ea a n n e
na m r b ( id c p
e e This is r pr d u c d by S trutt t ge th e r
ec
”
v . e o e ,
o
w ith s o m th rs fr m lik s ur e o A P s lt r f th e l v e th
e ,
o a e o ce
3
a e o e e n
ce tury i th e British Mus u m giv e s fidd l m o u te d w i th ‘

n n e a e n
, ,
M Ge r b e r t, D e a n tu C et M u s i c a Sac r a (S t Bl as i u s ,
C C
. .
o tto n M SS , Ti be r i u s
2
vi
C
. . .
3
J S tr u tt, O p ba Kn g e l c y n n a n [ Ma n n e r s a n d u s to m s o f th e I n h a bi ta n ts
-
“
P
.
” “
of E n gl a n d (Lo n d o n , a n d a l so Th e S p o r ts a n d a sti m e s o f th e
Pe o pl e of E n gl a n d , i n c l u d i n g th e Ru r a l a n d D o m e sti c Re c r e a ti o n s,
"
e tc .
(Lo n d o n ,
The w o r d fi d dl e i s o f i m m e n se a n ti q u i ty , b e i n g d e ri v e d i n a l l l a n gu a ge s
46 VI O LI N M A -
K I NG a s I T w a s AND Is .
one stri g (Fi g r m i di g us f th e fr m the S t B l s

n . e n n o e on o . a sru
MS b f r e r f rr d t
. e o A h r li f f th s m e e tury f r m e o . as -
e e o e a e cen o
S t G rg s d B s h rvill ( w i th Mus u m t R u ) h
. eo e e o c e e no n e e a o en
,
as
tw figur s pl yi g vi ls (F i g s 1 6
o e d f w hi h (F i g 16)
a n o . an on e o c .
is h l d lik th m d r vi li
e d th
e th r (Fig 1 7 ) lik th
e o e n o n
,
a n e o e . e e
m od r vio l e llo i w hi c h l st w e be gi t
n o n ce th i w rd ,
n a n o se e e n a
c urv tur e s w hi h fr m this d t l m st i v ri bly disti guish

a
,
c ,
o a e, a o n a a n
th Vi l p ro p e rly s c ll d fr m th m o r e pri m itiv gi gu o

e o ,
o -
a e ,
o e e e r
rb e b ut w hi h I sh ll pr s tly s y fe w w rd s Th
ec, a o c a e en a a o . e
t w l fth
e tury suppli e s M P ti r ( uth o r f M u m ts
cen . o e a o on en
F r c isan w ith Vi l o f
a si m il r but m o re o r a te d m a o a a n an cu
~
br us d s ripti fr m th p r h o f N tr D m e d Ch rtre s
o e c on o e o c o e a e a
( g
Fi 1 8) d
. u m b r o f si m il r o s an ly o f m o r e
a nd fi ite e a ne
,
on e n
FI G 16 — Gi g u e , o r R e b e c ,
. . F I G 17 — Vi o l fr o m th e s a m e
. .
B a s r e l i s t a t S t Ge o r g e s d e B a s r e l i e f a s F I G 16
‘
- -
. . .
B o s c h e r v i l l e , R o u e n (E l e v e n th .
c e n tu ry ) .
an d ad v p rh f
a n ce d hurc h t fo m , r a re ca rv ed on th e o c o a c a
S ti g d i C m p t ll
an a i Sp i
o built i the thirt th o os e a, n a n ,
n een
c tury At E x t r C th d r l i th Mi str l s G ll ry
en . e e a e a , n e n e
’
a e ,
a
s ulptur d r h str giv s us p rf t r pr s t ti s f th Vi l

c e o c e a e e ec e e en a on o e o
a d r b c
n f th fo rt e th etury ft r w hi h w re c h th
o e u een ce n ,
a e c e a e
fi ft e th c tury w hi h w th i tr d u c ti
e n enf th p rf t , c sa e n o on o e e ec
vi ls th im m di t pre d ss rs f th m d r i li w hi h
o ,
e e a e e ce o o e o e n v o n
,
c
w er i d d f e, l g ti m itsn mp i s i h rm y
ee ,
or a on e co an o n n a on .
Ab ut th l v th c tury th e fiddl w ul d s m t h v e
o e e e en en e o ee o a
“
fr o m th e o l d Go th i c T h u s w e h a v e i n th e o l d Ge r m a n
. vi d e l, a fid d le ;
”
fi “ ” “ ” ”
Vi d e l ae r e , a d d le r ; videl n , to fi d d l e i n th e m o d e rn fid e l , a n d fied el .
I n th e I c e l a n d i c fid l a i n th e D u tc h v id e l , v io ol , a n d
. As a n An gl o
S a xo n w o r d fy th e l e i s o f i m m e n s e a n ti q u i ty I n th e l e ge n d a r y Li fe o f S t
C
. .
h r i s to ph e r , w ri tte n A D 1200, w e fi n d , Ch r i sto fr e b y m s e w e d l o n ge ; Ye

. .
Ry u g e l o u e d m e l o d y e o f fy th e l e a n d o f so n ge ( G D u b o u r g,
“
Th e Vi o l i n .
Lo n d o n ,
THE AN E S TRY O F TH E C VI O LI N . 47
d i vi de d i to
l ss s n th e Vi l pr p e r h vi g i d e ta
tw o c a e — on e o o ,
a n n n
ti o s t th S id s d pr b bly tw t bl s
n a e e , an te d by side s o a o a e con n ec
an d th e th r th r b o
g gi u
e w hi c h k pt
e th m eo st l m e t
ec ora ry e, e e e e n
or p r sh p e ( hi h c rri s us b c k t th
ea -
a ,
w i t Mo ris h
c a e a o e an c en o
r b b [ Fi g
e a fr m w hi h it w . u d ubt d ly d sc d d ) o c as n o e e en e
,
b i g first c ll d th r h h a m st pri m itive i stru m t

e n a e e u e e,
”
o n en
l
p r b bly
o a ly h vi g t w onstri g s th c ea to th e n r b e c d o n ,
en e
”
an
ggi u i w hi h f r m it stil l
e,
”
n xists c o e
am g t
on h Br e to d e S p ish n an an
e s a try an d th i h bi t ts
an f th e e n a an o
p
no rth r st t s f Afri
e n A f ri d
a e o ca . en ,
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e en a e n n o an ,
as en
m m st i t re sti g ph t g r ph f
e a o n e n o o a o a
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a an e o c n i n e nu -
n -
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bre th utt r bl
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a a t w sk i r S g ti k rz c o s an u
S m y hi m cz wh is pl yi g just
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c an n en as ,
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th t i t h
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as a ea a e e a ce
f rm
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o d o bridge n -
o ,
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b w o l g th i stru m t its l f
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r s m bli
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C r lli
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,
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t e ti g r li o f th M rish r b b
er s n e c e oo e a .
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e e an a e a e o
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n u
“
en e c a
th m d re t r m ) d d ivi de d th m
o e n e ,
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i t n o
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kl i g ig “
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o n ne n s
NW m 8 D ame de c l i r88
M st o f th illustr ti o s
°
Fi g . o e a n
o f this i st u m t w hi h h v c m d w t us
n r en bridg l ss c a e o e o n o a re e e ,
o t this is d ubtl ss i
u v ry c se o rro r f th a tis t f r
e n e e a an e o e r ,
o
th y w r v e ry hi ghly p r f t d i str m ts d w re us d s
e e e e ec e n u en ,
an e e a
l t s th sixt th
a e a tury Th re w e re fo ur si e s ( w ith
e een ce n . e z as
o ur b o w i n str m n ts ) th s t o f w hi h u e fi ur d by M r ti n
e
g ,
e e c ar e a
T h e r e ba b ha d
di ffe r e n t n a m e s i n th e d iff e r e n t c o u n tr i e s o f I
v a ri o u s
‘
iu r o
pe
i n w h i c h i t w a s f o u n d — s u c h a s r e b e be r u h e h e l r a b e l.
, , r e b e sb e , r e b e l , a r r a be .
r e be l l e , r e be c a n d so o n s i d e n o te
, ( p .
48 VI O LI N MAK I NG
-
: a s I T w a s AND I s.
Agri co l a i n s d is tus (Fig and a ltus th ir e n am e are ca n

,
.
te o r a d b ssus
n ,
n 1 me r ss uri us illustr ti w hi h
a . ca ac o a c o a on c
I t ke t b f th s i strum t sh rt w hil si c i th
.
a o e o i n en a o e n e, n e
,
British Mus u m i little bl k l tt r p m phl t b g i i g

e ,
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l
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n z n si s car m i n um l i ber: anim u s, a n d e n d i n g , am pr r ssu m
“
1m m Sa u n a Dom i n i aarcctl r r r r i (14 91) h i s qu i n to gp m,

21
1
to w hi c h it fo rm s th e fr o n tispi e c e o r title p a e I t is a r e pr e s e n ta
g
-
.
ti fon o a V o i l an d bo w h gi g an n on na ils ; th e Vi l h gs by o an a
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F I G 19 — Re b a b
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.
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. F I G 20 . . Gr O S ge i g , f r o m I ll u s
o
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. .
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.
butto n a n d h e a d o f a l m o st th e de sign o f th e m o de rn do ubl e

b a ss h o w The Vi o l is fa n c i ful i n sha pe , ha vi n g a l o n g b o dy
.
w ith a sh o rt n e c k a n d a p e r fe c t fi n ge r b o a r d ; th e c e n tr e b o u ts - -
s ci li c e t a r e se t l o w i n th e b o dy , th e h e a d is squ a r e , c a rv e d a n d
( )
pro vi de d w ith se ve n pe g h o l e s i n fro n t, se t, thre e o n e a c h side ,
-
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p g
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”
w hi c h supp o rt s -
tw o stri n gs (just b e l o w th e thu m b pi e c e ) w h e n c e th e y a pp e a r -

,
to go i n to th e h e a d a t th e to p o f th e squ a re bo x th e re o f Th e r e .
a r e fi v e stri n s o n , a n d tw o o ff, th e fi n e r b o a r d to th e r i ht
g g g
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M Agri co la , (Wi tte n b e r g

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. Mu si c ? I n str u m e n ta l i s ,
50 VI O LI N M AK I NG
-
: AS IT was A ND IS .
antiqu ffi hi h lu t r
f g e m o m e n in F a n c e
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1
th rul s
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t he c o o at on of musi i s c an , con fir m e d by L uio s
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X I V i n 1 658 (la Co n f é e d e S t J u l i e n d e s Me n e str i er s) , th e .
l i
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’
n é ta i e n t a s
p .
tr s j u r b r ts
Ma i e , d e o e a u x c a a e , e tc , pi
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th e auth r pp s
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6
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Th e a e c this a ed of
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e n c , p o c h e tte G e m a n , Ta s c h e n
g g )
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th e e e n e e n an d ea e
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tury ce n his M e r se n n u s i n .
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this sh p an d lt r v ry u h
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s H s o i t r i q u e s d e l a M u s i q u e ( a r i s , p 39 4 P . . .
i i i b i t t d m tu r a, e tc ,
2
H a r m o n i c o r u m Li i x ,
i n q u u s a g a u r e s o n o r u n a .
o r bi sq u e to ti a s h a r m o n i c i s i n s t ru m e n t i s ( L u te ti as P a r i s i o r u m ,
TH E AN E S TR Y o r C T H E VI O LI N. 51
F om r this ti m e the y w o uld s e e m to h ve give n w y to the kit a a
o f th e rdi ry vi li h c I t is fr m th w rd gi g u
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en . en e en ec en e
e xhibit i the Spe i l E xhibiti n t S u th K si gto c a in on a o en n n
187 2 d ,
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e g an e nc e a a e e ea
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a, e o a Th e re o n e e a o .
w as e xt t i 14 50 c c o rd i g to L b rd
an n Vi l f K li
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, ,
d t d 144 9
a e d w ,
to ld th t e w s e xhibit d by K o l ik e
an e are a on a e r
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,
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ne it ha s p sitive ly b e e n
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a o 1520 by tur
Ve n i
a Li n a r o l li , o f Ve n c eb th th s o of e e had
th e o l d six s v por e en
g h s r pl
e ge d e ad -
by
e a ce d r t h e m o de n
(o r
r th r sixt th tury ur p
a e een cen ) f o s r ll
e
gg e d c o A s-
M r C R e a d e . . .
j ustly r rks
em a ,
i
th e m ms br th b t
e n e e a d e w eh l s sh
e n t h e
f f o e ows
th t th y r
a e w e e m ean t six
fo r fiv e , s v stri
,
o r e e n hy n
g s T e .
we er pl y a e d u o n th e
p k n ee s
a n d a s th e iss ur p i ts
a m e co n n o e o n
t rs
o u t, o l d e n o b ss s l ys pp r u h l r t th y
an d a e a wa a ea m c o de ha n e
r lly
ea r
a r e , f o m th e fa c t t t th t ti
ha a t a su
m e (1550 e t se q ) ch .
i stru m ts w r s rul hu g p g i st w ll w h
n en e e, a a e, t n u
,
a a n a a en no
i n t urs d i
u se , n o n s s A c o rdi g t M F l m i g Gi v i
e n ca e . c n o r . e n
,
o an n
C lli i f th r f th illustri us B v u to C lli i w

e n , a e o e by h i
o en en e n
,
as s
s s st t m t
on
’
a e c m plish d m k e r
en an af vi o ls o f r r b e uty
co e a o a e a
,
a b ut 1500 but b y d this o t w rthy re f r e by his

o e on n e o e en c so n ,
Gi v i C l li i w rk h o t r c hed us P ri c J
o an n e n
’
s o as n
p f ea . n e o u so u o ,
th a e y m o us uth r f L th o m o g ph ie
n on a o o s rib s th u on ra ,
” 9
a c e e
i v ti
n enf th vi li pr p r t
on o e e T st t r
o n f Mil a o whe o on e a o o n, o
r du d th si
e ce f th vi l t th t f th e vi o li
e z e o e te m po
o a o a o n co n
r c o usly w ith b f r G sp ro d S l I c
au ,
o r e o e, t h w ve r
a a a a o . anno
,
o e
fi d n y o ti
an ce o f h
n i m ls w h re e x c pt i t h w
e k f
e e ,
e n e o o
,
“
Le s I n s tr u m e n ts AArc h e t ( P a r i s, 1 87 7 : J . Cl a ye ) .
“
Lu th o m o n o gra ph i e h is to r i qu e e t r a iso n n é e , pa r an Am a te ur
” '
Fr a n cf o r ia
II / .
T H E AN E S T R Y O F C THE VI O LI N . 53
M An to i n e Vi da l ,
. qu t s th s m uth r d utte rly
l
w ho o e e a e a o , an
d i s his sta t m
en e t w hi h I ls c l ss w ith th the r m ist k
e en ,
c a o a e o a en
w hi h h v c re pt i to th e w rk f this w ul d b
a e c n y m o us o o o -
e an on
Am t ur a e N . t m t t
on mp n os r u lit As t w h an as co on ere es . o o
r l ly d i d fi rst m k th vi li pr p r i its pr s t fo r m (
ea a e e o n o e n e en no
one can l i m its c tu l i
c a ti ) th e r a s e m s t a b e v ry littl
n ven on e e o e e
d ubt th t it w
o th e I t li
a s M H ll h pr tty w l l
as a an . r . u a
$
3
e e
su m s up ll th t h b e s id th subj t w h n h s ys
a a as en a on e ec e e a
Th i v ti e n f th vi li h
en on b cl i m d f
o e r th r by
o n as e en a e o r, or a e ,
th eF re h I b li v
nc on si gl pl th t i s o m
,
e e rly
e, on e n e ea, a n e ea
I t li s rs M t d f u d
’
a an co e Of on e ve r e s r eo a re o n
th w rd s Pi li Vi li i ll F e Th r is go d
‘ ’
e o cco o n a a ra n c se . e e o
r s f be li vi g th t th s pi c l i vi li i w e r i stru m e ts
ea on or e n a e e
‘
c o o n e n n
ana o l go us t th kits us d t this d y by d i g m st rs But
o e e o a an c n -
a e .
g r anti g th m
n t h v b e n vi li so pr p r
a th ir e pp r
ee e in o n o e ,
e a ea an c
M te e d
on v s c o r (publish d s l t
r e s
’
e 1615) e a a e as
p v s o thi g Vi c
ro e n n G li l i ss ts i his
. n enz o a e a er n
D i l o gu s a ( pri t e
e d t V i i 1 56 n 8) th t th a e n ce n a e
vi li o d th Vi l c l l w r b th i
no an e o on te d by e o e e o n ve n
th e N p lit ea s M t ig h s r rd d th t h
o an . on a ne a e co e a e
h rd vi li s i th Gr t Chur h (S t Z ?) t
ea o n n e ea c . en o a
V r e i 1 57 8
on a C r lli p ss ss d vi li w hi c h
n . o e o e e a o n
h d b
a d c r t d by th
een e oB l g s p i tr
a e e o o ne e a n e
A ib l C r c i w h d i d i 1 609
nn a e a a c ,
d t m o e n ,
an o co
p l e t t h e c s ef th I t
a e li s th o fi r st g r t pe a an ,
e ea er
f m or th vi li
er o n f wh m w h v
e o yn ou t o e a e an a cc o n
w as an I t li m d B lt
a an i i wh wn a ebr u ght a z ar n , o as o ,
o r se n t f i t F r c by C th e ri d M di c i
or, n o an e
, e a ne e e ,
FI G . 24 — D e v i c
.
i 157 7 N s p i m
n . fo F r c h vi li
ec o r c rd
en o a en o n , n e o
o f F r c h vi li ist h
a en m o d w t us fn , y as co e o n o o an
thi g li k n th s e rly d t s Th i v ti
e e ea f th Vi o l c ll
a e . e n en on o e on e o
a g i a n h s b e a l im d e b h lf f
n c a rt i Abb é T rd i u f
e on e a o a ce a n a e o
P ro ve n ce wh liv d i th b gi i g f th l st c tury I t is
,
o e n e e nn n o e a en .
c rt i
e h w v r th t B pti ti i Fl re ti h d br u ght th e
a n , o e e ,
a a s n , a o n ne, a o
i s tru m t i t F r
n en t th
n o d f th pr c d i g c tury
a n ce a e en o e e e n en .
S p i m s f b th th Vi l
ec en o ll o d f th c tr b ss
e f
o o n ce o an o e on a a o o
I t li
a f bri ti
an a o f th e b g i
ca i g f th s e v e t th c e tury
on e nn n o e n een n
tr r
”
a re n o a e .
F m a b ut 1555 w fi d th e i stru m e ts o f G sp r o d S l o
ro o e n n n a a a a ,
th efirst m k r f Vi l s d vi li s d s su c h h w ill h e
a e o o a an o n ,
an a e
sp k f i his pr p r pl a c i future h p t r ; b t he ls o
o e o n o e e n a c a e u a
w as a m k r o f vi ls a e I n 1530 J h O po i
o .
p ri te r t ,
o n r n u s, a n a
B sl h d f his d vi
a e, a or six stri g d i stru m e n t (F ig
e ce a -
n e n .
(P i
'
5 “
L I t m es t aA h tns ru en s rc e a r s,
J H u l lah
.
, Th e Hi sto r y o f Mo d e r n M u si c (Lo n d o n , p 190
..
K : AS I T WAS AND IS .
w hic h c o m e s v ry r th t e t r Th e vi li pr p e r is
e n ea e ru en o . o n o
first r f rr d t by Ze e i i 1596 w h d s rib s i t w ith
e o a cco n n
,
o e c e
a co m p s id ti a l w ith th m o d r
as en w i th
c t th h ift w hi h e e n on e, ou e s c
,
w o ul d i m ply th t th e shi ft w th u k w a littl s d d as en n no n or e u e a n
,
it w s r t i ly i m p o ssibl
a ce t
a n
y r t i ff tiv w ith th e, or a an a e ne ec e, e
fr ts o th o ld vi ls w hi h w r us d fr e tt d l te o i t th
e n e o ,
c e e e e a n n o e
s e v t th c e tury w ith fr ts m d s rul o f pi s f
en een n
, e a e
,
a a e, e ce o
g lu d t
eg ut ti d r ca
o u d th e c k t i te rv ls so
e t fo rm
n ne a n a , as o
r id g s th fi ge b o rd
e on e n r -
a .
O f th e fi st vi l d
ne o m b i xist
ne is p rh ps
o e th t a
g c e a a n e en e a a
w hi h w f rm rly i th e po on e c as o e n s
s ssi f M S A F o rst r w h e on o r. . . e , o
fi gur s it i his H ist ry f th “

e n o o e
Vi li ( L d but w o n on on , no
i th S u th K si g t M s um n e o en n on u e .
My illustr ti f th i strum t a on o e n en
(F i g 25) is fr m Christ ph r S i m p . o o e
s s D ivisi“
Vi l At this on
’
on o .
” 1
p rio d th vi l h d but six stri gs e e o a n ,
but to w rd s th d f th s v a e en o e e en
t th tury s v th w dd d e en ce n ,
a e en as a e .
2
Th Fr h g m b pl y r M r is e en c a a -
a e ,
a a ,
dd d thr b ss stri gs f v re d a e ee a n o co e
g t but it w i v ti o w hi h u ,
as an nno a n c
did t i y w
y b c m g r l no n an a e o e ene a .
C t d w ith th i s tru m t w on n e c e e n en
,
e
fi d th e m s f tw l dy p n na e o o a er
f r m rs M S r h Ott y i 1 7 23 o e ,
r s. a a e , n ,
d Miss F rd i 1 7 60 Th s e m ust an o ,
n . e
h v b e l di s f gre t ur g a e e n a e o a co a e
,
FI V G . . wh w
25 — i o l a d a Ga m b a si d r th hu m ur i . en e co n e e o n
w hi h th w rl d th r g rd d su h
( " 0 Sim pson
' 1667 '
c e o en e a e c
p e rf r m a c s ( id p
o Th l st
n e l br t d p r f rm r th
v c . e a ce e a e e o e on e
vi l d g m b w C rl F ri d ri h Ab l w h d i d i 1 7 84 A
o a a a a as a e c e , o e n .
p rt w w ritt f th e i stru m t i B h s P i m i / d
a as en or n en n ac
’
a ss o n s us c es
M tth w d M C ix d H l i x w r t s m e xtr m ly pr tty

’
a e an . a e rv e o o e o e e e e
,
“
S uit s d O h t f th i stru m t i 17 10 It t
’
e rc e s re or e n en n . s on e
is s l but xtr m ly e xpr ssive ; i d d th r

na a ,
3
e e e e f w e n ee ,
e e ar a e
0 Si p . Th D i i i
m Vi l so n Th A t f Pl y i g
,
e t p v s on p o or , e r o a n ex e m or e u on a
”
Gr o u n d (Lo n d o n , 1667 ,
1
J u st of l a te f o u r th s tr i n h a s be e n ad ded th e d o u bl e
‘
as years a g to
b a ss .
Go s tl i n g gr e a t a d m i r e r o f , a n d pl a y e r u po n , th e v i o l d a ga m b a , a n d
3
w as a
th e c e l e b r a te d P “ ”
’
u r c e ll h a te d i t, a n d c o u l d n o t sta n d Go s tl i n g s
p r a c ti s i n g o n th e
i n s tr u m e n t H e th e r e f o r e c o m po s e d a
. c a tc h f o r th r e e v o i c e s i n sa r c a s ti c
e u l o gy t th e v i o l , w h ic h h e pr e s e n te d to h i s fr i e n d Th e m u si c i s pu b l i sh e d .
m s: ANC E S T R Y o r T H E VI O LI N. 55
am a e t urs w h pl y this i stru m t w c hie f m g w h m I

o a n en no ,
a on o
m y m a ti M P y en v r w h s i iti ls E J P m s t o f the
on r. a ne, o e o e n a ,
. . .
,
o
fi tr t
rs -
r ti l s
a e subj ts c
a t d w ith th e vi li i S i
c e on ec o nn ec e o n n r
G rg Gr v s D i ti ry f Musi d Musi i s (L d
eo e o e
’
c ona o c an c an on on ,
187 9— 1884 ) e t b f u d It w ar tu d fr m th D o e o n . as ne o e
b l w th st ve i the b ss c l f thus — D G C E A D ;
e o e a n a e , , , , , ,
but P l yfo rd giv s th f ll w i g w d rful m th o d o f tu i g

1
a e e o o n on e e n n
it Wh y o b gi t T en r is y o ur T bl
u e s m ll st
n o un e, a e re e or a e
S tri g s hi gh s c ve i tly it w ill b r w ith ut br ki g ;

n a a on n en ea o ea n
th sto p ly y ur S d S m l l M i F d th Tu
en on o eco n or a ea n n ,
a n en ne
it till it gr i U i w ith y ur T bl p
a ee n th t d
n so n st p o re e o en a on e, o
y ur Thi d i F
o d m k it g r e w it h yo ur S
r n ,
an d p ; a e a e e co n o en
th st p y ur F th i E d m a k it gr w ith y ur Thi d
en o o ou r n ,
an e a ee o r
p ; th st p y ur F if th i F d m k it g r w ith y ur
,
o en en 0 o n ,
an a e a ee o
F th o p l stly sto p y r S i th i F d m ke it g r t
‘
our en a ou x n a n a a ee o
, ,
y ur F ifth p
o This b i g x c tly d
o en .
y w ill fi d y ur e n e a o n e, ou n o
Vi l i To n rd i g to th e R l o f th e G m t I m gi
u n e acco n u e a u .
”
a ne a
m d r o e vi l c ll —pl y e r tu i g his i stru m t c rd i g t

n o on e o a n n n en ac o n o
th se pri ipl s 1
e nc e
A m s t i t r sti g o te m p r r y f th vio l d g m b w
n e e n con o a o e a a a a as
th vi l d i b rd “
b ryto w hi h w s m t d w ith ”
e o a o on e , o r a ne, c a o un e
six s v g t stri g s (tu e d fr m B b l w th b ss c l f

or e en u n n o e o e a e ,
B E A D F B [E] a d t w ty tw w ir stri gs ru i g
, , , , , ,
n en -
o e n nn n
fr m th h d b l w th fi g
o e ea b rd d bridg te o bliqu
e n er -
oa an e o an o e
r ow f pi s u d r th ta il pi
o n Th sp i m
n e xhibit d by
e -
e ce . e ec en e e
M Li d l t th S c i ty f A tiqu ri s i 184 0 is
r. e a e o w e t o n a e n
,
no a
S uth K si gt
o end full c c u tn d hist ry f th i t
on , a n a a o n an o o e n s ru
m t w ill b f u d i n M E g l s C t l gu p 264 ( id e te
en e o n r . n e
’
a a o e, . v no
1
,
p . M p g st t e s th t it w ar ur ri gi lly ll d vi l
g “
a a as o na ca e o e
d p rd o b c us e it w s i v t d i E gl d by pris e r
”
e a n, e a a n en e n n an a on
a b ut t be h
o o d w h o w p r d
an d u t f th i t
g o cec o
,
as a on e n a o n e n s ru
m en t ; but th rigi f th m eis u do ubt dly b urdo n

o
“
n o e na e n e o
”
(d r o ) fr
ne m th is mo d e by t h sy m p th
e no e ti c stri g s e a e a n .
It w usu l t h v
as et f vi ls
a ll d o c h st a f vi o ls
e a s o o ca e a e o
,
in a c o l l e c ti o n
ca l l e d Th e C a tc h Cl ub ; or, Th e Me r ry C om pa n i ons
C P
.
W . H . u m m i n gs
“
u rce l l
”
(Lo n d o n , p 31 :
.
“
Th e Gr e a t M u s i c i a n s
se r i e s
Pl
.
J . a yf o rd , An I n tr o d u c ti o n to th e S k i l l o f M u si c k
“
(Lo n d o n , 14th
Ed i ti o n , p 65 Th e fi r s.t e d i ti on w as
.
p u b l i sh e d i n 16 5 4 , b u t o f th i s
e d i ti o n o n l y o n e c o py i s k n o w n i t w a s s o l d a t th e d i sp e r s i o n o f th e l i b r a r y o f
th e l a te D r Ri m b a u l t i n 1877 f o r te n gu i n e a s
. Th i s e x tr e m e r a r i ty h a s b r o u gh t .
a b o u t th e co n s e q u e n ce th a t th e 2n d e d i ti o n o f 1655 i s ge n e r a l l y c i te d a s th e i r st
‘
.
Lo w n d es m a k e s th i s m i sta k e , w h i c h i s pr o b a b l y co pi e d f r o m F J F é ti s s
’
U P
. .
B i o gr a ph i e n i v e r se ll e d e s Mu si c i e n s ( a r i s, w h i c h g i v e s 1655 a s th e
d a te o f th e l s t e d i ti o n .
F W Ma r p u r g ,
. . H i sto r i s c h K r i ti sc h e B e y tr a ge z u r Au fn a h m e d e r
Mu s i k ( e r li n , B
: AS IT WAS AND IS .
an d pl ye rs pl y d o ll i diff re tl y (v ry i diff r tl y 1
a a e n a n e n e n e en
sh uld o I th y r 1620 P t r i g iv
n s list e ea
,
r ae o us
1
e a
o f th vi ls the i o m ti i g th 1 Gr ss
en n tr b ss
u se , en on n e . o con a a
g g ei li k
”
e
,
m d r tr bourss w ith fi v o stri g es S 8
n s u d con e a e, e n ,
o n
h l s o fr ts
o e ,
n d m o de r s r ll d h
e ,
an 2 “
Vi l n c o an ow . o one,
lik o vi l c ll o m de rn s r ll six stri g s six fre ts tw 8 s

e ur o on e ,
o c o , n , , o
s u d ho l s ; 3 Vi l d
n
“
e mb m u h th s m s th o a a a,
”
c
r s t sh p d s d h l s rv d h d
o -
. a e a e a e
vio l w ith tw
o n s, o c e ce n -
a e o un -
o e ,
ca e ea ,
s ve fr ts i x stri gs ; 4 Vi l b st rd th m sh p
e n e ,
“
s n . o a a a a
”
,
e sa e a e,
six stri g s m o d r s r ll tw c r s t d
n ,
e n r u ds u d c o ,
o e cen an one o n o n
h leo ,
d se van fr ts ; 5 “
Kl i p o s h
en ( kit
e
) littl . e n c e or , a e
o v l i str m t lik
a n i
gg uu w ith
en 8 h l i t
eh atr e, on e o e n e cen e
u d r th stri gs ; 6 R h t D is t g i g l m st id ti l
n e e n . ec e can -
e ,
”
a o en ca
w ith th m d r vi li
e 7 o T r g i g m u h lik
e n o n . en o -
e , c e a
m d r n sh o rt
o e k d vi l ; 8 B ss g ig d br i lik
-
n ec e o a . a -
e e uc o
,
e a
c lu m sy sh rt k d ll o I t is i
-
n ec llusi t th pr ti
e
’
ce o . n a on o e ac ce
o f h vi g a t f i stru m
n ts th t B J
a se o i B
n th l m w en a en o n so n n ar o o e
F y e
a r t iii
,
ac m k s his .
,
h r trCh
s c .
y A t f
a e c a ac e o es sa ,
se o
the s e vi o li s I w o ld buy to f ne d li t y u g o is I u o, or a e ca e o n n e
h u e i th e C t e y th tt
a n o un r
y e si l ss th,
a e are eu er on a z e e e an
o th r i st lik y ure fid dl s Th fr ts o th vi ls w re ”
an e ,
n e o e . e e n e o e
n e v e r m o re th a se v f the shi ft w a n m p r ti ly
en , or s co a a ve nu
k no w n ; i d ee d o th fi rst i tr du ti
n
,
f th vi li
u th e n o c on o e o n, e
pro d u c tio o f o te highe r th the uppe r B w l k d upo n

n a n an as oo e
a s s o m e thi g m o st r sh d o ly to b
n tt m pt d by th b e sta ,
a n n e a e e e
pe rfo rm rs To su h pi tc h w s this c rri d th t C ll y te lls

e . c a a a e ,
a a a
us th t i vi o li s l s w h r it w k w n th hig h C urr d
3
a n n o o ,
e e as no e o cc e ,
th e a u d i w ul d m urm ur
e n ce th ru i l p o i t w a ppr h d
o ,
as e c c a n s a oac e ,
G re l t l (Mi d th C l) a d if th f t w
a
’
u
”
n hi v d e ,
n e ea as ac e e
sa fe ly a w hirl w i d
,
f ppl us g r t d th t m r us pl y r n o a a e ee e e e e o a e ,
w hilst i ca s e o f f il r
n sto rm o f hisse s r w rd d his r sha u e a e a e a
e ff rtso .
H vi g ta k
a n m y re d rs w ll i to th p ri d w h
en th vi li a e e n e e o en e o n
pro pe r w i full I m ust l v th m r f rri g the m t

as n u se , ea e e ,
e e n o
o th e r d m r hist ri l w o rks
an o e th e vi li i f th y w ul d
o ca on o n, e o
kn o w m o re o f th vi ls d th ir m usi this b i g i th m i e o an e c, e n n e a n
a w o rk th tu l c stru ti o f th i stru m t t w hi h
on e ac a on c on e n en , o c
th se hist ri l h pt rs
e o pr ti lly sub rd i t Thus fa
ca c a e a re ac ca o na e. r
,
ho w e v r I h e d m d it i t r s ti g
,
a ve d ss ry to pla c
ee e n e e n an n e ce a e
be fo r th m th A stry f th Vi li
e e e th t th y m y h v a
n ce o e o n , so a e a a e
l r p r pti f w h t its pr g it rs tu lly w re I t w i ll

c ea e ce on o a o en o ac a e .
P t i Th t m I t
r ae o r u s , t m (W l fi b tt l
ea ru n s r um e n o ru o en u e ,
Th e Wo r k es o f B e n J o n s o n (Lo n d o n , v o l. p 39
ii .
, . .
J Ga lla y , Le s Lu thi e rs I ta li a n s a u x x v ii e t x v iii si ec l es

(M
° °
.
1 9)
CHAP TER 11 .
TH E WELS H C RWTH .
An c i t H b w L — M o d n Afr i ca n L r e — G k d R m L — Th c
e n e r e y r e e r y r e e a n o a n y r e s
Ro tta — Th e r w th Tr i th a n t— Th eC h r o tta , o r r w th p r o e r — Gr u ff d d a
p y p C C -
H o w e l — D a i n e s a r r i n gto n — Wy n n e F i n c h — Ge n e a l o gi e s o f th e Vi o li n a n d
B
C
r w th .
LET us w tur t no th r br h f th stu dy f bo w n o an o e anc O e o
i stru m
n ts tir ly pa r t fr m w h t w h a v lre dy dis uss d
en en e a o a e e a a c e ,
i
v z th e
.
,
sid r ti f th i stru m t k w
con e a th We lsh
on O e n en no n as e
C r w th I f w g b k t B C 1 7 00 m
. e
g th or c r d sac f th o . .
,
a on e e o o e
i t Egypti s w e fi d
an c en t m b t B i H ss (th t f
an ,
n on a o a en a an a o
O i ts r a se n I wh w th pr b bl e P h r h w h pr t t d
.
,
o
‘
as e o a a ao o o ec e
J s ph ) gr o up (F ig
o e a supp se d t r pr s t th rriv l f . o o e e en e a a o
th I sr lit s i E gy pt of e ae e n ,
on e
w h m is pl yi pri m itiv lyr

g o a n a e e,
th sh p f w hi h is v ry i t r st e a e o c e n e e
i g t th m usi l tiqu ri n o e ca an a an
,
as
b i g v ry lik th l t We lsh e n e e e a e
r w th This is r pr d u d by S i c . e o ce r
G rd r Wilki s h sid rs a ne n on
1
,
w o co n e
it t h v b H br w lyr o a e ee n a e e e .
Al m st i d ti l w ith th tru o en ca e e an
i t E gy pti lyr is th m d r c en an e e o e n
Kiss r f th A f i n gr s of a o e r can e oe
th rth st (F ig w hi h i e no -
ea . c ,
n
its pri m itiv ru d ss is k w e en e ,

ac no
Fm ° 26 °
l dg d t riv l th R t i e e o a e avan as ron n
its tiquity I sh ll t g i t an . a no o n o
th e sid r ti
con f th pr gr ss f this i stru m t m g
e a on o e o e o n en a on
th e i t Egypti s d Assyri s but b g i

an c en t an an an ,
e n a o n ce
w ith th Gr ks d R m s t w h m b l o g s th lyr
e ee an o an ,
o o e n e e
p ar ll e x ce Th ir l y r s w
en cer f v ri
. us s rts d si
e s e e e o a o o an z e ,
d ti g fr m B C 7 00
a n d m o y f th m h d bridge s (F ig
. .
,
an an o e a .
d isti c t urv d bri d g s

n c e ffi i us d to m y m i d qui t
e e , as ca c o ,
an n e
Si G Wi lk i
r M. d C t m f th A i t E gyp ti
n so n , a n n e rs an us o s o e n c en an s
(Lo n d on ,
TH E WELS H CRWTH . 59
p o ssibly fo th e s m e p rpo se s
r m o de r
a o es u a ou r n n ,
an d a s a rul e
th e se lyr s w r pl y d by m s o f pl tru m
e e e a e ean a ec . Th e R o m a n
ly re s w re pra c ti c lly i d ti l w ith th e Gr k
e a en ca ee i n fo m a n dr
FI G . 27 K i s sa r .
(An c i e n t a n d M o de r n Af r i ca n ) .
m o de pl y i n g
of a ki d o f c ith a r th b rbi t s (Fi g
on e is
n a, e a o .
e sp i lly i t r sti n g t
ec a n e h vi g l m st x tly th sh p
e o us
,
as a n a o e ac e a e
o f th i tru m e t w hi c h is n o w th subj e c t o f o
e n s n i quiry Th e e ur n .
1
F I G 28 — An c i e n t Gr e e k Ly r e s , w i th B r i d g e s
. .
s udt y O lyre l
f th e a on e w o ul d fill a l rge v l u m e
a o , and I d a re
n o t e n te r up it w on no fo r f a r o f b i g ca rri e d f
e e n ar f r om ou r
Th i s i ll u str a ti o n (f r o m H e r c u l a n e u m ) i s ta k e n fr o m E . P i sto l e si s w o r k ,
’
‘
Re a l Mu se o B o r b o n i c o d e sc r i tto e d i l l u s tr a to (Ro m e , 1838 v o l i v , pl 4 7
. . . .
60 VI O LI N M A I NG -
K : AS I T w a s AND Is .
su bj c t ; su ffi
e ce it to sa y th t a th e R o m a n s ha d an i str m t n u en
co mp s d of
o e a fr m a e, o n e en d of w hi ch w a s a h ll w r u de d
o o ,
o n
E m! 29 ' B a r b i to s (fro m H er cul a n e u m ) . F I G 30 —R o tta

. . of th e S e v e n th Ce n tu r y .
(M S P s a l te r
,
In B r i ti s h M u s e u m ) .
cavity c o v r d w ith b e lly o w hi h w a s pl

, e e a ,
n c a ce d the d ge , bri
and this i stru m t w pl y d w i th th pl tr
n en as a e e ec um
(v id c a n te ,
p. Th R m s subs q tly c l i i g F r
e o an e uen o on z n a n ce , G rm ny
e a ,
F I G 3l — R o tta f ro m S t B l a s i u s M S
. . . . F I G 32 .
- ~
Cr w th of th e Ni n th Ce n tu ry.
(NI n th ce n tu r y .
) (Wi l l e m m ) .
an d Bri t i i tr d u d th ir i stru m ts w hi h b c m e
a n, n o ce e n en , c e a
m o d ifi d erdi g t th u tri s i w hi h th y w r d pt d ;
a cco n o e co n e n c e e e a o e
an d i n M S P s lt e r i the British M us u m
a . f th s v t h
a
,
n e ,
o
’
e e en
TH E WELS H C RWT H . 61
ce n t ury r tt
,
1
wepri m itiv lyr sh p d i stru m e t
fi n d th e o a
,
a e e -
a e n n
F
( g i str.
g ly r c lli g t h H br w
on sp i m b f r llu d d
e a n e e e ec en e o e a e
t o, a n d su gg sti g th l t r r w th be i g m e r ly e n s li d bl g e a e c ,
n e a o o on
fr m a d b i g th e s o u d b a rd
e, o n e e n d th th r d b i g
e n n o ,
a n e o e en e n
o p to dm it th fi g rs ( pl tru m ) w hi h tw a n g d th
en a e n e or ec c e e
s tri g s I th
n i th
. tury w fi d this s m e r tt (i th
n e n n ce n e n a o a n e
MS f S t Bl si s r e pro d c d by G b t b fo re r f rre d to
. o . a u , u e er er
,
e e e
F
( g i b. m m r g r f l i f r
eco m d h vi g thee si d s o e a ce u n o , an a n e
i uvd
nc r w ll e fur ish d w ith
as w e ll f r m d bri d e
e
gas d n e a -
o e an
pl tr m Wi l l m i illustr t s
ec u . e n
3
a e
a c r w th fro m a Bibli l M S f ca . o
Ch rl s th B l d f th
a e i th e a o e n n
ce n tury (Fig d th xt . an e ne
fi gur w h v f it is i M S
e e a e O n a .
fr m S t M rti l d
o Li m g s
. a a e o e
F
( g i i. t h Bibli th e q e n e o u
R y l o t P ris
a e a f th e l v th a
,
o e e en
ce n tury w hi h give s us a fig ur,

c e
o f rw th w hic h l ik Will
a c , ,
e e
m i s e x m pl e h ly thr e
’
n a as on e
,
stri g s d is pl y d w ith th
n ,
an a e e
r de st ki d o f h w Th s l st
u n o . e e a
tw o pr b bly th first i
are o a e n
s t s w h v f th r w th
a n ce e a e o e c
t i th
r t thr stri g d c r w th
an or ee -
n e .
This w s t m u h st m d
a no so c e ee e
as th pr p r six stri g d c r w th
e o e -
n e ,
o f w hi h it w o ul d c ppe r to a a
h ve b
a ly pri m itiv f r m
een on a e o .
Ed w rd J e s i d d s y i
a on ,
n ee ,
a s
,
n
his w o rk qu t d b l w (p o e e o .
Th e r w lik w is the C w th
e as e e r
T i th tr thre stri ge d c r w th
an or e -
n ,
w hi c h w s s r t f vi li m Fm
fiéi ggg n é f g fifi gfi
'
fr o f t n
a a o o o n
,
or
s n t l
m r o pro p rly r be k ; th
e e a e c e
p rf r m rs
e o m i str ls
e this i stru m t w r
or t h ld i
n e on n en e e no e n
th s m e e sti m ti
a e d r sp t th b rd s o f th
a h a rp
on d an e ec as e a e an
c r w th ; b use th thr stri g d r w th d i d t dm it f

e ca e ee -
n e c no a o
e qu l kill d h a rm o y a d c s q tly i t p o w r w l s
a s an n ,
n on e uen s e as e s
s sibly fe lt Th illustr ti h w v r w hi h h giv s f th

en .
”
e a on , o e e ,
c e e O e
c r w th t i th t is pr is ly si m il r an t th ,
supe ri r c r w th ec e ar o e o ,
e x c pti g tha t i t h but thr stri g s

e n as ee n .
C tt M S S V p i A 1
o on es as an
C t t M i a S a (S t B l i
.
, .
M G b t
2
. D er er , e an u c us c a cr .
”
. as u s,
N X Wi l l
3
i M m t F c i i éd i t
em n
p i a l Hi t i on u en s ra n a s n s et ou r se r v r s o re
(P i
. . .
d d p i 1 VI Si e l j q V111 8 ”
’
e s a r ts e u s mm m
e td e
c e us u a u co e n ce en u a r s,
62 VI O LI N M A -
K I NG : AS I T WAS AND IS .
iv
R i i hl m a n n
g s m o st i te r e sti g sp c i m
1
( F ieg 3 4 ) fr m a n n e en . o
a s ulpt r
c t F r iburg f th t w l fth
u e a tury w hi h is m st
e o e e ce n ,
c a o
v lu bl li k i the h i f vid
a a e n n w hi c h ts th c rw th c a n o e e n ce con n ec e
w ith th ro tt f it is i d ti lly th l tt r i stru m e t illus

e a, or en ca e a e n n as
t t d fr m th S t Bl sius M S by G e b t w ith th d d iti

‘ 2
ra e o e . f a . r r er , e a on o
a b w d o fi g b rd b hi d th stri gs I t h six stri gs

an a n er -
oa e n e n . as n ,
f ur
o d tw on ff th fi ge b rd
an i th m st p e r fe t d
o O e n r -
oa ,
as n e o c e
ve l o pm t o f th in stru m e t d i ff ri g
en ly i th t th s tw l st
e n , e n on n a e e o a ,
FI G. 34 — Cr w th
. of th e Tw e lfth Ce n tu r y .
(R u h l m a n n .
in ste b th b i g
ad of sid f th fi ge b rd
o e n pla d on on e e o e n r -
oa ,
a r e ce on e
on e h sid th r f N w th ly d i ff r c b tw th rli st
ac e e eo . o e on e en e e een e ea e
cr w ths ( h tt ) d th l t st r t s ( r tt s) s m s t b
or c ro as an e a e o e or o a ee o e
( sp
e i lly i th
ec al st i st c r f rr dnt ) th d d iti
e f th
a b w n an e e e e o e a on o e o
an d fi g b rd d it w ul d t b t f th w y t ss rt
n er -
oa ,
an so o no e ou o e a o a e
th t th a i stru m ts e i d tic l th f r m r b i g th l t r
n en ar e en a , e o e e n e a e
an d i m pro v d f rm f th l tt r de rt i ly th sim il rity O f

o o e a e ,
a n ce a n e a
J Rii h l m a n n , Ge sc h i c h te d e r B o ge n i n s tr u m e n te
”
(B ru n sw i c k ,
C
.
”
M . Ge r b e rt, D e a n tu e t M u si c a S a c r a . 17 7 4 .
THE WE LS H CR WTH .
63
n am e s is
r th y f r m rk (th u gh it m ust b b r i n m i d
wo o e a o e o ne n
th t I h v s i d b f r
a , as m s h v a t u fr qu
e a tly b n e o e, na e a e no n e en ee
tr f rr d fr m e i s tr m t to
an s e e the r si m il rity f m s
o on n u en ano a o na e
is f v ry li ttl pra c ti l v lu t th
o e tiqu ry )e A r w th ca a e o e an a . c or
crw d f th t h irt th
l
o t ry fr m W rc s t r C the d r l
e een cen u o o e e a a
F
( g i 3 5 ) g i .by C rt s h ws v ry
ve n
g r t i m pr m e t a e r,
2
o a e ea o ve n
,
b i g d r d w it h ta il pie e s d h l s
e n a o ne d b w o f v e ry a -
c , oun -
o e ,
an o
r ti l d pr ti c l c stru ti b sid s b i g h l d lik

a on a an ac a on c on, e e e n e e a
m d r ovi li A d s m w h t si m il a r but m r u m bro us

e n o n . n a o e a o e c
spe i m fr m th C th dr l t Am i s (Fi g
c en o d ti g fr m
e a e a a en . a n o
th s m tury is giv by M d C m k ( i t 1
e a e ce n d
,
en . e o u s se a er v c no e ,
p . Th pri ip l uth rity th e c r w th is E d J
e nc s wh a a o on . on e ,
3
o
g i s t h e m o st
ve c c ur t d s c ripti o s d il l us tr tio s
a f this a e e n an a n o
FI G. 35 — Cr w th f r o m Wo r c e s te r
.
FI G . 36 — T h i r te e n th Ce n tu r y Cr w th
.
C a th e d r a l (Th i r te e n th c e n
. f r o m Am i e n s C a th e d r a l (D e .
tu r y .
) Co u s s e m a k e r ) .
am on g his th r ti l i stru m ts Th supp siti th t it

o e na on a n en . e o on a
w th e
as rth w st r p rti f th c ti not w hi h by th e -
e e n o on o e on n en c ,
applic ti f th b w first tur d th r o tt a i t th
a on o hr tt e o ,
ne e n o e c o a,
r iv s o fir m ti fr m th w rd s f
e ce e c V n ti F t a on o e o o one enan us or u
Th e r e i s n o d o u b t th a t f r o m th e w o r d c r w th o r c r w d i s d e r i v e d th e o ld
“
E n g l i sh w o r d c ro w d f o r fid d l e , a n d cro w d er fo r fi d d l e r .
’
I th h e a d O f a ll th i s w ar l i k e r a b bl e
Cr o w d e r o m a r c h e d e x pe r t a n d a b l e .
B U T LE R H u d tbr a a
No w th e m u si c i a n s
Ho ver w i th n i m bl e sti c k s o e r sq u ea k i n g c r o w
’
ds
”
Ti c k l i n g th e d r i e d gu ts o f a m ew in g ca t
Wi ll
.
MA R S T O N : Wha t You .
5
‘
J C a r te r , An c i e n t S c u l ptu r e i n En gl a n d (Lo n d o n
P
.
,
3
Ed . Jon e s, Mu si c a l a n d o e ti c a l Re li c s of th e We l s h B ar ds (Lo n d o n,
p 114
. .
: AS I T WA S A ND Is .
na tus Bish p ,
o of Po t e i i rs ,
in th e s v th
e en ce n tury , w ho
Ro m a n u squ e l y r a , pl a u d a t ti b i B a r ba r u s h a r pa
Gr ae c u s Ac h i l l i a c a , Ch r o tta B r i ta n n a ca n a t .
The rd r w th sig i fi s i th
wo ien t S x
c
y bul g gi n e n e an c a on an n
ca vity d th e i stru m e t is thus d s rib d i We ls h v rs f

,
an n n e c e n e e o
th fi ft
e th tury by een Gru ffy dd p D y d d p H w l
cen on e a av a o e
A f ir ff r w ith b w
a
gir
co d l fi g eb r d d bri d g a o ,
a e
,
a n er -
oa , an a e
its v lu is p o u d it h
a e fr tl t f rm d lik a w h l w i th
a n as a on e o e e ee
F I G 37 . .
—F i Cr w th g i v e n
gur e o f F i g 38 — Th e We l s h Cr wth .
. .
b y D a i n e s B a r r i n g to n , F eti s , (S o u th K e n s i n g to n ) .
S a n d y s a n d F o r s te r , e tc .
th e sn o rt
r ss I its tr
-
no s ed th c ir l d s u d
bo w ac o . n ce n e a re e c e o n
h o l s d th e bulgi g f its b k is s m w h t lik

e ,
an ld m
n o ac o e a e an O a n,
but its br st h rm y r ig s
on d fro m th e sy c m o r
ea a on e n ,
an a e
m l di
e o s m usi is bt i d S i p g s i f w s c r w the m w ill
ou c O a ne . x e ,
e e ,
tig ht ll its h rd s
en six d v t g us stri g s
a c o f u d a an a eo n are o n ,
w hi h i n
c skilful h d pr d uce hu d r d s u d s
a stri g f r
an o a n e o n a n o
h fi g r is disti tly s d ls o tw o s tri g s f th thu m b

’
eac n e nc ee n ,
an a n or e .
Th i f ri r
e d pri m itiv c r w th t i th t t w hi c h I h v
n e o an e r an ,
o a e
a lr dy a d v rt d h
ea b e e rr o n o usly c f u d d by Vill
e e ,
as e n e on o n e e
66 v i o LI N M AE I NG -
: AS IT WA S A N
D Is .
co pa ri g it w ith th ri gi l M ssrs S dys d F rs t r

m n e o na . e . an an o e
1
a ls fi g ur it rr tly but w itho ut bridg stri g s t il pi

o e co ec ,
e , n
,
o r a -
ece .
M Wy e F i h s sp im is l b ll d 1 74 2 i th i si d but
’
r. nn nc ec en a e e n e n e,
as th c d itie f th w
on d b t k s m u c h g r t r g this w
on o e oo e o en a ea e a e, as
pr b bly i s rt d by s o m
o a ne w h e r p ire d th i stru m t t
e e on o e a e n en a
th t d t I t is f r m d f
a a e. s lid bl k f sy m r w d o e o on e o oc o ca o e oo
e xce pt th b lly w hi h is f pin e e d g lu e d ,

Th bri d g isc o e an on . e e
v y fl t d uri o usly f rm d
er a an f t p ssi g thr gh th
c o e ,
on e oo a n ou e
le ft s u d h l t th b k d thus s rvi g
o n -
o e o s u d p st it
e ac ,
an e n as a o n -
o
is s t bliqu ly e o th e b lly I t l g th is 22 i h s it is 9%
e on e . s en nc e ,
w id d 2 d p t its d p st p r t
e, a n Ith
ee fi ga b o rd 10} ee e a . as a n er -
a
l g d f its six stri gs f ur

on ,
a n o t l g t h fi g b r dn o a re se a on e n er -
oa
an d vi br t d w ith th b w a ed tw l i ff it t b pl y d pi i e o ,
a n o e o o e a e z z
ca ot w i th th thu m b e .
N w this i stru m t is
o t a pri m itiv
n ss y w hi h h en no e e a c as
be c o m i m pr v d i to th vi l it is hi ghly p rf t d i t
e o e n e o a e ec e n s ru
m t i its o w u s tis f t ry w y d I c u t f its b i g

en n n n a ac o a ,
a n ac o n or e n ,
as f ll w s o — Th R mo s c l i i g th rth w ste r p rt f
e o an , o on z n e no -
e n a o
E ur p i tr d u c e d th ir lyr e s w h r i
o e, n o urs f ti m e th e ,
e e n co e o e u se
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,
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,
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co n e ti l iti
a s is n e a na on a e
. 3 W . Sa n d YS and S A F o r ste r .
. .
“
Hi s to ry of th e Vi o l i n Lo n d o n .
TH E WE L S H O E WT H . 61
p r o v e rbi l ; d as o to m y m i d it m ust fo
an e v r g iv up ll n r e e a
th o u ght f b i g si d re d p rt f th A c e stry o f th Vi li
o e n co n e a o e n e o n .
I h v pp d d h re th g e l g i s f th e vi o li
a e a en e d o f th e
e e en a o e o n an
c r w th c o rdi g to th e f r g i g d o c tri s Th s p di
“
a c n o e o n ne . e e e
g r e e s w ill I h p lu c id t
, y p rts f
o th e s e tw
e, e c h pte r a e an a o o a s
w hi h h v s e m d bs ure to th re a d r l
c a e e e o c e e .
Th e a bov e th e An c e s tr y o f th e Vi o l i n h a d n e v e r be e n
e l u c i d a ti o n of
su gges te d till th e Op u s cu l u m m e n ti o n e d i n n o te p a ge 2 9, a ppe ar ed i n

1 882 .As th e b ro c h u r e w a s p r i n te d f o r p r i v a te c i r c u l a ti o n o n l y (a s I i n te n d e d
fi x i n g i t, a s a b o v e , to th i s w o r k ) I d i d n o t pl a c e i t i n th e h a n d s o f th e
p r e pu b li c ,
a n d w h e n , i n th e y e a r 1883, a fte r th e d e a th o f Mr a r l E n g e l (to w h o m I h a d . C
r e se n te d a co y o f m y b r o c h ur e ) , hi s w o r k R e s ea r c h e s i n to th e E a r l y H i s to r
p p y
o f th e Vi o l i n F a m i l y (Lo n d o n , 1883) w a s pu bl i sh e d b y M e s s r s No v e l l o .
a n d E w er , M r A J H i pk i n s , th e w e l l k n o w n m u s i c a l h i s to r i a n (to w h o m w a s
. . .
-
c o m m i tte d th e ta s k o f p r e p a r i n g th e M 8 f o r p u b li c a ti o n ) i n tr o d u c e d th e w o r k
.
w i th a s h o r t pr e fa c e , i n w h i c h h e sa y s I c a l l a tte n ti o n e s p e c i a ll y to th e i n te r
e sti n g c h a i n o f r e a so n i n g w h i c h d e r i v e s the m e d i ae v a l r o tte f r o m th e o l d Gr e e k
ly r e .
”
I w r o te to Mr H i pk i n s o n th e s u b e c t, a n d h e , w i th a c o u r te sy a n d
. j
g e n e r o si ty w h i c h I c a n n e v e r s u ffi c i e n tl y e ste e m , m a d e m e th e f o ll o w i n g
r o m t a c k n o w l e d g m e n t i n Th e M us i c a l R e v i e w , o f Apr i l 2 1st 1883 Afte r
p p ”
, .
c a ll in g a tte n ti o n to th i s o b v i o u s An c e str y o f th e Vi o l i n , h e sa y s : I t sh o w s
h o w c u r i o u sl y i d e a s a r e i n th e a i r w h e n w e fi n d th a t E n ge l h a s n o t e n j o y e d
‘
thi s s pe c i a l o n e a l o n e A l i ttl e p a m ph l e t h a s be e n b r o u gh t b e f o re o u r n o ti c e
.
le c “
c o n ta i n i n g a tu r e d e li v e r e d l a s t J u n e t n a so c i e t y ca ll i n g th e m se l v e s Th e
”
B e tte o f O d d Vo l u m e s Th i s O pu s c u l l u m o f tw e n ty e i g h t p a g es h a s b e e n
.
~
i v a te l y c i r c u l a te d o n l y , a n d i s b y M r E H e r o n Al l e n , w h o , b y i n d e e n d e n t
p r p
-
C
. .
in ve s ti ga ti o n h a s g o n e ste p b y ste p w i th a r l E n ge l i n th e e v o l u ti o n o f th e b o w
”
fr o m a l o n g e r pl e c tr u m Thi s i s a n i n sta n ce o f li te ra r y c o ur te sy so m a r k e d th a t
.
I f e e l a w a r m s a ti s f a c ti o n i n h a v i n g th i s o ppo r tu n i ty o f p u b l i c l y a c k n o w l e d gi n g
m y o b l i g a ti o n , a n d o f sa l u ti n g th e s pi r i t i n w h i c h th i s g e n e r o us a m e n d c w a s
m ade .
I n to th e to w n w i ll I , m y f r e n d e s to v y s i t th e re ,
‘
An d h e th e r str a i gh t a g a i n to se e th e n d o f th i s y e re ,
I n t h e m e a n ti m e , f e l o w e s , py pe u p y o u r fi d d l e s , I sa y , ta k e th e m ,
An d l e t y o ur fr e n d e s h e r e s u c h m i r th a s y e c a n m a k e th e m .
T. C O LWE LL : Gri m m e r t on (Lo n d on ,

VI O LI N M A
-
KI NG : AS IT WAS A ND 13
GENEALO GY o r r un VI O LI N ,
Ra v a n a s tr o n .
K e m a n ge h .
Ru b e b e .
VI O L I N .
GENE ALO GY O F TH E C RWTH .
Pir m i ti v e Ly r e .
B r id g e d Ly re .
Ro tta .
Cr w th Tr i th a n t.
C R W T H.
CH APTER I I I .
B I O GR A P H I C AL .
Ea r l y Ma k e r s— Ga s pa r o d a Sa l o — Gi o a o lo P
M a ggi n i — An d r ea s Am a ti An -
to n i u s a n d H i e r o n y m u s Am a ti — Ni c o l a u s Am a ti — An d r e a s Gu a r n e r i u s
J a c o bu s S te i n e r — F r a n c i s c u s R u ggi e r i — An to n i a s S tra di u a r i u s— J os e ph G u a r
n e r i n s— e te r P
Gu a rn e r i u s — La u r e n ti u s Gu a d a gn i n i — J o h a n n e s B a pti sti l
Gu a d a gn i n i — D o m e n i c u s M o n ta g n a n a — S a n c tu s S e r a phi n o — a r l o B e r go n z C
— F r a n c i sc u s a n d O m o b o n o S tr a d i u a r i u s— J o s e ph An th o n y Gu a r n e r i u s (d e a
C
J e su ) — Vi n ce n z o P a n o r m o — a r o l u s F e rdi n a n d u s La n d o l ph i — La u r e n ti u s
S to r i o n i — Ni c h o l a s Lu po t — J e a n a p ti s te B
Vu il la u m e — a r a k No r m a n B
B
e n ja m in B
a n k s— Th o m a s D o d d — Wi l l i a m F o r s te r — Ri c h a r d D u k e — e te r P
Wa m sl e y — J o h n Lo tt— Wi ll i a m E bsw o r th H ill — Ge o r ge s h a n o t— J a c o b s C
A d — Th e M i r e c o u r t Vi o l i n Tr a d e
( m s te r a m ) .
THE d i ffe r e n c e s i n th e m o d e ls, styl e s, e tc , o f the gre a te st m a k e rs .
a r e so c o n si d e ra bl e , th a t m y w o rk w o u ld , to sa y th e l e a st o f it
be i n c o m pl e t e w e r e I to e n te r up o n th e pra c ti c a l p a r t o f it
w ith o ut sk e t c hi n g, a s bri e fly a s p o ssibl e , th e s e p e c uli a riti e s o f
“
g r eat m en ,
”
fo r th e
g ui d a n c e a n d i n stru c ti o n o f th e w o ul d be -
fi d d le m a k e r-
TO i mp a rt to th e fo ll o w i n g n o te s a n y m a tte r o f
.
a bio r a phi c a l d e s c ripti o n w o ul d h e o bvi o usly o utsi d e th e O bj e c t o f

g
this w o rk, so I sha ll c o n fi n e m ys e l f a bs o lute ly a n d brie fly to th e
m e c ha n i c a l c h a ra c t e risti c s o f th e g r e a t fe w w h o s e n am e s a r e
ho use h o ld w o rd s a like to th e a m a te ur a n d th e pro fe ssi o n a l I .
sa y th e fe w , fo r th o u gh th e n a m e o f th e fi d d l e m a k e rs is L e g i o n , -
th y m s tly f ll w d th pri ipl s f th ir h i fs d it is ly

e o o o e e nc e o e c e ,
an on
ss ry t ti th s g r t rigi ls F
n e ce a o no l ssifi ti
ce f e e ea o na . or c a ca on o
na m s d bi g r phi l d t i l s I m ust r fe r
e an o r a d rs t M
a ca e a e our e e o r,
H rt s w rk l
d f wh r q ir s m pl t list f
’
a a y o ,
an or n one o e u e a co e e o
Vi li m k rs I r
o n mm -
d th a lph b ti l list i th Appe dix
e ,
e co en e a a e ca n e n
t D vi d s s w rk Th Vi li d th T bl s f D i hl
’ ” 2
o a on o d ,
e o n ,
an e a e o e
3
an
O INi d h i tm eTh t th t h i l t r m s us d i th f l
er e an n .
4
a e ec n ca e e n e o
G H a r t,
. Th e Vi o l i n , i ts fa m o u s M a k e r s a n d th e i r I m i ta to rs
“
(Lo n d o n ,
1875 2n d e di ti o n , 1884 D u la u S c h o tt P op ul ar/r e d i ti o n , 8v o ,
P C P
.
“
2
D a v i ds o n ,
. Th e Vi o l i n , i ts o n s tr u c ti o n Th e o r e ti c a l l y a n d r a c ti ca l l y
Tr e a te d (Lo n d o n , 4 th E d i ti o n , 1881, p .
N L D ie h l,
.
“
D i e Ge i ge n m a c h e r d e r Al te n I ta l i e n i sc h e n S c h u l e ,
. e tc .
(H a m bu rg ,
F Ni e d e r h e i tm a n n , D i e M e i s te r d e r Ge i ge n b a u k u n st i n I ta l i e n u n d Ty r o l
.
{Vi e n n a a n d H a m b u r g, n d . .
B I O GRA P H I CA L 71
l wi
o
g h ptn rs m c y b afully u ed rst d I h v
a e g iv e n i eF i g 39 n e oo ,
a n .
,
on a t l r bly l rge s l d i gr m s f th fr t d b k o f th
o e a a ca e, a a o e on an ac e
vi li sh w i g its di ff r t p rts d th m s th t
o n, o n e a ppli e d
en a ,
an e na e a are
to th m Th s d i gr m s w ill su ffi i e tly xpla in th e ir purp se

e . e e a a c n e o
w ith ut f r th r d s ripti
o u e e c on .
Th Vi li e w h v bfr s
o n
,
as ssu m e d its pre s t f rm
e a e e o e een , a en o
r th r su dd ly i th sixt th c tury d c rt i l d L
a e en n e e en en ,
a n e a n o u
thi rs eh v b ite d d th ir m rits d is u s d i Ch pt r I

a e een c an e e c se n a e .
th s w e r J
e e K e li e (Br s i )
oan 14 4 9 ; P i tr D r d ll i
no e c a ,
e o ar e
( M tu )an 15 00 ; a G sp,
r d D i fl p g (B l g a 1
a 5 1 0 u
'
o ru ca r o o n a,
V tur Lien o ll i (V
a i ) 1520 ; P r g ri Z tt (Br s i )
n ar en ce ,
e e no ane o e c a ,
154 0; M gl t M r l l (M tu ) 1 550 — hi h l st d te br g
us to th Br s i S h l f u d d i 1555 the r b o uts :
or a o o e a an a w c a a in
,
e e c an c oo ,
o n e n or ea .
sh ll o ti th m k rs f this d the th r s ho o ls i hr o
a n ce e a e o an o e c n c on
l gi l r d r
o ca o rly p ssibl
e as n ea as o e.
G spa rd d S l (Br s i ) 555

a 1
a 1 610 —
a o c ll d fr m e c a ,
— so a e o
h vi g b
a n b r t S l i L b r y se m s to h v b
een m o d —
n a a o n o a e a e een
o rigi lly m k r f vi o ls but t to m ki g vi li s d t o rs

na a a e o ,
se a n o n an en .
I t s m s pr b bl th t th t
ee o r w i ve t d b fo re the vi li
a e a e eno as n n e e o n
a t y r
an t G sp r d d
a e, S l s t o rs
a e m u ha m m ra th n a o
’
en ar c co on e a
his vi li s Hi m o d l is x ll t i v ry r sp e c t v ryi g a
l
o n . s e e ce en n e e e ,
a n
A s to th e o r d e r i n w h i c h th e v i o l i n , v i o l a , b a ss , a n d d o u b l e b a ss w e r e -
i n ve n te d , Mr Re a d e , i n a l e tte r to th e P a l l M a l l G a z e tte , Au gu st 19th , 1872 (v id c

. .
2
n o te , p h a s m a d e th e f o l l o w i n g n o te s E ty m o l o gy d e c i d es w i th u n e r r i n g
v o i c e th a t th e v io l o n ce l l o w a s i n v e n te d a fte r th e v i o l o n o o r d o u b l e b as s , a n d c o n -
n o i sse u rs h i p p r o v e s b y tw o d i s ti n c t m e th o d s th a t i t w a s i n v e n te d a fte r th e v i o l i n .
Fi r s t, th e c ri ti c a l m e th o d : i t i s c a ll e d a f te r th e vi o l o n , y e t i s m a d e o n th e pl a n
o f th e v i o l i n , w i th a r c h e d b a c k a n d l o n g i n n e r b o u t ; se c o n d , th e h i sto ri c a l
m e th o d — a v i o l o n c e ll o m a d e b y th e i n ve n tor s o f th e vi o li n i s i n c o m pa r a b l y r a r e ,
a n d th i s i n s tr u m e n t i s d i s pr o po r ti o n a te l y r a r e e v e n u p to th e y e a r 1610 Vi o li n o .
be i n g a d e ri v a ti v e o f v i o l a , w o u l d se e m to i n di c a te th a t th e v i o li n f o ll o w e d th e
te n o r ; b u t th i s ta k e n a l o n e i s d a n ge r o u s , f o r v i o l a i s n o t o n l y a s pe c i fic te r m
f o r th e te n o r , b u t a g e n e r i c n a m e th a t w a s i n I ta l y a h u n d r e d y e a rs b e f o r e a
te n o r w i th f o u r str i n gs w a s m a d e To go th e n to c o n n o i ss e u rs h i p— I fi n d th a t
.
I h a v e fa l l e n i n w i th a s m a n y te n o r s a s v i o l i n s b y Ga s pa r o d a S a l o , a n d n o t
q u i te so m a n b
y y G i o a o l o M a gg i n i , w h Po b e ga n a f e w y e a r s l a te r Th e v i o l i n .
b e in g th e k i n g o f a l l th e se i n str u m e n ts , I th i n k th e re w o u l d n o t be a s m a n y
te n o r s m a d e a s v i o l i n s , w h e n o n c e th e v i o l i n h a d b e e n i n v e n te d Mo r e o v e r ,
C
.
b e tw e e n th e tw o d a te s c a m e o r e l l i , a c o m po se r a n d v i o l i n i s t He w o u l d .
n a tu r a l l y h a v e c r e a te d a c r o p o f v i o li n s E n d i n g th e te n o r s a n d v i o li n s o f .
Ga s pa r o d a S a l o a bo u t eq u a l i n n u m b e r , I a m d ri v e n to th e c o n c l u si o n th a t th e
te n o r h a d a n u n f a i r sta r t — i n o th e r w o r d s , w as i n v e n te d fir s t I a d d to thi s .
th a t tr u e f o u r str i n ge d te n o r s b y Ga spa r o d a S a l o e x i s t, th o u g h v e r y ra r e , m a d e
-
w i th o n l y tw o c o rn e r s , w h i c h i s a m u c h m o r e p r i m i ti v e f o r m th a n a n y v i o l rn
by th e sa m e m a k e r a ppe a r s i n F o r th i s a n d so m e o th e r r e a s o n s , I h a v e l i ttl e
.
d o u b t th e v i o l a pr e c e d e l th e v i o l i n b y a v e r y f e w y e a r a Wh a t pu z z l e s m e
m o st i s to ti m e th e v i o l o n , o r , a s w e c h i l d i sh l y c a l l i t (a f te r i ts k n o w n d e sc e n d a n t) ,
th e d ou bl e b a s s. I f I w a s so pr e su m p tu o u s a s to tru s t to m y e y e a l o n e , I sh o u l d
sa y i t w a s th e fir st o f th e m a l l I t i s a n i n str u m e n t w h i c h d o e s n o t se e m to
.
m i x w i th th e se f o u r str i n ge d u p sta r ts , b u t to b e l o n g to a m u c h o l d e r fa m i l y
-
vi z , th e vi o l e d a m o r e , d a g a m b a , e tc
’
. I n th e fi rs t pl a c e , i t h a s n o t fo u r str i n gs
.
se co n d l y , i t h a s n o t an a r c h e d b a c k b u t a fl a t b a c k w i th a p e c u l i a r sh o u l d e r
. .
72 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : as IT wa s AND IS
little , but g r lly high ; th e c tr b uts fte sh rt n d

en e a en e o o n o a
p rrm t d
.
l l ve a n
g
,
r lly sh ll w th f f h l s (Fi
en e a a
g 4 0 ) ruo i g
e o e . nn n
p r
a ll al v ry el g, d pe i t d but
on tan t f
o n epr p rti t th
, no ou o o o on o e
instr m t ; th s c r ll p rti ul rly m rks th pri m itiv st te f
u en e o a c a a e e a o
th e str m t H m d m y i stru m ts f p r w d s
in u en . e a e an n en o ea oo a
we ll s o f sy c a m o re e sp c i lly b ss s
a
, H i v r ish is pri
e a a e . s a n n
i p lly light bro w a m b r c a a
’
n e ,
v ry ri h d de p th gr i e c an e e a n
f his b lli e s g r lly ve ry o e en e a
str i ght d v but so m ti m s a an e en , e e

tr i fl w i d e Th m st p r f t a e . e o e ec
sp im I v r w is t r ec en e e sa a eno
i th p o ss ssi o f M E d w rd n e e n o r. a
With rs g r d l d p ri m itiv e
,
a an o e
i stru m t fr m w hi h th j n en
,
o c e
h l (Fig 4 0) is tr d Hi o e . a ce . s
t rs qu sti bly his en o a re un e ona
b st i stru m ts ; but th f w e n en e e
k w sp i m s o f his vio li s no n ec en n ,
th u gh u c m e ly h v g r t o n o ,
a e ea
i d ivid u l r put ti fr m th ir n a e a on o e
v ry r rity M W A Tyss e a . r . . . en
Am h rst E glish m t ur f e ,
a n n a a e o
l brity h ( h d ) ce e ,
as or a an ex
e di g l
y p e r f t sp i m but
ce n ec ec en
c o pi e d
f r o m th e v i o l a d a ga m b a th i r d l ,
y
th e s pa c e b e tw e e n th e u
pp e r a a d l o w e r
c o r n e r s i s i n th e e a r l
y spe c i m e n s l u d i
c r o u sl y s h o r t An d i t i s h a r d to b e l i e v e
.
th a t a n e y e w h i c h h a d o b se r v e d th e r a c e
g
f u l pr o po r ti o n s o f th e te n o r a n d v i o l i n
c o u ld b e
g u i l ty o f su c h a w r e tc h e d l i ttl e
i n n e r bou t a s
y o u fi n d i n a d o u b l e b a ss -
of r e sc i a B
P e r c o n tr a i t m u st b e a d
.
m i tte d th a t th e f f h o l e s o f a r e sc i a n B
d o u b l e b a s s s e e m Co pi e d f r o m th e f o u r
-
s tr i n ge d tr i b e , a n d n o t a t a ll fr o m th e
e l d e r f a m i l y ; se c o n d l , th a t th e v i o l i n
y
a n d te n o r a r e i n str um e n ts o f m e l o d
y an d
h a rm o n y , w h i l s t th e d o u bl e b a ss i s o n e o f -
F 40 h 1 fG 10 d a
( 12221 h a rm o n y o n ly T h i s i s d e a d a g a i n s t i ts
.
b e i n g i n v e n te d u n ti l a f te r th e i n s tr u
m e n ts t o w h i c h i t i s su b si d i a r y M a n i n v e n ts o n l y to su ppl y a w a n t I h u s ,
.
'
.
th e n , i t i s : fi r st, th e l a r ge te n o r pl a y e d b e tw e e n th e k n e e s ; th e n th e v i o li n
( o f th e m a l l
l
p y a e d u n d e r th e c h i n ; th e n i f n o t th e fi r s t ) th e s m a l l d o u b l e
b a ss th e n (y ea r s a f te r th e v i o l i n ) th e v i o l o n c e l l o th e n th e f u ll si z e d d o u b l e -
b a ss ; th e n , l o n go i n te r v a l l o , th e sm a l l te n o r pl a y e d u n d e r th e c h i n Th e .
a u th o r s u b se qu e n tl y s u gg e sts v e r y p e r ti n e n tl y th a t th e b e s t w a y to s o l v e th e se
d i ffi c u l ti e s w o u l d b e to fi n d f o r w h a t i n s tr u m e n ts th e i m m e d i a te p r e d e c e s s o r s
of C o r e ll i , a n d C
o r e l l i h i m s e l f a t th e b e gi n n i n g , s c o r e d th e i r m u si c , d e ta i l s
on l y to be o b ta i n e d fr o m th e o r i g i n a l M S S o r fi r s t e d i ti o n s . .
74 VI O LI N M AK I NG -
: a s I T w a s AND IS .
(t w l l rg
e ve d tw lv s m ll p tt r ) i te
a e anrs d i ght e e a a e n s x no an e
b ss s m d i 1566 f
a e C h rl s I X w hi h w r k pt i th
a e n or a e .
, c e e e n e
C h a pe l R y l V rs ill s u til 1 7 90 Th s w re pr b bly
o a
, e a e ,
n . e e e o a
th fi st i strum ts f A d r s Am ti th w rk m ship
e ne n en o n ea a ,
e o an
b g v ry p rf t O th b ks w r p i t d th rm s f
ein e e ec . n e ac e e a n e e a o
Fr ce an d th r d e vi ce s
an d th m tt o Pi t t t J
e ti ti ,
an e o o e a e e us a
( i d
v p e The se i n stru m e ts w r t ke
.
t o f th h p l n e e a n ou e c a e
an d d str y d by th m b i th F r
e o e h r v luti th e o n e en c e o on on e
6th d 7 th O t be r 1 7 90
an Tw f th vi li s w r
c o ft r rd s ,
. o o e o n e e a e w a
r c o v e re d by M J B C ti e r
e App d ix D N . .
O e . ar en , o . n
F I G 41 — f h o l e
. . of An d r e a s Am a ti . F r o 42 — f h o l e o f An to n i u s a n d
. .
H i e r o n y m u s Am a ti (1570 .
of sm ll vi l i s is w th e pr p rty f G rg S m s E q
th e a o n no o e o eo e o e , s ,
an d thr u gh his c urt sy I
o m e bl d t giv ph t gr phs f o e a na e o e o o a o
this u iqu fiddl n pl t s t this w rk I t to is m ll w d

e e as a e o o . s ne e o an
be uti ful i th xtr m but l ks brilli

a n e e d histo ri l e e, ac an cy
,
an as a ca
c uri o sity it is p rh ps w ith ut its u l i th w rl d

e f vi li
a s o o n
q o e a n e o .
A th o y d J r m Am ti (Cr m 5 0— 1 635 s
n n an
) 1 7 e s o e a e on a , , on
o f A dr w n Th y w rk d t g th r f
e . so m tim e d th e o e o e e or e an en
s p r t d Th ir w d w w ll h s
e a a e . d e t th l y rs oo as e c o en ,
a n cu on e a e
f
or th e b ks d si de s th b lli s f fi
ac v e g r i th ir
an , e e e o ne e n a n, e
ea rli r i stru m ts h ig h built i th ce tre but sl p i g g tly

e n en n e n ,
o n en
t th
o dge s th e f h o l s (F ig 4 2) lik A d r w s but th w o d
e e , e . e n e
’
,
e o
B Io m u a r. 75
sc o o p d o u t littl ro u d th e m Th ir rly v r i sh w s
e a e n . e ea a n a
d p r i ti t th
ee e th e l te r
n n d b o th w re x ll e t ; th e ir
an a , an e e ce n
un i te d l b e l w s A t ius Hi y m F Am ti C m e
“
a a n on er on r. a re on n
A d r as fi l F
n e Th ir b c ks
. . c t v ri usly i th e a a re u a o n e
w ho l sl b
e h lf f rm th ir s r lls d iff r g d d e a l
or a ,
or a o ,
e c o e a oo ,
an d th p fii g is p rfe c t e ur I th i stru m
n ts h i g this
e . n e n en ea r n
o i t l b l th styl s h br th rs e quite d isti t

j n a eo f t t w e e e o o e ar nc .
A th o y m d e m st o f his i stru m e ts f A d r w s s m ll
’
n n a o n n o n e a
pa tte r fl tt r i th m o d e l th u gh still high d sh ll o w r

n, a e n e o ,
an a e
in th sid s th A d r w s Th ir t e is s w t a d pure
e e an n e
’
. e on ee n
,
but o t v ry in t s ; his f h l s a e d i d d ly Bre sc i
n e en e o e r ec e an .
A th y d i d i
n on 1 635 o th r b o uts t a b o ut th e g o f
e n ,
r e ea ,
a a e
e ighty fi J r o m e his br th r w h d i d i
-
ve . e 1 630 is by
,
o e ,
o e n ,
s m e c o u t d i fe ri o r to his br o th r ; h m de s m v ry
o n e n e e a o e e
l rge vi li s sugge stiv f his

a o n ,
Ni h l s Am ti s hef e o so n c o a a
’
c
d
’
th
oeu vr e , Gr d Am ti ; his m d l we an rigi l d g r c a o e as o na an a e
f l th e f f h o l e s fo r sh d w i g th se o f his
u
,
wh e s ms a o n o so n , o ee
i n s m m e sur to h v
o e pi d th m Th e e dge s o f his
a e a e co e e .
i stru m e ts d t
n n rul e v rl p th sid s m u h but
o no ,
as a ,
o e a e e c ,
a re
r u d d btuse Hi b ks w r g r lly w ho l e th
o n an o . s ac e e en e a ,
e
p ur fi i g br d n d t h e v a r ish
oa g l d
,
y ll
an w li g ht br w n o -
e o ,
or o n .
Ti c k ts o f this fi m h v b
e it d b ri g d t 1698 d
r a e een c e ea n a e ,
an
th r b o uts by m y l r d uth rs but this w o uld m k

e ea ,
an ea ne a o ,
as a e
th e bro th e rs v r ge e hu nd r d a d f ty e ight y rs o f g
e a on e an or -
ea a e,
th est t m e t h b e e m a d w ith ut d
a e n as th u ght b i g n e o ue o ,
e n
pro b bly tic ke ts use d ft r the ir d ths by th ir pupils (I t

a a e ea e .
w i ll th r f re be s
,
e tha t th e pr ti c f l b lli g fid dl
e o ,
een t ac e o a e n es a
r d m is by
an o m s n w e ; i f c t fo no ean l g ti m a e on n a , r a on e
S tr d iv ri l b ll d his w o r k
a a aNic h l s Am ti l
e e o a a
Ni c h o l s Am ti (C r m a
) b r 1 59a6 d i e d 1 6 8 4 Seo f on a , o n , . n o
J ro m
e d th b e st f this f m ily f m k rs At firs t h s m
e, an e o a o a e . e ee s
t h ve c o pi d th s m ll i s tru m e ts f A th
o a e e y d J rm a n n o n on an e o e
w o rki t th i d s f J r m his fi dd l b i m r brilli t

g ne ou e e g
ea o e o ,
s e n o e an
i n t th a y o th r f th Am ti s Hi m o st l br t d
on e an n e o e a . s ce e a e
fiddl e s th se k o w s Gr d Am a tis w hi c h w r l rg
are o n n a an
,
e e a e
i strum ts w ith lo g o r rs h se m s to h ve m de but f w

n en n c ne e e a a e
o f th e m the y r th r high i th c tr slo pi g r a th

,
are a e n e en e
,
n er
sh rply so a to f r m
a , si ki g i ro u d th e dg s H
s o a n n -
n n e e . e
i m pr v d J e r m s f f h l s his l t r s c r lls
o e o e
’
b tt r t d o e a e o ar e e e cu an
b o l d e r th his rli r o s w hi h w e re tri fle s ti ff I l l hi

an ea e ne
,
c a . n a s
d e sig d de t i l h e w
n an p rf c t his v r ish sup rb b i g
a as e e
,
a n e ,
e n
de e p r d ri c h r th
e an th t f th o th e r m ke rs f th fa m ily
e an a o e a o e
h is b k s a b a utifully fig r d his b lli s h a v fi
ac re e v u e ,
e e e a ne e en
g r i a nso m e f,
th e m b e i g m st
o b e uti fully m ttl d T i c k t
n o a o e . e
,
Ni o l u Am a tus C e m o e n H ie
c a s
y m i F i l a c A to r
) N e p s n ron . n ni o ,
K : as I T w as AND IS .
Fe c it 1 6 J e r o m e , th e l a st o f th e Am a ti , w a s
Hi s so n
i
n fe ri r t
o o th e r e st o f his fa m ily , a n d his w o rks a r e v e ry littl e
k n o w n The b e st k n o w n m a ke rs o f the Am a ti sc ho o l a r e
.
J o s e ph Gua rn e rius, F r a n c e s c o R uggie ri, J e a n B a p tis te

Gr a n c i n o , F ra n c is c o Gr a n c i n o , P e te r G u a rn e rius, a n d S a n c tu s
S e ra phi n e .
e t e r ) An d re w Gu a rn e rius (C re m o n a ) ( li tl
1 630— 16 9 5
( P t e
k n o w n a s P i e tro ) th e first o f th e Gu a rn e ri P u pil w it h .
S tra d iva ri o f Ni c h o l a s Am a ti w h o m h e c o pie d ; his w o rk w a s ,
o o d but i n fe ri o r to th a t o f his g r e a t m a ste r L a te r o n h e

g .
s tru c k o u t s o m e w h a t o f a n e w m o de l , m a ki n g h i s in strum e n ts
fla tte r a n d a lte ri n g th e fo rm o f h i s
s c r o ll a n d f f ho le s H i s va rn ish .
va rie d, but w a s ge n e ra lly a li ght

o ra n g e Ti c k e t, An d re a s Gu a r
“
.
n e ri n s fe c it C re m e n ea sub ti tul o
S a n c tae Te r e si ae , 16
J acob S ta in e r (o r S t e i n e r )
A b o m ) , birth pr o ba bly a b o ut 1 620
( s
a n d d e a th u n c e rta i n M o re p r o .
G rm m k r f w h m p rly
e a e an a e ,
o o
h w th e g re te st W pr b a bly e as a . as o
f s m ti m pupil f Ni h la s or o e e a o c o
Am ti Hi m d l w highly a . s o e as
ri gi l t his b st his i stru m ts o na a e n en
w r s m ll i th p tt r th f f e e a n e a e n, e
h l s r th r a rr d v ry r u d o e a e n ow an e o n
t th t p d b tt m (Fi g a e o an o o .
Hi d g s w r v ry str g th s e e e e e on , e
p fl i g t r th r r th m th ur n se a e n ea e
,
e
s r ll sho rt r th Am ti s but c o e an a
’
FI fG .43 — .
S te i n e r
br d r i fr t Th gr i f his
h 010 0f J a °0b oa e n on . e a n o
w d Wd
.
d th v r sh d p oo i e, an e a ni ee
r s
o e l ur lik Ni h l s Am ti s Hi i stru m ts
co o e c v ryo a a
’
. s n en a re e
hig h built e sp i lly b t w e th upp r b uts d ft l m t

,
ec a e e n e e o ,
an o en a os
“
tubby th s c r ll ft fi ish d w i th a rv d li s
,
”
e o oth r en n e a c e on
’
or o e
an im l s h d w h f th rd i ry sh p h m d his s r lls
a
’
ea en o e o na a e, e a e c o
br d d r th r sh rt H h by s m b pr f rr d to th
oa an a e o . e as o e een e e e e
high st C r m s m st rs (I) Hi m st l br te d i t
e e one e a e . s o ce e a n s ru
m ts w r th Ele t r St i rs w hi h w re six t fid dl
en
“
e e e c o a ne ,
c e e en es
m d by h i m it is s i d i
a e m ,
st ry a t th d f his li fe
a , n a ona e e en o ,
an d s e t by h i m
n e t h f th El t rs d th re m i i g
,
on o eac o e ec o ,
an e a n n
f ur t th E m p r r f G r m y
o o e Th w d is v ry h d
e o o e an . e oo e an
s o m e d th e v r ish l v ly r s c l o ur ; th y e d c id d ly
,
a n a n a o e o e o e ar e e
Cr m e s
e ono t l e st
e, Ge rm n i n styl e O f the se thre e
r a a un -
a .
,
K : a s I T w a s AND IS .
th e v r ish b e uti ful g l d o l ig t d I t w a t th e e n d

a n a o en r re . as
o f this p ri o d th t h fid d l s k w Lo g
m d e th
e a
“ e a e e no n as n
S tr d s ll d fr m th ir rro w ss b tw e th f h o le s
”
a so ca e o e na ne e en e
, ,
g ivi g th
n m l ky pp e r ce th a tu l si
an v a r i
y g th a ea an ,
e ac a z e n
,
e
v r ish m b r
a n li ght d Th y r 17 00 bri gs us t hi
a e or re . e ea n o s
b st p ri d th m d l fl tti h th w d t
e e o ,
e th qu rte r
o e a s ,
e oo cu on e a ,
an d thi k st i th e ce tr u d r th bri dg
c e n th u v s ge tl n e n e e e, e c r e n e
an d h rm i us th w d o f th bl o ks v e ry light o fte f rm d
a on o ,
e oo e c
,
n o e
o f w ill w th s c r o ll p r fe c t i its sy m m e try

o ,
e Th g r c ful f f e n . e a e
h l s (Fi g
o e th tr s c d n tly gl ri us m b r —c l ur d
. e an en e o o a e o o e or
rub v ish l l h r te r sti s o f this p h f th a te t

m k r s gre t st p o w r H
ar n ,
a r e a c a ac e e oc o e re s
i s b st
'
a e a e e . e
i strum ts h v th p fli g n en a e e ur n
p i t d c r ss th r r i st d o n e a o e co ne n ea
f f ll w i g it r o u d d it is o o o n n ,
a n
tu mm t fi d it ru i g no n co on o n nn n
m pl t ly thro u g h th r r co e e e co ne .
H i ti k t ru s “
A t ius S tr s c e n ,
n on a
d i u a r i u s C r e m o n e n si s fa e i e ba t
An n e 17 e w e e n 17 25 a n d Bt
17 30 th e m a e e a n to
g ow st r b sh
g n of a o ac n
g g (
a e E b si s
e n ppr hi
f gu a c e s l a bu n tu r a n n i
) ,
th e a c r h
i n g e c o m n g m o e o n de d Th e b i r r u .
fid dl e s m a d e a f e 17 30 ow a tr sh
d e c de d fa n g o ff, m a n y e ng llii b i
m a de a or w o by on p rtly h lly his s s
and
p m o o n o a n d F a pu ils O b
n r
c co S ad a an d C a e is tr iv ri h rl s
e
g on z , and
g ”n e d — Br i si sub
d i sc i pl i n e S tr a di u a r ii I n com .
s 4 5 — f h o l e o f An to n i us
. .
men w a l l o l d I a a n i n str u ith t li
S ‘M d m n ‘m
m e n , th e
‘
o n d ba r to o w e a k ts s u is
to
'
supp rt
o r hi h t si
th e m o d e n g en o n o f th e n
g , a n d n e a stri s rly
a ll h v tr iv ri
a e to be r e ba r r e d S ad a m a de . fe w te n o , w a but rs h t
k bi
he did m a e e n r l ri us
g a n d an d g o o n m en H e m a de i stru ts .
m an y vi l ll ks
o o n ce o p pl r ac of o a w o o d, o m e sa y e ca e he s b us
pl but
had r u n o u t o f m a e t th e da e o f e e ,
n t m en ( a ll th s i s ru ts
bt e w ee n r ut s su h
1 698— 17 09) e f e c an a g m en Th e e d e r u t l r .
h t p ss ss
C an o o vi li by tr iv ri
e ed a o n S ad a w c w as g a a e d, hi h uit r sh p -
t lik
i n fa c h t vi li
e th e C a n o p o n and a d a . it is s i th t
r this i stru t v rt
f om n h t
m e n Sa a a n d C a n o de o ed e a te m ed v lv th ir t pt
i m pr v m ts i sh p
o e en n a e .
J s ph Gu r rius (Cr e m o ) 1 690— 17 30

o e l d st
a ne na , ,
e e so n of
An r d w th w h m h e w s
e ,
b tt w o rk m a
an At first o a a e e r n . co p e d i
B I O GR AP H I CAL 79
S tra d iv a rius his an th

si J se ph d l J sir Th w ists
d en co u n o e e . e a
of his i stru m n rr w th l w r d upp r b uts w id

en ts a re na o ,
e o e an e o e
i pr p rtio
n o the urv s o v ry g r ful t h v e s e rve d (
n, c e so e a ce as o a as
s m e supp s ) s m d ls to th gr t J s ph d l J si hi m s e l f
o o e a o e e ea o e e e r .
Th f f h l s
e m ixtur f A d re w Gu r rius
o e a d th Am ti e o n a ne an e a
d v ry lik G sp ro da S l o s w h s e i d e h s m s t h v
’
an e e a a a , o a e ee o a e
w rk d
o d i m pr v d up o
e ,
an Th y e r th r l w r io e th n . e ar a e o e n e
b lly d
e re r th dg th is usu l V r is h v ry go o d
an n ea e e e an a . a n e ,
r th r thi kly l id o
a e c a n .
P e t r Gu e rius 1690 17 25 k w
— a rn e
“
P t r of C
, ,
no n as e e re
i d isti c ti t his phe w P t r f V i s

”
m ona n n on o d ne e e o e n ce , e co n
so n o f A dr w V ry bro d m d l r hi g th r t high f f
n e . e a o e ,
a c n ra e oo ,
h l s v ry r d t th e d s d ve rti l (li k S t i r) I e r
o e e oun a e n an ca e a ne . nn
b ts r th r w k s c r ll v ry rigi l th e y pro m i t
ou a e ea ,
o e o na , e e n en .
P fli g v ry
ur n a t th e c r ers m u h d r w ne t v r ish p
,
o ne c a n ou , a n er
f t g ld
ee ,
p l e e d d v ry tr sp r t Th e b lli e s a
o en or a r an e an a en . e re
g r
ene a lly c t fr m v w id
u
g r i d w od
o an e en e -
a ne o .
L ur c Gu g i i (Cr
a d en em ) 1 69 5 —a 1 7 3 5a T his
n n m k e r s e on a ,
. a
’
m d l w hi c h w
o e ,
fl tti h w br d d v ry b ld i its c o
as a s ,
as oa an e o n n
ce p ti his f f h l s v ri d i f rm b i g s m ti m s lik th se
on ,
o e a e n o ,
e n o e e e o
o f Gu r rius d l J s i a ne his s c r ll v ry g d d ri gi l
e e r o e oo an o na .
H i fiddl s h v b utif l m ll w t
es a e Ti c ke t
a Lo re
ea u e o one. , nz o
Gu d g i i Cre m o
a a Al m us S t d i
n n , i s F c it A
n a, u n ra uar u . e nno
D o m i i 17 n
J B ptiste Gu a d g i i (P l c e ti a) 17 10 17 50 pro b bly

ean a — a n n a n
, ,
a
w bro th r o f L r o d w ith h i m pupil f S tr d iv rius

as a e o enz ,
a n o a a ,
wh m h o o pi e d p i t tl
e c p rti c l rly i th f r m o f his e rs s en a u a
s r ll His b ks e e h ds o m
n e o
c o . ac d g r lly j o i e d
ar
“
v an e, an en e a n ,
"
his b lli s c usti lly go o his v r ish bri ght d highly tr s

e e a o ca a n an an
p re t Ti c k t J
a n
“
. s B ptist Gu d g i i P l c e ti s
e
,
oan n e a a a a n n , a n nu ,
f it Me d i l i 17
ec o an ,
D m i i M ta g o (
n c C r m ond V e i c e
) 1 7 00 —
na n a 1 7 4 0 e on a an n , ,
pupil f S tr d iv ri A v ry e x c ll t m ke r i d e d e f th
o a a . e e en a
,
n e on o e
b st but m y f his fidd l

e , e l b e l le d
an
“
J s ph Gu r e rius d l
o es ar a o e a n e
J e si ( w h
r
”
m h s m bl d i o his ff h o l s )
e w hi
re ec h h a s t d d e n e
,
en e
t o c lips e h is t le t s m w h t
e Hi m o d l is l rg a d ll his
a n o e a . s e a e n a
,
c urve s e r th r tl
ar r th th s f his m st r th i r
g a
o e a en n e e an e o e ,
e n
o es b i
n p rti ul e nrly d r w t Th fi ur f his w d is
g a a e
gc e o a o n ou . o
usu lly l rg a d his s c r ll is l rge r

a e, an d m o re p o w rful th o a an e an
th t o f S tr d iva ri
a H i v r ish is sup rb
a d de s rv d ly r k d
. s a n e ,
a n e e an e
a m g th
on b e st T i c k t D
e m i c M .o t a g a S u b S i g e u m ,
o en us n n na, n
Cr e m o n ae, Ve n e ti i s, 1 7
S a u te S e ra phi n e (Ve n i c e ) , 17 10— 17 4 8, to m y m i n d th e
n e a te st a n d m o st ca r e ful m a k e r o f th e I ta li a n s I t is a pity h e .
d i d n o t strik e o u t a n d a pply his ca re to a m o d e l o f his o w n ,

6U VI O LI N MA - K I NG : AS I T WAS AND IS .
i st d f f ll w i g r th r u gly G r m
n ea o o o n r ss b t w e n
a a e e an on e, a c o e e
th se o f S t i r d Am ti (G ti t p l h
o a ne an i i a . ra or e u c ro c ea e n s n
co rp i t )
or e v rH i ff h l s
ue ( g
F i .
4 6 ) d s r ll sw e ll t b t o e . an c o cu , u
o f p r m d l
a brilli t d v r ish f p rf t qu lity w hi c h
oo o e an re a n o a e ec a , ,
b i g s m ti m s t thi k giv s h i i t m t
e n o e e oo p qu c ,
e s n s ru en s an o a e
pp r H i i stru m ts u m s t k bly lik th r
o
a ea an ce . s n en are n i a a e one ano e
i n styl th u g h his
e m,
d l v
o a ri d th w o d a l w ys sh owi o
g th e
e e ,
e o a n
g r i ia nl r v nstri p
c eas H br d ed his en i stru m ts w it h e . e an e n en
his i i ti ls S S i v ri us pl s p rti ul rly u d r th t il

n a . .
,
n a o a ce ,
a c a n e e a
pi e H us e d v ry l rg w ll e g r v d hi ghly o r m n te d
ce . e a e a e, e -
n a e
,
na e
e 46 — f h o l e
. . of S an c F r o 47 — f h o l e
. .
o f C a rl o F r o 48 — f h o l e
. . of J os e p b Gu a r n e r i us
tu s S e r a p h i n e . B e rgon z i , d e l Ge s u . S cran ton .
l bl
a e ,
w o rd e d, “
S a n c tus S e ra phi n , Uti n e n s i s, F e c it Ve n e trys,
An n e 1 7 .
Ch a rl e s B e rgo n z i b st pupil f (Cr em ona

) 1 7 1 8— 1 7 55,
th e , e o
An th o n y S tra d iv a ri
At fi rst pi d his g r t m st r l se ly . co e ea a e c o
a d n ll d subs qu tly st rt d m d l o f his w f fi e

we
,
a n e en a e a o e o n o n
si d g d thi k ss f w
z e an d fl t ood v th w d h d c ne o oo ,
a an e en ,
e oo an
sm o d th w rk x ll e t
e, an Th l r b uts b i g r th r
e o e ce n . e owe o e n a e
bro d th i r b uts t r th r t
a , e
g l t
nneh e upp r b uts o se a e a an an e, e o
l r g r th th s f S tr div ri th s r ll t r th r fl t but
a e an o e o a a , e c o ou a e a
,
v ry b l d th u gh o t
e o w ll pr p rti
,
d d fi ish d
o s n so e o o one an n e a
th t o f S tr div ri th y o f th e s ro ll b i g r th r p m
a a a e e e c e n a e r
82 VI O L I N M A K I N G -
: a s H w a s AND 1s .
aw a y his h igh i d l d w rk d r l ssly t s tis fy p e se t ea an o e ca e e o a r n

w an ts so r u ghly d i m p rf tly fi ish d
,
o his l t r i t an e ec n e are a e n s ru
m ts I t is s i d th t m y (k w s P ris fidd l
en .
“ a a an no n a on es
,
”
“
D ru k J s phsn t ) w r
en m d i pris
o w ith to ls
e , e c . e e a e n on , o ,
w doo d v r ish br u ght h i m by th

an a
g l r s nd u ht r o e ao e
’
, g a e .
Th y e hi gh built th s r ll stiff th f f h l s t l g d
a re
,
e c o ,
e o e oo on an
c lu m sy th w d d v r ish lik i fe ri r I his b tte r
,
e oo an a n a e n o . n e
d ys it h
a b s id th t h m d gr t m y f his be lli s
as een a a e a e a ea an o e
fr m o pi f w d fr m a
on e rr sp d i g st i d w
e ce o h oo ,
o . co e on n a n o n e ac
si“ d f th fi g b rd i ll f th m I h ve s
e o e n m
e r- y oa n a o e . a een an
J s e phs but v r su c h H s ms t h v i
”
o , ne e an one . e ee o a e n a
g r team sur v ri d his thi k ss s

ea rd i g t th
e a ustic e c ne e a c co n o e aco
qu liti s f his w d P g i i s l br t d vi li ( i d t
a e o oo . a an n
’
ce e a e o n v e no e
2
,
p 23) w
. J s ph Gu r rius
as a Th w rk f J s ph
o e a ne e o o o e
Gu r e rius m y b su m m d up i
a n e ld F r a h c o upl t e e n on o en c e
Q lq h q lq d éf t ue u es ta c e s , ue u es au s
Ne d é pa re n t po i n t un e be l l e .
”
Hi s tic k t ru s e n
Jo e s ph Gu r rius
a ne fe c it ,
Cr e m o n en , An n e 17 l HS
Vi n c e n z o P a n o r m o (P a l e r m o ) ,
b r 17 4 0 di d 1 813 V ry o n ,
e . e
p rf t py ist f S tr d iv a ri f w h s fiddl his

e ec co o ft a , or o e es a re o en
m ist k H i w rk is v ry
a en . t d w e ll x ut d th s r ll
s o e n ea an -
e ec e ,
e c o
an d ff h l s b i g p rti ul rly w ll c t
o e e n a c a e u .
Ch rl s F rd i a d L d l fi (M il ) 17 50
e e M d l d i d dly
n an an o an , . o e ec e
o rigi l w ith stiff i r b ut t u lik J s ph d l G s u his

na , a nne o no n e o e e e ,
edg s ft e de ply g r v d his f f h l s

o en t i k e pi g w ith th
e oo e ,
o e no n e n e
r st f his i stru m t ; his sc r ll r th r m e th v r ish t

e o n en o a e an ,
e a n a
ti m s e x ll
e t H l ft g r t m y i strum ts p fl d
ce en . e e a ea an n en un ur e ,
an d th r w is i
o u fi ish d st t Hi w d w h d s m
e e n an n n e a e . s oo as an o e,
an d his v r ish v ry tr sp r t ; h w a n th e l st m k r w h
e an a en e as a a e o
us d th gl ri us ld Cr m
e e v r ish Hi ti k t ru s
o o o e on a a n . s c e n ,
“
C rl F r d i
a d L d l ph i
o e ll t d a di s
n an t M rg rit
o an o ne a co n ra an a a a a
a l se
g d ll S
noir M il 1 7 e a ena. an o
L wr a S t ri i (Cr m
e n ce
) 1 7 80 — 17 98 o T h l st
on f th e on a , . e a o e
o l d I t li m k rs a l v r but i l g t w rk m
an a e w ,
a c e e ne e an o an , as as
o ri g i l d v ri bl s J s ph d l G s u w h m b pi d th
na an a a e a o e e e ,
o e co e
,
e
o u tli b i g ft u sym m tri l d th p siti f hisf f h l s

ne e n o en n e ca , a n e o on o o e
co n st tly h gi g Th v r ish d rk d N p lit th

an c an n . e a n a a re ea o an
,
e
p urfl i rr w
n d r u g hly
na i l i d th so r ll sti ff an d m o n a
,
e c o an i n co
p l t t
e e, w d a usti 9lly g d but
oo t h d s m co
:
ca oo ,
no an o e
This bri g s us t th d f n sp f I t l m k r ; o e en o our ace or a i an a e s
it r m ai s e th r f r t gl n ,
t th b st k
e e o m k rs o f e, o an ce a e e -
n ow n a e
B I O GRAPH I CAL 83
othe u trie s w h o h w e ve r w e re a d a e t b st b t
r co n , ,
o , ,
n r a e ,
u
m e re c o pyists t i d e d th t I m t o m
no y co o iss urs
n e a a
,
as o an nn e
ar e a bi g t e d l
,
d t te mp o ie
o ti F au fr m it a or Ith b r ac . ar o . as een
s id i m p rti lly ( d ls I a m s rry t s y fo

a a a an
p s s of
a o, o o a ,
r ur o e
a d v rtis me t) tha t fiddle s e w b i g m de i n t is c o u try

e en ,
ar no e n a n
an d o th Co ti e t w hi c h i y rs t
n e n om w ill e qu l i f th e y
n n ,
n ea o c e a
,
d o not x ce l th m st rpi e c e s
e f th o l d I t li
,
e fid dl e m ke rs
a e o e a an -
a .
Th u g h I d
o ot g so f th e l tt r st t m e t I c e rt i ly
o n o ar as a e a e n ,
a n
a
g r w ith th
ee f r m er d si d r th
e t d uri
o
g t h e first h
,
alnf con e a n a
o f this c e tury w re m d (a d w e r e it
n t f eth e i a e n ,
no or a ur s a er a
f mu e o f t
sh pr s t d y still e w ul d b m d
e en
) i n stru m ts a
,
o e a e en
(m o stly m d by th f ll w i
a
g m e k rs ) w hi h e e d w il
o l b o n a e
,
c ar
,
an e,
w ll w o rthy t r pl c e th e w o rks o f th
e o I t li
e m st rs w h
a e a an a e en
th y i th ir tur su c c u m b like e v rythi g e lse to i e vit bl

e ,
n e n, e n n a e
a
g ( ei d p a e .
Ni h l s L p t (P ris) 1 7 84 — 1 824 I s c it d s th e b st f
c o a u o a ,
. e a e o
th F r e h m k rs H
en c pi d S tr div ri l m o st e x lusive ly
a e . e co e a a a c ,
tho ug h his c o pie s o f th th r gre a t m st rs a ls o x ll t e o e a e re a e ce en .
U se d v e ry g d v r ish w hi h v rie d fr m li ght t d a rk

a oo a n d ,
c a o o re .
He suppli d M l Abbé S ibi w ith th e i f r m ti o f L

’
e . re n o a n or a
Ch l mi
e on o l p rf it Luthi r e, ou (P ris s i a w hi c h ahis e a ,
n
pr is s a su g t
e are bsu rd d gr th uth r e d i g w i th
n o an a e ee
,
e a o n n
th fo l l o w i g v rs
e n e e
D u pl u s gr a n d d e s Lu th i e rs i m i ta te ur fid él o,
Lu po t a r e c r éé
l e v e r n i s pr c i e u x é
C ’
e s t d e s o n c o l o r i s 1e to n h a r m o n i e ux ,
”
E t l a c o pi e e st l e m o d el e .
B ptiste V i ll m (P ris) b o r 17 99 di d 187 5 i s s id

Jea n a u au e a ,
n ,
e ,
a
t h v b
o a f th m st p r fe t
e een pyists d i m it t rs th t
one o e o e c co an a o a
eve r liv d Hi rigi l m d e l fo u de d o th t o f S tr d iv ri

e . s o na o n n a a a
sh w s e xtr rd i ry m rit
o ao na e .
B r a k No r m
a (L d o ) 1 6 88 — 1 7 4 0 O ri
an
gi lly vi l on n , . na a o
m k r ; c pi d M ggi i v e ry m u h
a e o esp c i lly i his d o uble
a n c ,
e e a n
p fl
uri g H i g h
n buil d.
ff h l s d i d d ly G r m i styl e ,
o e ec e e an n
,
v r ish ve ry d rk
a n a .
B j m i B ks (S lisbury) b r 17 27 d ie d 1 7 95 Co pi e d
en a n an a ,
o n , .
Am ti d us d
a ,
v e ry e x ll t v r ish L e ft his w o d
an e a ce en a n . o
r th r thi k
a e th t his i stru m ts h v i m m s ly i m pr ve d
c
,
so a n en a e en e o
w ith H i ly w k p i t wa his s s
c r ll onw hi h s m s ea o n s o
g a e . e e ,
c
w ti g i h r c t r M y o f his i strum e ts
an n n c a a br de d
e . an n n a re an
w ith his i iti ls B B i s v r l pl e s Tic k e t B e j m in “

n a ,
. .
,
n e e a ac .
,
n a
B ks f c it S lisbury
an
,
e a .
”
Th o m s D dd (L d ) a B e st k o w by his ve r y pe rfe c t
o on on . n n
v a rni sh th s re t f w h o se c o m po siti o n h e k p t t hi m s e l f
,
e ec o e o .
: as IT wa s AND is .
He di d ke fiddl him s lf but e m pl y d F dt a d

n ot m a es e ,
o e en n
L tt w h s e i stru m ts h r ive d i the w hit

o ,
o
“
n d en e e ce n e, an
v r ish e d w i th his w h d Th i strum ts o f F d t d

a n o n an . e n en en an
L tt e m g th b st f E glish m u f c ture L tt b i g
o ar a on e e o n an a ,
o e n
c hi fly f m d f his d ubl b ss s
e a e or o e -
a e .
Willi m F rst r (L do ) b r 17 39 d i d 1808

a o e f th on n ,
o n , e ,
on e o e
b st E g lish m k rs pie d th Am a ti s c h o l Hi s v r ish

e n a e ,
c o e o . a n
w as ex pti l ly fi ce on a ne .
R i h rd D uk (L do ) 17 68
c a C pi e d Am ti his w r k
e on n , . o a , o
an d v r i h w hi h w s y ll w ish b i g x c ll t th e p a tte r
a n s
,
c a e o , e n e e en , n
l g H b
on . m st pi usly d ruthl ssly c pi e d d
as een o co o an e o an
im it t d Hi t rs w r s m ll n d v ry bro d ; s m e o f his
a e . s en o e e a a e a o
i stru m ts
n po r h vi g m r ly be s t i e d d p br w
en a re o
,
a n e e en a n ee o n,
an d th t f v r ish l i d
en a coa o a n a on .
P t r W l m sl y (L d ) b ut 1 7 20— 17 60 O
e e a e o f th on on ,
a o . ne e
b st E glish m k rs f ll o w d th S t i e r m d l He w i
e n a e ,
o e e a n o e . as n
th h bit f rtifi i lly g i g his i stru m

e a o ts c s qu tly his
a c a a n n en ,
on e en
w o d is o ft t thi t l st w ll Hi s v r ish w s r ddish o

o en oo n o a e . a n a e ,
r
y ll w ish br w ; h ft d r w li e s ro u d his i stru m ts

e o ,
o n e o en e n n n en ,
i st d f i l yi g p fl
n ea o n a n ur e .
J o h L tt (L d ) 1 830— 187 0 O
n o f m st t l e te d
on on , . ne o our o a n
m k rs a e d p rh ps ,
b st tiv
a n pyist M rv ll us t l s
e a our e na e co . a e o a e
a re t l d o f his u i g i th m tt r o f r p irs w hi h h b e n
o c nn n n e a e e a ,
c as e
co m p r d w ith th t f J B V ill
a e m hi m s l f a o . . u au e e .
Willi m E b w th Hill (L d ) 1830 N w livi g Th

a s or on on ,
. o n . e
l st su vivi g r pr s t tiv of th l d E glish s h l W rks

a r n e e en a e e o n c oo . o
ou t ri gi l m de l fr m th m st rpi c e s f S tr d iv ri d
an o na o o e a e e o a a an
Gu r ri a ne .
G rg s Ch t (L d )
eo e w livi g So f th
an o c l on on ,
no n . n o e e e
b t d G rg s Ch
ra e t f P ris M g ifi t w rk m
eo e d an o o a . a n ce n o an
,
a n
m rv lla s pyist C pi s S tr d iv ri Gu r ri d M ggi i

e ou co . o e a a ,
a ne
,
a n a n .
V r ish li ght br w
a n d f m g ifi t sist y C o n, an o a n ce n con enc . on
s i d e d by m
er y t b th fi st fiddl m k livi g si ce hisan o e e ne e a er n
,
n
f th r s d th
’
a e ea .
Ed w r d With rs (L d ) 1860 N w livi g

a O ly pupil
e on on ,
. o n . n
o f Joh L tt w h s styl n d v r ish h o ,

h pi d d o e e an a n e as co e an
i m pr ve d up t ti m e s C pi s S tr d iva rius d J s ph d l
o on a . o e a an o e e
G s u V r ish f
e . d g l d c l ur a n o a re o o o .
J bs (A
a co m st r d m ) 1 69 0— 1 7 4 0 S l s d p r
e f t a , . o c o e an e ec a
co p st f N i c h l s Am ti th t th
'
o t w e ft o a f u d d a a e o ar o en co n o n e .
F l o w d th
o g r d ep tt r H i d isti
e
g uishi g m rks an a e n . s n n a a re ;
h i s r h e r i f ri o r s r ll
at d wh l b n
p fl i
e
g V r i h v ry c o an a e one ur n . a n s
,
e
fin e .
A wo rd b e fo re we l v ea e th e sid r ti
co n f th e m d r fid dl e a on o o e n e
tra de , on the m a n uf c to ri
a es a t Mir urt ; th e s turn t m y
eco e ou an
CHAP TER I V .
TH E BO W .
Pr o g r es si v e Hi s to r y o f th e B B o w — Th e r em a i ll er e
ow .
— Th e C o r e l li . C .
Th e Mo d e m B o w — D i m e n si o n s — H a i r i n g a n d Re h a i r i n g — Ro si n a n d i ts
P
. . .
Ac ti o n — F o l di n g B o w — Vu i l l a u m e s B o w — Wi th e rs — O th e r a te n ts — Th e
’
. . . .
Gr e a t B o w m a k e r s -
.
I T ha s b
justly re m a rk d th t the Hist ry f th Vi li is i
e en e a o o e o n n
p o i t o f f c t th e hist ry f th e bo w d this is i d d th s
n a o o
,
a n n ee e ca e ,
f r w ith o ut th h w th fi d dl (pr p rl y s c a ll d )
o e o e t xi t e o e o e ca n n o e s .
With o ut it th fi ddl w ul d ce s to xpr ss e v ry hu m e e o a e e e e an
e m o ti n w o ul d c o ,
s t pro du ce th ea ti u us fl w f m l dy
e o e con n o o o e o
th t i str m e ts f this l ss l o of l l stri g d i stru m ts

a n u n o c a a ne a n e n en a re
ca p ble o f pr d u i g d w uld i fac t w itho ut this m gic w n d

a o c n ,
a n o ,
n
,
a a ,
at w h s t u c h its m rve ll o us p w rs
o e o c ll d i t a be i g o e are a e n o n ,
b c o m s th so u n di g g it r d ti kli g b j
e e a e n d ce s u a an n n an o ,
”
an a e
t m rit th c h r m i g c m p ri s d r w i M h th s o g i
’
o e e a n o a on a n n ac ea s n n
G y s B gg
a
’
Op e ( i d
ar s o t ’
p A
er a t t h s vm ti m c n e
4
,
. e a e e,
i f it is d iffi ult t tra e th pr gr ssiv hist ry f th Vi li

c o c e o e e o o e o n,
it is i fin it ly m r o t tr tha t f th B o w a d f v ry
n e o e s o a ce o e ,
n or e
o bvi s r s s fo i f i p i ti g s d s ulpture s o f th pr s t
ou ea on ,
r n a n n an c e e en
d y rtists d o
a a o t p y m uc h tt ti t th x uti o f
n a a en on o e e ec on so
( pp
a r e tly) sub rd i
a n t p a rt o f th o
e s bj c t (
na e is vi d n
a ce d u e as e e
by pi ture s d s ulptur s o f
c an ow d y i w hi h th o u gh
c e ou r n a ,
n c
o ft th r pr s
en t ti f th fi ddl is ur t y e t th e fiddl
e e e en a on o e e a cc a e, e
sti k is v ry d i ffe r t
c a ce r e fr o m th e bo w f v ry d y
en co n n o e e a
use
) h w ,
m u h lo ss th r f r e c r e th er pr s ,
t t i s ef p a st
e o ,
a e e e en a on o
ce n turi s to b d p e d d up o e e en e n .
A to w h i v t d th e h o w this is
s t th l c e t disc uss o
f t th
o n en e no e a
th e i v e ti n f th n bo w b i g i
on o e rigi o f th e e n ,
n ac , e o n
v i o li a d n, su h lr dy d is uss d i Ch pt r I O f co urs
n as c a ea c e n a e . e
w e t tk
can n o bs lute g sp l th t sti m y o f P B
a e as a o o e e e on . .
Z c c h i T v w h i his M i T t publish d t Mil an

‘
a ar a e e, o n u s co e s o r e, e a
i 17 06 ss rts S f p t i e t l d c i i di c ll ’
n a e a o o e e ss a nv n o a r co e r n a va o,
, ,
e f i l t i m ah e l r m
a c i t m gg id i
o su o n a se c o I t is m o st e s co s u a o .
”
p ro b b hao w v e r
6, th t t h e O ri et ls r ,
th fi rst
a t th e en a w e e e o u se
TH E ne w . 87
ho w , as se
its pri m itiv f rm (Figs 4 9 d
en in w hi c h e o . an
ha cos n ti u
d m g th m vn e t th pr s
a on t d y; th y e e en o e e en a as e
w r e i the, pi i f M Fetis t f rth furth r o th first t

n e o n on o . se o e n, e o
i m pr v it by th d d iti o f th t A t w h
o e e a d w h re th e on e nu . s o e n an e
tu l w r d its f r i g quiv l t rc he t w fir t
“ “ ”
ac a b w o o ,
or o e n e a en a
,
as s
us d o pi i s h v d iff r d th u gh it s m s t m bs lut ly
e ,
n on a e e e ,
o ee o e a o e
o bvi us th t it is id ti l w ith th L ti
o a b w but s o m e
en ca e a n a r ou s z o ,
i ge i o us ty m l gists h v tri d t d riv it fr m th Gr e k

n n e o o a e e o e e o e e
d pxfi d m m i fr m th d m i i
z o w hi c h it xe r is s
on, o e o n on e c e
v r th vi li w hi h s e m s t m t be t a y r t
o e e o n
,
c e o e o
,
a n a e,
v ry f f tc h d As to its c tu l i v e ti
e ar -
e s th e
e . a a n n on a
ss ry d i
a cce f c t m ti o p w e r o f the vi l
,
an n a o ve o o in ,
th v lu o f pi c t ria l r pr s t ti
e a e s m a y be pr v e d o e e en a on o
by gl t F i gs 51a — 60 w hi h r pr s t b w s
a n ce a .
, c e e en o
ly t k fr m th m o st r li bl s urce s fr m
on a en o e e a e o ,
o
pi tur s s ulptur s t f v ry
c e ,
tury fr mc e , e c .
, o e e cen ,
o
th ighth t th s ve t th Th first thi g

e e o e e n een . e n
a
th t w ill strik y w il l b th e g r t si m il rity r
a e ou e ea a e
w hi h xists b tw e ll f th m fro m th first

0
9
c e e en a o e ,
e 0
t th l st d ls o th c l s p r ll l w hi h m y
o e a ,
an a e o e a a e c a
3
b dr w b tw f th d h
0
e
y a n m t e een an on e o e an e a
pri m iti m o d r b o w s r pr s te d i Fi gs 4 9
ve e n e e en n .
3
m
d 50 w hi h sh w tw
an bo w s o w i se c o o n n u o
w
,
m g t h a M rs on d th e p ri m itiv I d i
e a s oo an e n n ,
z
s
q
w hi h e i d d o f th m st si m pl
c ar d o bvi o us
n ee e o e an
f rm i w hi c h th b w c ul d xist
o n Th e c o e o o e . n
lusi w e br u ght to is se qu e tly this

on e a re o con n
i th l l r pr s t ti s o f b w s w hi c h h ve
e er a e e en a on o a
m d w cot us e u r li bl o th bo w
n o are n e a e , or
,
e ,
i st d o f de v l o pi g a th fi dd l
n ea d ubt dly d i d e n s e e un o e
,
r m i ed i e st t f pri m itiv sim pli ity d b o re
a n n a a e o e c ,
an
till c m p r tiv ly r c t d te th e s m e r l ti t
a o a a e e en a a e a on o
its m pa i th fi ddl co d the e rly sp e c i mn on s f e e, a s o a en o
D e l ft w r d th e xquisit S evr s sp e c i ma e an s w hi h e e e en ,
c
r li si d by sid i th e bi ts f th d lig htfully

ec ne e e n ca ne o e e
i g ru us i t
n co n th tury d r io
g r m I f
n n e een
y cen aw n -
oo . ou
k m t w hi h f th s
as elusi s I i li I th i k
o c o e e co n c on nc n e , n
th tw de d u ti e s t o th r thr tim s tw c on are o on e an o e as ee e o
a ret tw i o thr e d th t
ce m bi tie f th tw w ul d p
, an a a co na on o e o o ro
b bly o u t f th pr s t m isty sp t o f th p st hist ry f

a a cc n or e e en a ec e a o o
th b w
e L t us h w e v r d iss t th s fi g ur s
o . e , d d is uss i
o e ,
ec e e e an c n
de t il th
a xt t (i f y ) t w hi h th y
e e en r l i bl an o c e a re e a e .
Fi g 51 is fro m R ii hl m G h i hf d l
’
. B g i t m t ann s e sc c e er o en ns ri 2e n e,
J Rii h l m a n n ,
. Ge sc h i c h te d e r B o ge n i n str u m e n te , e tc .
, m i t e i n e m Atl a s von
xii i . Ta f e l n B
( ru n s w i c k ,
: as IT w a s AND Is .
w ho qu o te s it fr m H rb Co s tu m e s F r a n ga i s F i g 52 is fro m
o e e 5 .
th e A bb t G b t D
o er er s e Ca n tu e t t
’
s ic a S a cr a
( S t Bl a s ius
,
.
d is t k
an fr m
a en o th e M S o f S t Bl a sius , o f th e n i n th . .
c e n tury I t w ill be o bse rve d tha t this .
sh o w s a v e ry re sp e c ta bl e fo r m , a s do e s
a ls o F i 5 3 w hi c h is r e pr o d u c e d fro m
Fr o 51 * B O W o f th e E i h th Co m g ,
.
g
tu r y f r o m H e r b é s C s tu m e s S t1 U tt
l
I n F i g 54 , A, B , a n d D a r e
‘
‘ ‘
, o . .
c r w th b o w s th e t w o f o r m e r fr o m a M S
"
Fran i m '
, .
a t Ne ub e r , a n d th e l a tt e r fr o m th e M S fr om S t M a r ti a l d e
g . .
Li m o g e s, a n d fo rm s p a rt o f F i g 33 C , Fi g 54 is fro m a n . . .
,
e n a m ell e d pl a t e , d u g up a t S o iss o n s, o n w hi c h w e fi n d tw o fe m a le s
pla yi n g bo w i n stru m e n ts— o n e

o f th e m ha vin g a bo w a l m o st
i de n ti ca l w ith th e r a v a n a s tr o n
b o w , re pre s e n te d i n F ig 4 9, .
a n d th e o th e r h a vi n th b
g e o w
h e re re pre se n te d A, Fi g 55, S t b l a s u f rpm Ge r b e r t D e Ca n tu e t
F I G 52 —B o w o f N1n th C e n tu r y fr o m M S o f
. .
. .
r s,
, .
i s fr o m th e c r w th pl a y e r , r e r e
.
,
M u sw a S w a 17 74
p
.
se n te d i n F i g 35 ; B, Fi g 55, fr o m a w in do w i n th e Ca the d ra l
. .
o f S t D e n is , a n d C , F i 5 5 fr m S tru tt i his rk b f r
.
g , o n . w o e o e
re fe rre d to , a r e , a ga in , a v e ry c o n sid e ra bl e a dva n c e i n p o i n t o f
sh a p e The re is a fi gure o f Ne ptu n e o n a .
ca pita l i n a M S a t D o u a i o f this c e n tury , .
F I G 53 — h
B o w o f t e T e n th
h o ld in
g a bo w
,
w hi c h is a bs o lute ly a n d
. .
Ge m m y f o m Co tto ms m i b ,
i
r de n ti ca lly th e s a m e a s th a t r e pr e s e n te d
n ,
cv 1 J S t u tt
.
,
P a s ti m e s o f th e
S p o r ts a n d
P
.
l
eo p e o f
a t C) F l
r ,
g 5 4 a D F i
g 5 5 ,
1 3 3 1 50 f r o m 3 , .
En gl a n d .
s c ulpture a t S t D e n is, a n d its si m il a r ity
”
.
to a i n the sa m e fi g ure w ill be a t o n c e re m a rk e d .
E l
ow s of th C e n tu r y A d B f m P e r b o o k i n th e Li b r a r y o f th e
F 5 4 B tn e e v e n a n r o a r a y
-
ro . .
- .
,
Co n v e n t o f Ne u b e r g , n e a r Vi e n n a (Cr w t h b o w ) C f r o m e n a m e l l e d p l a te d u g u p n e a r .
,
S o i s s o n s (p r o b a b l y T h i r te e n th C e n tu r y ) D , fr o m M S i n Li b r a r y o f S t M a r ti a l ,
. . .
Li m o ge s (C r w th b o w ) .
In th e b ow s of th e thirt een t h ce n tury (Fig 56) w fi d . e n
J S tr u tt,
. Gl i g Ga m e n a An ge l l e o d
~ -
o r, S po r t d P ti m
s an f E gl d as es o n an
’
(Lo n d o n .
90 VI O LI N -
MAK I NG : As I T WAS AND I s .
an o th e r stride to w rd s p rf ti A F ig 56 fro m sc u l ptur a e ec on , ,

.
, a e
i th C th d r l o f R u d D F i g 56 fro m pic tur by ’
n e a e a o en , an ,
.
,
a e
Ci m bu e i th g ll ry f th e P it ti P l
a ,
n t F l r ce b e i g
e a e o a a ce a o en ,
n
a l m st p rf c t B F ig 56 is g i r th r l e m ta ry by c o m
o e e .
,
.
,
a a n a e e en
p ris
a d C Fi g 56 fr m
on , an fi g ur o f j gl ur giv by
, .
,
o a e a on e
, en
M Vid l r m i d s us v e ry m u c h f F ig 53 S t tt A gl
’
. a , e n o .
,
ru s n o
S xoa bo w I n F i g 57 w e g t m o r . i m pr v m ts d n . e e o e en an
m r or tr gr ssi o s A is fr m M S r pr d u d by M d
e e o e n . o a . e o ce . e
fr o m sc ulptur i P ti r s Mo u m ts ’
C m k
o u sse D a er, a e n o e n en
F r c is B fr o m a pi tur by B d M d fr m
”
an a ,
b E c e a rn a as o . o en a ,
are o
Ely C th d r l ; ad i th m th r is t
e a mu h w t f d t il f
an n e e e oo c an o e a or
th m to b histo ri lly v lu bl t y g r t xt t W
e e i
ca a a e o an ea e en . e a re n
d bt d t S trutt g i i his Lib r R g lis f C Fig 57 ”

e e o a a n, n e e a or .
, , ,
an d to Gh t M S f F th se tw e s m w h t si m il r d
a en . or e o ar o e a a ,
a n
a re a
g i r th r r v e rsi
a n t si m pli ity th
a e i m pr v am t e on o c an an o e en .
I th fi ft
n th e tury th e i m pr v m ts i b o w i stru m ts
een ce n o e en n n en
d r w w i th th m lik i m pr v m
e ts i th b w d th ugh i
e e o e en n e o ,
an o n
Fi g 58 A C . d D w hi c h ,
fr o m pic tur s
. ane el m t ry ,
are e , ar e en a
,
FI G . 58 .
—B o w s o f th e F i f te e n th
C e n tu r y A , fr o m M i n s tr e l s P i ll a r , S t M a r y s C h u r c h ,
.
’
.
’
B e v e r ly B , f r o m Wo o d c a r v i n g i n Ch o i r , C h u r c h o f S t Go d e h a r d , Hi l d es h e i m
.
-
.
(Tr um p e t M a r i n e ) C a n d D , fr o m p a i n ti n g b y H e m l i n g E , f r o m R a p h a e l s C r o w n
’
. .
in g o f th e Vi r g in , i n th e Va ti c a n .
y et E st i t
ane r
d Be sti g s sh o w i g r sp
are
c tiv ly th mo n n ,
a n e e e e
vi o li uble b ss b w f th e p h B F ig 58 th bo w
n a n d do -
a o o e oc .
,
.
,
e
of tru m pe t m ri
a is fr m M S i th M st ry f a ne ,
o a . n e ona e o
S t Go d h d. f Hi l d sh i m ;e d E we m y
ar , si d r trust
o e e an a co n e
w o rthy b i g fro m pi ture by R ph l i th V ti c

,
e n I a c a ae ,
n e a an . n
th e sixte th tury w hi h w th e tu l i tr du ti o f th
en cen , c sa ac a n o c on e
vi li o d wh b ks b g t b w ritt
n , an th i stru m
en ts o o e an o e en on e n en
the i n vi d e o th fo rm s f th e bo w be co m e s
n u se , our e en c n e o
TH E B OW . 91
pr a c ti c lly rt i tho u gh rtisti re pre s t tio s o f b w s o f

a ce a n, a c en a n o
th e m st l m e t ry d s ripti o
o e e ti u d t b pr o d u ce d just
n a e c n con n e o e ,
as th y e w I F ig 59 C
a re d B (the l tt r sp i lly )
no . n .
,
an a e e ec a
m y b c a side r d trustw rthy b i g fro m illustr te d w o rks

e on e o ,
e n a
o i stru m t l m usi
n n E F d G th fi rst
en d l st p
a c .
, ,
an ,
e an a ar
tic l lyu ar m y b ta ke
,
rtistic lly fa c i ful F is fr m
a e n as a a n . o
a m si ca l w o rk b t th e de sig t r h s e i de tly p id little

u ,
u na o a v n a
F 19 69 — B o w s o f th e Ce n tu r y A , fr o m S t Ce c i l i a , b Ra ph a e l , a t
y
. .
. .
B o lo gn a B a n d C , fr o m M Ag r i c o l a ,
. M u s i c a I n s tr u m e n ta l i s
.
(Wi tte n b e r g ) ,
1545 D , fr o m . M a r r i a g e a t C a n a o f Ga l i l ee , ” P a u l V e r o n e s e (a t Ve r s a i l l e s ) E , .
fr o m e n g r a v m b y Al td o r f e r i n Ge r m a n M u s e u m , Nii r n b e r F f r o m Ga f u r i u s ,
g
D e B a r m o n i a M u s i c o r u m I n s tr u m e n to r u m , ” 1518
g . .
G, fr o m P o ti er H , fr o m . .
p a i n ti n g b y Ge r a r d D o w , D r e s d e n Ga l l e r y .
tte ti to m i r a c o sid ti a th e fiddl e sti c k

a n on so no n e ra on s .
fr m P ul V w ll k o w pi c tur th
’
PM rr
s i es o a e ro n e s e -
n n e, e
g t C a o f aGa l l e e a d P ul w him se l f
ia e a an i
,
n as a as
a V l pla y r r pr
lO s t ti f m usi l ie stru m t
y e a a ca ,
a n e en on o n en
by h m w m y c e pt i hist ric Th e s m r m rk
e a a c as o . a e e a
ppl s t H w h h S fr m pi ture by Ge r r d D w i
a ie o , ic I o a c a o r
th e D r sd e G ll ry ; fo G r rd D o w s m th r w k O W
e n a e r e a
’
o e e n
, ,
pl y d the V 1 d g m b fr m h f m us p rtr it by h so n
a e IO a a a, o .
er a o o a er .
A F g
,
iw m
y. lso t k s trustw rthy b i g fro m R pha e l s
e a a a e a o
,
e n a
’
f m o us p c tur o f S t C c ili
a
“ i at B l e e a
g . o o na
Aft th s the b w w
er w h v i it w s pr c tic a lly i tr o
, o as e no a e , a a n
du ce d a d o r furthe r r pr s e t ti o s th e e o f w ill b m e re l
n u e e n a n r
,
y e
92 Vl U L l N M A K I NG : -
AS IT WAS AND IS .
pr g r ssiv
o e d t i c lu di g th r sults f rtists m gi i gs
e, an no n n e e o a i a n n .
With th fig ur s w h v b f r us it r m i s th r f r
e e e ly a e e o e ,
e a n
,
e e o e, on
t s p r t f
o e y fr m f t
a a e r w c
an c d this d ivisi
o I ac a s n ea as e an an on
thi k y m y s f ly y w ill b s f ll w s F ig s 51 52 d 53
n ou a a e sa e a o o .
, ,
an
w e m ust t k th y st d but Fig 52 it m ust b r m m b r d
a e as e an , .
, e e e e e ,
is th w rk f pri st r pr d u d fr m th w rk f th r pri st
e o o a e ,
e o ce o e o o ano e e ,
an d w m y th e r f r c o si d r this fi g ur
e a
,
s b ut ri ght
e o I e, n e e a a o . n
Fi g 54 C is b ut th b st f r m
.
,
a d m st r d ibl A b i g
o e e o ,
a n o c e e, e n a
m r o l m t ry f rm pr b bly t lly i
e e e en a m o
g th l r
,
o a ac ua n u se a on e owe
c l ss
a f fid d l o C is fr m w e ll d sig d w rk f t d is
ers o a e ne o o ar , an ,
th re f r m st lik ly t b pi d fr m xisti g sp i m s but

e o e, o e o e co e o e n ec en ,
th e r xists s m d ubt w h th r it sh uld t pr p rly b d t d
e e o e o e e o no o e e a e
thirt th tury I th s m w y F i g 53 g iv s pr b bly

een ce n . n e a e a . e o a a
co rr t i d f the bo w us d by th p s ts d l w r l ss s
ec ea o e e ea an an o e c a e .
I t is pr b bl th t up t o am p r tiv ly r
e tly th b w s us d
a o co a a e e ce n e o e
w ith th r b s l r b w i stru m ts
e e ec , or ti u d t be h rd ly
owe o n en ,
co n n e o a
m r th
o e r s d pi t d by F ig s 4 9 d 50 tw iths t d i g
an a c ,
as e c e . an
,
no an n
th gr t i m pr v m
e ea ts i th b w w ith w hi h th high r l ss s
o e en n e o c e e c a e
o f vi ls w r o pl y d e e a e .
I Fi g 55 A
n d D . pr b bly rtisti r pr s t ti s
,
an are o a a c e e en a on
o f b wa rly r l t d t
o ,
n ea d ubl b ss h w ; sid b i g
e a e o our o e -
a o one e e n
pr b bly r pr s t d fi t ; i d d s m uth rs h v figure d

o a e e en e a n ee ,
o e a o a e
D ,
Fi g 55 l m st i d ti lly
.
,
a tr b ss b w but I c o t
o en ca o ur con a a o ,
an n
sa y f c rt i
or I h v e e v ra n ti d t h
,
rias
g i l t S t D i a ne e no ce e o na a . e n s.
B d C m y b t k
an ppr xi m t ly rr t d li ti s
a e a en as a o a e co ec e n ea on
o f th vi l b w A d D b i g pr b bly f th g r t r
e o o , an e n o a or e ea e
vi ls d tru m p t m ri
o an I F i g 56 C d B
e rtisti c lly
a ne . n .
,
an are a a
e el m t ry but A d D sp ci lly m y b
en a ,
si d r d f ith
an e e a a e co n e e a
f l t ti I F
r r se n a i 57 A B D d E r pr s
o n s. t th an e e en e
u
p re
g n .
, , , ,
ac tu l d c F G th
a
,
an f c i ful l m ,
t D ,
d G e an e e en . an a re ,
h w v r pr b bly
o e e ,
th e tu l g g ig b w I F ig
o a n ea r ac a r o ss -
e o . n .
58 A D ,
d 0 r pr s ti g fi ti
,
an B d E m y b sa i d t e e en n c on ,
an a e o
r pr s t f t i th f rm o f th d ubl b ss d i l b w s
e e en ac , n e o e o e -
a an v o o
o f th p ri d I Fi g 59 w r h rt i vid e F d G
e e o . n . e eac ce a n e enc
,
an
b i g th l st r lic s ( f s w
e n e a r d) f th t rtisti
e as ar a e a re co n ce ne o a a c
im g i ti w hi h l w ys h
a na on d l w ys w ill st d i th w y f
c a a a s, a n a a an n e a o
th tiqu ry w h s r h ft r truth A d s by pr g r ssiv

e an a o ea c es a e . n o o e e
st g s wa e bro u ght t F ig 60 61 d 62 th l s t p i ts i th
e are o s. , ,
an ,
e a o n n e
h ist ry f th e b w Th s
o o l l bs o lut ly f ith ful d i g r m s f
o . e e are a a e a a a o
th xisti g b w s t k fr m c t m p ra ry d r li bl u th rs
e e n o a en o on e o an e a e a o .
I t is w th t w e th
no t m i ut ly d li a t d f
a e th se e nu n e e ne e or e
fi rst ti m th u gh it m ust t b supp s d th t it w

e
,
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i tr du ti
n o I t is d iffi ult t
c on
y .w h r th t w first i tr c o sa e e e nu as n o
d d
u ce M F etis is f pi i
. th t it w s its rigi t th st
. o o n on a o e o n o e ea ,
an d ci t s vid c i his A t i S t di i ( i d t p
e as e en e n n o ne ra va r s e no e
2
,
.
94 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : AS IT WAS AND 18 .
bo o k
fo r th e o b d a ga m ahi h sh E, w vi lc ow th e ho l d n g .
l
s i
is
o f th e b o w , tu l si
o f th e a c a pi t rz e o f th e c u e f om w c rhi h it
is r u
e d ce d bri s us pp r tly v ry
G n
g a . a en e n ea th e m o de n r r
ho w , but is s ll
to o m a v ry us l
to be e e fu as a e e en a on r pr s t ti .
H n i tr u s us
o d ce i a a n to
g tr b ss
t h e c o n a a bo w , a n d ow sh s us
w pt r li l
e r e r i h t to a c c e ph l s b Ra a e
’
r pr s t ti
e g a s e a e e e en a on,
A, 1
g 59 .
I t w a s in ce n a o a this tury ls th t it b i
e n
g f o n d n e c e sa to ,
u s ry
m o d e a e th e r t
g ne o f th e a ,ti ht ss
th h ir
e c r ém a i l l ér e w a s a dd e d to
th e e n
g fxisti
o m o f th e b o w T r own his is shFi g 61, a n d . by .
F I G 61 — B . o w of th e E i g h te e n th Ce n tur y , w i th Cr em a i l l er e to ti g h te n th e h a i r .
w as a stri p
thdm tl t A fi d t th b k
of n o c f th e e a as a ,
xe o e ac o e
sti k T th m v bl e n t w
c . o dd d eb d f m t l w hi c h
o a u as a e a an o e a
co ul d b hit h d v r y f th s e ct h s d th e t si
e o e f an o e e no c e , an en on o
th b w th r by r gul te d t w ill
e o e e e a a .
W w rriv t th ight th ce tury i w hi c h to th

e no a e a e e een n ,
n e
vi li s f S tr d iv ri w r dd d th b w s f T urt I t is t
o n o a a e e a e e o o o e . o
this l tt r w h liv d t th m m
a e ,
m t f th e ight th
o e a e co e n ce en o e een cen
tury w h f th first ti m C r lli d Viv l di w r sho w i g

,
en , or e e, o e an a e e n
o f w h t th vi li w a p bl th t th i v ti
e o nf th t a s ca a e, a e n en on o e nu
w rk d by
o pr p lli g d w ith d r w i g s r w is g r ll
e a o e n an a n c e ene a y
a ttribut d 3 his b w s w r g r t i m pr v m t p xisti g

e o e e a ea o e en on re e -
n
f r m s b i g b tt r pr p rti
o ,
d
e n d m d f li ght r w
e e d t e o on e ,
an a e o e oo ,
no
t m
o ti th l g t m
en r i w hi h h w i th h bit f
on e e e an an n e n c e as n e a o
fluti g his b w s thr u gh ut h l f

n th w h l
o f th ir l g th
,
o o a ,
o r e o e, o e en .
Th h d we g e r lly l
ea g p i t e das d tur d benk w hi h a on ,
o n , an ne ac , c
g vae th b w v ry g r a c fe l pp o r ia F i g 6 2 e e u a ea a n ce , as n . .
F i G 62 — B
. . ow b y To ur te a in e (w i th scr ew a n d m o v a bl e n ut ) .
Th e n ut an
g dr lly hf iea d
y M of th e s r c ew we e r ene a o vUr . r .
A rthur Hill h p rh ps th b st ll ti f ld b w s i
as e a e e co ec on o o o n
En g l d f th b w s f th l d vi ls
an ,
or m u h m r e s ca r c e
e o o e o o a re c o ,
u f rtu t ly th th vi ls th m s lv s
n o na e
,
an e o e e e .
T urt s ld st s w s m u h i f ri r t his f the r s

’
o e e e on a c n e o o a a a
w rk m
o ; it is his y o u ge r
an Fr is T urt w h s m n so n , an c o e, o e na e
c t d w ith b w is lik th
on n e c e m f S tr d iv ri a td o e e na e o a a con n ec e
w ith vi li aM F etis i his c h pt r
o n b o w s t th
. .d f n a e on ,
a e en o
his A t i S t d i i h giv
n o ne m st i t r sti g ra d v lu bl e
va r , as en a o n e e n an a a
Ch i t ph Si m p Th D i i i Vi l (L d
r s o er so n , e v s on o on on,
TH E now . 95
acco u t o f this k i g f b w m k rs w hi h a s tr a sl te d b
n n o o -
a e ,
c ,
n a v
M J h Bish p ( f Ch lt h m ) is sh rtly s fo ll w s
r . o n o o e en a ,
o a o
“
Fr is T rt l g k w by th
anc ou m e f T urt ju i r
e ,
on no n e na o o e, n o ,
w asb r i P ris i 17 4 7 i S t M rg r t s S tr e t d d i d i
o n n a n ,
n . a a e
’
e ,
an e n
April 1835 g d ig hty i ght y rs

, ,
a I n te d d by his f th r f
e e -
e ea . n e a e or
th busi e ss f l k m k r h t r d w he ve ry yo u g i t
ne o a c oc a e ,
e en e e ,
n n ,
n o
a w rksh p o
g l t d v ryo o th e
,
r stuned y d e
ec e v e r kn w h w e e ,
an n e o
t r d
o w rit
ea P rh ps h w s i d bt d to th tr d w hi h
or e . e a e a n e e e a e c
h e at firs t f ll w d f th e skill o d d li
o y o f h d w hic h h e
e or an e ca c an
a ft r w rd s d ispl y e d i th m
e a u f tur f b w s D isg st d
a n e an ac e o o . u e
w ith his d iti ft r h vi g p ss d

con ight y rs i n th
on a e a n a e e ea e
cl ockm ki g w o rksh ps b us h di d t th r m t w ith

a n o ,
e ca e e no e e ee
s u ffi i t r m u r ti f his e ds h t o k to the busi ss f

c en e ne a on or n e ,
e o ne o
his f th r d br th r At this p ri o d th disti g uish d a rtists

a e an o e . e e n e
r sid t i P ris w r m ki g pr g r ss to w rd s th
e en n a e t f e a n o e a e ar o
si gi g o th ir i stru m ts w ith th sh d s f xpre ssi

n n n e n f en e a e o e on o
w hi c h th e g r t I t li v lists h d giv th e x m pl ; n d
ea a an o ca a en e a e a
th y ll d sir d b w s w hi h sh ul d s w r b tt r t th e ff c ts
e a e e o c o an e e e o e e
w hi c h th y w ish d to pr d c e d w hic h sh ul d p ss ss t th
e o u e, an o o e a e
s m ti m e gr t r l ight e ss spri g d l sti ity F r is

a e ea e n ,
n
,
an e a c . an c
T urt m d his fi rst ss ys w ith w

o e a e d fr m th sta v s f su g r e a oo o e e o a
ca sks w ith a vi w t d t rm i i g th f r m s f th b w d to
,
e o e e n n e o o e o an
ac quir skill i w rki g w ith u t m ki g

e n f xp siv
o n o a n u se o e en e
m t ri ls
a e H s l d th s
a rly pr d u ts f his m u f tur f
. e o e e ea o c o an ac e or
tw ty en thirty s us orh (t fi fte pe ) B i g a n o eac en or en n ce . e n
i d f ti g bl i v sti g t r a d fully se sibl f th i m p rt t

n e a a e n e a o n n e o e o an
ac ti f th b w i
on oth pr d u ti e f to o h subs qu tly
n e o c on o ne, e e en
tri d ll ki d s f w d w h i h ppe r e d to h i m pr p r t r li
e a n o oo c a a o e o ea z e
his vi w s but h w e tl g i d is c v ri g th
e t F m b
as n o on n o e n a e rn a uc
wo d l w uld yi ld th e r sults w hi h h s ught t tt i

o a on e o e e c e o o a a n,
an d th t it l c m bi e d sti ff
a ss w ith li ght ss Th p ri d
a on e o n ne ne . e e o
o f th first d i m p rt t d is c o v ri s o f T urt e xt d s fr m
e an o an e e o e en o
17 7 5 t 17 80 U f rtu t ly th m riti m
o . w rs f F r ce
n o na e
,
e a e a o an
an d E gl d th npr s t d s ri o us bst l t th i m p rt
an en e en e a e o ac e o e o a
ti onf F mbo w d th
e rn a C ti t d th pri
uc f oo on e on nen ,
an e ce o
this v lu bl rti l us d f dy i g r s t fi e shilli gs th

a a e a c e e or e n o e o v n e
po u d F n mb c w
. d i t d d f
ern a d y i g purp s s is
u oo n en e or e n o e
e xp rt d i bill ts th t w hi h is ri h e st i c l uri g m tt r is
o e n e a c c n o o n a e
lik w is th b st f th m u f t r o f b o w s but it is ra re to
e e e e or e an ac u e
fi d bill ts w hi h
n e str i g h t
e d o ly slig htly d e f c tiv
c ar f a an n e e, or
th w e d is rly l w ys kn tty r k d i si d
oo n ea d cr o k d
a a o ,
c a c e n e, an o e
i n ev ry dir ti e S m ti m s ight ec t on t s fF . mb o e e e or en on o e rn a uc
w d s r ly pr s t
oo ca
y pi cce s w ith str i geht g r ien d suit an e e a a a n, an
a bl f m ki g g d bo w sti k s Th r rity o f this w d t th
e or a n oo c . e a oo a e
e ri d h r m ti d xpl i s t h r m us pri hi h T t
p oe e e n o c e w
on e c o u r e e a n e eno
AS IT WAS A ND i s.
a sk d f his b w s h s l d h w th
e or t f w hi h wo m de e o a o ,
e nu o c as a
o f t rt is sh ll th h d i l id w ith m th r f p rl
o o e -
e
, d th e ea n a o e -
o -
ea , an e
m u ti g f th
o n tn d butt o f g ld f rly £ 12 Hi s
e n u an on o o ,
or n ea .
b st b w s m u t d i silv r w ith
e o b y t w r s ld t
o n e n e an e on nu e e o a
a b ut £ 3
o d the r d i ry u r m td b w fthd
an o n a no na en e o s e c e
a b ut thirty shilli gs
o n .
”
T urt fi lly fix d th l g th f th vi li b w b t w
o e na 291 34 e e en o e o n o e e en
a d 295 28 i
n h s a d fix d ls th r quisit h i ght fr m th
nc e ,
n e a o e e e e o e
sti k f th h d d t u t r c ti g th w ight f th h d
c o e ea an nu , co n e a n e e o e ea
by th r m t ti s i silv r g l d t w ith hi h th
e o na en a t on n e ,
o ,
e c .
,
w c e n u
o f b w is l d d
a o T ur t b t his b w s by m oa s f h t e . o e en o ea n o ea
t th r quir d sh p
o e e d it is thus th t ll b w s
e sh p d a e, an a a o a re a e ,
no t t t f
cu pl k th sh p w hi h w
ou o th m
a m y an e a e c e se e e ,
a s an
vi li pl y rs sup p s f th l tt r w ul d t th fibr s f th e
o n a e o e, or e a e o cu e e o
w d
oo r ss i st d f pr s rvi g th m i ta t thr u gh ut th
ac o n ea o e e n e n c o o e
l gth f th sti k
en o is e ss ti l t g d h w I t is m st
e c ,
a s en a o a oo o . o
n e ce ss ry th t th sti k sh ul d b h t d right thr u g h th

a a e c o e ea e o e
i r fi br s b f r b i g b t o th r w is th se i r fibr s b i g
nne e e o e e n en ,
e e e nne e ,
e n
u h t d w uld i ti m
n ea e , us th e ut r d h t d fibr s t
o n e ca e o e an ea e e o
r su m th ir r m l p si ti
e e I t is i tt ti
e no t this p i t a o on . na en on o o n
th t us s th r pid d t ri ra ti
a ca e d str i ght i ge t f a e e o on an a en n ou o
a pp r tly h p b w s
a en c ea o .
T urt p i do mu h e tt ti t th h iri g f his b w s s

a as c a en on o e a n o o a
t th ir sti ks
o e O this p i t Fe tis sa ys i H pr f rr d th e
c
“
. n o n ,
e e e e
ha ir f Fr o b ca us it is l rg r d str ge r th th t f
a n ce e e a e an on an a o
o th r u tri s Th pr p r ti t w hi h h subje te d it
e co n e .
”
e e a a on o c e c
con sist d i i g it w it h s p
e n h th put it i to br n
se c u r n oa e en n a
w t r a e d l stly ,
ft r r m vi g th h t r g
an a us p rti l s
,
a e e o n e e e o eneo a c e
w hi l h d c d h r d t i t h plu g d it i t pur w t r li g h tly

a a e e o ,
e n e n o e a e ,
co o l ur d w i th blu e Hi d u ghte w l m st st tly m e . s a r as a o co n an e
pl y d i s rti g th h irs r j ti g suc h f th m w re t

o e n o n e a ,
e ec n o e as e no
p rf tly yli d ric l a d qu l thr u gh u t th ir l gth This

e ec c n a n e a o o e en .
is m st d li t d
a o ss ry p r ti f
e t m r th n
ca e a n n e ce a o e a on , or n o o e a on e
t th f giv
en u m b r f h irs
o a fit f then g r e t r n e o a a re or u se , e a e
p rti h vi g
o on sid fl t d pr s ti g u m r us i q li
a n on e e a ,
a n e en n n e o ne ua
ti s l At th p ri d w h
e . Vi tti rriv d i P ris th h irs f
e e o en o a e n a ,
e a o
th b e rly l w ys lust r d t g th r i r u d m ss w hi h
ow n ea a a c e e o e e n a o n a ,
c
im p ir d th qu lity f th t
a e A ft r m ki g h i s bs rva ti s
e a o e one . e a n o e on
o n this p i t T urt iv d th p ssibility f m p lli g

o n o e co n ce e e o o co e n
th h irs t pr s rv th
e a pp r o f ribb by pi h i g th m
e e e e a ea an ce o a on nc n e
at th t ith f rrul (C Fi g
e nu w w hi h h m d fir t f ti
a e e ,
. c e a e s o n
,
d ft r rd f silv r H subs qu tly i v t d th sli d ‘

”
an a e wa s o e . e e en n en e e e,
i . th littl pl t
a. , ef m th e r f p rl w hi h e v rs th h ir o
a e o o -
o -
ea c co e e a n
th f e f th a ce t H did ot quit me y h irs nu . e no u se e as an a as
a re w
g no l ly put i t h w th u
e r e ra m b r o w b i
g n o a o ,
e n e n e n ,
as a
TH E B O W . 97
rul e
,
b e tw een 150 a n d 200 At th e e n d o f F e An toi n e . tis ’
S tr a d iv a r i g en a m o ca e f is iv
and c en st ca r ully s i tifi lly
wo rk e d o u t de e m n a
-
o n o f th e t r i ti
e wo n
g p ro tru rki
p rti s
o on o f th e To e bo w , a n d h o w urt
e m a y be th y
obt i a n ed .
Fi g 63 r pr s s
e
. e en t th e m od e n fo m o f h o w , r r
as fi ly t r i
na l by
de e m n e d To e , ju n , i n eu urt . its
i s
ti r e ty , F g 64 .
a n d 65 r pr e o
s t
en h
th e ead
an d t tu l n u ,
a c a
si z e,d Fig an .
66 one of th e
w e d
g e -
b x s o e
l rg d F i g
en a e . .
64 r pre se ts e n
th e n ut an d
s r c ew a s se t o n
th e sti k c of th e
bo w . In th e
nu is s m ll
t a a
b (
oxr pr s t e e en
e d by F i g .
i t w hi h t
n o h c e
k t M f th
no o e
h ir (Fi g 67 )
a .
is fix d b e y
m s f th
ea n o e
w ed e N Th e
g .
hair L b i g e n
br u ghto t ou
and l g th a on e
fr t f th
on t o e nu
E
( g
F i .
th e tl r
o n a m en a
pl te H I J is
a
sli d o v r it e
a lo n m o r ti s e d
g a
g o ove
r ° Th 0 FI 64 —Nu t a n d S c r e w o f M o d e r n B ow sh o w i n
G g
b d K t
. .
,
an 18 he n m e th o d o f fi x i n g th e h a i r .
pr ss d i t its pl c
e e d fix d by th pr ssur
n o f th e a e an e e e e o
th i w d
g n 0 w hi h b ie
g pr ss d i b et w th , c e n e e n e een e
t g on f th ue t E d th h ir L k e ps t
o l tt r
e nu an e a ,
e ie a e
fi t fi m
a d f st
, Thr tir t E sli d s l
. an g th a . e en e n u e a on e
s ti k A by th e a c ti o f th e sc r w B C ; th s rf ce
c on e e u a
98 VI O LI N M A K I NG -
: As IT WA S A ND Is .
w h ic h li s g i st th stic k is t g ul rly ( i G Fi g
e a a n e cu an a as n , .
th e c utti g G b i g ft li d w ith th i b t pl t f
n e n o en ne a n en a e o
m ta l
e Th e h ir L l vi g th e
. t E p ss s i a ribb ea n nu a e n a on
a b ut h l f
o i c h br d to th he d w he r it is i
a an n lik oa e a , e n a e
m an n e r fix d i t a si m il r w e dg b x (Fi g
e Th e fa
n o a e- o . ce
o f th e h d is g r lly pro te te d by m s f m t l o iv ry
ea en e a c ea n o a e a r o
pl t (P Fi g
a e Th le gth f th bo w is g e r lly
,
. r e n o e en a a s n ea as
p ssib l 29% i c h s (fr m th e butto t th tip f P Fig

o e n e o n o e o ,
.
th e d i m e te r o f th e sti k is t th e s r w (B F i g
a g i h d c ,
a c e -
,
.
-
nc ,
an
at th b c k o f th e he d
e a Th d i m e t r f th h d c r ss the a 1,
3
e a e o e ea a o
pl t (P Fig 65) is ” d th l gth f th e h d fro m t p t

a e ,
.
T,
7
an e en o ea o o
b o tt m o f P is o i h Th e h ir w ith w h h h the b o w s fi tte d

o ne nc .
l
a
’
are
(w hi c h is h o rs e n d n o t a s s o m e p o pl e i m
g i,
ak
y ) is s o l d ,
e a ne, a
FI G 66 — We d g e b o x i n h e a d ,
. .
-
and n ut
o f m o d e r n bo w w n l a r ge d ) .
FI G 65 — H e a d o f
. .
B o w , s h o w i n g m e th o d of FI G . 67 .
—K n o t a t e n ds
fi xi n g th e h a i r .
by th p e ti r o un is ussi
d , a n d , a s I n o c e d be fo e , i n d curt s n
g T o e
’
ust v ry r ully h s
bo w , i t m be e ca e f l is ls
c o e n an d c ea n ed It a o .
cust ry
om a vr sti ks b s
to l a p o r c o e th e c sp
of ow fo r a a ce o f a
i s b v ith l
fe w n c he a o e th e n u t w silv r thr
g o d or l th r
e ea d o r e a e .
T his is ubtl ss
do er t a v i
g ea h l i
co n e n e n ce in it
o d n
g th e h o w ;
s purp s th t
w a s fo r th e a m e l r urt
o e a s
th e e d e To e , a n d o m e o f th e
k rs us
o l d bo w m a e flut th ir sti k v r h l
e d to e e cthr u h u
o e ,a f or o g o t
th ir l th t
e en
g , o f e nst xquisit
i n a m o er e m a n n e .
Mr W S B W o o lh o u se
ga v e so m e i n te n se l y s c i e n ti fi c No te s o n th e “
P
. . . .
S u i ta b l e r o po r ti o n s a n d D i m e n s i o n s o f a Vi o l i n B o w to th e M on th l y
Mu si ca l Re c o r d fo r J u l y 1875, w h i c h a r e m o s t i n te r e s ti n g , b u t I f ea r h a r d l y
i n te l l i gi b l e to th e m a j o r i ty o f bo w m a k e rs H e f o l l o w s h i s r e m a r k s th e n e x t
-
.
m o n th (Au g u st 187 5) w i th a “
S u p pl e m e n ta r y No te o n th e o w s of Ja m es B
Tu b bs (m d e p
'
.
100 VI O LI N M A K I NG : -
AS IT WAS AND Is .
th e w e d ge -
bo x as at F ig . 64 , e x tly
ac as
y ou fi xe d th e ot h r e
en d i t
n o th e h ea d .
No w r pl e acesti k by m s o f th e s r w B
th e n ut E on th e c ,
ean c e ,
an d if y h v e i ly ju dg d th l g th f th e h ir b f r
ou a n ce e e en o a e o e
m ki g th e ti M th
a n h ir w ill b quit sl k w h D is
e ,
e f a e e ac en as ar
Ior w d i th g r v
ar n p ssibl ed pe tr m u h t t ut
oo e as o e, an r co n a c oo a
wh it is d r
en r s p ssibl t B th pr p r t si
aw n as n ea a o e o ,
e o e en on
bf th h ir b i g w h D is i th
e a e n tre f th g r v en i n e ce n o e oo e as n
Fi g 64 . H w v r if th e h w
. o b m d sl k
e e ,
d ti ght d o ca n e a e ac
,
an en e
up by m s f B y ur w rk h b w ll d e N w fi lly
ea n o ,
o o as een e on . o na
c o m b th h ir fr m h d t e a t r pl th sli d H I J
o ea d o nu
,
e a ce e e ,
a n
pull d w th b d K (w hi h h b thr d d l s ly o th
o n e an c as ee n ea e oo e n e
h ir b f pl i g i t i th w dg b x i th
a e or e ac n t) d slip n e e e -
o n e nu ,
an
it v r J i t its pl
o e N w s r w i g th h o w pr tty tight
n o a ce . o c e n e e ,
t k th s m th b k f th
a e e oomb d rub th surf c ac f tho e co ,
an e a e o e
ribb f h ir h rd fr m th h d t
on o a t a d b k f w ti m s
o e ea o nu an ac a e e .
Th en t l i ttl fl t w d g 0
ou a if c ss ry tw
e at slip i e d e ,
or ne e a o, o n , an
fill up th sp b t e th b y f th
ace t i si d
e w een K d th e e on o e nu n e, ,
a n e
u d r si d f th h ir hi h w ill k p th ribb
n e e o e af h ir ti ght
,
w c ee e on o a
an d fl t g i t J a d th fl t si d
a a ns f K d th ,
a np r ti f e a e o ,
a n e O e a on o
h iri g th b w is m pl t Wh the h ir is quit d y t k

a n e o co e e . en a e r a e
s m v ry fi ly p w d r d r si
o e e ne d spri kli g it o sh t e e o n, an n n on a ee
o f p p r rub th h ir
a e ,
it t g t w ll d ust d
e a d ve r d
on so a s o e e e an co e
w ith r si ; this it w r iv s it s t rt
a s ft r hi h it is a w
o n
g ,
e e, e a ,
a e c
ea sy t k p th b w r si d
o ee e o o ne .
A I h v s i d i th h pt r o fitti g s
s a e a d ppli n s ( id e c a e n n an a a n ce v c
o t p
s , it is w ll t t m k h g s i t
ash ki d f e i no o a e c an e n e n o re s n
p .
on e us s x pt w h th b w is h i d fr m w hi h ti m
e , e ce en e o re a re ,
o c e on e
ki d m ust b k pt to till th xt h iri g d

n e e ,
I t is e ne re -
a n ,
a n so o n . a
g r t m
ea ist k t s t m u h
a r ie y u
o u g b g ie rs oo o ft c os n, as o n e nne are en
t to d o ; it is ly pr d u tiv f l u d on rs t d I c co a one an
a
p o e o a o e
pre f r p rs lly t
e , e o th si d o f t
on a littl r si r th
,
o err n e e oo e o n, a er
th to b rd m y b w d r sp m y fidd l w ith t o m u h I t
an u en o an a e o c .
is sto ishi g h w f w vi li ists k w ythi g b ut th

a n n o e o n no an n a o e
m ch e i l d s i tifi ti
a n ca f p w de r d r si
an c en t p c ac on o o e o n on one ro
d u ti c M y p pl w h
on . th y an
y pplyi eo
g r si thi e k en e se e ou a n o n , n
y o u a re
g r si g y ur b w t m
ea k it g
n f st r d
o m r o o a e o a e ,
”
an o e
still i lu d i g p e rf rm rs th m s lv s thi k th t r si r d rs
,
nc n o e e e e , n a o n en e
th e surf f th h ir s ma ce th r i st d f
o eit r lly d s a oo e ,
n ea o , as ea oe ,
m kin g it r o u gh
a Th y k w th t i f i is us d th h
. e no a no re s n e ,
e ow
w ill m k u d but i la t t Th tru fu ti

a e n o so n ,
f r si vo ou . e e nc on o o n
is f ll w s I t w ill h v b
as o o ti d th t w hilst stri g is
: a e een no ce a a n
v ibr ti g th l st t u h f th fi g r w ill m k it i st tly

a n ,
e ea o c o e n e a e n an
ce se a w h y th r f r d s t th
,
ti u us pr ssur f th b w
e e o e, oe no e co n n o e e o e o
m ili t t g ia st th
e a pr d u ti a n f s u d ? A s w r
e b e us o it c on o o n n e : ca e
l HE
'
Bo w 101
‘
is ti u us o w i g t th pr s
n o t co n n o f th r si
,
I f th h w
n o e e e n ce o e o n . e o
w r e qui t fre fr m r si
e e l g it t
e h d th stri g
o o n , so on as o uc e e n ,
or
w re d r w
e r ss it th a t t w ul d b p r f t d
n ac o ,
e con a c o e e ec an con
ti d
n u o u s, a n tur l r sult th xist as a f vibr ti s w
na a ld e e e e n ce o a on ou
b r d r d i m p s ibl
e en e Wh h v r th sm th surf ce f
e o s e. en , o we e ,
e oo a o
th h rs h ir is r u gh e d by i fi it si m l p rti l s f r si
e o e a o th
en n n e a a c e o o n
,
e
h w d s
o t t u h th
oe st i g w ith c ti u us pr ssure but
no o c e r n a on n o e
,
o w i g t thn pr s o f th r si th stri g r
e e i s
e n ce o st t e o n, e n e ce ve a co n an ,
th u g h i fi i t i m l ly i t r m itt
o n t s u si
n es f sh o ks w hi h
a n e en cc e s on o c ,
c
r d rs th su ssi
en e f vibr ti s
e r pid
cce t pp r
on o a on so a as o a ea co n
ti nuous I t w ul d t k e t. l g t d is uss th s i ti fi c pri c ipl s

o a oo on o c e c en n e
i v lv e d by this sim pl ph o m
n o but th a b ve xp siti e en en on , e o e o on
w ill sh w th t th b w
o d h ir a b th s ed ry i i m p r t
o an a are o econ a n o
a n ce th tru m gi l p w r f th m b o th lyi g i th
,
e e a ca bs u o e o e n n e o c re
an d u tic d r si nno Wh r v r b w i stru m ts

e o n .us d e e e o n en are e
,
r si is
o n i v ri bl dju t O pri m itiv b w i stru m ts
an n a a e a nc . n e o n en ,
su h th urh
c as f th Chi s e d th een t o o f th e ne e, a n e rava nas ro n e
b rig i l Hi du th e ro si is l w y s f u d i
na n little d ir t n a a n n a
yli d r b ri g th e ski w hich

a o ,
o
lu m p stu k ,
th e t p f th c on o o e c n e ea n n,
s rv s
e eth s u d b rd f th s h r m i us i stru m ts
as e o n -
oa o o e a on o n en .
I th
n rh e usp i lly w hi h h s but tw stri gs d w h s
een e ec a ,
c a o n ,
a n o e
b w is w rk d b tw
o th m th o v i e f this pri m itiv
o e e een e ,
e c n en en c o e
a rr g m t is bvi us f w ith
an e en upl f rubs th p rf rm r
o o ,
or a co e o e e o e
ca n r si his b w du i g h l f b r s r st i his p e r f rm
o n o r n a a -
a
’
e n o an ce .
P g i i is s i d to h v pl y d xquisit ly his vi li w ith

,
a an n a a e a e e e on o n a
rush w ith vi w to ,
ihil ti g s l f fid t I t li m t ur
a e an n a n a e -
con en a an a a e
,
w h o m t c h d hi m s l f i st r l ri kst r
“ ”
a
g th e I m m t T c e I f a a n e o a e .
y ou
g th e r c m ma rush y w ill fi d th t its surf
a o on is quit ,
ou n a a ce e
r u gh u gh to h ve th e m h i ca l ff t o f p w d r d r i
o en o a ec an e ec o e e os n ,
w hi h c u ts f
c acthe p ssibility f th
o n b v p rf r m c e
or o o e a o e e o an .
Lik th i li the b w h b e subj te d t m i f l d i m

e e v o n, o as e n ec o an o
p m
r ov e t d h s rviv
en d th m
s, a n ll i its bs lut as si m pli ityu e e a n a o e c ,
as d t rm i d by T urt
e e A m g t th m st striki g o f th s
ne o e . on s e o n e e
is th f l d i g bo w m d to g w i th th f l d i g vi li m ti o d
e o n
,
a e o e o n o n, en ne
i Ch pt r V
n I t m e s i h l f w ith j i t
a e . d f rrul e lik
co n a a o n an a e ,
e a
fi hi gs dn d uri usly-
ro u gh d s t s m to b s s rio usly
,
a n , c o en o
,
oe no ee e a e
a ff c t d by this
e e e t i it o f str ti it m i ght be e
e cc n r c con uc on, as x
p t d
ec e t b e T h l t o B V i l l m
. e i tr d u d es te l b ows
a e . u au n o ce e ,
b t I h v
u e ve r om e a r ss y spe i m o f o p d r s
e n c ac o an c en s on e ou
an e c e tri c ity
c th r th a th
n i th , S uth K si g to
o e n e on e n e o en n n
Mus u m O e i tr d u ti o h w v r f his w hi c h h surviv d

. ne n o c n, o e e
,
o as e ,
is his s l f h iri g b w w hi h is still m u f c tur d by M G rg e

e -
a n o ,
c an a e r. eo
Wi th rs d is r pro d u d by his p rm i si i F ig 68 Th
e ,
a n e ce e s on n . e
h d it w ill be s
ea , h o fa c pl te (P F ig een d th u gh
,
as n e -
a ,
. an o
th te nu d re w w rk i th su l m
an sc r th t is o p l in n e u a an n e . e nu a a
: As IT WA S AND IS
pi e ce o f b y it h e w dg b x slid
on Th e h ir f as no e e -
o ,
e, a or
th s b w s i s l d i th e ri g ht l
e e o g ths bse i g t or m i t d t n c h en
,
n e na e a ea
e d by s m ll
n yli d ri ca l pi s w hi h slip i t tw h l s t i
a c n ece , c n o o o e cu n
th h d
e d
ea t ( s i n th illustr ti ) t r
an n u i e th m I t w ill
,
a e a on ,
o e ce v e .
be o bs rv d th t th ugh bs lut ly id ti l i utw rd sp t

e e a o a o e en ca n o a a ec
w ith th rdi ry f rm s o t p rti l e o f g lu is m pl y d t y

e o na o ,
n a a c e e o e a an
p i t f th b w d th s w h h v e v r t k
o n o e o fidd le d b w
,
an o e o a e e a en a an o
thr u gh th C l t I di w ill fully ppr i t th e b

o e an a th s o n a a ec a e oon u
f rr d up th m I M V i ll m ri gi l f rm th h ir ’
con e e on e . n . u au e s o na o e a
w asfitt d i pr is ly si m il r m e r b t th t w glu d f st
e n a ec e a ann ,
u e nu as e a
an d i m m v bly t th sti k th e h ir w
o a fitt d t s m ll r br o e c a as e o a a e az en
nu ,t w hi h by m s f th s c r w w rk e d b k w rd s d fo
c ean o e e o ac a an r
w rd s i
a i d th l rg r b y
ns Th
e d v t g c l im e d w
e a e e on on e. e a an a e a as
th t th d ist
a b tw
e th t d h d ( d o
a n ce q e tl v een e nu an ea an c n se uen
th l g th f th h ir)
e en v r v ri do e a ne e a e .
M Bish p i his m st v lu bl e pp d ix t his tr sl ti

r. o n f o a a a en o an a on o
“
Ott th Vi li ( id t p 20) (w hi h w i th his t s
o on e o n v e no e
1
, . c ,
no e on
th t xt
e e sti tut th g r t d s l v lu f the w rk) ss r ts
,
con e e ea an o e a e o o a e
th t th v ri ti s f th m v bl
a e a t a ca l ul t d t
on ff t th
o e o a e nu a re c a e o a ec e
tone o f th p rf rm r M Bish p f urse spe a k s x t/ d d

e e o e . r. o ,
o co , e ca te r
FI G . 68 — S e l f h
,
-
a ir i n g B ow .
but p rs lly I d
,
e t sid r th in fi ite si m l d v c n d
on a ,
o no con e e n a a an e a
re tr t f th ea t t suit v ri us sty l s o f pl yi g t b i
o e nu ,
o a o e a n
,
o e n
an
y w
y d tri m t l
a to e x c uti ju
e s t i n to n ti en th a e on or a on on e
i str m t
n u en .
R d h rs h ir h
e b e e rec m m d d i pr f re c to w hit
o e a as n o en e n e e n e e,
as
“
biti g b tt r s qu tly th
n ti e f th d y e
e but
,
co n e en on e ac on o e
this is f ll y its ly ff t is t pr d ce
a a ac , rs ss f
as on e ec o o u a coa ene o
tone D J Ni h ls
. wh i n v t d hu g u m br us f rm
r. . c o on, o en e a e c o o
o f fi d dl h vy i w d d
e, so stru ti th t it u l d b
ea n oo an co n c on a co e
us d f e r k i g b ttl s m u h b tt r th f
or co n
“
d is rsi g o e c e e an or cou n
d l t m l dy i tr d u d f th purp s f v ki g its thr ”
u ce e o e ,
n o ce or e o e o e o n ee
h rs p w r t
o e -
hug b
o e wh sti k w h l f
”
on e, a i h e ow , o se c as a an nc
thi k t th
c t a d b m b i th e tr h i h s fitt d w ith
nu
,
a n o e
’
n e cen e .
w c w a e
re d h ir d m da f s m li g ht w
,
an d w h i h m k s th m w
a e o o e oo ,
c a e e on
d f l ly li ght i pr p r ti t th i si Th s fid d le db s
‘
er u n o o on o e r z e. e e s an ow
\ sp i m s f w hi h m y b s
ec en i M G rg s Ch
o t h p
c a e een n eo e ano
’
s s O
i W rd ur S tr t)
.
n a uri si ti s i th ir w y but d dly i

o ee are c o e n e a ,
ea n
o th r r sp ts Th
e e l br t d b w m k rs
ec .
‘
t m yi e ce e a e o -
a e are no an n
A pl e te d e s c r i pti o n o f th e m , w i th f u l l s i z e d i a gr a m s w a s p r i n te d f o r th e
co m
P C
,
i n v e n to r u n d e r th e ti tl e o f D e si gn s a n d l a n s f o r th e o n s tr u c ti o n and
Ar r a n g e m e n t o f th e Ne w Mo d e l Vi o l i n (Lo n d o n , l a r ge f o l i o .
CHAP TE R V .
TH E VI O LI N, I T S V G A A RIE S AND I TS VAR I E GATO R S .
Pe r fe c ti o n o f th e E x i sti n g F o r m — E a r th e n w a r e , Me ta l , Le a th e r , a pi e r Mflc h é P
a n d E c c e n tr i c Vi o l i n s — Tr u m pe t Vi o li n — e a r sh a p e d Vi o l i n H u l sk a m p s P - -
’
P
. . .
Vi o l i n o l y c h o r d Vi o l i n s — I so a r d s — D u b o i s — Vu Il l a u m e — H oe n se l
’
. . . . .
Ha w k i n s Si n c l a i r — Wy l d e s Na ge l ge i ge , o r Na i l Vi o l i n
’
o x w o od -
B
C
. . .
Vi o li n H o w e ll J a c qu e s — e l l
’
Ro be r tso n o lli n s Ho w e l l B
C
. . . . . . .
M o l l e n h a u e r — Gu i ta r s h a pe d Fi d d l e s —Ga lb u se r a h a n o t —S a v a r t s
’
F - -
P
. . . . .
Tra pe z o id Vi o l i n — a te n t Re pa i r s . .
I H AVE o f en t b
by p rs s u qu i t d w ith th
een as k ed e on n ac a n e e
c o stru ti
n f ll p w rs f th vi li
c on o r H w is it
u vr o e o e o n
,
o one ne e
he rs o f i m pr v m ts to th vi li ? P i s d i d d ll
a o e en e o n ano ,
an n ee a
o th r m usi l i stru m ts d v e i p rf ti w ith th e m rc h

e ca n en
,
a an c n e ec on a
f pr g r ss but th fi dd l s e m s t st d still This is p r f tly

”
o o e ,
e e e o an . e ec
tru ; t l st it is
e a ss ry t s rc h th m st Obs ure s ur s
ea ,
n ece a o ea e o c o ce
f or n oti s f im pr v m ts t th vi li
ce o — i m pr v m ts lyo e en o e o n
,
”
o e en on
i n m na d d v rtis m
e an ts w hi h liv th ir sh rt
on a t e e en ,
c e e o e x 1s e n c e s ,
k w no ly t th f w w h
n on br ught i t
o t t w ith th
e e o a re o n o con ac e
i t r d g t w ith ut l vi g tr b hi d Th r e s
n ve n o ,
an o ou o ea n a a ce e n . e a on
f or this is t f t s k Th vi li no ll d it justly is th
ar o ee . e o n ,
ca e as e
ki g f i stru m ts is p rh ps th
n o n ly hu m
en t iv ,
”
e a e on an con r a n ce ,
w hi h tkc ,
wh l
a m y b
en pr u d t b — p f t
as a o e, a e on o n ce o e er ec .
I f y o w ill tur to p g e 125 y

u w ill fi d th
n f ll w i g p r a ou n e o o n a a
g r ph
a L e t us l
: k t th t t m bl 0a fi d d l ooW h t is a e ou en s e e e . a
it ? I t is h ll w b fr m 13 t 14 i h s i l gth t th
a o o ox
,
o o nc e n en a e
w i d st p rt 8% i
e h s d t th
a ,
rr w st 4 % i h s br d
nc e , an a e na o e nc e ,
oa .
I t is b ut 2% i h s d e p t th d p st p rt
a o nc d w i ghs b ut
e e a e ee e a ,
an e a o
8% u o s B y d this w h v
n ce . k t rm i ti g i s r ll
e on e a e a n ec e na n n a c o ,
w h i h w ith p g s fi g
c ,
b rd d t il pi e f b y bri g th
,
n er -
oa ,
an a -
e ce o e on ,
n e
w e i g ht up t b u t t w ty u s Th w d r us p biliti s
o a o en o n ce . e on o ca a e
an d w d rful quilibriu m f ll th p rts m y b su m m d p

on e e o a e a a e e u
i n sh
on e rt s t — i t supp rts
o t si en th stri
e n ce
g
s f o a en on on e n o
68 lbs d v rti l pr ssur

.
,
a n th bri d g
a e f 26 p u d s ca e e on e e o o n .
This xquisit m hi e st d i g
e p r t i its m yst ri us
e ac n ,
an n a a n e o
si m pli ity fr m th vul g r h rd f i stru m ts o f m l dy d

c o e a e o n en e o an
h r m y is p bl f xpr ssi g m r by its u id d v i

a on ,
ca a e o e e n o e na e o ce
th an l l th e re st p t t g th r ;
a d wh this h b e n s i d u o e e an en as e a
,
THE VI O LI N, rr s VAGAR I E S A ND I TS v xs m oxro s s '
. 105
a re w e p rf tly justifi d i s ribi g to it th ttribut f

n ot e ec e n a c n e a e o
p rf c ti
e e d is it xtr rd i ry th t
on an
y tt m pt d i m pr v e ao na a an a e e o e
m t ly pr v s t b d t ri o r ti a d th t t this d y w e
en on o e o e a e e a on , n a o a
sa
y t t h fid d l
o e i th w r
e d s f C r d i l W ls y n e o o a na o e
I c h a r g e th e e , fli n g a w a y am b i ti o n ,
B y th a t si n f e l l th e a n g e l s
I n th e y r
1804 , E n , th e c e e a e d
ea l br t vi li isto n r st
a n d Co n c e rt
ir t r
d e c o to th e P n ce o f S a e Co ri x bur G th
g o a , w ho w a s a o a - -
ls
pr ti l
ac ca i l
f dd e m a k e r a n d e
l
xp ri
e -
list r t
m e n ta ,
w o e a s fo o w
2
ll s
tr
Af e th e n m e o u r us
and rp t
e e a ed e ss ys hi h
a w c I a e m a de hv
i n th e c o n stru ti
c o n o f th e vi li
o n fo r m o e r th t an wen e a s, I ty y r
hv a e c o m e to th e c o n c onlusi th t its r
a fo m a n d m a n fa c e as .
u tur
th y h v
e a e c o m e d o w n to us r
f o m th e e b st t liI a a n m a e , a re st rs
not sus ce e of an ptibl
y ” m i pr v
o em en , e t sp i lly
ec a as e a d
g t h e r r s
b yod o f th e n m en i stru t I t ha s e v ry justly b ee n em a . e d, r rk
P lu m f a ci a n t Iz o m i n e s e co n su e tu d i n e qu a m e r a ti o n e , a n d a s
hu tr i t this xi
t o gh to c o n a d c r li
m a m , a n d f o m a fe e n g o f n d ei
p e ,
y ri i v ti s h v b
n de n c e m a n d a n
g nno a on a e e e n m a de r th r
(or a e
a tt pt
em y th
e d) , m a n of r sults
e m th e e r ully ppli s i
o f ca e f a ed c en ce , -
l b urs i t lli t
a n d o f th e a o of n e
g en l r
a n d ea n ed m en su h th y
as c , e
b e co m e m ost i t r sti
n e e n
g t vi li
o th e k r
o n ma e , and as su h it is c , -
i t ti
th e n e n o n o f th e pr s t h pt r
e en c a e si r th
to c o n d e em Cr i m i n e .
a b u n o d i s ca o m n e s First s
co m e ist i stru ts hi h
th e l of n
. m en w c
h v b
a e e e n m a de o f v ri us
a o il ly u suit bl
and w d n a t ri ls
e ma e a ,
b e gi i g w ith
nn n
E t h w
ar e V i l i
en — Th re is
ar sp e i m f this v g ry i
o n s. e a c en o a a n
th e Mu é d A tiqu s t R u d th r i D l ft f i '
s e es n e ,
a o e n , an an o e n e a e n ce
in th M us é e f th C s r t ir e t P ri
o w hi h h e b on e va o e a a s, c as een
p l y
a d e
(w ith r
on sult sily ti ip t d ) by
a M s eG Ch q t ea an c a e on . r . o ue ,
th e co m pil r o f th t l gu f th e m us u m w h o d s c ri b s it
e e ca a o e o e ,
e e
as ith r p w rful
ne e pl s t o e n or ea an .
” 3
M t l i li s C pp r br ss
Ve a — o d silv r h v
n ll b e
o us d e , a ,
an e a e a en e
fo m ki g fid d l
r a th t
n s f w h i h m y sily b i m gi d
e s, e one o c a ea e a ne .
A tic e f th s m y b f u d i th Al lg m i M i k li he
no o e e a e o n n e e e ne us a sc
Z it g
e un l ,1804 p g 50 Th e silv r vi li
vo . v 11.
,
w hi h h ,
a e . e o n c as
be e vi w i M D vis s w i d w i Gr
n on e n S tr t L i st
r. a
’
n o n een ee ,
e ce er
S qu r l g r th
a e, on
y livi g m
e r m m b
an r is d
an ubtl e s n an ca n e e e ,
o
s
a f m ili r bj e c t t m
a a y o f m y r d rs
o o an ea e .
“
He i n fi d d l e m a k i n g o f J A O tto , to w h o se
w a s th e m a s te r -
Tr e a tis e o n
C
. .
th e o n s tr u c ti o n o f th e Vi o l i n r e fe r e n c e h a s b e e n m a d e i n th e s e
"
pa ge s .
Al lge m c i n e M us i ka l i s c h o Ze i tu n g, v o l v i i , 1804, p 4 9
‘
3
. . . .
Ma n y o f m y r e a d e r s pr o ba b l y k n o w Ch a m p fl e u r y s (ps"e u d o n y m o f
’
J ul es F l e u r y th e n o v e li st) d e l i gh tf u l s to r y , Le Vi o l o n d e F a i e n c e , e x qu i si te l y
‘
go t u p in é
d i ti o n d e l u x e b y M D e n tu ( a r i s , w h i c h r e la te s th e
. P
a d v e n tu r e s o f o n e o f th e se c h i n a fi d d l es .
106 VI O LI N M AK I K G
-
: As I T w a s AND 18.
Le a ther Vi o l ih r is
n s — T e e
. su h on es c us u
to be e e n i n th e m e m
o f th e Co n e s rv t ir a o siqu
e de Mu ris e , in P a t ,
o f t h e d a e o f 1 7 7 6
’
lxxxiii
a n d i n th e Ge n tle m a n s hf a g a z i n e , v o l , fo r th e c a r 1 813,
bt kr
. .
at p a e 312, w e fi n d m e n
g ti G vi
on of on e ils a n \V o n , a oo ma e
o f Ed n i bur h g , h vi i v t
w h o ,
a n
g pr ss
n e n e d hr i
a o c e fo r a d e n n
g
l th r
ea e str ti
fo r th e c o n r ifi i l li bs
uc on of a t c a th r
m ,
e t c .
,
m a d e e e
r
f om a Gr e m anflut hi h
e a n d a v io l i n , w s rib c a r e de c ed as
“
n ot
i ri r
n fe o stru t
to a n y c o n c e d o f w o od
”
.
P ap i er m d e hé Vi o l in
-
G r s h t p ss ss s
— M . eo
g e C ano o e e o ne of
th s e e am on
g uri siti s hi h h r t ri his sh p
th e c o e w c c a ac e is
z e o . I t
pi t
a n ed rg een an d l g is
o d, a n d hi us as h stly
d eo and
g a a s any
thi n
g ca n be whi h b rs c ea r s bl an
y e em fi l a n c e to a d d e.
y r rs ll ubtl ss
Ma n o f m y e a d e w i d o ili r ith
e be fa m a w tr th e e n e
p risi n
g m i t
e n d can p r bul t s
w ho e am u try pl yi
a e t h e co n a n
g on
fidd le s m a d e o f o ld m e a t ti s i r b x s hi h sh
n an d c
g a o e
,
w c ow a
v ry
e consi r bl i
d e a e n ge nuity th ir inu tur but hi h it
e m a n fa c e, w c
wo ul d he o bvi usly r i
o purp s
fo e gn to o u r s rib th s
o e to de c e in e e
p sa ge . s
I n th e a m e ca te go ry s s
c o m e th e fiddl e s o n e ee m a de
of br sti ks
oom c ,
a v ri us r s s i i
n d th e a o f o m ut vi li s
o f o r d n o r m e o n ,
h s
w o e no e is pr u i -
od c n p biliti s
g c a a r u e a re i i u
e d c e d to a m n m m
by v ri us r u ti s
a o ed c on t rti s sh p
an d co n o on si of a e an d z e.
Ne xt r r v ri us
i n o d e c o m e th e a o tri iti s sh pe cce n c e of a e , th e
a ppli ti ca on ofv ri us a o pli ti s

com b uti ul si pli ity
ca o n to th e ea f m c
o f th e vi li v ri us i stru ts hi h h v r ti
o n , a n d th e a o n m en w c a e f om me
to ti b
me i tr
een n b ri
o d u ce d, ea tri rr
n
g e c ce n ts c a an
g e men an d
u b rs stri s
n m e of n
g .
Tr u mp e t Vio l i n is — Th t t Gr y
w a s p a e n e d i n 1 854 , i n e m an ,
by r i ll
Fe d n a n d H e , a n d i n En g a n d l by t W E Ne w o n (1854 ,
. .
Jan a u ry 25th No . sist a n d co n pti h r

e d i n a da n
g a o n or a
tru p t
m e to a vi li uthpi
o n , th e m o p i i t e ce O e n n b y g n o th e od of
th e n i stru t m en p i t hr
a t th e o n k j i s it
w e e th e n e c tub o n ,
t h e e
r i
unn n
g d k
o w n th e n e c r u n de b r t h e fin e r
g h ll
-
o a d , a n d th e e ,
or m o uth t ki ,
a n plg th e s r ll
a c e o f th e is s ic o . hv
I t a d n o t to a e
v ry u h
e m c t
d a m a ge d th e o n e o f th evi li but it o n,v ry w as e
hi us
d e o , a s m a y be e u p s o ed .
The P e a r s hap e d -
. xhibi
i o l i n , o f A E n gl e de r , w a s e te d a t
u ih s y r
M n c i n th e a m e e a (1854 ) r rs r b lishTh e c o n e we e a o e d,
th e upp r b uts
e o tr t co n l r b uts xp
a c e d a n d th e
,
o we o e a n d e d, to
pr u o d ce th e d e sir r sult ed e h y r it . T e w e e, h r ly i
n eed a d be sa d .
a fa ilur e .
L t r ti l xhibiti
I n 1862, a t th e o n d o n I n e n a o n a E o n , o n e H u l s k a m p,
a Gr e man r si t e Y rk xhibit
de n i n Ne w o fi l
,
e bl s
ed a d d e , th e ta e
of w hi h ul by
c co d, h is i si
a m ec an m i stru t rk
n de th e n m en , w o ed
by a k e y , be sub it r ul r t si
m te d to a e
g s it th t
a en o n to u a o f th e
ti s
s r ng . b k b ly r quit
Th e a c a n d e l we e hi h e fla t, w c w a s co n
108 VI O L IN M K I NG -
A : As I T WAS AND IS .
ku st W im r 1869) m ti s th Vi l t
n e a i v te d b en on e o on en or n en
f w hi h
-
, , ,
th l d r D b is ( P risi
e e e m t ur) th f ur stri g
u o a a an a a e ,
e o n s o c
w r tu d t v b l w th s f vi li Th i ’
e e ne an oc a d ét e
e e o o e o a o n. e r a so n r
o f this i stru m t it is d i fii l t t i m i but

n en i d it cu o a o n e, as an ea
is b ut a origi l a th Vi l li f Ti rr Hill m e r I t w s
as o na s e o a n o e . a
i t d d to sup rs d th vi l
n en e ct e i t rm d i y
e e e o a, or a as an n e e ar
b twe it d th vi l
een ll an e o o n ce o .
J B V ill m i tr d u d i 1 855
. . u au m d l f
e thn o ce ,
n ,
a new o e or e
t r w hi h w m u c h br d r d d p r d
en o ,
c as s qu tly oa e an ee e ,
an co n e en
m r o d i ffi ult t
e pl y th th t i
c rd i ry o Th s ea an a n o na u se . e
i s tru m ts w re c stru t d s i tifi pri ipl s o th t th

n en e on c e on c en c nc e , s a e
m ss f a t i d i sh uld giv
o con a ne t f 34 13 3 vi br ti s t
a r o e a no e o a on o
th s e d givi g th
e c on t F w hi c h is th right s i ti fi
,
n e no e ,
e c en c
p p rti
ro o rd i g t th d is v ri s f F lix S v rt The y
on a cco n o e co e e o e a a .
w r e tri d t th Bruss ls C s rv t ir
e e a d th ir te w e on e a o e, an e o ne as
f u d t b m r lik e th t f vi li
o n o e d tw i
o e p w rful a o a o n, an ce as o e as
th t f a rd i ry vi l but th y di d t m i t u i v rs l
o an o na o a, e no co e n o n e a
u se f th r s or s giv b v e ea on en a o e.
Vi li w i th th pp
o ns d l w b t f th m
e i u h v er an o er ou s o e sa e s z e
,
a e
b een con stru t d by m r th xp ri m t list I 1808

c e o e an one e e en a . n ,
w fi d
e r r d f su h
n a w it h th
e co bri dg t i
o th c an one, e e se n e
c tr ; d i 1811
en e an J A t i n H l luthi r ,d one ean n o ne oe n se ,
e an
c h m b r m usi i t M l D d S h burg l i m d tt ti
a e c an o . e ue e c oe n , c a e a en on
f or a si m il r w hi h h ss rt d t h v b
a one, i v t d by c e a e e o a e een n en e
h i m i n 1 801 .
ki s t k
I n th e y e a 1 800 J J H a w n r
p t t oo ou t a a en.
( N .o 2 4 4 6) .
fo r a vi li hi h
o n, w c si s
ha d n o b k but ly str
de o r a c , rib on a on
g
ru i b
nn n
g th en ea b lly th e hi h
e ,
o n w s u p st
c w a s s e t th e o nd o ,
-
w hi h pr ss up
c e ed b lly by
o n th e se spri m ean of a n
g W e a re .
t l th t
o d a r l u ss
th e m e e o dn e fi l littl i p ir by
of a dd e w a s e m a ed
this rui us pr no i th u h v this is
o ce e d n
g, o
g e tt r
e n a m a e fo r
con si r bl ub
de a e do r t it is k l
t ; a t any a e, th t a c n o w e d ed
g a th e
qu lity t
a of bs lut ly str y
on e w as a o e is s i th t
de o ed It a d a he .
co m m itt v
e d th elis rui i
a n da m of v lu bl n n
g a a by a e S tr a d i u a r i u s
th e appli ti ri i ul us triv
c a o n o f hi s d c o con a n ce F i a t exp e r i m e n ta m .
but sp r
i n c o r p o r e v i li st rpi s
a e th e m a r, e e ce of C em o n a .
vi s r rs i v ti s i l ir
M r D a d o n e fe to th e n e n o n o f o n e S n c a , a S c o c
. th
k r tury pr
m a e , w h o , a t th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f th e c e n ,
o duce d
v ri us tri ul r
a o an
g a ith rr
fi d d l es w ts a sy p th ti
an
g em en of m a e c
stri s n
g i r si
f o r n c ea s rity
n
g th e b
o no stri s by
o f th e o w e d n
g
t vibr ti
c o n so n a n a ls stru tur ith
on, and a o a s ts stri s
c e w tw o e of n
g
b v h r ist t
o n e a o e th e o t e , a n d s o fa r d ll ith r
an a s to a o w e e s e t to
be pl y up by p ssi
a ed on a b t
n
g t hth
e bo w si il
e ween em O f a m ar .
na tur pr u ti s
e a r e th e th r k r
od c on of o eh vi ti
m a e s, w h o , a n g m e to
p ri t li h v
ex e men a z e, stru t vi li s it
a e co n c ed ubl tri s
o n w h do e s n
g
TH E VI O L I N, l i s
'
VA GA r u ES AND 11 s
'
VA R I E GATO R S . 1 09
(lik e li ) tu d i th r i u is
a m a n do r
ne ct v s
,
A f w ne e e n n on o o a e . e
Ve ft
ars ar th b v w eb r th r S
e a o ttish vo g rye, w hi h as o n an o e c a a
,
c
w d
as a ubl vi li h vi
o g b e k b lly od si d
n, e s but t w a n one ac ,
e ,
an ,
o
n ks
ec bri d g e s,
t il pi s d s ts f stri
, g s a it h -
s b e ce ,
an e o n a een
de s c rib d a s l u d h rsh t d i stru m t f lit tl

e a o ,
o v l a -
on e n en , o e or n a ue ,
ex pti g
ce uri sityn as a c o .
I th y n r 17 4 0 G e r m m
eausi i m d J h n W ail d e an c an ,
na e o a n e,
l ivi g i S t P t rsburg i v t d
n n . ri us i stru m t ll d
e e ,
n en e a cu o n en ca e
a N il vi li (i G r m
a - N g lg ig N g lh m i/ E i
o n n e an , a e e e, a e ar on ca
,
sen
v oi lm ) I ts i v ti
e .
s ms t h v b n id t l f it is
en on ee o a e een acc en a , or
thus d sc rib d by M C rl E g l
e e O v i g ft r r tur r . a n e ne e en n ,
a e e n
i g n h m f r m o r t W
e i ld i o h i
g g his vi li
a c o n ce b w ,
e, n an n o n o on a
na i l id t lly pr d u d t by d r w i g th h ir f th b w
acc en a o ce a one a n e a o e o
o v r th m ta l w h r up h
e e e iv d th i d a f
,
e t eti on e con ce e e e o co n s r u c n or
a m usi l i stru m t f ils A d th t h h su c d d i

ca n en o na . n a e as c ee e n
pr d u i g o fi c n t d i f t pr ti lly r m m d bl
a ne -
on e ,
no a ac ca eco en a e
i st m t w i ll pr b bly b gr t d by ll w h d r w th l rg
n ru en ,
o a e an e a o a e a e
FI G . 69 — . Na g e l g e i g e or Ei se n v i o h n e (Wi l d e ) .
bl k h ir d b w v e r th ir pi s Th b w is b st m d
ac -
a e o o e on n . e o e a e
w ith bl k h ir f w hit h ir is s ft r d d s t bit ‘ ’

ac a or e a o e ,
an oe no e so
,
w ll f e su h ir fi d dl I t m ust ls b pl e ti fully sup

or c an on e . a o e n
li d w it h r si t m k it bit w ll
) e It w o h ld i th l ft
n o a e e e .
”
as e n e e
h d by h l u d r th M E g l gi s fi gur o f it
an a o e n e nea . r . n e ve a e
w hi h I r pr d u c Fi g 69 I 1 7 80 it w
e i m pr v d by
o ce, . . n as o e
a d d iti f y m p th ti c stri gs w h
on o S l
s rtist o f Vi a e n ,
en en a , a n a enn a,
e x ll d up it Th
ce e ils di m i i h i l g th s th t s g t
on . e na n s n en a e no e e
high r d th c hr m ti ils
e ,
an slightly b t I 17 91e o a c na are en . n ,
one
Tr g r pr d u da e rr g m t f it w rk d by k ys ll d
o ce an a an e en o , o e e ,
ca e
Ng l l i a I t is i t r s ti g s
e c a v er uri sity i th w y f h w
. n e e n a a c o n e a o o
i stru m
n ts en .
I th S uth K si n g to
n M us u m
e d fi gur d
o d full y en n e ,
an e an
d s rib d ie th
c c t l
g u the r f is a m st
n uri us vieli a a o e e eo ,
o c o o n ,
m de f b xw
a d d t d 157 8 I t is f
o o qu r d u m br us
oo ,
a e . o a ee an c o
sh p b i g i th f r m f w dg w hi h rr
a e
, e n nt th th i k e o o a e e
,
c n a ow s a e c
é d to
'
l s r t f e k w hi h is f r m d by r u d h l t d m it
a o o n c , c o e a o n o e o a
VI O L I N MA -
K I NG : As ir w a s AND is .
th e h d th shi ft b i g thus r d r d i m p ssibl I t is ca r ve d

an ,
e e n en e e o e .
a l l v r w ith v ri us rur l d ll g ri l s
o e a o s d s m y a an a e o ca ce n e ,
an ,
a a
b supp s d th to
e o is ve ry p r I t is d s ri b d by H w kin s
e ,
e ne oo . e c e a
an d Bur y i the ir Hist rie s f Musi

ne n th l tt r d sc rib s it o o c e a e e e
as h vi g a m r tn h nom ut e ovi li w ith s rdi

e on e
"
t an a or o n a o ne.
I t is s i d t h v b a
g iv t o th E a rl o ef L i ce st r
een by en o e a e e
Q u e e n E li b th d h s b th th ir c ts f r m s i si lve r
z a e ,
an a o e oa o a n on
th e fi g b rd I t is p e rh ps
n er -
oa f th
. m st i te r sti g , a ,
one o e o n e n
fiddl ( i f it c b e ll e d ) i e xist es an so ca n
e ( id p n ce v c .
I 1835 Th m s Ho w e ll t o o k t n o a ou a
p te t (N 6964) f e w f rm f a n o . or a n o o
vi li w hic h is r pr se t d t F i g 7 0 o n ,
e e n e a . .
I t bj t w s by sh o rt i g th u pp r s o ec a ,
en n e e
b u ts d l gthe i g th fi g rb rd o an en n n e n e oa ,
t f ilita t pl yi g i th upp r shi fts o ac e a n n e e ,
nd bvi ti g th t i l g
“
o f a c ti o a o a n a ne e a n ce n
w hi h is s mu h m pl i d f ev c o c co a ne o , en
i th e m st xp e t p r f rm e rs
”
Th n o e r e o . e
b c k d b lly w r fl t th t il pi c e a an e e e a ,
e a -
e
g lu d t t h i stru m t t o be
“
t e o e n en ,
ou
f th w y f th e c hi d th e s o u d
”
o e a o n, an n
h l s r v rt d t the f rm i v o gu i o e e e e o o n e n
th fi ft th tu y e een ce n r .
I 1856 l rgy m n (th R n a c e a e ev.
G o rge J c qu ) t k t p te t (N e a e oo ou a a n o .
1 684 ) f d pti g t th vi li d or a a n o e o n an
e c l si g w ithi it s ri s f sy m p n o n n a e e o a
th ti stri s t bliqu ly r ss the e c n ,

s e o e ac o
i te ri r f t i stru m t Th y c o ul d n o o e n en . e
b t k t tu e d d r pl d by e a en ou ,
n ,
an e a ce
p i g i th l w r b uts H an o en n n e o e o . e
th u ght i this w y t i c r s th o n a o n ea e e
s rity f th e i stru m t on o o n en
F I G — V I
70 H o w e l l s P a te n t
’ 1 8 58 0 H ry B ll P
i o l int te d n 116 en e a en a
d si g pplyi
. .
.
( 1335'
(N o 28 2 3) f g e n . or a n a
fl tt d gl ss c ylin de r to th e in te ri o r o f vi lin w ith th e s m e

a ene a a o a
O b e ct
°
J .
I th n m y r ( N
e 258 s7 )a J o h ne R o b rts o
ea p t t d o. e n a en e a
d vi
e ce f i r si g t h orto e o f vi o li
n c ea s b g r o vi
n g t th e n n o n ou e
s ft p rt f th pi o f th e b lly s
o a o et e v o ly th e fibr s
ne e ,
o as o a e n e
t
s a d i ng t Hn th u g htou th t i .
this w y the V br t y o a n a e i a or
surf w ul d b i c r s d d th fidd l th r by i m pr v d
a ce o e n ea e ,
an e e e e o e .
I 1866n H ry B ll t h p t t enf th l st tr v ece

,
e a en ee o e a con i an
but t k t o th r p t t (N 207 1) f i r si g d
one ,
oo ou an e a en o . or nc ea n an
11 2 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : AS I T WA s AND IS .
i id
ns e a s
do m e d ca e A w c hi h , ir ul r h l
ha d a c c a o e B i n th e
m i dd l e to a d m it thebri hi h r st
d ge w c e ,
ed on ir u r b lly
th e c c l a e ,
r
a n d w a s fo m e d lik e a vi l ll bri
o o n ce o p
dg e rbi s
S a c e fo d my
.
g oi i t
n
g n o th eth ry eo this i stru t h r it is
o f n m e n e e ; r e p r e
s t
en ed in pl an a n d in s ti ec on i n Fig 7 1 b ss The .a ba r .
w as c urv ed a s a t C ,
a n d th e u p st
so n d o r pl w as by e-
ace d a
h vy
ea h is
m ec an m w hi h hu c n
g t l t si
o th e e f db lly
e o f th e e a s
at D . k
The n e c h a d a pr tub r o rr sp i
e a n ce E co e on d n
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sh ul r
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hi h shi ts
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2 T h e d a
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e xpl i s i s l
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ned n n r i ry
g , A a n o d na
th b pi
um -
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th e
, a e Di st a a n
g h k t h e c ee of
s r ll
th e c o E , a n d pr v tse en r slippi
th e pe g f o m n
g .
Tw o y r ltr
ea a e
( 1 8 7 9 ,
L
T
o 3 0 2 2 ) o nll p t t
.e H o w e a e n e d a
mo st uri us i stru t
c o n m e n , th e st i s r n
g hi h r
o f w c l w e e s e t a o n
g
th e s i d e , th e n e c k bi e n r
g f o m edby l ahl o n
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a dm it h
th e a n d its
in it
w a
y i t r sti
was n e e sp lly
n
g , a n d e e c i a s o
u ii s
to a c o st c a n , w h o c o d ul thus t st e r sults
th e e vibr ti s
o f th e a on
o f th e stri s b i tr s itt l itu i lly
n
g e ng an m ed on
g d na fibr s t o t h e e of
i st
th e w o o d n e a d o f e
, v rti lly ca p t svrl
H e a te n e d e e a m o di fic a
.
ti s
on o f th e i stru t
n m e n o n th e s pri ipl
am e nc e .
S till r l t l
m o e a e y (1881, No 621) E R Mo e n a e , o f Ne w ll h u r
. . .
Y rk bt i
o ,
o a n ed pr t tio e c o n f o r ia d e s
g ivi i
n f o r d i si
d n
g th e n d e
o f th e fi l i t
d d e n o tw o c a m e h b rs by s m ean sh p
o f a fid dl e
, a ed -
pl k r sti
an e n
g on asuppl t ry si li i
em en a d e r u
n n , se t
g
-
o n d t h e
ce n tr e o f th e ribs l i
He c a m e d . by this s i r s
m ea n to n c e a e th e
s rity
on o o f th e i tru t
ns m en t is
Co m m e n . l ss n e ed e
1
.
An o e th r i t r sti v ry is
n e e n
g a ga l i
t h e F o d nr v ll r s
g or T a e e
’
i li
Vo n k this i stru t
Th e n e c o f
. n b y
m e n , th e o d o f w hi h is l c on
g
an d n a rr ow com e s ,
o ff with b r ls
th e fi n ge r o a d , a s d o a o th e -
bri d ge , ta il pi e ce , a n d
-
t il a
p i hi h ith
n , a ll o f w -
c , w l i a fo d n
g b ow,
t i t s ll r ul r s
fi n o a m a e c ta n g a ca e As a c o , uri sity it is .
g o od an d
,
as a qu sti
e on of t v i
o n e a n d c o n e n e n ce , it is n o t ba d At the .
s am e ti it ill
m e, w g oi t p rt t u
n o a o m an ea is ,
usi
an d am n
g an d
h y
an d o n o cc a si s hon w e n o n e doe s t
n o t w an uss rryi
th e f o f ca n
g
a f ull r g
-
own fi l dd e .
h v r iv
I a e e c e e d fr o m Ha n o v e a m o r st i t r sti n e eur sit n
g c io
y i n
th e vi li li
o n ne is ll
It . p
c a e d th e L of e lg ei g e (s o o n fi dd l e ) a n d -
C t L i gi F
o un u V l d i gh i d t d
r a n c es c o a f hi r M gi evo e(N 9) on e o s u su r ana o.
to th e d i sc u ssi o n th es e fid d l e s , pro m pte d th e r e to a p p a r e n tl y by Mr A J

of . . .
Hi pk i n s a r ti c l e i n
’
M u s i c a l Op i n i o n a n d M u s i c Tr a d e : R e vi e w I t i s e n ti tl e d ,
C
.
Gl i s tr u m e n ti a d a r co r i n f o r z a ti d e l Si g E M o l l e n h a v e r
. . e n n i Mo n o gra fi c i .
(Mo d e n a , a n d g i v e s d e sc r i p ti o n s i n b r i e f o f m a n y v a ga r i e s s u c h a s w e
a re n o w d i s c u s si n g
T HE VI O LI N, I T S VAGARI E S AND I TS VARI EGAT O R S .
n 3
i m
s o r e a usi i j kso th a e a y thi g am ls onI t i s
g m c an n n n e e .
fo
r m d f e s li d pi
o f one d
d k s oup l d l e d is e ce o w oo x e a o -
a ,
an
r pr s t d i fr t
e e en e d si d e V w n Fg
i 73
on T h an ie in . . e
b w l is s p d t d d ke d
o co o t w r
e W thou th d l
,
a n ec ,
a s i e e, i a in ea
s u d b rd pi r d w ith tw s m ll v l s u d ho le s Th
o n -
oa ,
e ce o a o a o n -
. e
h d is f
ea uri us ho k sh p o a d c b s t o f the s a m
o o a e, an ca n oa e
a d v t g s th t
an a w r l
e i m d f t h a r v e rs e d
i
s c r o ll o f M
e e c a e or e e ,
C h t w hi
an o h is ti d b l w Ac r d i ry V l
no bri d g ce is e o .
n o na io ln e
u t b lly r is stri s us l r l g
,
m o d nth e t on t h g e j t e f th e o a e e n c ea o on
,
n e k c It h . t i l p i but th
as n o s tr g s tt ah d t -
l ps e ce , e in a re a ac e o oo
o f D stri g
hi h m fnr m p ,g s s t u de r
w c th t h fi
co dd l e o e e n n ea e e,
o ve r s rt f r st m d f ti w hi h pr t ts th l w r dg
a o o e a e o n
,
c o ec e o e e e
o f th b w l I t t is uri u
e o .
s m g ht b s xp c te d
on e c o s, a i
.
e e e .
Th l t st thi g f th s rt I h v e
e a e n o e o a
co m r ss h b
e
‘
ac fi dd l f
o as een a e o
R ussi m u f tur ( Mire urt

an an ac e on co
pri ipl s f nc stru ti ) w hi h

e o co n c on ,
c
is w b i g s l d t b t gui
n o e n o a a ou a n ea
i th m usi sh ps This fi d d l d i ff rs
n e c o . e e
fr m th o rdi ry f r m i th t i t h
e o na o n a as
no pr j ti g dg s w hi h is gr t
o ec n e e ,
c a ea
m ist k f a i t is pr ti ll y i m
e, or ac ca
p ssibl u d r th s ir u m st s
o e n e e e c c a n ce
t t k
o ff th b lly i
a e o s f d e e n ca e o n ee .
H v r like th
ow e e S r ph i
,
e e a ne
,
”
“ ” “
E c le o n ,
Z e phy r o ph o n e , an d
o th r bsurd ly
e a tri iti s n a m e d e c ce n c e
o f br w vi li
an n e m u f tur th y
-
o n an ac e, e
are m d I pr su m t fi d
a e e e o n a
m rk t ma g m
e t urs wh
a lik t on a a e o e o
h v s m thi g t f th m m
a e o e n ou o e co on,
FI G . 73 4 10 3 3 13 9 3 9 0”
a t th xp e e f th i w v iee n se d th r p pl s o rs e r o n co n en n ce an o e eo e
’
ea .
E u g h f th s m i r v g ri s
no oIf ss ry I uld fill
e e no a a e . n e ce a
,
co a
th i k qu t w ith th m
c Su h
ar o th y th e y i te r sti g e . c as e are, a re n e n
an d b fii l e r i g s i t r m i s o ly t tic e tw i t l
ne c a as wa n n e a n n o no o n e
l ig t en d s i tifi xp ri m ts (I w ill t i sult the m by

an c en c e e en no n
ca lli g th m v g i s) I llu d t th g uit r sh p d vi li s f

n e a ar e . a e o e a -
a e o n o
M F r c is Ch
. t d th tr p i d vi li f M l D t ur
an o ano ,
an e a ez o o n o . e oc e
F é lix S v rt t w h m th w rl d f vi li s w s
a a ,
om u c h fo his o e o o o n o e so r
v lu bl
a d d v t d s i tifi r s r h s i t th e f r m s
a e an e d o e c en c e ea c e n o o an
an a li ti f th C r m es o d th r vi li s e e o n e se an o e o n .
G it h p d F id d l h v b
u ar -
s m d i a ll c u tri s
e d ll es a e een a e n a o n e an a
a
g s s ie t h
, i v ti f
n ce th fi d d l pr p r i t
eh sixt nth en on o e e o e n e een
c e n tu r y M G l l y i his Luthi rs I t li s
.
“
. m ti s th
a a ,
n e a en ,
”
en on e
i t r ti g f t th t M G Ch t (br th r f th v l ffice r
n e es n ac a . . a ri o o e o e na a o
8
1 14 V l O Ll N M A K l M } : -
as 11
‘
Wa s A ND is .
m en ti d b l w ) h d
on e i his h d s vi li by S t di ri u
e o a o n ce n an a o n ra va s,
w hi h w uit r sh p d d h d fl b lly I h s l f
c
g as a t a -
m y a e , n a a a e . a ve e
s su h th w rk f P t r W l m sl y B j m i B ks d
ee n — c e o o e e a e ,
en a n an , an
oth r o f e tiv m ke rs I t is r v r i t m di v lism
ou r n a e a . a e e s on o e ae a ,
w hi c h is t th l st f it f
o sa e bl d u i m p rt et
y ,
ea o ,
e e an n o an .
I th e y r 1832 C rl A t i G lb e
n ea I t li ffi ce r a o n on o a u s ra , a n a an o ,
exhibite d i th Br r P l c e t Mil
,
n vi li f g uit r
e e a a a a an, a o n o a a
sh p w hi h h e l i m d to h ve i v t d but w hi c h w s r lly
a e, c c a e a n en e , a ea
a re pr du ti f M Ch
o c t s e ss y
on H pr p r d his w o d by
o . an o
’
a . e e a e o
ch m ic l m e s by w hi h h l i m d t g t ll th r si o us
e a an ,
c e c a e o e a e e n
p rtic l s t f it Th y re riti is d d rgu d g i st by

a e ou o . e w e c c e an a e a a n
M A t li i i
. n p m phl t titl d O
o n n a i d a e en e ,
s se r v a z z one su ue
Vi li i sp o sti
o n ll s l d ll I R P l o di Br r (M il
e ne e a e e
’
. . a az z e a an ,
Th e m o ce e st
l br t i stru ts h vi this r
a ed n m en a n rg f o m w e e th e
vi li s
o n r
o f M F a n co is h t r h vl fi r u l
C a n o , a F e n c n a a o f ce , a n d n c e
.
of M G r s h t C a n o , o f Wa d o
r ur tr t h s sh p
S t w
eo
.
g e e e ,
a o e o
v rl
se e a ofth s i stru ts
e e n m en typ s
o f a ll s e m a y be een M . .
h t ul s
C a n o w o d e e m to h v ith
a e c o m m e n c ed W s li the ame n e
s i tifi
of c en si r ti
c co n v rt
d e a o n a s d i d M F eli x S a a i n th e c o n str u c .
ti on o f his tr p i vi li
a ez o d hi h sh ll pr s tly llu
o n , to w c I a e en a de .
h s vi li s r v ry v ur bly pr u
T e e o n we e e fa o a p by on o n ced u on a
u i
c o n c l o f th e Ac a d e m y pp i t ,
a o n si r th ir rits
e d t o c o n d e e m e ,
a n d ,
in de e d , pr rre fe st rpi
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e ce o f C e m o n a w w c e
r
w e e co p r
m a e i stru ts b i
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— m en lt r t ly pl y
e n
g a e na e a e d in a n
j i i r
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g oom by B uhr
M i t vi li ist
o c e , th e e m n e n .ti o n M F e s, . .
o n th e o th r h e sti ti s th
a n d,
g m a z e rh
em a s n ot w o t s te n fr a n c
a pi x pti
e ce , e c e n
g uri siti s
a s c o e ,
usi l riti
a n d a m ca c c i n th e
bru ry
Al lg e m e i n e M u s i k a li sc he Z e i tu n g, v o l xx x n , fo r F e a
,
. .
fi s si r bl
1820, n d c o n d e a e fa u w h lt it th ir t e vr on e H o w e e , fo r a .
fe w y rs th y u
ea e rk t b i s l r s
fo n d a m a e , e n g o d a t 300 f a n c e a c , h
a n d in l t y rs G r s h t t lls
a e ea M e o ge C a n o e th y h v r li
. me e a e ea z ed
ll t rs
£ 10 to c o e c o rtu
I a m fo u h p ss ss
n a te e n o g
. py to o e a co of
th e pp rt it
Ra o
’
B ux rts s
fa a l Ac a d é m i e d e s e a A d a n la S é a n ce d u
3 A vril ti
1 819 a u n o m d e l a S e c o n d e M usiqu sur uv ux e le s n o ea
i stru ts
n m en usiqu vi l s lt s vi l
de m e ( o on , a ll s
o , tr
o o n ce e e t co n e
b ss s suiv t
a e
) an ltur br v t
a fa c e e e é e de M C h a ri o t O ffic i e r a n
,
co rps G idu riti i s r

é n e Ma it ur
m e , n é é a u Mo n e d u 22 Ao ii t 1817
( P aris ,
ur p s
fo a
g e 4 t o b kO n th r p rt
e a c o f th e e o , .
w hi h is h
c e a de d stitut
In r i yl
d e F a n c e , Ac a d é m e R o a e d e s
B ux rts is pri t
ea A ,
”
st t
n ed a t th t th s i stru ts
a em en a e e n m en a re
s l
o d a t No r ss
216, R u e S t H o n o é , P a a ge d e s Ma ii r e s , a t th e
. .
ll i pri s
fo o w n g i li s
ce , v iz — V o n il s i l
300 fr , V o a 300 fr , V o o n
. . .
s
c e ll o ll
500 fr , fo o w e d by pri s
. th e b s ce s
of ow a n d ca e s fo r
th e se ni stru ts m en h s vi li
T e e s
o ns ma .
y h v si
b e een , as I a e a d,
1 16 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : As ll
' ‘
WA S A ND Is .
th e sid s but e d flush w ith th m i

e , n im f iv ry h m e n a r o o , or a
w d lik
oo , g uit r T h es u ad h l s a p i .
g s f t h e o n -
o e are o en n o e
s m l gth th e f f h l s o f th r di ry f rm b t f ll w
‘
a e en as o e e o na o
,
u
,
o o
i g th
n urv tur o f th sid s (to w hi h th y
e c a e t r th r c l s e )e e c e a r e se a e o ,
th y t k th f r m o f s gm t f ir l Th r s ssi g d
e a e e o a e en o a c c e . e ea on a ne
f or this w th t i utti g th rdi ry f f rm l rg u m b r

as a n c n e o na o ,
a a e n e
o f fibr s h d t be e t thr u gh
a d w r th r f r
o cu l g r o , an e e e e o e n o on e
a fl d by th e v i b r ti
e cre s f th bri dge T h w f rm
a l im d
on o e . e ne o c a e
th m rit f r d u i g th s
e e o t fibr s toe m i im um
c n d f thu e e ou e a n
,
an o s
r d u i g m xi m u m f l g fibr s I t h d b d t rm i d
py xp ri m t th t th l w t s o f fiddl w r pri ip ll
o c n a a o on e . a een e e ne
e e en a e o no e a e e e nc a y
pr du d by th l g fibr s d th high te s b th sh rt
o ce e on e , an e no y e o
fibr s ( d it is this pri ipl th t th s u d p st by pr ssi g

e an on nc e a e o n -
o ,
e n
up th b lly g i st th bri dg d ivi d s th vi li i t tw se t

on e e a a n e e, e e o n n o o s
o f sh rt fibr s o th si d e w hi h th
e on high t s e pr du e d on c e no e a re o c ,
w hilst th th r sid
on w hi h th e o l w ets pr du c d e
,
o n c e o no e are o e ,
th fibr se i t t thr u gh ut th l gth f th i str m t)

e are n ac o o e en o e n u en .
F or wh th fibr s u d r th e l w stri g s w r si m il rly d ivi d d

en e e n e o n e e a e
( by shi fti g th e s u d p onst t th l f t f t of th bri

n d g ) t h-
o e e oo o e e , e
l w
o t s l st l l th ir p r M Ch t l i m d f his vi l i
no e o a e ow e . . an o c a e or o n
th m e rit th r f r
e f h vi g m o r l g fibr s t pr d u
,
e e o e, o th a n e on e o o ce e
lo w t s d m r sh rt
no e ,
a n s t pr d u th hi gh s Th o e o on e o o ce e one .
b ss b is t i S v rt s fiddl d w th x t tr
a ar se as n a th a
’
e, o n e e ac cen e on e
j i
o n f th bo lly C l s t e th t eil p i w ill
. b e s s ro w e o e a -
n een a c e ,
w hi h p ssi g thr u h th t il pi d pr ssi th b lly

c
g a n o
g e a e ce a n e n on e e
-
, ,
en a bl d th e t il pi
e t b r is d a -
t l ss e ce th g l o e a e ,
s o as o e en e an e
f rm d by th stri g s p ssi g v r th bri dg

o e e n d r d u ce th a n o e e e, an e e
p r ssur
e th be lly t this
on p i t e A si m il e r triv ce ta o n . a co n an o
this w p t t d i E gl d by
as a en e Cl gg tt i 17 88 P ssi g
n n an one a e ,
n . a n
thr u gh th b k f his fi ddl w

o e acs r w w hi h ti g th
o e as a c e ,
c ,
a c n on e
s u d p st
o n -
bl e d th pr ssur f this l tt r g i st th b lly
o ,
ena e e e o a e , a a n e e .
t b
o r gul t d t w ill M Ch t t first pr p s d t pl
e e a e a . . an o a o o e o ace
fr ts up
e th fi g b rd but b d d this d ig
on e n er -
th oa ,
a an on e es n on e
su gg s ti f th C u il
e on o e o nc .
Tw y rs l t r (i
o ea M Ch a e t d is rd d ( i F ig 7 5 )
n . an o ca e as n .
th e t il pi a d t il pi
-
d th stri g s
ece a n r f st d by pi
a -
n, an e n we e a ene n
t tw
o pl t s f w d
o a e
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o d d th oo th r i si d,
one e ou e an e o e n e
th b lly lik th stri g tt h m

e e ,
e t f guit r Th b w
e n a ac en o a a . e ar as
r m v d fr m th
e o e tr j i o d sh p d lik e ce n th tre f
e o n , an a e e a n a r c, e ce n
'
w hi h w c u d r th l l t f t f th bridg
as n e d wh s
e d e ly oo o e e, an o e en s on
a ppr h d th o ac tr j i Th s d p st w
e e cen t i e fr t o n . e o un -
o as se n on
o f i s t d f b hi d th brid g
n ea o Th v l t
e n f th ll w e e. e o u e o e sc r o as
tur d b k i st d f f r w rd
ne ac n is u u l t g iv g r t
ea o o a ,
as s a
,
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f ility i m
ac ipul ti g th n d s f th s tri g s
an a p i lly th
n e en o e n ,
es ec a at
o f th A stri e i sid th p g b n g
: 3)
l I i m m ri l
n th e e e -
ox . s e o a on
T HE VI O LI N, I TS VAG A RI E S AND I TS VAR I EGATO RS . 117
w as re ad to th e Ac a dé m ie d e s S c ie n ce s, on th e 24 th of
Ma y 1817
, .
A fu ll d e s c ripti o n o f it m a y be fo u n d i n th e D e s c ripti o n de s
'
Ma c h i n e s e t l r o c édés Spé c i fiés da n s le s Bre ve t s d I n v e n ti o n ,

’ ’ ”
As I T WA s AND
t om e xv p 161 (P ris .
,
. A d r e p o rt o f i ts t i l be fo r
a ,
n a r a e
th C u il f th A d m y m y be f u d i th M it ur “
e o nc o e ca e a o n n e on e
Un iv rs l 22 A ut 1817
”
e e ,
o ,
.
S t
a va r T p i d Vi li
’
s B ra
y i d d l
ez o w f th e m o
o st n or ox
‘
e as on e o
se l e b t d ra e d s tis f c to ry xp ri man ts v r tri d o the c o

a a e e en e e e n n
stru c ti o f th e i strum t H w l d to its pro d c ti o by

n o n en . e as e u n
a s ri s f c r fully co d u t d xp ri m e ts w hi c h w t t
e e o a e n c e e e n ,
en o
pro ve th t pl e surf vibr t s m u c h m o re re d ily th

a a an a ce a e a an
an a r h d c urv d
c e ( )
or2 th t c o s qu e tly
e th e r on e
e e p o i ts a n e n ar n
on th surf ce f e vi o li f th rdi ry fo rm w h r the vib

a o a n o e o na e e ra
ti s on r du e d to a m i im u m o ce s lto g th r ; (3) th t
a re e c n ,
r a e a e e a
th e b uts c o rn r bl c ks
o ,
df f h l s e th e pri c ip l
o ,
us s
a n o e a re n a ca e
an d l ca litie s o f this re d u c d vibr ti o

o H th r f r stru c te d e a n . e e e o e con
a vi o li th e ge r l spe c t f w hi c h is sho w i F i g 7 6 A d B
n, ne a a o n n . an ,
th e t bl e s a f w hi h w e r pr ti lly pl
o cs sh w i B e ac ca an e , a o n n ,
C nd E
,
a th y w r pl n th i e r sur f ce s but v e ry
e e e a e on e nn a ,
sli ghtly r ise d o th e o ut r to supp rt th e i re a se d pre s sure f
a n e ,
o nc o
th e stri gs ca us d by th e e xtr h ight w hic h it w s fo d

n ,
e a e a un
n c ss ry to g iv e to th
e e a bridge to llo w th e pl y o f the h o w e a a .
Th e ca us e o f this tr p e id sh p e w s o t f u d d p rti c ul rly a z o a a n o n e a a
on
y ans i tifi c r e s
c en but th t it b i g e c e ss a ry ton ,h v e a e n n a o a a
ce rt i a n
c t i e d m ss o f i this sh p w s b st d pte d to
on a n a a r, a e a e a a
g iv the i stru mee t rr

n o w ss t t h bri d g n w hi ah w o
na l d ne a e e, c u
a ll o w th e pl y o f th e b w d y t h v th s m i t rio r p c ity
a o ,
a n e a e e a e n e ca a
as i f th e si d s w r e p r ll e l but br o d r t th is p i t
e e a aArgui g a e a o n . n
th t th e s o u d h o l s o f
a rdi ry vio li
n -
e t f sh p e d an o ly na n a r e cu -
a on ,
so a s t c u t r c t th e r sist
o o n eth e urv d surf c
a ff rs to th e a n ce c e a e o e e
vi br ti o s this e c e ssity b i g bs t i th S v r t fiddl e h

a n ,
n e n a en n e a a ,
e
cu t his s u d h l s str ight o n sh w i A d D Fig 7 6 o

-
o e a ,
a s o n n an ,
.
,
n
th e sa m e pri ipl e th se o f th Ch o t fiddl — i th t it i

nc as o e an e v z .
,
a s
e xp e di e t to c t f w fibre s o f th w o d p ssibl
n u as e d the ir e o as o e an
e x c t po siti i th b lly d d ista c e fr m e h o th r

a on n e e an n o ac e
,
a s
sho w n i D Fi g 7 6 h d t rm i d by se ri e s o f pr c ti c l
n ,
.
,
e e e ne a a a
e xp ri e s Th ba h pl d d w th c tr l j o i t o f th
e n ce . e r e »
a ce o n e en a n e
fidd l by e rr o us urs o f r s i g thi ki g by this

an e on e co e ea on n ,
n n
m s t qu li its i flu c v r th
ean o e a z etir surf e w hi c h n en e o e e en e ac ,
w as f co urs
,
o m ist k H ls e, a str t d i s m e c s s a e. e a o con uc e ,
n o a e ,
a b sh w i F Fi g 7 6 ly t u hi g th b lly t p i t
ar, a s o n n ,
.
,
on o c n e e a a o n
b l w th bridg w hi h h f u d h d th e sa m ff t
e o e e, c th e o n a e e ec as e
o th r fo rm (sh w i C D d E Fig
e o n d w s m r d ur bl
n
, ,
a n , . an a o e a e
but m r diffi c ult t o e stru t d fix to suit th e i stru m t H o con c an n en . e
g v
a t his
e si d os ( w hi h w r e m d f e th e s m w o d c th e a e o a e o as e
ba k) thi k ss f
c 1
a i cd sid ri g th t th e bs ce
ne o 17
1
n , . an ,
con e n a a en
o f th c urv s w ul d supp rt th is subst

e e o d g i w ith th is o a n ce , a n a a n
,
thic k ss h us d ne ,sid li i g s Hi s o u d p st it w ill b
e e no e -
n n . s n -
o ,
e
120 VI O LI N MA K I NG :
-
As 11
‘
WA s AND 18.
Le n g th o f th e b o d y (D , E , a n d F , F i g 7 6 ) .
B r e a d th o f u ppe r e n d (D D i n D , Fi g 7 6) .
B r e a d th o f l o w e r e n d (E E i n D , Fi g 7 6)
C
.
H e i gh t o f b r i d ge (F i n , F i g 7 6)
C
.
B r e a d th o f b r i d ge (F i n ,
F i g 7 6) .
Le n gt h o f s o u n d h o l es (G G i n D , F i g 7 6) .
B re a d th o f so u n d h o l e s 0 U
D i a m e te r o f ba c k a n d b l l t e d e s 0 -
e y a g t
D i a m e te r o f b a c k i n c e n tr e 0 w”
D i a m e te r o f b e l l y i n c e n tr e I NM
1 P
'
H e i gh t o f b l o c k s a n d s i d e s 0
m
U
“ .
D i a m e te r o f s id e s 0
D ia m e te r o f b l o c k s 0
Le n gth o f b a s s b a r (A A i n D a n d E , Fi g 7 6 ) .l1
B re a d th o f b as s b a r a t e n d s 0 N
B r ea d th o f b a ss b a r i n c e n tr e (A i n ,
C
D , a n d E F i g 7 6) 0 w, .
B re a d th o f l o w e r bl oc k , n a r r o w s i d e (H i n D , F i g 7 6) 1 O .
:
B r e a d th o f l o w e r bl o c k , b r o a d s i d e (I i n D , F i g 7 6) 2 O .
Fr o t t t f b i d 12 v '
m
°
n u o o p o r g e l
D e pth o f b a ss b a r a t e n d s (A A i n D a n d E , F i g 7 6 ) 0 -
o
C
. t
m pth o f ba ss b a r i n c e n tr e (A i n , F i g 7 6) . 0
D e pth o f b e n t ba r th ro u gh o u t (J J J i n F , Fi g 0 .
it
Th e se , the r e fo re , a r e th e pri n c ipa l a lte ra ti o n s w hi c h h a v e b e e n

a tte m pte d , a c a re ful stu d y o f w hi c h o n ly d e te r m i n e s th e w o ul d
be fi dd l e m a k e r, s ta r e s up er vi a s a n ti qu a s .
P a te n t R ep a i r s h a ve b e e n th e rui n o f m a n y S pl e n d i d fiddl e s
i n fo r m e r y e a rs , th o u gh n o w a d a ys p e o pl e a r e m o re c a re ful o f
trusti n g va lu a bl e i n stru m e n ts to th e first qu a c k w h o i n v e n ts s o m e
pa te n t o pe ra tio n w hic h w ill i n c re a se th e va lu e o f a n y fi dd le ,
a c c o r d i n g to his o w n a c c o u n t, te n fo l d O n e Ma upe rtuis , i n .
a n a rti c l e , S u r l a F o rm e d e s I n stru m e n ts d e
“
th e M em o i r e s d c l Ac a d em i e R oy a le d e s S ci e n ce s, 1 7 24 , p
’ ’ ’
.
d e c la re d th a t th e to n e o f a fi dd l e is to be i m pr o v e d by bre a kin g
i t to pi e c e s a n d h a vin it pie ce d t o ge th e r a ga i n by a go o d
w o rk m a n He a r g u e s
. g
us tha t th e vi o li n o u ght to be m a de
-
up o f fibre s o f d i ffe re n t l e n gths , so a s to h a ve s o m e o f a s iz e to

suit e ve ry n o te o n th e c o m pa ss o f a fiddl e An id e a c o m pli .
m e n ta ry to th e m usi ca l p o w e rs o f glu e , but d e a d ly i n pra c tic e .
O the r fi dd le de a l e rs a n d o w n e rs a r e a l w a ys ti n k e ri n g up the ir
-
i n s tru m e n ts by glui n g i n sl a bs o f w o o d he re , go u gi n g o u t l a ye rs
th e re , sh o rte n i n g o r l e n g th e n i n g the b a ss ba r , a n d shi fti n g th e
bri dge a n d s o u n d p o st a bo ut, till th e vi o li n a s it w e re , i n ve ry
-
,
i n d ign a ti o n a t su c h tre a t m e n t, r e l a pse s i n to a sull e n o r c o n fus e d

sile n c e , u n til pro pe rly re g ul a te d by a n a rtist o f th e tra de I t .
M ém o i re su r la C d e s I n s tr u m e n ts a c o r d e s e t a a r c h e t
o n str u c ti o n ( a r is P .
a n d a n e xc e l l e n t r e su m é o f th i s
”
é
M m o i r e a ppea r s a t p 24 6 o f No 400
C
. .
of th e P e n n y Ma g a z i n e f o r J u u e 30th 1838, e n ti tl e d
. Ho w to m a k e a h ea p
,
Vi o l i n .
T HE VI O LI N, I TS VAGARI E S AND I TS VA R I E GATO RS . 12 1
i s, as has b een a lr
po i te d o t l m o st f t l to d stro y by ea dy n u , a a a e ,
thi i g th w o d i ld vi li s th pr visi th c s i tio us
nn n e o n o o n ,
e o on e on c en
o ld m k e rs l i d up f
a ti m t e xp d its str gth up n I t is
a or e o en en o .
a lm o st qu lly t p t h up fidd l w hic h h s b e subj c t d

e a so o a c a e, a e n e e
to this de stru ti w ith w w d it st d s to r e s o th t th

c on , ne oo an a n a e
vi br ti o s m ust b v ry s e rio usly i m p ir d by st tu m f glu

a n e e a e a ra o e
an d sl b o f w w o d w h s fibr s d o t c i ide w ith th

a a ne o ,
o e e no o nc e
re st f th i stru m t Th e m o f sh rt sight d d d t
o e n en . ac e o -
e an es ruc
ti e r p ir is r h d i
v e a s w hi h urr d c rd i g t ea c e n a ca e c occ e ,
a co n o
M D vid s o
r. t th b e g i
a i g f this tu y H m ti s
n ,
a e nn n o ce n r . e en on
th e s o f S t h m t ur w h b i g p ss ss d f s pl
ca e a co c a a e ,
o e n o e e o a en
di d S tr d iv ri vi li af th l rge p tt r h d it c t d w
a o n o e a a e n, a u o n
s m lle r m i bi l d i t t th su gg sti
a ,
ra f th l br t d J P
e c a, a e e on o e ce e a e . .
S l m
a o Th fi d d l subs qu tly s l d f £ 56 L tt rs p t t
on . e e e en o or . e e a en
w e r gr t d t J P Gr sj
e an e i 1 837 N o f c . ti g . o e an ,
n o . or oa n
th sur fe s f vi li s w ith glu e d p w

a ce o d gl ss t i m pr v
o n an o e rc a ,
o o e
th ir t e pr tic b ut s i t lli g t
on e, a th t o f
ac e a o a n e en as a on e
W i k t o f H lle w h
e c er , t th b gi i g f th c tury a ,
o, a e e nn n o e en ,
i m gi i g th t th l ss f th r si us p rti l s fr m th w d
a n n a e o o e e no a c e o e oo
o f vi li s by re s o nf th e ir g (w hi c h is th g r t d v t g
a on o a e, e ea a an a e
o f g !) w s d tri m
a e t l to th ir qu lity m d
a epr c ti c f en a e a ,
a e a a e o
s o ki g vi li s i
a n m ixtur o f r si d iss l d i pi
n n i l to
a e o o n o ve n ne o ,
c ol s th p re se p r ti w hi c h f urs
e o ,
a use d c m pl te
n o e a on ,
o co e, ca o e
an d i r m d i bl d m g
r e S i m il r xp ri m ts h v b
e a e tri d
a a e. a e e en a e een e
t l s th p r s f th w d (w hi h it is m o s t i m p r t t t
o c o e e o e o e oo ,
c o an o
h v p ) w ith w hi t f gg d th r su h m tt rs l l f
a e o en ,
e o e an o e c a e ,
a o
w hi h r ti s l s ith r s p t t
“
p c m y
O b e d w
a th one t f th a e c a se e o e a en
r p irs I h v h r u m r t d d o a ll f w hi h m m t
e a a e e e en e a e
,
an n o c co en
is e d l ss But th y s rve a w r i g s to th w rs f
ne e . e e s a n n e o ne o
v lu bl i stru m ts t t trust th e ir fidd l t th h d s f

a a e n en ,
no o en es o e an o
m usi l qu ks I f y thi k y ur vi li w ts ythi g d i g

ca ac . ou n o o n an an n o n
t it g t
o ,
f tho h d s f th pr f ssi f
o one d vi
o ; e ea o e o e on or a ce a
re spe t bl d l r r p ir r w ill v r d ythi g sup r flu us

c a e ea e or e a e ne e o an n e o
to y ur fi d d l f
o th s k f th j b e d th l v or f his t
e a e o e o an e o e o ar
w il l b subs rvi t t h i i t r st i his pr f ssi

e e en l c t o s n e e n o e on . an n o
d b tt r th a
o e lu d t his h pt r w ith th hig hly pig r m m ti
e n con c e c a e e e a a c
r m rk m d by M J P r i n his Vi li s d Vi li
e a a e
“
r . . ea ce o n an o n
M k rs B w re f i g r ce w hi h ssu m s th m s k o f
”
a e e a o no an c a e e a
,
k o w l dg
n d f d e si g i g r o g u e ry w hi c h a pe s th e a pp r
e e, an o n n ea «
a n ce o fi o ce nn n ce .
I L VI O LI NO .
”
Ca n to p op o la r e Te x ans.
M m i ca di L . Go n m e u s l.
O h q u a n te v o l te l h o d e si d e r a ta ,
’
Un d a m o a v e r c h e f o s se s o n a to r e ,
U n a n ge l o d e l c i e l m e l h a m a n d a te ,
’
l o 10 r i n gr a z i o d e l ge n til fa v o r e .
Q ua n doi 1 m u l i n o d i g r a n o m a n c h e r a,
Co n i1 Vi o l i n o s e n e tr o v e ra ,
o h q u a n te v o l ts l h o d e s i d e r a to
’
Un d a m o a v e r c h e f o s se s o n a to r
U n a n g e l o d e l c i e l m e l h a m a n d a to ,
’
LO r in gr a z i o d e l ge n til fa v o r
Bra v o ! C
a ro l
O h l c h e b r a v o s o n a to r l
FO C S LE
' ’ '
YAR NS .
AND T o m m y h a d a fi dd l e to o ,
I
An d d o n t k n o w w h a t th e r e
’
w as he c o uld n t do
’
Wi th y o n d e r fi d d l e , th e w a y i t d m oc k
’
—
Ev e r y th i n g i t d c r o w l i k e a co c k ,
’
I t d h o o t l i k e a d o n k e y , i t d m o o l i k e a co w
’ ’
I t d c r y l i k e a ba b y , i t d gru n t l ik e a s o w ,
’ ’
O r a th r u sh , o r a p i g e o n , o r a l a r k , o r a l i n n et,
Yo u d r e a l l y a th o u gh t th e y w e re l i v i n g i n i t
’
-
.
B u t th e tu n e : h e w a s p l a y i n — tha t w a s th e th i n g.
’
— Li k e sq u e e z i n ’ h o n e y fr o m th e str i n g
j
Li k e m i lk i n a fi d d l e — n o e r k s , n o s q u e a k s
’
— An d th e te a r s u p o n th e m i s th r e s s c h e e k s
'
S h e d o fte n s to p h i m a n d a s k w o u l d h e c h a n ge
’
T o a n i c e s l o w tu n e , a n d T o m m y w o u l d r a n ge
U p a n d d o w n th e s tr i n gs , a n d s li th e r
I n to th e k e y th e n h e d f e a th e r
’
Th e h o w v e r y fi n e , a n d a s o r t 0 h u m
’
Lik e a b ee r o u n d a fl o w e r , a n d o u t i t d c o m e
’
L L
. C
K O E LLII , M u s i c i n S o n g (Lo n d o n ) ,
.
”
011AFTE R V I .
TH E WO O D — TH E M O D EL .
C
Th e Vi o l i n — Th e Wo o d s u se d — h e m i c a ll y p r e pa r e d Wo o d s— Th e u a l i ti e s Q of
th e Woo d s Wh o l e , ” ”
Ha l f, a n d “
S la b a c k s — T h e Mo d e l — M e th o d B of
C
o py i n g a n O l d Mo d e l — M e th o d o f D r a w i n g a Ma th e m a ti c a l O u tli n e .
is m tte r f a si d r bl e st i h m t t m y p rs n s
a o con e a a on s en o an e o
th t th fi d dl t o k its pr s
a e t f m ili r sh p pp r tly quite
e o e en a a a e, a a en
su d d ly i th sixt th
en n tury d i spit o f ll tt m pts
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a n ,
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to c h g it d i spit f ll xp ri m ts m d w ith vie w o f

an e
,
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n o c n e I t is th
o bj c t ,
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e en xpl i (1) Why this
an o o n c a e o e a n,
f rm is th b st ;
o d (2) H w it is bt i d
e e M y e p i
an o o a ne . an x er
m t lists m y f th m m o f d ubt d bility ( m g

en a
,
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wh m o m st t w rthy Ch t d S v rt) h v ppl i d

a re o no e o an o an a a ,
a e a e
th ir skill s i
e d l b ur t th d is v ry f a m d l t
,
c e n ce , a n a o o e co e o o e o
sup rs d th t w hi h h pr v il d fr m G sp r d S l
e e e a c as e a e o a a o a a e
( 15 5 5) t th pr s t
o ti m d e m y f th e
e ens e i v ti s e an ,
a s an o nno a on
h v b
a e m st i t r sti g t
een ll d e sp i lly i str tiv e t
o n e e n o a ,
an ec a n uc o
th fid d l m k r
e I h v m d th s s i tifi c v g ri s th
e -
a e ,
a e a e e e c en a a e e
subj t f r ec t h pt r (Ch pt r V p
o a ecen At pr s tc a e a e .
, . e en ,
I sh ll fi m ys l f t p i ti g t th rr g m t f th
a con ne e o o n n ou e a an e en o e
s v ty p rts f vi li i th m
e en a r b st l ul t d t h rm
o a o n
1
n e ann e e ca c a e o c a
by its r sul ts th e m usi l e A d I sh ll p i t t th ca ea r . n a o n ou e
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one l vi g this l tt r t its pr p r pl

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a e o o e ace , . e , . o e o n
i P rt
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si f
c e n ce o fi d m ki g t b
d l — bl t put e k w l dg t
a n o e a e o ou r no e e in o
pr ti ac ce .
L t us l o k first at th t t
e o m bl f fi d dl Wh t i it ? e ou en s e e o a e . a s
Th e se v e n ty pa r ts a r e m a d e u p a s f o l l o w s a ck , 2 e l ly , 2 l o c k s, 6 B B B
S i d e s , 6 ; Li n i n gs , 12 ; B
a s s B a r , 1 ; P u r fl i n g , 24 ; Ta i l p i e c e r e s t, 1 ; Ta i l -
pi e c e , 1 Ta i i e c e f a ste n i n g , 1 Ta i l pi n , 1 e gs, 4 F i n ge r b o a r d , l -
r i d ge , P - B
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B e l l y a r e o fte n f o r m e d o f o n e pi e c e o n l y , a n d th e
p u r fl i n gs a r e o f te n l e t i n , i n
36 i n s tea d o f 2 4 p i e c e s Th e Ne ck a l so i s f r e qu e n tl y se pa r a te f r o m th e S c ro l l,
.
a s w i ll b e h e r e a f te r se e n .
126 WAS
‘
VI O LI N MAKI NG -
: as rr AND 13.
I t is h ll w bo x fr m 13 t 14 i h e s i l gth a t the w ide st

a o o , o o nc n en ,
p rta 8% i h s d t th nc rr w st 4e % i h s
,
br d
an I t is ab out e na o e nc e oa . a
2% i h s d p t th d p st p a rt a d w i ghs b o ut 8% o u ce s
nc e ee a e ee e ,
n e a n
( i
avo r d p )i Bu y d this w
o s h v . k
l
te r m i tie
g i on e a e a n ec
, na n n a
sc r ll w hic h w ith p e gs fi g b rd d t il pie ce o f bo y
o , , ,
n e r- oa ,
an a -
e n ,
bri g th w e ight p to b o ut p o u d Th w dro us ca p
n e u a a n . e on a
bi l i ti es d w d r ful
an quilibriu m o f ll th p rts m y be
on e e a e a a
su m m d up ei sh rt s t — i t supp rts
n on e t si o th o en en ce o a en on n e
”
ve rtic l pr ss r o the b idge o f
‘
t i g f 68 l bs
s d
o an a a e
p
s r ,
u e n r
3
26 b3 .
Le t m e a n s w e r m y o w n qu e sti o n , “
Why is this fo rm b e st ? th e
Th e o n l y a tte m pt I h a v e e v e r s e e n m a d e to an s w r this que sti o
e n
I h e r e a ppe n d th e e xa c t m e a su r e m e n ts o f n o te d S tra di u a r i u s i ns tr u m e n ts a s
gi v e n b y M V i d a l. I g i v e th e m m o r e a s m er e sta ti sti c s th a n a s
.
gu i d es fo r th e
r a c ti c a l l u th i e r i n b u i l di n g a fi d d l e
p
l — V I O L I Nf
o 8 .
Mi ll i mm .
m e tr es in . m e tr e s . ft in
Le t b o d y fr o m b a s e o f
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5
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t M e as u r e m e n ts ta k e n 1 M e a s u re m e n ts ta k e n
Me a s u r e m e n ts ta k e n fr o m “ Th e f r o m S tr a d i u a r i u s Vi o l a , fr o m S t r a d i u a r i u s
Vu i l l a u m e ,
”
or La M e s s i e , S tr a d i
”
d a te 17 23, i n th e p o s
'
C e l l o , be l o n g i n g to M .
ua r . s e s s i o n o f M 10 Vi co m te
. F r a n c h o m m e th e c e l e ,
o
de Jan z é . b r a te d v i o l o n c e l l is t .
F i rst s tr i n g, 23 1b s ; se c o n d str i n g , 18; lb s ; th i r d s tri n g , l 4 l b s

. fo u r th . .
s tr i n g , 12 ; l b s I n 1734 Ta r ti n i d i s c o v e r e d th e te n si o n o f th e s tr i n gs to be 63 l bs
. .
I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d th a t i n h i s d a y s tr i n g s w e r e th i n n e r a n d b r i d ge s w e r e
L Ab b é S i bi r e , i n 1806, e sti m a te d th e te n s i o n a t
’
l o w e r th a n th e y a r e n o w .
64 l b s . I n 1835 M F eti s sta ted th e te n s i o n to b e 80 l b s , b u t th is is e x c ess i v e ,

. .
a n d i s a n e rr o r .
fl
3
Th i s w e i gh t h as , o f c o u rs e , i n c r e a se d to th i s a m o u n t o n l y w i th th e r i s e o f
A a Ch e l o n o m i e (v id c n o te
’
p i tc h o f th e pr e s e n t c e n tu r y L bb é S i bi r e i n L
P
.
v iii r e fa c e ) e s ti m a tes i t (i n th e y e a r 1806) a t o n l y 24 l bs Th i s i n d e e d

p . . .
w a s a n i n c r e a s e o n th e p r e ss u r e o f th e ti m e o f S tr a d i u a r i u s , a n d i n th e ti m e
“ ”
o f th e Ab b e S ib i r e (1806) c e r ta i n d a r i n g r e sto r e r s (sa v e th e m a r k 1) u s e d
to pl a c e tr a n s ve r se ba r s a c r o ss th e b e ll y to s u ppo r t th i s i n c r e a se Th i s , o f .
c o u rse , i s n e v e r h ea r d o f n o w , b e i n g o n e o f th o se v a ga r i e s i n v e n te d fo r th e
e n r ich m e n t o f w h a t M L Ab b é r a th e r qua i n tl y ca l l s 1e l u thi e r i ns tr u m e n
’
.
"
ti e i d e.
12 8 VI O L I N MA K l NG -
: as IT w a s A ND i s.
s m ti m s us d d th w d is t ith r
o e e e , m il l e (
an th e oo ou e e su r a on e
qu rte r ) w
a h ( or th l y r ) A t th s m o d s f
e co ue e on e a e s . s o e e e o
c utti g w sh ll sp k f rth r ( id p 133) it is th t r
n ,
e a ea a e on v c . e na u e
an d qu lity o f th w o d a w hi h mu h d p d s th t w m ust
e o ,
on c so c e en ,
a e
no w c si d r Th on d m st s u ght ft r f b lli
e . is S w is
e w oo o o a e or e es s
or Tyr l s w hi to epi f efi ( t t l s ) ve
g r i ne
,
o a ne no oo c o e ,
e en a n .
1
B th th m ple d th n i (s v s M Fetis id t
o e a an e ne a . . s e no e
9
. n .
s h ul d b
o t ly th t f th tr s g r w i g th s uth sid
e no on a o e ee o n on e o e
o f th f r st e p s d t th
o e but ls
,
ly th w d f
ex o e o e su n , a o on e oo o
th s uth si d sh uld b us d L Abbé S ibi g s ’

e o f th t e o e ree o e e . re
2
oe
so f art y t hast th w do m ust b t

sa k t rt i a e oo e a en a a ce a n
d ist b tw th b rk d h rt f th tr
a n ce e e en d be tw e th a an ea o e ee, an een e
b u ghs d r t d h ul d b t i th m ths f D m b r
o an oo ,
an s o e cu n e on o ece e
or J u ry an A rdi g t M Fé ti i his ti o f A th y
a . cc o n o . s, n no ce n on
S tr d iv ri th m pl us d by th
a a ,
l d I t li
e m k rs c m a fr me e e o a an a e a e o
C r ti oa D l m ti a, d v Turk y ; h go s o to
a a a, an
y th t e en e e e n sa a
it w s t t V i pr p r d f g ll y rs d th t th
ar en o en ce e a e or a e oa
,
an a e
Turk s l w ys t w ,
a w ith th a V ti s t k r t sl t
a ar e ene an
,
oo ca e o e ec
w d w ith th g r t st u m b r f w v s i it t
oo e h vi g th
ea e n e o a e n ,
. e ., a n e
c urli st gr i i rd r th t it m i ght br k th s
e a n ,
n r ; th t
o e a ea e oon e a
it fr m th s p ts f th w
w as o d i t d d f e e th r o w rs ar o e oo ,
n en e or e e ,
th t th I t li m k rs h s w h t suit d th e m f th m u
a e a an a e c o e a e or e an
f tur
ac f vi li s e Th m pl
o d pi o fr m th C t s f
n . e a e an ne o e an on o
S hw ytc d Lu r z th b st
an M 1e D t ur Felix S v rtce n e a re e e . . oc e a a .
3
i d d c sid r d this pr f r
n ee ,
on f S w iss e d Ty r l e s w o o d
e e e e n ce or an o e
t b u f u d d
o e dd i g th t h h d m d b lli s f pi e fr m
n o n e ,
a n a e a a e e e o n o
th V s g s w hi h w
e o sup ri r t th th r s rts f pi w h
e
,
c as e o o e o e o o ne en
v ry d y d w h it h d t b
e r ,
an r ft d S i m t ( id en a no een a e .
‘
ou re v e
t
no e p 20) giv s th f ll w i g th rd r f sup ri ri ty
. e e o o n as e o e o e o
a m g pi
on w o ds first th t
new hi h -
m s fr m
o S il si :
; ,
a c co e o e a
s d ly th t w hi h
e co n ,
m s fr m L a V l t li L Gris s
c co e o a a e ne
,
es on ,
L Si m m
e th l (i th B r s Ob rl d ) th V ll y f th
en a n e e ne e e an ,
e a e o e
L d J
ac d L
e Br ssus (C t f V u d) i S w it rl d
e u x, a n es a an on o a n z e an
and third ly th t w hi h m s fr m th
,
s uth r sl p s o f th
a c co e o e o e n o e e
J ur B i
a -
Th b st m pl t b h d f
e rn o s . purp se i
e e a e o e a or ou r o ,
s
th t w hi h g r s
a th c s u th r sl p s f th C rp thi ow on e o e n o e o e a a an » .
P
L A bb é S i b i i e , r i n c e Yo u sso u po f , a n d S a v a r t m e n ti o n c e d a r a s m a te r i a l fo r
’
th e b e l l y , b u t th i s i s a n e rr o r , o r , a t a n y r a te , o n l y a n e x pe ri m e n t
P
.
2
L Ab b é S i bi r e , L a Ch e l o n o m i e , o u l e p ar f a i t Lu th i e r ( a r i s,
’
B
2n d E d i ti o n ( r u sse l s , 1823, r i d e n o te , p v i i i Pr e fa c e )
2
. . .
3
F S a v a r t, “
é
M m o i r e s u r l a c o n str u c ti o n d c : I n str u m e n ts a co r d es et a
P
.
ar ch e t ( ar i s ,
h
T e p e, i n w h e n o u t i n th e g r e a t f o r e s ts f h
o t e Co n
‘
n e n t, i s ge n e r a l l y floa te d .
do w n t h e ri v e r s t o i t s d e s ti n a ti o n i n l a r ge r a f ts , w h i
c h pro c e ss o f tr a n s o r t
p
w o u l d n a tu r a l l v a ff e c t i t a n d re ta r d i ts d e s i c c a ti o n f r p u r po s e s o f v i o l i n
m ak i n g
TH E WO O D — T HE M O D EL.
an d in s om e p a rts
st r Al ps I t is f th gre a te st Of th e Ea e n . O e
i m p rt o th t th w d use d i fiddl m ki g sh ul d b
a n ce a e oo n e -
a n o e
th r ghly d y d w ll se s d d f this purp sh ul d

o ou r an e -
a one ,
an or o se o
b l i d fully e xp s d t th
e a d i (b t o e t t r i )
o e su n an a r u no o a n
f or s m fiv e o six y rs t l t be f re it is use d I f
e or ea ,
a ea s , o .
th we d is o t th r u g hly d y b f r
oo n it is us d th h c s o o r e o e e ,
e c an e
ar e th t it w ill shri k a th r w is lt r ft r th fi dd l h n or o e e a e a e e e as
be enm d s m ti m a e d thus thi k ss s pr p e rly pp o

o e e, an c ne e o a r
ti d ( w ill be s
one as furth e r ) t th ti m t h e
ee n vi li l e a v e s on ,
a e e o n
th w rksh p w ill by th fi
e o o l d ryi g f th w d b m o t
, ,
e na n o e oo ,
e co e u
o f pr p rti o t th i stru m
o on t d th rig i l m k r w i ll
o e n en ,
an e o na a e
re iv u m rit d bl m
ce e n S tra d iv ri lik m
e e
y f
a th e
o th. e r a ,
e an o e
g r teaC r m m k rs
e h d a ki d
ona f o p sh a ed e w i
, g o a n o en or a n n n
th r e f O f his h us i C re m
oo w h r e his w o d w s sto r d o
e n o na , e oo a e n
r ft rs ll r dy f
a e a s d this sh d is s til l to be s e n by
ea or u e, a n e e
th s visi t rs t Cr m
o e o wh v tur t x pl re th e h o s e O f
o e ona o en e o e o u
th g re t l th i I t is w ll i gh st blish d th t ta g
l
e a u er . d e n e a e a no a va n e
is d riv d fr m r ti fi i l pr p r ti
e e o f th w d th o gh m y
a c a e a a on o e oo , u an
r c ip s f s c h
e e p
or e r t i h u b s gg
an o st e d d i ad d on a ve een u e ,
a n ,
n ee ,
r m m d d Th re is
e co en d bt th t th
e . rli r i str m n ts
e no ou a e ea e n u e
o f V i ll m w re m d e O f w d b k d
u au e e d th r w is t m pe re d
a oo ,
a e an o e e a
w ith p r ti
,
o w h ic h
e a ce r t i ly i m pr
on s d th ir i m di t a n o ve e x
n a a e
a
p p r ea b t th y
a n ce , l d n t l sut d e ne o w his w
co u rs t o a ,
an ar o
i stru m ts H h i m e l f e ry s o o n d is rd d l l a r ti fi i l p e
n en . e s v ca e a c a r
p ara ti M B
on i sh . p i h i s tr n sl ti
r . f O tt o s “
,T tis
n a a on o o
’
re a e
o n th Vi li e
( a s f l li
o t tl nw rk w h s v l is
u e u
q d e o , o e a ue ua
ru
pl d by et h tr l t r s v l bl ee d i t l l i
an s a o
g t o t s i
’
d a ua an n e en n e , v e
no e t p m ti s pr s d is c o v e r d i 1839 by o e
. en on a o ce s e n n
S hli k
c f c d pri i g w d f w te
,
or c id
e r si e tc by
v n oo O a r, a
,
e n, .
,
w hi h m c s h w s ean bl d to m k e vi li e w it h
a ena to e a o ns a ne
s r ly d is ti g ish bl e fr m th t f th b st l d I t li
ca ce n u a o a o e e o a an
i str m ts
n u A b o ld
en ss rti truly ! (C ed t J d w a e on, r a u us
Ap e llo , n o n eg o ) .
Am o n g s t o the rs h e i s pr ss ( ti d i th B ll ti m en t on a o ce no ce n e u e n :
P ris 1822) i n p r ti
a ,
t Vi fo pr p ri g w o d i t d e d o e a on a en n a r e a n o n en
t m k
o m i l i s tr m ts f by st m i g it i
a e u s ca r m o n u en O , ea n n a oo r
ch st 10 ft by 5 ft m d o f str g b rd s w ll j i d H
e . .
,
a e on oa e o ne . e
s ys This st m by p tr t i g th p r s f th w d s fte
a ,
ea en e a n e o e O e oo o ns
th e v g t bl p rts
e d r d rs t h m s s c pti bl
e a e f be i g a
,
an en e e u e e o n
d iss lv d o Th s t m e d s d i
. th h st f rm s i th e ea co n en e n e c e o ,
n e
l w r p rt liq r t first b t sligh tly l r d w hi h ge ts

o e a
,
a uo ,
a u co o u e , c
d p r
ee th p r ti pr ds ; t l g th it is quit l r d
e as e O e a on o ce e a en e c ea ,
a n
Th e Re v H R H a w e i s i n h i s m o st r e c e n t w o r k ,
. . . My M u si ca l Lif e
(Lo n d o n , gi v e s (o n 3 14 ) a m o s t d e l i g h tf u l a c c o u n t o f a v i si t to th e
ho use o f S tra d i va r i i n th e a z z a Sa n D o m e n i c o a t re m o n a
'
C .
130 VI O LIN MA K IN G :
-
as IT was AND [ 8.
ac quir s a v e ry d id d c i d t st This is l t ff by p p r
e ec e a a e. e o a ro e
p ip T
e. h e o p e r ti c mm ly l sts sixty
a h urs
on Th wo d is on a o . e oo
ft rw r d s t k t a d d ri d i n st v h t d t 4 2 ° °
a e a a en ou n 48 e a o e
,
ea e o or
R e m ur 14 0 F hr h i t) Th d si ti l sts °
au or a en e . e e cca on a
tw o o thr d ys w h
r th b rd s
ee a h l f i c h t hi k b ten e oa a re a an n c u
i f th i k r s v e r l w ks
c e e ev ma ths ee ss ry This ,
o r en on
,
a r e n e ce a .
wo d o c quir s s a h d g r e f d ry ss
e uc t r sist ll th
a e e o ne as o e a e
v ri ti s f th t m sphe r its c l ur i c r s s i i t sity

a a on o e a o e o o n ea e n n en ,
p r tic ul rly th w d o f th e w l t h rry o m pl I t

a a e oo a nu , c e
,
r a e.
b c o m s firm r
e e d m o re s er us w hi h is g r t d t
an on o o c a ea a va n a
ts Vi li s quir th qu lity f th
,
e
fo r m usi l i stru m ca n en . o n ac e e a o e
e s t m d ld i stru m ts o f w hi h the tru m rit i d e

ee e o n en , c e e s u
p rh ps t th sl o w d si c ti w hi c h th w d c m p si g th m
e a o e e c a on e oo o o n e
h as u d rg n e M ki t sh i on e.
”
p m phl t o th C t ac
“
n o ,
n a a e n e on s ru c
ti on d M t ri ls m pl y d i th M
an a e a f c tur o f Vi l i s
e o e n e an u a e o n
( D ubli 1 83 7 )n,r m rks : I m b r e t by a tr d iti ry a o ne ou a ona
a c co u ts i b li vi g th t th Cr m
n n e e m k rs n c tu lly put a e e ona a e a a
th ir w d thr ug h s m pr ss f th purp s
e oo o o t ly f
e o ce or e o e, n o on o
pr s rvi g but o f l si g it d m ki g it
e e n ,
c ean s qu tly n ,
an a n ,
co n e en ,
a b tte r c du c t r f s u d Th s m uth r
e on o o rd i g t
o n .
”
e a e a o ,
a c co n o
M Bish p s t t s th t the w d m ust b

r. o ,
a e t ly f fi m d
a oo e no on o r an
re g ul r t xtur
a but e h v p r s f
e, r t i si d f ar m ti e ; o e o a ce a n z e an o a on
an d b v ,
a ll it is ss ti l th t it sh ll h v
o e a ,
t t i d t ly
e en a a a a e a a ne no on
full m turity f gr w th but s h ll h v r m i d f

a o o s m y rs, a a e e a ne or o e ea
a fte r b i g f ll d i e n rd r to m ke it fit t g thr u gh pr e ss
e e , n o e a o o o a oc ,
by w hic h th p r s (f th t is th gr t bj t t h rriv d t)
e o e or a e ea o ec o e a e a
m y ba r drd e p r f c tly d rie d d l r d

en e e so t ft r
e e an c ea e as no a e
w rd s t
a b li bl t o l s e lt r th ir tur l p si ti
a e o c o e or a e e na a o on
,
or
b c m e r k d o irr gul r
e o c oo e uld b th i vit bl
r e a ,
a s w o e e ne a e c o n se
q u en ce i f t up i m m d iou t ly i t thi pi s it ise th li bl

a e n o n e ce ,
as en a e
t shri k w hi h is ls
o n ,
bj ti bl c b i g i juri o us to th
a o o ec ona e, as e n n e
p rs
o e Wh
. xp ri m ti g I h v h d r urs t en e e en n a e a e co e o
st m i g st pi g st vi g b ili g d b ki g th ti m b r
ea n ,
ee n
,
o n
,
o n ,
an a n e e :
I h v ls o us d l l ki d s f spirits usti s d c id s b t l l
a e a e a n o , ca c , an a u a
th s d is rg i d th e p o r s d i m p ir d th fibr s o f th
e e o an z e e an a e e e e
ti m b r w hi h u ght to b i s u d d p rf t
e ,
c o M e n a o n an e ec r .
F l m i g (v i d e
e n t 1
p 23) l i m s no e dv t g fr m st pi g ,
. c a an a an a e o ee n
d i th m th r liq u r o f s lt w o rks r tly i r si

’
w oo n e o e
g
-
o g a , as ea n c ea n
th e l sti ity
e af pi c d h p i ts o t th f t th t b
n e, an th e o n ou e ac a enea
th e pi f r sts f th Tyr l w h c th e I t li
ne o e o m s t rs g t
e o ,
en e a an a e o
th ir w d th r e xt d
e oo ,
sid r bl s l t m i s w hi h
e e en h con e a e a ne ,
c ,
a s e
j ustly r m rks h d d ubtl ss th

e a
,
th y h v d ubtl ss
a o e en , as e a e o e now ,
c o si dn bl b fi i l ff ts up th qu lity f th w o d
era e en e c a e ec on e a o e o ,
w hi c h th y thus t e l ly i m pr g t but it is ls h p l ss t
n a ura e na e, a o o e e o
tr y to pro d u this tur l ff t bv rtifi i l m

ce na a e ec a c a e a n s.
1 32 VI O L I N MA K I N G : -
As rr w x s A ND 18 .
first c s xp ri m t h pr v d t
a e e eth t th vi br ti s
en as o e o us a e a on are
tr sm itt d l g th fibr s f w d qui k st i th i p siti

an e a on e e o oo c e n s o on
an d u d r th s n ir u m s t s d i th s
e e e d it
c il l b
c a n ce ,
an n e e co n w e
r m rk d th t th t
e a e f th Cr m a s m st rpi s i e on e o e e on e e a e e ce s
l ys m st brilli t w h this p rp d i ul r s tti g f th

a w a o an en e en c a e n o e
g r i h
a n b n d h rasd t C r
ee m ust b t ka to s e l t e th o . a e e a en e ec e
pi ne i th r t h rd
ne t e s ft i t xtur
oo d w ith ut
a nor
y oo o n e e, an o an
d f t k
e ec t st i,
th r f ult
no , a n , or o e a .
D l w s its g r t r m m d ti f b lli s t its sligh

ea o e ea e co en a on or e e o t
d sity
en l sti ity d vibr t ry p w rs I f
,
e a c d
,
a n f st l a o o e . a ro o ee ,
ano th r f gl ss e d o th r f d l be t k a
,
f i d ti l
an an o e o ea a en o en ca
di m si s th y w ill w h si m il ly s tru k p d u th
en on ,
e ,
en ar c ,
ro ce e
sm a t ; th r f r f t h s thr b d i s d l is qu l i
e no e e e o e, o e e ee o e ea e a n
l sti ity d im m sur bly sup ri r i li ght ss M pl is

e a c an ea a e o n ne . a e
m u h m or c sl w t vibr t th d l e o d s qu tly o a e an ea , an co n e en a
f urth
o d m d f m pl e w ul d g iv
ro a l w r t th th t
e o a o e a o e no e an a
m d a f d l ;
e d
o s qu tly th b k f vi li (m pl )
ea an con e en e ac o a o n a e
wh stru k
en vi br t d l c ith b w w ul d yi ld
,
or a e a on e w a o , o e
l w r t th th b lly (d l ) i f th pl t s w r f th
o e no e an e e ea
,
e a e e e o e
s m thi k ss but b i g m d f l if
a e c ne , t thi k s th e e n a e o (
'
er e n c ne s e s,
b k w h fi ish d is b ut t
ac ,
en H I GH ER th
n e th b lly
,
a o a one an e e
wh fi ish d b th utti g f th ff h l s d th ffixi g

en e c o
y
n e n e o e an e a n
o f th b ss b e A d M Fetis i his N ti
a ar.
“
f A th y n .
,
n o ce o n on
S tr d iv ri b k u h r i s ru tiv pr ti l
” ’
a
( a m m t a e t th oo c o e n c o e ac ca
luthi r th its titl w uld d t ) fixe s this d iff r c e o f

e an e o en o e ,
e en
s rity t x c tly
on o t a d M S v rt
e a i i d s i (th u gh
on e one, an . a a co n c e n o
h h e s m ti m s b m d t o tr d i t) this st t m t d
as o e e een a e o c n a c a e en ,
an
his u m r us xp ri m ts w t t pr v th t i f by r d u ti f
n e o e e en en o o e a a e c on o
th thi ke ss f th b k it w r m d t i id i i t ti
c ne o e ac e e a e o co n c e n n ona on
w ith th b lly f bl
e d u s tis f t ry t
e ,
a w ul dee h r e an n a ac o one o c a ac
t i
er z e th fi dd l f m d e I f th d iff r e so w r l ss th
or e . e e en ce e e e an a
t one, th t f th i s tru m
e t w uld b thr bbi
on e o d if
e n en o e o n g
0 ,
an
m o r e th t v m re u s t sf t ry r sult w uld b
an a on e an e en o n a i ac o e o e
Ne a r l y e ve r y a u th o r w h o ha s h a s d e c l a r e d th a t the
w r i tte n o n th i s su b e c t
j
ba c k s h o u ld be a to n e l o w e r th a n th e be ll y I t i s u se l e s s (a s m a n y o f th e m .
p r o b a b l y n e v e r a c tu a l l y m a d e a fi d d l e ) p
to e r s u a d e th e m th a t e x a c tl y t h e r e v e r se
Mr D a v i d so n i s th e o n l y a u th o r w h o e v e r r e pr o d u c e d M S a v a r t s
’
i s th e cas e . . .
r i g h t w o r d s o n th i s p o i n t Al l th e o th e r s h a v e m a d e h i m sa y th a t th e ba c k
.
’
sh o u l d b e a to n e l o w e r th e v e r b a ti m r e p o r t o f h i s o w n w o r ds i s i n L I ns ti tu t
(
“
S c i e n c e s m a th m a t i q u e s , p
héy q
si u e s e t n a t u r e l l e s,
”
No s 3 19 ,
3 2 1,
3 2 3, . .
w h e r e h e r i g h tl y s ta te s th a t th e h a c k s h o u ld gi v e a to n e h i g he r th a n th e b e l l y .
I t i s e x tr a o r d i n a r y th a t s u c h a n e rr o r s h o u l d h a v e s o l o n g be e n a n a u th o r i ty .
Mr . Bi s h o p , i n d e e d , se r i o u s l y c r i ti c i se s a n d r e pr o v e s th e c o r r e c ti o n o f h i s o w n
e rr o r , o r r a th e r th e c o r r e c t r e n d e r i n g o f h i s o w n a u th o r i ty Le t a n y o n e m a k e .
a fi d d l e , a n d th i s w i ll b e p r o v e d to h i m m o r e sa ti s fa c to r i l t h a n by a v o l u m e
y
of p r e m e d i ta te d p l e o n a s m o n th e po i n t .
3
F J F é ti s,
. .
“
No ti c e o f A S tr a d i v a r i , tr a n sl a te d by J . i sh o p (Lo n d o n . B .
Vi d e n o te p 37 . .
r 1111: WO O D — T H E M O D EL . 133
obt i d a ne . To l t a of s e rt i
c pl t f w d i t
a n th e n o rm a one a a e o oo ,
m ust b l m p d fi m l v t p i t w h r tw
e c a e d l li s r ss
r a a o n e e o no a ne c o
th r d vi br t d w ith b w d l g th dg
l
on e ano e ,
an a e a o ra w n a on e e e .
Th t it th
e no e r d rs 8 th l w st f w hi h it is p bl
en en e 1 e o e o c ca a e,
an d ll d its o r m l t
“
i s ca e S m i t r sti g xp ri m ts
n a one .
”
o e n e e n e e en
o f this ki d h be m d w ith s m fr gm ts f S tr d i
n a ve en a e o e a en o a
i
va r u s vi li s f v ri us d t s Thus r d s w r m d 7 % i he s
o n o — a o a e . o e e a e nc
l g g i h br d d i h thi k f m pl d d l fr m e
on ,
nc oa , an
1
,,
nc c o a e an ea o on
O f th s fi ddl s w hi h h d b
e e d str y d
e Tw r d s f m pl
c a ee n e o e . o o O a e,
on e pl i th th r fig ur d d t d r spe tiv ly 17 08 d 17 17
a n, e o e e ,
a e e c e an ,
g v w h
a e, stru k i d en ti lly th s m t
c T hr,
r d en o f ca e a e no e. ee o s
d l d t d 1 690 1 7 24
ea , a e d 17 30 g id ti lly
,
th r , an ,
a ve en ca an o e
hig h r t e d th
n o e, i id 2
f t
an w ith th d is p rity f
e co nc e n ce O on e e a o
d t s a ed pp r an m ust sur ly i d i
a ea t th t S tr d iv ri h d
a n ce e n ca e a a a a
a st d rd f an austi i t ti O d r l ti
a co b tw b k
c n ona on ,
an e a on e een ac
an d b lly t w hi h he ,
p i d m r tt ti o th th m r
o c e a o e a en n an e e e
a pp r f his fid dl
e a a n ce o ( V id é ti N ti o f A S tr d i
e s. ri e s
’
o ce . a va
[ t
no e p 3 7 ] p
2
,
.
,
.
L t it b e t d th t bl ks e pl ks f fiddl m ki g
no e a oc or an or e -
a n
sho uld t b t w ith

no w but split w ith th
e cu th a sa , e a xe , a s e
m rks f th
a w w ill hi d
o y d
e saf c ts i th w d w hi h w ul d e an e e n e oo ,
c o
i t h r v l d
o n ce th e shi i g silky s r f
e ea e f pl k
on e n n u a ce o a an o r
bl c k s plit p
o by th O d b si d s this splitti g w ith th
en e a xe , an e e n e
ax e e sur s th n fibr s b i g l ft w h l
e e d str i ght e d t e n e o e an a ,
an no
cu t i t th y
n o by th t th f th w I Ch pt r I I I
as e a re e ee o e sa . n a e .
1 m d e fr qu t f th t r m s wh l h lf sl b ”
a e en u se o e e o e, a , or a
b ks r f rri g t th w y i w hi h th w
ac ,
e e n d f r m i g th t p rt
o e a n c e oo o n a a
o f th i tru m t
e ns t d I h r g iv en w d ut f
w as cu
,
an e e e a oo c o a
se c ti f tr tru k (F i g 7 7 ) ith utti g s t xpl i th s

on o a ee n . w c n o e a n e e
t rm s
e A . be lli s l m st i v ri bly j i d
s e d v ry
a re a o n a a o ne ,
an e
r qu tly ( y l m st l w ys ) b ks
~
e en na ,
a t i this mo r a a ac a re cu n an n e ,
I w ill sh rtl y xpl i this fi g ur b f r pr
o e di g
a n It p e e e o e o ce e n . re r
se n ts tru k t t D o th l v rs (
a
“
n cu h ) f
a th n e a e
”
su r co u c e or e
wh l b k d tA qu r t r ( m i l l ) f th
“ ”
o e ac th,
an a on e a e su r a e or e
h l f j i d b c k Th w dg A is squ r d t th thi k d
a or o ne a . e e e a e a e c en
I h a v e tr i e d to e x c l u d e s u c h te r m s a s th e s e fr o m th i s w o r k , a s b e i n g d i ffi c u l t
to u n d e r s ta n d , a n d c o n fu s i n g Th i s o n e , h o w e v e r , I c a n n o t a v o i d
. I f a pl a te .
b e str e w e d w i th sa n d a n d th e n v i b r a te d w i th a h o w th e s a n d a r r a n ge s i ts e l f i n ,
c e r ta i n l i n e s , c a l l e d n o d a l lin es I t i s a t a po i n t w h e r e tw o o f th e se c r o ss
.
n e a n o th e r th a t th e p l a te m u s t b e c l a m p e d As g o o d a w a y a s a n y i s to pl a c e .
.1
p i e c e o f c o r k n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e b e n c h b a l a n c e t h e p l a te o n i t, a n d h o l d .
1t fi r m l y w i th th e fi n ge r , r e s si n g i t o n to th e c o r k Th e e d g e o v e r h an gi n g t h e
p .
e d g e o f th e b e n c h m a y th e n b e v i b r a te d w i th a w e l l r o s i n e d Lo w
, .
2
Th e b e ll y (d e a l ) h e r e a l s o s o u n d e d h i gh e r th a n th e b a c k (m a ple ) P a rf a i .
o
te me n t be c a u se th e r o d s w e r e i d e n ti c a l i n po i n t o f s i z e a n d v o l u m e
. I n th e
m as s th e w h o l e pl a te s ) th e i n to n a ti o n o f th e b a c k a n d be l ly i s f o un d to
v a r y c o r r e c tl y , th e f o r m e r be i n g a to n e h i g h e r th a n th e l a tte r .
K : 11 s 1r w a s AND IS .
and r d ivid d d w the m idd l

e e sh w t B th e tw h l s
o n e, as o n a o a ve
are th j i d t th br d d s i the m
en o ne a r sh w n t C I t
e oa en n an ne o a .
i s O fte sk d w hy b ks d b lli s
n a e ft j i d w h it
ac an e e a re so O en o ne en
w o ul d be si m p l r t struc t th m l l i e pie ce The

o con e a n one .
r ea so (s tti g sid the f c t th t this f rm f c u tti g is ea rly

n e n a e a a o o n n
a l w ys I pr tti r th th w ho l e o sl b f rm ) is th t
a ar e e an e r a o
,
a
it is v ry s ld m th t y fi d w e dg f d l m p l goo d
e e o a ou n a e O ea or a e
for fid d l m ki g f su ffi i t bre d th t m k

e -
a n fi dd le b c k O
o c en a o a e a a r
b lly t f it w ith ut j i i g
e ou O i th w h o le f rm ) a n d
o o n n n e o
,
it is b tt r to h ve bo th h lv s o f yo ur t bl s c ustic a lly go o d
e e a a e a e a o
,
th t l t th u suit bi lity o f th w d f
an o e e sid f the b c k
n a e oo o on e e o a
o r b l ly c o u te r c t th go d qu litie s O f th o th r
e n a S la b b k e o a e e . ac s,
FI G 7 7 —D i a g r a m e x l a i n i n m e
th o d s o f c u tti n g w o o d fo r Vi o l i n m a k i n g A, w e d g e
. .
p g -
.
ou r m a t l le 1 ’ th e w e d g e m a r k e d to r c u tti n g C, th e w e d g e c u t a n d j o i n e d D , p l an k s
3
. . .
c u t cu r co u c 1
1
cu t as at D F ig 7 7 , . are o f cou rs e a wa l ys a ll
in o n e e ce pi .
Th e m o d e , o r o ne, l he n utli
a c e d o n th e is t tr s r
fla t u fa c e , c u t o u t
w ith
a f e sa w an d rt -
rk pr
fil e , a n d th e w o s is o ce ed At D .
s utti
h o w n th e c n
g s b r
for l a fpl ks thus
o m ; th e an cut a re
work i ut
e d w th o urth r pr p r ti
an
y f e e a h l b k
a o n A w o e
”
ac i s .
ll
so c a e d w h it isen br th
m a d e o u t o f th e ead o f th e w e d g e i n
r li
th e m a n n e a d t r p
do w n i n a n o h e rtla c e ide Pa III , .
'
p 28
. 5 , F i g u h p s up
A s m c . d e e n d l o n th e m o d e
y o u
t
ca n n o r ul
be to o c a e f r utli
to d a w a n o rr t v r
ne co ec in e e y
p rti ul r
a c this purp s i r py s
a , a n d fo r o e e th e st r
co o m e O ld m a e ,
or tr utli
a ce a n o y urs l
n e fo r oth i lly
e f ma e m a t ca r i n th e m a n n e
to be h ri tr l i
e e naf e a d do w n r b ut s ri
A wo d a o to n g w o o d to
.
ma tur e is b st
It e . p
to k e e p st rth e m a l e s b k o e d in w e d e ,
g
lo c s
an d strips b k k s r ll i s pi
fo r th e a c , n e c , c o , a n d s d e ; th e ls ne a o
s b lly
i n w e dge , fo r th e e h s r s th y upy but littl
; i n t e e fo m e o c c e
h
spa ce , a n d a r e r e ad v to h t
a n d w en w an ed pl Th e m a e fo r .
as rr w a s AND r s.
be lly pro c d ,
f ll w s T ke ee pi c e f w d 2 i n ch e s
as o o : a a e o oo ,
ac ro ss s n i h thi k d li ttl l g r th th b dy f th e
,
a nc c ,
a n a e on e an e o o
i stru m t y w ish t py P l th is dg w ys o an d t
n en ou o co . a ce e e a n, a
right gl s t th e b k b lly h l di g it fir m ly
an e o, w d i
gac or e ,
o n
,
o r e n
it t tha ds th t it ca t
e en w,
soth ris i th m i d l e
a nno se e s a -
on e e n e .
T ke a p i r f m p ss s w it h fi p i t l d d pe i g
a a o co a e a ne o n or ea ,
an o n n
th e m b ut a i c h pl c e o e p i t si d w ys
o an n th b k
, a n o n e a on e ac or
b lly th t th e th p i t t u h s th pi ce f w d h ld t
e ,
s o a o er o n o c e e e o oo e a
r i ght gl s t it th d r w th p i t t u hi g th sur f c t b
an e o en a e o n o c n e a e o e
c pi d d w
o e th
,
tre f th t sur f e th t th m t u hi g
o n e ce n o a ac
,
so a e ar o c n
th e pi c f w d w ill by f ll w i g th m ti
e e o oo f th l w e r ,
o o n e o on o e o
ar m x tly r pr d u e o th l th thus h l d f th purp se

,
e ac e o c n e a e or e o ,
th t ur f th e b k d b lly t b pi d B v ry r ful
e co n o o ac an e o e co e . e e ca e
th t th w d is h l d d th l w e r m is d r w d w th
a e oo e ,
an e o ar a n o n e
e x t ac tr f th sur f b i g r pr d d S im il r m d ls
cen e o e a ce e n e o uce . a o e
sh ul d b t k
o f th ris
e r ss (i) th br d st p rt f th
a en o e e ac o e oa e a o e
upp r b uts (ii ) th rr w s t p r t f th i

e o ,
b u ts d (iii)
e na o e a o e nner o ,
an
th br d s t p rt f th l w
e oa e b ts a o e o er ou .
T tr o i d p d t ut li m th m ti lly
a ce an n e
g i en en o ne a e a ca on a ve n ,
g r dau t d p rp
a e d i ul r s t
,
r i g ht li
e
y m
en us t pr c d a a ne
,
ou o cee as
f ll o w s
o A d I b g b f r
. mm n i g th xpl ti e f this
,
e o e co enc n e e an a on o
o p r ti w hi h is i ll s tr t d by F g 7 9 t r rd m y i d bt d
e a on , c u a e i .
,
o e co n e e
ne ss t M J lm B ish p by w h s
o r . urt sy I m
o bl d t o ,
o e co e a en a e o
r pr d
e o this d i g m d d s riptiv l tt rpr ss fr m his
u ce a ra an e c e e e e o
tr sl tian af O tt s w rk
on o th str ti o f th vi lin ( id
o
’
o on e con uc on e o a e
no e t p 20) 1
,
.
D r w p rp di l r li d w th m iddl f sh t f
a a e en cu a ne o n e e o a ee o
pa p r o f the fl t sid f th pi
e or f w d i t d d fa th e o e e ce o oo n en e or e
b a k f th x t l g th r quir d f th b d y f th i t
c ,
o e e ac en e e or e o o e n s ru
m e t (w ithn t th b tt I Fig ou d d iv id it i t 7 2
e u on ), . an e n o
e q l p r ts s h w i th fi g r Th is m us t b d w ith th
ua a ,
as o n n e u e . e on e e
g r t st
ea e ur cy f a cc it d p d s th a rr t ss f th w h l
,
o r on e en e co ec ne o e o e .
Th i t rs t this pe rp di l r by 20 h ri t l l i s t
en n e ec en cu a ,
o z on a ne a
th p i ts
e m d b l w
o n na e e o .
Li n e (1) A at th e p o i n t 8 at th e po i n t
(2 ) B 14
(3 ) c 16
(4 ) n 20
(5) E 2 1t
(6 ) F 22
(7 ) a
(8) H
( 9) I
(1 0) K
T his b i g d p e n one, o en th e co m p a ss s e to an xt t
e en o f 9 a t p rs
o f th e p rp d i ul r e en c a , and de s rib
c e th e tw o a rs c a a r
f o m th e
T H L WO O D — THE M O D E L . 137
p o in t 6 Th n pl c th o m p sse s th p i t 24 d pe i g
. e a e e c a on e o n ,
a n o n n
th m t I) d ra w th e c urve b
e o ,
a a .
N xt t o ff 2 p rts
e se h sid f the p rp d i ul r
a th 0, o n e a c e o e en c a , on e
h ri t l li e 0 P l ce th m p ss s th p i t
o z on a n . d Op i ga e co a e on e o n 0, a n en n
the m to d r w th e c urv s d d fr m
a, to th h ri
a t l li e A e ,
o a e o z on a n .
F m 79 — M e th o d
. . of d r a w in g a n o u tl i n e m a th e m a ti c a l l y o n a gi v e n g r ad u a te d s tr a i gh t lin e
No w se t o ff o n e p rt
h sid f th p rp d i u l r a 6, o n ea c e o e e en c a on
th li e B
e n P l c th c m p ss s
. th s p i ts
a e d p i g e o a e on e e o n ,
an o en n
th m t th li A w h r th urv d d s d r w th c urv s f
e o e ne ,
e e e c e en ,
a e e
f m th li
ro A t th t f D This c m pl t s th e d r ght o f
e ne o a o . o e e au
th e u pp e r p o rti o f th i stru m t w ith ut th c o r rs

n o e n en o e ne .
138 VI O LI N MA K I NG : -
AS IT WAS AND IS .
F o r th e m idd l
p rti pr c d thus —O th
e or na rr ow o on o ee n e
h ri
o t l li L e t ff 1 1 p r ts fr m th p rp d ic ul r to th
z on a ne s O 4
3
L a o e e en a e
p i t 9 ; d th 1 1 th r p rts fr m g t l fr m w hi c h l tt r
o n an en o e a ,
o o l, o a e
p i t d r w th urv fr m th li L t th t f P
o n a e c e o e ne o a o .
N xt t O ff 23% p rts
e se th e li K fr m th p rpe d ic ul a on ne
,
o e e n ar
to 13 ; o pe th m p ss s t th e p o i t w h re th e c urv e { i te r
n e co a e o n e n
s c ts th li M d d r w th urv fro m th li M
e e ne ,
an a e c e e ne
t th t o f H o Th e lit tl e a l f r m d by t h urv an
g e .
e e o c es
b t w e n th e li s L d M m us t b w o rk e d o ff s
e e ne an
, e o as
to bri g th sid s i t pr o p r sh pe n e e n o e a .
The l w r p r ti o is b t i d o fo llo w s —O pe th
e o n o a ne as n e
m p a ss s 1 1 p r ts
co d d e s rib th tw o r c s
e fr m a
, a n c e e a v 0 o
th p i t The pl ce th e m p ss s o th e p i t
. o n r en a co a e n o n
35 d p i g th m t ,
an d r w th e u v
o en n w e o r r, a c r e 2)
N xt t ff 6 p rts a: e sc h si de f th e pe O a on eac o r
p d i c l th
ene li 8 P l
u arc e th c o m p on
s s e s o t h ne . a e a n e
p i t x d p i g the m to d ra w th e c urve s y 3/
e
r
t
o n ,
a n o en n v
,
fr m t th li
n
e
c
o V v o e ne .
N w t o ff 4 p rts o e c h si d e o f th e
se
p p
e e a z on a r n
di l th li cu a r o n P l e th m p s se s o e th ne ac e co a n e se
p i ts d p i g th m t th li V w h r the c urv
o n ,
a n o en n e o e ne ,
e e e
y d s d r w th e urv
en s a f r
, o m th li
a V to th a t f R c e a e ne O .
F th upp r r rs t fi? 24 % p rts o th e li
or e e co ne
,
se o a n ne
G fr m th p rp di c ul r t
,
o d pl c i g
e e en a o o, an a n
p sse s o n this p i t O p th m t th li e D w he r
a o n , en e o e n
,
e
th urv f ds d d r w th e c urve fro m th li e D

e c e en
,
a n a e n
t th t f F o a O .
Th th e li I se t ff 14 % p rts fr o m th e p pe
en on ne O a er n
di c l t m Pl th
u ar m p ss s o th is p i t a d
. ace e co a e on o n ,
n
i
f p e i
g th m o t o li e H w h r
n n th urv ee d s d r w n e e e c en ,
a
th e urv fr m th e li H t c e o ne o 8 .
o
N w o th li
.
E e t ff 22 p rts fr m th p p
o n e ne s o a o e er en
Pl th m p ss s this p i t d
r
di c l
F t 9 u ar o . a ce e co a e on o n ,
an
op i g th m t w he r th urv m e ts th li F
en n e o e e c e e e ne ,
d r w th c urv fr o m th li a F toe Ag i pla ce e e ne 9

. . a n
th c m p ss s e th p i o t 2 0 d a p i g e th e m on e o n ,
an o en n
1 6% p r ts m rk ff th l g th f th a r rs a O e en o e co ne s s.
F th e l w r r rs t ff 24 p rts th e li n e Q
or o e co ne se o a on
fr m th p rp d i ul r t b b o e d pl i g th c m
e en c a o ,
an ,
ac n e o
p sse s u this p i t p th m t th li B w h r e the

a O o n ,
o en e o e ne ,
e
a a ds en d d r w th ,
an urv fr m th li B t d d a e c e o e ne o .
Th en th li on N s t ff e p rts fr m th p rp en di c l r
ne e o a o e e u a
to t . Pl th c m p a ss s
a ce this p i t d p i g th m t
e o e on o n , an ,
o en n e o
w h r th e e urv m ts th li P d r w th urv fro m th e l st

e c e ee e ne ,
a e c e a
n a m e d li t d d ne o .
CH AP TER VI I .
m a B ACK B ELLY , ,
AND S I D ES .
l h e Thi c k n e sse s
'
of th e ackB and B e l ly — C o py i sts —

Th e Si d es Mass of Ai r c on
ta i n e d i n a F i d d l e — H e i g h t o f th e S i d es .
I HAVE d s rib d th m d ls d th m d s f tr c i g th m
e c e e o e an e o e o a n e
it r m i s th r f r t
e a n ti th r l tiv thi k ss s f
,
e e o e, o no ce e e a e c ne e o
th e d i ff r t p rts f th b k d b lly f pr p rly pr p r

e en a O e ac an e o a o e o o
to d fi dd l
ne I m p rt t is th s l ti
e . f w d c o an as e e ec on o oo a ous
ti c lly g d it m ust b ppr i t d t

a oo ,
th t th t e a ec a e a o n ce , a e one
o f th i stru m t d p d s quit
e n mu h th w
en d b i g e en e as c on e oo e n
pr p rl y t d pp rti d
o e cu th w an d its l f f
a it st d s o on e , as on e oo e ,
or an
t r o s th t h w v r g d th m t ri l m y b its i tri si
ea on , a o e e oo e a e a a e, n n c
m rit m ust b
e bs lut ly ullifi d i f it f ll i t th h d s f
e a o e n e a n o e an o an
u skil ful w rk m
n Of urs to l y d w h rd d f st rul s
o an . co e, a o n a an a e
to fix th r p r m u t f w d t b l ft i
e o e a i stru m t
o n o oo o e e n an n en ,
e ith r i t b c k o i th b lly w uld b qui t i m p ssibl f

e n e a r n e e ,
o e e o e, or
it m ust ss rily v ry w ith th qu lity f th w d thus th

n e ce a a e a o e oo e
l s r th g r i
c o e d th h r d r th m t ri l th thi
e a n an r m ust it e a e e a e a
,
e nne
b l ft ;
e e d th pr p rti s w hi h w ul d be p rf t w ith
an e o pi
o on c o e ec on e e ce
o fw d m i ght pr d u
oo ,
v ry u s tis f c t ry r sult w ith th r
o ce a e n a a o e an o e .
I t is l w ys h o w e v r b tt r t
a a o ,
th sid o f x ss e ,
e e o e rr n e e e ce
th f m an o ss f th be st uth riti s ll w th t i t
ea n n e ,
or e a o e a o a an n s ru
m t w ith pl ty o f w d l ft i it h a m u h fi e r t th
en en oo e n as c n on e an
on e w hi h h b c his ll d d w t m i i m um f thi k ss
as e en c e e o n o a n O c ne
an d g i ai stru m ts w h i h h v b
a n
,
n sp r d th c his l i en c a e een a e e e n
the ir i f y (H d i i n anc i t f t m
au h v n sc u s ac n on n ca u a s u u
'
a e a
m u c h b tt r h e f m turi g t p r f ti
e c th w k r s
an ce O a n o e ec on an ea e on e .
Th g r t thi g is t
e ea v i d xtr m s I f t thi th t
n o a f o e e e . oo n, e on e o
th fi d d l w ill b w
e e k d f bl i f t thi k th r sult w ill be
e ea an ee e oo c ,
e e
a slu ggish d ull t i f t th,

l sti ity f th e de l d the
one n ac , e e a c O a , an
r pid ity w ith w hi h it tr sm its s u d w ill b

a cutr li d by an o n ,
e ne a z e
th qu e tity O f it w hi h h t b put i t vibr ti

an I t is i c as o e n o a on . n
th djustm
e a t d re gul ti f th s thi k ss s th t th tru
en an a on o e e c ne e a e e
t l t f th fiddl m k r ss rts its l f is c spi u us by its

a en o e e- a e a e e ,
or on c o
a bs I
e n ce . high br st d m d ls (lik th G rm
n f ea e o e e e e an , or
TH E BAC K , B E LLY ,
AND S I D ES . 14 1
i sta n c ) th
n e q tly c es s ry thi
n se i g t o
u enf t h w o d ne e a nn n ou e o
un d r th fi g
e bo rd us s su h w k ss t this p o i t
e n er -
a ca e c a ea ne a . n ,
th t th e k is v ry pt t b d r gg d f r w rd by th stri gs
a e n c e a o e a e o a e n
,
th e w d o f th b lly
oo t b i g str g e
e u gh to r sist th
e no e n on no e e
p r ssur
e a t this peo i t d g d t is r d e r dn i m,
pao ssibility
n oo one en e an .
Fm . 80 —D ia gr a m o f
. a w e l l s e a s o n ed
-
back , w i th th i c k n e s s e s i n fr a c ti o n s o f a n i n ch .
To o bvi t a e th e d ffi c i
ulty f th s v ri ti s i th q lity o f th e o e e a a on n e ua
w d
oo d th
,
bsc ri ty w hi h w ul d b i vo lv d i
an e O u l g c o e n e n a on
v rb a l d sc ripti
e d t s rv e
e
g ui d
on f,
th m
an t ur o e as a e or e a a e
fid dl m k r I h ve bt i d
e -
a e b k a d b lly fr m w ll m d
a O a ne a ac n e o e -
a e
vi o li s w hi c h I h v v ry c r fully g
n , ge d a l l a o ver d m d e
e a e au e , an a
14 2 VI O LI N M A I NG
-
K : AS I T WAS AND is .
m a ps of(r pr o
e d u ce d i F i g s 80 a n d nw ith i m a g i
. n a ry l i n e s o n
th em
,
to de o t w he r th thic k ss s m rg i t
n e e e e a n o th e r
ne e e e n o on
,
as fa r s it is po ssi bl e to d t r m i
a tho s b u d rie ; d ]e e ne e o n a s an
l6
F 10 B i c —D
. ia gr a m o f a w e l l s e a so n e d b e lly , Wi th th i c k n e sse s i n fr a c ti o n s o f an in c h .
p r e se n t th se tw d i g r m s t m y r d rs w ith v ry co fi
e o a a o ea e e e n
de n c e n i t h ir pr ti l v lu e
e Th thi k ss s
ac ca the y m rg
a . e c ne e ,
as e e
in to o n e th r
ano i d i t d i fr c ti s o f i c h d m y
e ,
are n ca e n a on an n , an a
14 4 VI O LI N M AK I NG : -
As I T WAS AND IS .
i fl
n u e n ce on s qu tly s rv
th e to n e , th e r purp an d co n e en e e n o o o se
th t k p th w h l
an o stru tur t g th r I t is tru th y d
ee e o e c e o e e . e e o
no t vibr t th m s l s but th e y h lp i
a e e
g r t m
e ve sur t
,
e n a ea ea e o
tr sm it th vibr ti s f th b lly t th b k ; d o n th ir
an e a on o e e o e ac an e
pr p r m sur m t d h ig ht d p d s th v l u m o f i
o e ea e en an e e en e o e a r
con t i d i th i t ri r f th i tru m t ; d th im p rt
a ne n e n e o o e ns en an e o
a n ce o f this p i t t b b tt r xpr ss d th i th w rd s
o n ca n n o e e e e e e an n e o
o f M F etis w h s ys
.
“
Th e i t sity f th s u d s
,
o a
1
n en o e o n ren
d r d by th vi li d p d s up
e e th e m ss f i
o n n ta i ed en on e a o a r co ne
a 1 th m t w hi h u gh t t b i ,
c rt i cr l ti w ith th th r
o t’
o e In a e a n e a on e o e
l m ts r l ti
e e en h i h it is h e r th qu sti
,
a e a to d t r m i
on w c e e e on e e ne .
By s ri s f g i us x p ri m ts m d w ith n pp r tus
a e e o In en o e e en ,
a e a a a a
w hi h p r m itt d th
c m ss f i
e i li to b u gm n t d
e e a o a r in a v o n e a e e or
d i m i ish d t pl sur
n
”
w
e ssur d th a t i f th str i gs e put
a ea e, e a re a e e n ar
i t vibr ti w hil th m ss f i is t m d iu m w e bt i
n o a on e e a o a r a a e
, o a n
s u ds t
o n m ll wa d p w l l i f th v lu m
o n ce e f i b t
o an o er u e o e o a r e oo
g r t th
ea , l w t s ew k od d ull d th
no e hi g h sa reh rp ea an ,
a n e one s a
an d thi i f i t b to littl th l w
n ts ers d th s
o e, e o no e a re coa e, an o e
o f th first stri g l s th e ir brilli

e y I f w e
n x m i o e t h s u d an c . e a ne e o n
pr du d by th i i th b dy f th e i strum t w h th
o ce e a r n e o o n en ,
en e
t r d r d by th stri gs is m st b uti ful d i t s w

on e en e e e n o ea an n en e, e
fi d th t i t k p w ith i
n a rt i li m its w hi h d p d
ee s th n ce a n , c e en on e
f rmo d th an th r l m ts f th i stru m t I tryin g th

e o e e e en o e n en . n e
m ss o f i
a t i d i s v r l i stru m ts f S tr div rius by
a r con a ne n e e a n en o a a
m s f w i d d u t r f rm d f si m pl bra ss tub sligh tly

e an o a n con c o o e o a e e
i l d fl t t its l rg r d
co n ca , a n t l v
a a ly littl slit a e en ,
so a s o ea e on a e
for th s p f th i it w f u d by pl i g th fl t d f
e e ca e o e a r, as o n ac n e a en o
this pp r tus v r
a a f th f h l s
a d bl w i g thr gh th
o e on e o e o e ,
an o n ou e
o th r d th t th i l w ys pr d u d s u d rr sp di g
e en ,
a e a r a a o ce a o n co e on n
t 512 vibr ti
o s i s d w hi h w
a on th t f th Mi dd l C
n a e co n ,
c as a o e e
i th ti m
n e f S tr d iv riu but w hi h i 1838 (w h S v rt
e o a a s, c n en a a
m d e his
a xp ri m ts) s r d t B tur l ( se m i t
e e en an w e e o na a a one
b l o w ) Thr u gh th x ssiv ris i th pit h f b t th

e . o e e ce e e n e c or a ou e
l st ight
a e y rs th s u d pr d u d by 512 ibr ti s is
een ea e o n o ce v a on
no w rly
n ea is w i th B fl t Al l th x ll t vi li s f
in un on a . e e ce en o n o
S tr d iv ri s
a d Gu r riu h v y i l d d th s m r sult This
a u an a ne s a e e e e a e e .
th th r f t quir d f s i
en i s a n o e th i co t i d i
ac ac e or c e n ce . e a r n a ne n
a vi li sh ul d pr d u
o n s u d qu l t 512 vibr ti s i
o o ce a o n e a o a on n a
se c d w h on t i
,
m ti by th pp r tus f w hi c h w h v
en se n o on e a a a o e a e
S pk o I f th i t
en . ti f th i b high r th l w t f
e n on a on o e a r e e , e o n o es o
No ti c e o f An th o n y S tr a d i v a r i
p 84 (s i d e n o te p 37 ) ,
”
. . .
3 Th i s w a s a fla t, sq ua r e v i o l i n , w i th a c h a m b e r a tta c h e d to i t a t r i gh t
a n gl e s , i n w h i c h w o r k e d a pi s to n , w h i c h p e r m i tte d th e m a s s o f a i r c o n ta i n e d
i n th e i n str u m e n t to be i n c r ea se d o r d i m i n i sh e d a t pl e a su r e Th e s tr i n g s w e r e .
v i b r a te d w hi ls t th e p is to n w a s w o r k e d , a n d w h e n th e y s o u n d e d b e st th e m a s s
o f a i r w a s f o u n d to r o d u c e a n o te c o n e s po n d i n g to 512 v i b ra ti o n s i n a sc c o n d
p
’
.
TH E B AC K , B E LLY, AND S I D ES . 14 5
th e i stru m t n d y ; i f l w r th en te s o f the fi st stri n g

are r o e ,
e no r
a re sluggish d d ull d th s f th f ur th r s mbl e the an , an o e o e o e e
no e ts f t r o M F etis g e s
a t
en o y th t . th”
u g h it i . o on o sa a o s
no t pr b bl th t S t d iv ri m d su h x p ri m
o a e a t s this y e t ra a a e c e e en s a ,
his skil ful h d g uid d by his k w l dge f his o w w o rk an ,
e no e o n ,
a l w ys bl d h i m by th e m d l
a ena er hi g f his vi o li th e ,
o e or a c n o n,
o utli d th h i ght f th e si d s t pr d u c e
ne
,
an e i d ti c l
e o e , o o an en a
i t ri r p ity
n e o ca ac .
I th n s m w y th e b dy f i i sid
e a e vio l c ll o m ust
a o o a r n e a on e
b e qu lly s i tifi l ly pr p rti d t th d pth f th e t

e a c en ca o o on e o e e o one
it is d sti d t pr du ce e d ne th rr t p c ity w o ul d
o o ,
an as e co ec ca a
t oo
g r tly l r geat h utli i f m d
en a i th pr p erti f e o ne a e n e o o on o a
vi li th d iffi ulty is bvi t d by gi i g t th e i stru m t a

o n , e c o a e v n o n en n
i r s d d pth The r f r it is gr t pity th t m y w rite rs

nc ea e e . e o e a ea a an
h v l s ly st t d (d ubtl ss w ith th b s t i t ti s) th t
a e oo e a e o e e e n en on a
“
th pr p rti s f th e fi ddl th t r th b ss
e o o on o d th e, e eno ,
e a ,
an e
d o ubl b ss sh uld b l l i d ti ca l w ith o th r Th ”

e -
a o a e a en ne no e . e
l t J B V i ll m
a e . stru t d s m t rs the d i m si o n s
. u au e co n c e o e eno en
o f w hi h w r r gd c t pr d u c th q li ty
e e a ra n f to e e so as o o e e ua o n
f th vi li b t th y w re f u d t be t o c u m bro us t be
‘
o e o n, u e e o n o o o
o f mu h p ti l v l e ( id p
c
r
ac Th m sur m
ca ts o f
a u v c . e ea e en
th si d s f vi li a
e e rly
o it is p si bl e to t th m
a o n, s n ea as os se e
d w o n
,
f ll w s a reth y sh ul d h vas u i fo rm thic k e ss
o o : e o a e a n n
o f f i h t th e m st M S v rt h r m rke d th t
o an nc a o . . a a as e a a
th l w r th sid s
e o th e thi
e r th y m ust b
e e d he h a re, nne e e, a n as
o bs rv d th t w h th y e f irly str g th y l d ce rt i
e e a en e ar a on e en a a n
s ft ss t th t
o ne f th e fi d d le
o I th
e l w r bo uts the y
on e o . n e o e
sh ul d b 1% i h s d p d i m i ishi g g r d u lly to th u ppe r

o e nc e ee , n n a a ra
l '
e
b uts w h r th y sh uld b 1 br d Wi th
o ,
e e e rd i ry o e 37
5
oa . an o na
l v ti
e e a f th m d lon d utli
o th b e d i m si s w ill
e o e an o ne, e a ov en on
pr du th d sir d p ity f i i id th i stru m t sp

o ce e e e ca ac o a r n s e e n en ,
e e
i l ly w ith th fl tt r m d ls lik th s
c a ef S tr d i riusa e d o e e o e o a va an
J s ph d l J s u
o e Wh th e tli is l rg
e .d th rc hi g en e ou ne a e, an e a n
high th sid s sh ul d b r th r sh ll w r i th i s tru m ts

, e e o e a e a o e ,
as n e n en
f P ul M ggi i “
sa ys ”
L Abb é S ibi
’
o a a i L Ch l
n . mi re , n a e ono e,
th t i fa vi li b t s m ll i m d l d i m si s th fi rst stri g
a o n e oo a n o e -
en on e n
w ill b brilli t th s
e d f ir th third t l r bl o t th
an e e con a e o e a e u e
, , ,
f u t d ull
o d h rsh but th t i f n th an tr ry th e m o de l be
a a ,
o e con a
,
too v lu m i us th first stri g w ill b w k th s
o no
,
e d sal n e ea ,
e e con na ,
th third v ry full but u rt i th f urth s ft d ho ll w

e e n ce a n
,
e o o an o ,
lik e vi l Th s f ults
a o a m r. lik ly t be pr d u ce d by
e e a a re o e e o o
th ris e r h i g f th b k d b lly th th e tu l si e f
e or a c n o e ac an e an ac a z o
th eutli o th m t ty pi l
ne im f th s tw
e rro rs
os ca 3 ec en s o e e o e are
th l m st fl t i stru m ts f
e a o i a litt l k w m ke r o f th
n en o un
,
a e -
no n a e
ei
g ht th eentury d th g r t
ce n tubby i stru m ts o f s,oamn e f e ea n en o
10
14 6 VI O LIN MA K ING :
-
AS rr WAS AND 13 .
th e Kl t o z fa m y ,il and o f th e G rm
e an s c ho o l g e n e r lly
a . So m e
of th e o ld fid dl e -
ma k rs li
sid s f th ir fiddl s w ith
e n ed th e e o e e
pap r e c l
or th Sot d i .i hi m s l f is s i d t h v
i ra var d this e a o a e one
s m t m
o e l but th pr ti is tir ly b d d
e s, e ac ce it d s en e a an one ,
as oe
not i m pro v e th st bi lity o f th e si d s

e a d r t i ly i jur s e ,
an ce a n n e
the to n e .
Vi s s i n e l bo s c o un di po i c a dd i ste m
Pe r d ur a sc u r e ma . se ta c q u i ta n to
d i vi n e d e l l
' ’
ua . uo m o a r te m b a r eso
Ia v i ta ! e o r c a n to l!
”
14 8 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : AS I T WAS AND is .
l a id d w o I n ld
n . d ys th o en a e n ec k w ft fi x d t th b k
as o en e o e ac
w ith a nail sc r w a xp d i
or e ,
n e e en t xtr m ly d l t ri o us t th
e e e e e e o e
fi dd l e, an d I h ve s i stru m a een n en ts i w hi h th t p bl k w s
n c e o oc a
d isp n s e d w ith lt g th e r th e sh
e a o e
,
o ul d r b i g xt de d i to th
e e n e en n e
F 10 82 — Th e I . n te r i o r o f th e Vi o l i n
b dy o f th i stru m t su ffi ie tl y f t t s th top bl o c k
o e n en c n ar o ac a e
o f th vi li
e o n .
Th S i d L i i g
e e Th s e
n th t w lv strips f w
n s .
d w hi h
-
e ar e e e e o oo c
run r u d th t p d b tt m f th si d s (D D Fi gs 82 d
o n e o an o o o e e ,
. an
a n d c o n n e t th e blco c k s w ith o o th r Th y m d o f th n e an e . e a re a e e
TH E I NT ER I O R o r T HE VI O LI N . 14 9
s me wo d
a th bl ks o w hi h th y t o u c h
as e but d o t oc
1
,
c e ,
n o ru n
i t th m ( x c pt i th
n o e e s s f S tr d iv ri d Gu a i w h
e n e ca e o a a an rn e r
, o
us d t pr l g the li i gs f th
e o o on t e b o uts i t th n n or r o e c en r n o e c ne
blo c ks h w i F i g 82 d h r i ft r l id d w n r i d e
,
as s o n n .
,
an e e na e a o
,
F ig . I t is d l ss t y th y i
n ee n th e d ir c ti e f t h o sa e run e on o e
g r ia n f th e w o d f w hi h th y oo m d o A s sh o w i th e
c e a re a e . n n
s c ti (Fi
e on th y w d g sh p d bi e3 i ch i are e e a e e n
d i m t r Wi r th y j i th b k b lly a d sl t d w
-
,
~
1; n n
a e e , e e e o n e ac or e n an o n
,
( or up ) to fi p i t a T h y ne f i
o n
c h d e p . d s rv e a r e T ,, o
5
an n e ,
an e e
th purp o se o f str
e th i th si d s w h e th b k d b lly e
g e g en n n e n e ac an e
ar e
g l u d t the m f on th r w ise th
o xtr e m thi ,
ss f
or o th e e e e e nne o e
sid s e w ul d t b ou gh t sur th st bility f th

n o e en o o en e e a o e
j u tur
nc T h e s m
e. e r m rk ppli s a t fitti g th m e v ry
a a e as o n e e
l s ly d e ve ly t th sid s t th fi tti g f th bl o c ks
c o e an n o e e ,
as o e n o e .
d P t w i th th B stitut s th tir
’
Th S e oun B os , e a ss ar
,
co n e e en e
ne r us syst m f th fi ddl e d th ir pr p r
vo e o e tru c ti o d ,
an on e o e co n s n an
p siti d p d s the t
o on e f th i
en on e o e n
str m e t By w r g rr g
u n . a on a an e
m t o f th s u d p st b ss b
en e o n o or a a r,
wh t a t rm d w l f t s
are e e o -
no e are
pr d u d d w h pr s t th y
o ce ,
an en e en , e
m y g a r lly b ur d by th p
ene a e c e
V
e I O
‘
F I G 83 —S e c ti o n o f th e i o lin m e s s
just t p st
. .
p er a d m f th b en o e ar or o .
Th s u d p st is
e o n littl r u d s ti k f fi
o a v gr i d pi e o n c o ne
,
e en -
a ne n e,
v ryi g o f c urs i l g th w ith th d ist

a n ,
o e, fr m
n ch en th r e an ce o ea o e
o f th b c k d b lly f th fiddl b th f w hi c h it m ust

e a an e o e e, o o
j us t fi m ly t ur h I t m ust o o t bc l g . u g h t f r c t h e n e on en o o o e
b c k d b lly p rt v r s sli ghtl y d m ust t b so

a an e a a e e o ,
an no e
sh rt o t f ll d o w
as o w h ath i tru m t r iv s j e rk n en e ns en ece e a ,
or wh e n th e stri gs l t d w Th vi li
n s I h v
a re s id e o n . e o n, a a e a
b f r m ust b
e o e, c stru c t d e t b so bl t sust i th e
on e as o e a e o a n
pre ssure o f th stri g s w ith ut givi g w y I f th s u d p o st

e n o n a . e o n ,
in d d iti
a t its m st i m p rt
on o t d ti s ( t t b l o w ) h s to
o o an u e se ou e ,
a
b r p r t i sust i ni g th b lly
ea a a n i f ri gi lly it is
a n tt o e e ,
or o na ou o
l g th re sult w ill b f bl t
on , e f th d p o st w ill i
e a ee e on e or e so u n n
this chca se k th vibr ti s f th b lly i st d f m m i t

ec e a on o e e ,
n ea o co u n ca
i g th m t th b k
n e oIt h di m t r f 9
e ac ; i h .
d i t as a a e e o nc ,
a n s
fibr s m us t f rm ri ght gl w ith th t is m ust b t c

e o a an e ,
a ,
e se a r o ss ,
th fi br s f th b lly
e e o I t d i m t r m ust b t
e e c rt i
. xte t s a e e e ,
o a e a n e n
,
a d pt d t th fi d d l i w hi h it is
a e o e t f i f it is t
e n sli ght th c se ,
or oo e
t w ill b thi a d i f i t is t thi k th t

on e e n ,
n w ill b re d r d oo c e on e e n e e
d llu I ts x t p siti
. e d p ds
ac tir ly up th e qu lity d
o on e en en e on a an
J A O tto
. . sa y s th a t th e si d el i n i n gs a re m a de of m a pl e , b u t th is i s a n e rr o r
Th e y a r e a l w a y s pi n e , u n l e ss
’
th e b l o c k s a re m a d e o f w i l l o w , i n w h i c h ca se th e
l i n i n gs a r e m a d e o f th e sa m e w ood .
150 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : As IT WAS AND 18.
pe c uli riti s o f th fidd l

a e d mu t b r fully r g l t d by
e e , an s e ca e e u a e
an e xp ri d w rk me but it is l m st i v ri bly w ith i

e n ce o an , a o n a a n
1
i h b hi d th right fo t f th bri d g
nc e n e i di t d t B i o o e e as n ca e a n
Figs 82 d 83 A hi gh built i s tru m t w ill r quir th s u d

, ,
. an .
-
n en e e e o n
p o st n r r thea bri d g the fl t t r m e d l I t is t h m er an a a e o e . e o e
im po rt t t trust this w rk ly t skill d h d f th

an o ly o on o a e an , or e on
a cc e ss to it b i g thr u g h th ri h t h e n df h l i xp ri o d e an o e, an ne e e n ce
o pe r t r is v ry pt t d str y t pp r
a o e a f this f h l o ot e o e a ea an ce o o e, n
to m e ti i juri s to th i t r l surf s f th fi ddl A po o r

n on n e e n e na a ce o e e.
v io li is ft i m pr v d by pl i g th p o st r r th bridg
n o en o e ac n e n ea e e e,
but i li thus rr g d r quir s v ry re ful pl y i g t

a v o n a an e e e e ca a n o
r d r th t
en e v Wh th u gh v th e t
e on e e en is r u gh
. en, o e en , one o
an d h rsh th p st m ust b m v d b k
a ,
e littl if th e high
o e o e ac a e
stri gs n w k d th e l w r
a re s h rsh th e p t m ust b
ea an o e one a ,
os e
m o ve d littl ut w rd s t w rd s th f h l i f th l w t s
a e o a o a e o e e o no e a re
w k d th high o s shrill it m ust b m d v ry sli ghtly

ea an e ne ,
e o ve e
t w rd s th
o a tre Exp rim ts h v e b
e ce n tri d pl i g i t
. e en a een e , ac n
be hi d th l ft f t but th pr ssur f th e tw l ft h d stri gs

n e e oo , e e e o o e -
an n
b i g light r th th t f th tw high s it w o uld t b

e n e an a o e o on e , no e so
mu h c t d up i this p siti
ac e d on
g i f ll n w i
g o on , an a a n, o o n an
a r gu m t t t littl fu th r o it w uld us th pr d u
en se ou a e r e n, o ca e e o c
ti on f sh rt fibr vibr ti s h r l n g
o o se r quir d d a on w e e o on e a re e e ,
an
v ci e d
ve r sS i m p rt t i d d is th
. o ti f this littl p s t
o an , n ee ,
e ac on o e o
on th t e f th i stru m e t th t th e F r
on e o h t rm f it i
e n n ,
a en c e or s
t d
’
m (th es o u l ) w ith ut it th e
e t f fi d d l is h rsh d o on e o a e a an
f e bl e b t With it th
e ,
u ff t g i b m s go d M S v rte e ec a a n eco e o . . a a
h s m d m
a ay m st i t r sti g xp ri m ts
e an o th fu ti s n e e n e e en on e nc on
an d ti ac f th s u d p st m
on o g st w hi h w r
e t
o h f ll
n w i g o ,
a on c e e e o o n .
H r m v d th s u d p st fr m vi li
e e o e d ppli d it
e o t id
n o o a o n ,
an a e ou s e
,
an d th t p f th b lly by m
on e o s f tw upri ghts
o e th e ean o o on e
co r e r bl n ks d r ssb r b tw oc ,
w hi h
an d th b lly th
a c o a ,
e een c an e e e
so u d p st w
n t up
o Ag i fixi g this r h t th b k f
as se . a n
,
n a c o e ac o
th i stru m nt
e n by utti g h l i th b k h t th p st
e c n a o e n e ac
,
e se e o
up g i st th b lly w i th t t hi g th b k t ll Ag i
a a n e e ,
ou ou c n e ac a a . a n ,
r m vi g th s u d p st lt g th r h ppli d w e i gh t t th
e o n e o n o a o e e , e a e a o e
b lly
e d i ,
a n ll th s thr xp ri m ts th e s m e r sults w r
n a e e ee e e en a e e e
pr d u d i f th s u d p st w r th r i its rm l p siti
o ce ,
as e o n o e e e e n no a o on .
I n f t th s m
ac , ff t is pr d u d w h th r th p st pr ss s
e a e e ec o ce e e e o e e
a
g i
a nst th b lly utsi d by
e m s e f th h o th b lly i e ea n o e arc , or e e s
pr ss d g i st it by m s f l m p I t w b s d up this
e e a a n ean o a c a . as a e on
p uli rity th t H w ki s i 1800 p t t d his vi li i w hi h

ec a a a n n a en e o n ,
n c
th b c k
e ad si d s w r r pl an d by b d
e spri g i pl e e e a ce a ar
,
an a n n ace
o f th s u d p st w hi h pr d u d th s m
e -
o n o ff t (
,
f c o ce e a e e ec as ar as
m r e i
e n o se d) i f th p s t h d b
was co n till th r
c e rn e a s e o a een s e e .
This a n d si m il r v g ri s h v b ma ti d i a pr a i s e a e een en on e n a ev o u
152 v i o LI N M AE I NG : -
As I T WAS AND 18 .
one m ust be put in , f ul filli n

g th e pr p r o e co n d iti on s . A fe w
y rsea g a o, u M P e ti z e a u
ce d to. t h A d f S i s an no n e ca e my o c en ce
i P a ris th t c
n sid r bl dv t g s w r t b d ri d fr m
a on e a e a an a e e e o e e ve o
th e e f us h ll w gl o s u d p st d i th Al lg m i
a o o a ss o n o ,
an n e e e ne
M ik l i h Z i t g f
is a sc 1881 (p
e e J h
un A th o y
,
or . . on e o n n n
Ha s l n l thie ,
d m usi i
a u pr u s i f v er an f c an ,
on o n ce n a our o a
bro d fl t a d thi s u d p o st th u gh d i ffi ul t t dj st d
a ,
a ,
n n o n ,
o c o a u ,
an
r quiri g g r t ur c y t
e n sure su c e ss M P D vi d s
ea a cc a o en c . r. . a on
c la m I sp i l m ri t f r s u d p o st w h i h h e lls
s e ec a e
“
o a o n , c ca an
ci t f r m l t ly d pt d w hi h is m d f ll w s
”
an en o a e re a -
o e ,
c a e as o o
“
D rill l gitu di l h l thr ugh squ r l
a on na pi f o e o a a e, c ean e ce o
ce d r w o d a b t 5 f o i h i d i m t r ; w d rill
, a ou .
o an nc n a e e ne a
n u m b r f h l s r ss w ys thr ugh tw pp sit sid s o

e o o e c o a o o o o e e ,
s as
to h v sp
a e f b ut a i h b tw
a ce o h th i th a o an nc e een e ac en n e
o the r tw o sid s o f th squ r d rill u m b r f h l s f th

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s m e si
a th pre d g so
z e as t p ss th ug h th m i ddl
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o f th f r m r sp
e s i o d ir c tie thus r s w ys t th
a ce ,
n a e on c os a o e
o th rs ; w r du
e d c t th p st t its pr p r r u d d
no e ce an u e o o o e o n e
d i m si s d fit it t th vi li i th u lm r This ”
en on , an o e o n n e su a anne .
o p r ti o e is f c urs sup rflu us d r id i ul us but is

a n ,
o o e, e o an c o ,
i te r sti g sh o w i g h w m pli t d m y b m v s
n e n as n o co ca e a eco e e en o
si m pl pi c f m ch i m th s u d p s t f fi ddl
e a e e o e an s as e o n o o a e .
Th e B B S d B
a ss w hi h is th ar or th r gr t rv us ou n ar, c e o e ea ne o
r g ul t r f fi ddl is th e b f fi s ft v g r i d pi
e a o o a e, ar o ne o e en -
a ne n e,
a b ut 10% i he s l g w hi h xt d s l g th b lly f th fi ddl

o nc on ,
c e en a on e e o e e
i n sli htly bliqu d ir ti u d r th th l ft f t f th

a o e ec on , n e n ea e e oo o e
bri d A Figs 82 d e ,
This bliquity o f p siti
. anis ft o o on o en
m u x gg r t d p p r i d i g r m s d i th fi d dl e its lf
e a e a e ,
o n a e ,
n a a ,
an n e e .
Th ri ght d e vi ti
e m sur d fr m th a tr j i f th b lly is
on , ea e o e cen e o n o e e
,
a s f ll w s o t th to p i t is éf o
o i h fr m th
a e tr j i i —
,
r nc o e ce n e o n n
th tr u d r th bri dg it i r s s t i f
e cen e, n e i h ; t th
e e n c ea e o ; or n c a e
b tt m e d it h i r s d th d ist
o o n t as g ; t
n c ea t l e e a n ce o or a o a
d vi tie af 3 on f o i h thr u g h ut its tir le g th

.
6 o an nc o o en e n .
Th s d ist e e s i lu d th an ce w hi h is th d i m e te r f th b
nc e e c e a o e ar,
i a th y
. .
,
t k fr m th ut r si d f th b t th
e a re a en o tr e o e e o e ar o e ce n e,
an d th y subj c t t light l t r ti s
e a re rd i g t th m d l
e o S a e a on a c co n o e o e
o f th vi o li e Thus rr fi dd l th y w ul d b sligh tly

n . on a na ow e e o e
l e ss d ,
a n br d trifl m r I t w id th t th dg
on a oa on e a e o e. s a e e e
g lu e d t th b lly is o
% i h br e d t h th
e r d g is li g htly
1 nc oa ,
e o e e e S
ro u d d This l st r u d d d g is sli ghtly u d ul t d d

n e . a o n e e e n a e ,
an
th dg gl d t th b lly thr u g h ut its

e e e u e tir l g th t k s
o e e o o en e en a e a
c vity r gu l t d by th l gi tu di l r hi g f th b lly
o n ca e a e e on na a c n o e e .
I t d pth is ls
s e f urs si m il rly r gul t d but is g r lly
a o, o co e, a e a e ,
ene a
i th b s t fidd l
n e 3 i h ei t h tr o d p st p
es , rt I t isnc t n e cen e r ee e a . se
quite t ri ght gl e w i th th b ll y ( idc F i g

a a an Th w o ul d e e v . e
T H E I NTE R I O R O F TH E n e w s . 153
be ym us uth r f L th m g ph i ( id
an on o a o teo u o ono ra e v c no
p viii P r f c ) iti g F elix S v r t d his tr p i d vi li

. . e a e ,
c n a a an a ez o o n,
s ys th t th e b ss b sh l d be pl d d w th
a a a ar tr j i f
ou a ce o n e ce n e o n o
th b lly
e e st t m t b s d pur ly up
,
a a e gen m t m d a e e on an ar u en u a
ig o n ti m w hi c h g iv s
ra n a ,
f ir ti o f th pr c ti ca l v lu e e a a no on e a a
o f P ri ce Y th r w is ll i ss y ”
n p f W
o u so u m go E ’
s o Th e e e -
ean n a . e
pure ly m h i c l i flu e f th e b ss b is i t r sti gly ill s

ec an a n en c o a ar n e e n u
t t d by th f l l w i xp ri m t t k fro m M D vi ds s ’
e e en a en r a on
Il i g pr c ur d pi f w ll s s e d
ra e e o o n .
w rk o th vi li
on e o n . av n o e a e ce o e -
ea on
an d s us pi e b lly w s f rm e d t f it i th usu l
o n or o n ,
a e a o ou o n e a
m r d o pti g th pl f thi k ss c rd i g t th m th d
an n e , a n e an o c ne a co n o e e o
us d by S tr d iv rius This pl te w h thus fi ish d (th f h l s

e a a . a
,
en n e e o e
no t y ast t ) g v e th cu te 0 S ubs
,
qu a tly t h ef h l s w r
e no . e en e o e e e
cu t f th usu l si
o e d p tt r w h a th s u dw sf u d t
z e an a e n ,
en e o n a o n o
be l w r d h l f t
o e e w b i g B a A b ss b h vi g ft r
a on e, n o e n . a ar a n a e
w a rd s b g lu d een f a s m wh t l r
g
e r si e th
on, o c mm ly o e a a e z an o on
e m pl y d th o
p l et g ,
v th e t
e e D but t
a e h b h vi a g b e no ,
e ar a n een
re d u ce d to its pr p e r di m si s th s o u d w s g i l w r d
fi
o en on e n a a a n o e e ,
an d o w th b lly g v e th s m e t o e a s o ri g i lly C
n e e a W e a n na , . e
ca n no w e sily p r c e iv th t th b p rf c tly m p s t s f
a e e a e ar e e co en a e or
th d i ff r
e of te risi g fr m th c utti g f th f h l s
e n ce on e, a n o e n o e o e ,
but t th s a m ti m W
a e r is l w r th t
e e v ry e c an a e or o e e on e e
con sid r bly by lt ri g th d i m nsi s o f th b

e a a e fn th e e e on e ar or
str g r th b th hig h r th t
on e e th e s u d l w ri g s th e
ar e e e one, o n o e n a
b aris d r s d i d i m si s
ec ea e n en on .
A d this bri gs us t th f t th t the

n n
g l b ss b rs o put i e ac a o rI Ina a a n
by th I t li m st rs h v l l b m t w k f th m d r
e a an a e a e a e co e oo ea or e o e n
hi g h pit h d s qu tly b f th d i m si s giv b v

c
,
an con e en a ar o e en on en a o e
(
a b u to 1 0 ; i c h s ) m ust w bn substitut ed f t h ri g i l no e e or e o na one
but thi p r ti o i f y ur fi dd l is w rth y thi g t ll m ust

s o e a n ,
o e o an n a a ,
on ly b p r f r m d by fi t l ss w rkm
e e o e Th fu ti s f th a rs -
c a o an . e nc on o e
b ss b
a to tr
ar s m i t t th tir b lly th vibr ti o s o m
a re an o e en e e e a n c
m i t d t it by th l ft f t f th bri d g
u n ca e o d t pr v t it
e e oo o e e, a n o e en
fro m t ri g i t
en s ri s f s gm t l vi br ti s d t s
e n n o a e e o e en a a on ,
a n no ,
a
h s a ft
so b l i d d w t str gth th b lly A O tto
o en een a o n
,
o en en e e . s
justly r m rks “
A
e pr p rly
a stru c,
t d fi d d l e o u g ht t b
o e e con e o
a bl t st d s r w i g up t pit h w i th ut givi g w y i th
e o an c e n o c o n a ,
n e
a bs f ith r b ss b
e n ce o es u d p st e C r m ust b
a ar or o n o .
”
a e e
tk
a en t t m k th b ss b
no o t l g i pro p o rti t th
a e e a ar oo on n on o e
i str m t
n u i st d f pr m ti g it w ill h k th vibr ti
en ,
o r, n ea o o o n , c ec e a on
,
an d r d r th e t en o f th
e fi dd l d ul l Th s m one r ught t e e . e a e ca e o o
b t k
e a i th s l c ti
en f th w
n d f w hi h th e b
e e e is m d
on o e oo o c ar a e
as w ith th m te ri l f th b lly
e a d f th s m a r s it or e e ,
a n or e a e ea on
sh ul d b m d
o f th pi
e w hi h yi l d s th e hi h st
a e o e t wh n e, c e e en
g no e
s tru k o vibr t d w i th b w
c r by rubbi g w ith th fi g rs
a e a o ,
o r n e n e .
154 VI O L I N MA K I NG : -
As IT WA S AND 18 .
P e rh a ps p rt f th vi li h b
no a m r
o ss i l d by th e o n as een o e a a e e
i v t rs o f v g ri s ppli d to th vi li th th b ss b
n en o a a e a e e o n an e a ar .
Ev rythi g th t c ul d b d
e n ta lt r it h b
o d d e on e o a e as een one
,
a n
ca ll d e i m pr v m t b gi i g w ith
an o e B ud m k r t
en ,
”
e nn n on e a
,
a a e a
V r ill s i 1810 w h i tr d u d
e sa e
,
n vi li w ith u t a b ss b
,
o n o ce a o n o a ar
at ll b a us h ,
e ca si d r d th t it i t r f r d w ith th
e
“
e co n e e a n e e e e
vibr ti s H th r f r l ft th b lly m uc h thi k r th

a on .
‘
e e e o e e e e c e an
usu l t m p s t f th e bs
a o co en f th b
a e b t ( or m i ght a e n ce o e a r, u as
b e xp t d) th t
e ec e w s ri usly i m p ir d I 1852
e on e as e o a e . n .
,
a n
Am ri e ( W illi m
ca n B T ilt ) p t ta d d si g by w hi. h on a en e a e n c a
secon d b w fix d t th e i si d f fi dd l xt di g b t w
ar as e o n e o a e, e en n e een
th t p
e d b tt m bl ks w hi h w r
o an o o t sl pi g oc t ,
c e e cu o n ,
so as n o
to c h k th vibr ti s t th s p i t I 1867 Mir m t

ec e a on a e e o n s . n
,
e on
r pr d u d th s m v g ry but w ith ut bt i i g f it y
e o ce e a e a a ,
o o a n n or an
su ss ful r g iti
cce M F etis m ti s th
e co n on rr g m t
. .
2
en on e a an e en
o f vi li i 1855 w ith tw b rs by M R m b
a o n n , f P ris o a
,
. a aux
,
o a
on e i th usu l pl n e th th r glu d t th b k
a a ce w hi h
,
e o e e o e ac
,
o n c
w as e t th ss u d p st I his ti c f it M F etis s ys
e o n o . n no e o ,
. a
th t th ug h sup rflu us i th
a , o s f fi t r t fidd l
e o n e ca e o a rs -
a e e,
i f ri r i stru m ts w r d i d d ly i m pr v d sp i lly
n e o n en e e ec e o e , e ec a on
th f urth stri g by this

e o rr g m t D S t
n , d M a an e en . r. on e an r.
M e e so n sllipti l t si b rs w hi h w r xhibi t d t th e
’
e ca en on a
,
c e e e e o
Musi l Ass i ti ca i 1 87 4 oc a d s rib d on

“
f ur strips o f
n ,
a re e c e as o
w hit d l urv d t
e ea , c llipti l fig ur p ssi g p r ll l fr m
e o an e ca e, a n a a e o
en d t d o th i s id f th b lly Thus th y i t r pt
en on e n e o e e . e n e ce
th f f h l s
e d r m v o e ,
w ll k an w us f w k ss d
e o e a e -
n o n ca e o ea ne ,
an
a br k i th vi br ti g b dy
ea n e Th high st ul gi a w r n o . e e e o a e e
h pd ea this
e triv
on by th i v t rs but it is rt i
co n a n ce e n en o
,
ce a n
th t w hilst sp ili g g d fi dd l th y w o uld t i m pr v b d

a
,
o n a oo e, e no o e a a
one A M W l k r i tr d u c d
. r . f w y rs b k
a e w f rmn o e ,
a e ea ac ,
a ne o
o f b s b w hi h w
as ar,
“
t th sl b d h d th e gr i
c as cu on e a ,
an a a n
co n s qu tly ru i g
e en th dg nn nI t m sur d 10 i h s on e e e .
”
ea e nc e
l g 3 b d d thi k I t w b t t th r hi g d
on ,
re a ,
an
1
,; c . as en o e a c n an
g lu d e th f l t si
ond i th e usu l pl
a e This w ul d pr b bly
e n e a ac . o o a
a ugm t th q ti ty f s u d pr d u d but th q li ty w ul d
en e ua n O o n o ce ,
e ua o
b s ri sly d t r r t d
e e ou S m h v su gg st d th t
e e io a e bass . o e a e e e a no
b ar ou gh t t b ss ry but th t th b ll ught t b m d
o e n e ce a ,
a e e o o e a e
thi k r c te upp rt th stri gs d vi r t

,
s o a s o s w ll o This e n an a e as e .
w th
as pri ipl f D Ni h ls s vi li ( id p 102) d
e nc e o r . c o on
’
o n v c . an
f M B u d s vi li n m ti d b v b th f w hi h d m
’
o . a o en one a o e, o o c e on
,
t t d th e f ll y
s ra e f th s gg sti f th i r s f th
a ac o e u e on , or e nc ea e o e
thi k ss ff t lly h k d ll p s i bility f vibr ti

c ne e ec ua c ec e a o s o a on .
A fu l l d e s c r i pti o n o f th i s i n v e n ti o n , o r r a th e r v a ga r y , w i l l b e fo u n d i n i b li o B
r
g pa h i c M u s i c a l e d e F r a n c e e t d e l
’
E tr a n ge r ,
”
e tc ( P a r i s 18 22 N i o g r c t) p 3 4 8
U
.
, , . .
Ra p po r t su r l e s I n s tr u m e n ts d e M u s i q u e d a n s l E x po s i ti o n n i v e rse l l e d e
’
P a r is e n
156 VI O L I N -
MA I NG K : As IT WA S AND Is .
in th e b lly p rti ul r p i f ff h l s i F ig 84 (
e o f any a c a a r o o e ,
as n . or
lt
P a e ll i g e x ll t m th d is g iv by MM
th e fo ow n ce en e o en .
M gi t M i g
an n e H vi g d t h d th b lly f th i stru m t
a ne . a n e ac e e e o e n en
wh h l s ish r pr u si il t k pi
ff
o se e y w t o d i f ou m o e o ce n ac e, a e a e ce
o f str g p r h m on t l rg ugh t v r th p r ti
a c en f th a e en o o co e e o on o e
b lly i d i c t d i F ig 84 T k y l rg pi
e n a e n f l th .
d . a e an a e e ce o c o ,
an
f ld i g it s v r l ti m s pl
o n it th t bl S tr t h th p r h
e e a e a ce on e a e . e c e a c
m t v r this ushi
en o e d pr ss th e b lly upsi d d w i t th
c on , an e e e o n n o e
c h h 11
us v e r d w ith p r h m t d w i th fi ly p i t d p il
co e a c en ,
a n a ne -
o n e en c
d r w th i t ri r utli s f th f f h l s
a e n e o d tho x t ri r utli
ne O e o e an e e e o o ne
o f th b lly sh w i th fi g ur
e e
,
as d th r y o h v Fi g 84
n n e e, an e e ou a e .
co m pl t This p r h m
e e . t u tli m y i th r b k pt i a c en o ne a e e e e n a
p rtf li f futur
o o o or tr s f rr d t thi l e f o f w d
e u se , o r an e e o a n a oo
(
1
T3 o r d f i c h othi k ) o w hi h anis m r d ur
n bl d m r e c , c o e a e an o
c v i t t w rk w ith Th i t ri r f th f f h l s d th
on en e n o o . e n e o o e o e an e
e xt ri re f th o utli o t b v ry e r fully t t d
o ne a re o e e ca e cu ou , an
th e ce tr li n f th e b lly sh ul d b d r w
e ne o d w th e m d l e o e a n o n o e
x tly i th ri gi l A p ir f e ac as n e o na . a o
ff h l s t k lik th is m y be s i o e a en e a een n
th ir tu l si i P l t VI e ac a z e n a e .
N w r g rd s th f f h l s With o as e a e o e
r sp t t th ir i flu th tir e ec o e n en ce on e en e
fi ddl d its t Of urs thi g e an one . co e

,
no n
d b s i d b ut th x t p siti n ee e a a o e e ac o on
f th f f h l s i tr f c sim il to o e o e n con a -
a e
th r ; i f th y w r t et i one an o e e e e
’
no s n
FI M
G 84 —
. . th b lly
e th o d o f t x tly b l ce
tr a c i n g a e e so as o e ac a an on e
m " f 1 m
th r th s tti g f th brid g
11019 5”
d an o e ,
e e n o e e an
s o u d p st w ul d b r du d l m st t
n o o i m p ssibility l t l
e e ce a o o an o ,
‘
e a one
th gh stly ff t th pp r f th fi d dl ! A M F etis
'
e a e ec on e a ea a n ce o e e s .
justly r m rks it w ul d b g r t m is t k t supp s th t th

e a ,
o e a ea a e o o e a e
p siti
o d f r m f th f f h l s
on an o rbitr ry Th f h p f
o e o e ar e a a . e s a e o
th s u d h l e is r
e o n d r d ss ry by th rc hi g f th b lly
o en e e n ece a e a n o e e .
I f th is l tt r w r pl a th se d h l s e d
e l y be str i ght
an e d e ou n o e n ee on a an
p r ll l ( i th S v rt tr p i d vi li id Fi g
a a e as n e a Th y a a ez o o n
,
v e . e
i flun th e n ce tir syst m f vibr ti s f the b lly d thu s

e en e e o a on o e , an
g vo r th
e vibr n ti s f the w h l i str a m t on T his h ob e o e n u en . as een
pr ve d by xp ri m t ; i i f th f f h l s w r
o e e en t i th b k . e , . e o e e e cu n e ac
o f th fi d d l it w ul d b i m m d i t ly m ut d f
e e o th b lly w ul d e e a e e ,
or e e o
no t h v su ffi i t l sti ity w ith ut th m t vibr t

a e c en e a d c m c o e o a e an o
m i t its vibr ti s t th
u n ca e r st f th e i stru m t} Th
a on o e e o n en e
p siti
o f th s e ff h l s th ir f r m
on o e d th m i ut st d e t ils f o e ,
e o ,
a n e n e a o
th i utti g
e r c su h ss ti l p i ts th t
n ,
a r e lte r ti w h t
c e en a o n a no a a on a
e v e r ca b m d i th m w ith ut i juri g th qu li ty f th
n e a e n e o n n e a o e
tn o n d fo
e, this r s
a th t th e f f h l s i flue e to a
r ea on , a o e n nc
T I I E E XT E RI O R o r T II E v I O LI N . 157
po w rful d g r th s u d f th m ss f i
e e ee t d Withi e o n o e a o a r co n aine n
th b o d y f th e i stru m
e t I f th y
o t s m ll if b
n en . e a re oo a ,
o r one e
c v r d up th
o e s u d f th
e t i d i b c m s l w r if
,
e o n o e co n a n e a r e o e o e ,
th y e t t l rg it ris s Th f f h l s m ust th r fo r be
e ar ou oo a e e . e o e ,
e e e,
r g ul t d by th e si o f th fidd l
e a e d th pr p rti f th f f z e e e, an e o o on o e
h l s m ust b
o e dj ste d th t th t i d m ss f i r d e rs
e so a u a e co n a n e a o a r en
th r quisit 51 2 vibr ti
e e s I f th y b t l rge
e t to o a on . e e oo a ,
or se
n ear to e th r th t on o f th e vi li b e c m s h rsh d
ano e ,
e one o n o e a an
shrill d w h t s m ll
,
a n t t f p r t th y m k i t
en oo a ,
or se oo ar a a ,
e a e
m r o e w o lly o vi l lik S v rt h s bs rv d th t th f f
o r o a -
e. a a a o e e a e
h l e s i s m f th l rg r vi li s o f M ggi i
o n o e o t l rg e a e o n a n are oo a e,
c o s qun tly th t th
e ent g iv by th m ss f i i th a e n o e en e a o a r n e
i te ri r is h ight d d th t
n o is th r by i m p ir d ; but
e en e ,
a n e on e e e a e
ti m h s i gr t m sur r p ir d this d f t t y r t it
e a n a ea ea e e a e e ec ,
a an a e
is th t I h v ve r ti d Aft r l l w h t
one a a b m r
e ne no ce . e a ,
a can e o e
con su m m t ly g r ful th th ff h l s f S tr div ri S t

a e a ce an e o e o a a or an o
S r phi
e a d w hy sh ul d w try t i m pr v e up
n ,
an th m o e o o on e
The Ne c k (o r H a n d le ) , an d the S cr o l l (or Hea d) .

— O u th e
pr p r pr p r ti f this p rt
o e o oi stru m t d p d s i t tir
on o a o f th e n en e en s en e
p rs l p p r
e ona quit a mu h ea el g
a n ce , t t
”
e as c as on an e an ou
li e h o w v r g r ful m y b y ur fi dd l
n e e w k
a ce u uth a e o e, a ea or n co
s r ll w ill utt rly m its sy m m try d b si d s this i t h

c o e ar e ,
an e e ,
as
co n si d r bl i flu e a th t e f n fi dd l rd i g t th
en ce o n e one o a e, a cco n o e
ture d q li ty f th w d w hi h m ust b e ith r t o h rd

.
na an ua o e oo ,
c e n e o a
n or t s ft b us it is
oo o f th c h
, e ca ls by w hi h th e on e o e an n e c e
vibr ti o s f th stri gs
a n c v y d t th b dy f th i t
o e n a re on e e o e o O e n s ru
m t (th brid g b i g th th r ) This is pr v d by th

en e e e n e o e . o e e
f ll w i g
o o p ri m t I f th b dy ly o f vi li w i th ut th
n ex e en . e o on a o n , o e
n ec k b h ld i , vie d th stri gs i t d f b i g
e n a ce , a n e n ,
n s ea o e n co n
nec et d w ith it by th k d s r ll s tr t h d p t pit h e n ec an c o , are e c e u o c
by p gs h vi g oe ti ath r w ith th t w ill t b s

n n co n n e c on e e ,
e on e no e o
p w r f l i f th y w r r w d up i p g b x m m i t
o e u as e e e sc e e n a e o co u n ca
i g ith th b dy
n w Th d i ff r e is ly lig ht but u gh t
o . e e en ce on S ,
en o o
pro v th t th e k d e s s m f this p rt f th w rk A d
a e nec o o e o a o e o . n
a
g i it
a n h t ,
b r t h tir str
as i f
o th f ur stri
ea
g s u it d e en e a n O e o n n e ,
an d if o t o f g d s s n d w d d pr p rly pr p rti
oo d ea on e oo ,
a n o e o o one
,
this c o m p r tiv ly g ig ti pull w uld t w ist i t t f sh p e
a a e an c o ou o a .
Gr t ear m ust th t b t k t m k it i pr p r pr p r
ca e ,
e re o r e , e a en o a e n o e o o
ti s gl s d urv s d b v ll t t i t p th v i li
on ,
a n e ,
a n c e ,
an a o e a o se u on e o n
pr p rly th t is th t i t b i li w it h th
o e a ,
tr j i f th a e n a ne e ce n e o n o e
i stru m t th t it b
n en fix d th t th fi g b rd sh ll h v
,
a e so e a e n er -
oa a a e
th pr p r ris
e pr p rti d t th i str m t d th t w h
o e e o o on e o e n u en ,
an a en
y o l o
u k t th fiod d l d g wa ys h l d i g ite p r f c tly upri g h t e e e a ,
o n e e
,
th e y e o f th s r ll is i
e li w i th th dge f th b k I f i t
e c o n a ne e e o e ac .
is s t t f b k th e bri dg h t b m d hi gh t
e oo ar ac ,
mm e as o e a e o a cco o
158 VI O LI N MAK I NG :
-
as IT WAS AND 18 .
da t it d s
e tur l
, an s qu c e th to
a a na f th e fiddl is a con e en e ne o e
w ea k dp r th
an th r h d i f it is se t t f f r w rd
oo on e o e an , oo ar o a
,
th bri dg h
e t b pr p rti e t ly l w d th t
as o e b m s o o ona e o ,
an e on e ec o e
ac ut d m t lli C r m ust ls b t k
e an e a t t m k it t
c . a e a o e a en n o o a e oo
str g d m ssiv t th pl ce w h e r it j i s th b dy o f th
on an a e a e a e o n e o e
i stru m
n t o ti g en l m p it w ill d d th e t
,
r, a c n Th
as a c a ,
ea en on e . e
p r p
o r pro p
e rti s sh w i F i
o g 85 a on g iv ,
b l
as w o n n .
,
re en e o
,
a s
t k f r m v ry pe rf t c k d s r ll ki dly pl c d t m y
a en o a e ec ne an c o n a e a
s rvi
e by M W E Hill I t m ust b pr f d this is
ce r.
’
. . . e e a ce an
x ll t g h d but e ce en a v er a e ea , ,
f urs th m sur m t o co e, e ea e en s
w ill v ry sli htly i d i ff r t

g a n e en
styl s d s d ly th k e , an econ ,
e n ec
w m d is quit i h as no a e e nc
l g r th th ld m k rs on e an e o a e
us d t m k it d it is f e o a e ,
a n or
this r s th t m y (i ea on a so an n
f t rly l l ) ld vi li ac
,
n e a a o o ns
h v be k d Th a e en re n ec-
e . e
k d s r ll t fr m n ec an c o a re c u o
bl o k f m pl 9% t 10 i a c o a e o n .
l g by 2 i d p by 1% i on n . ee n .
w id ( ll th f ll wi
g e a e o o n
m sur m ts i i hs ea e en a re n nc e
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and h fi ish d u gh t
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t t u h l l th s d i m
o o c si s a e e en on
a t its m st pr m i t p rts o o nen a
( fr t ond b k f s c
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fr t ond b k f sh uld r)
an ac o o e
as t li p r f c tly fl t
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s m th surf
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it fs b k a ce,side s Th ac
,
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f ll w i g
o o th m ns r are e ea u e
F ro . 85 —. Th e Ne ck an d S cr o ll . F ro n t a n d
m en ts
r
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C D ,
E F: 2
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su m m t o f th e i c o B
' 7
TU i n o s r ll is
a d T he a e o f th e o e .br . b s v lut
’
C c , 5i n oa d
' '
br ys
The e e o f the c o , T, a r e i i n i n d a m e e
. . s r ll i tr . .
F om r th s
e e e xa c t m e a e m en sur
a n d th e
g e , i f ca e f l ts . fi ur r u ly
l GC VI O L I N M A -
K I NG : as I T w a s AND Is .
hist ry f b o w e d i stru m e ts th u gh
o o I h v s id be fd the n n
,
o ,
as a e a re
,
r rd s fr m w hi h w h v to ll t th hist ry f th vi li
eco o c e a e co ec e o o e o n
— m ly pi tur s
na d s ulptur s l a v s m u h t b d sir d i n
e ,
c e an c e — e e c o e e e
th m tt r f
e m pl t
a ss f d t il Th rly bri dg s w ul d
e o co e ene o e a . e ea e o
,
h w v r pp r t h v b
o e e , v ry ru d
a ea w ill b s by o a e een e e, as e ee n
tur i g t F ig 18 d 22 d i th ti m f th vi ls t
n n o s. an , an n e e o e o no
m u h pr g r ss h d b
c m d o M Feti g iv s thr fi g ure s f
e a een a e . . s e ee o
bri dg s Fi g e n d 88 Fi g 86 is vi l brid g t sup t
s . a . . a o e o or
se v stri g s d s w il l b s
en n is v ry l m t ry
,
an i gs ,
a e ee n , e e e en a .
rm . m — B r i d g e o f 7 S tr i n ge d Vi o l (F . J F é tis)
. .
F I G 88 — An ti q u e Vi o l i n B r i d g e Ni c o l a u s e of 5 S tr i n g e d Vi o l
%g
. . . F I G 89 . .
— B ri ( -
Am a ti (F J F é ti s ) . . . E H i ll )
. .
87 an vi li bridg s f th ti m f th Am tis
d 88 a re tw o o ld o n e o e e o e a ,
disti tly ppr xi m ti g th m d r f r m hi h d sig w s

nc a o a n e o e n o
,
w c e n a
s ttl d up by S tr di rius d h
e e on v r si b lt r d a va ,
an as ne e n ce een a e e .
F ig 89 is fr m. uri s l d fi stri g tr bl vi l i th
o a c ou o ve -
n e e o , n e
p ss s i f M W E Hil l
o e s on o r. . . .
I t m ust t b i m gi d th t th d i g (Fi g 90) thus fix d

no e a ne a e es n . e
up by th g r t s t fiddl m k r th w rl d h s
on e w
ea e e -
a e e o as een as
m r ly his i d
e e f wh t w m st pr tty th u gh t
ea this d y
o a as o e ,
o o a
th r e
g r t m
e a re y v i li istsa wh fir m ly
ea d r th m an o n o a re un e e 1
p r ssi e th t th r m
on t l utti gaf th bri d ge is m r ly a
e o na en a c n o e e e
T H E E XTE R I O R O F T H E VI O L I N .
t
m a te r f o ta ste . u Ve ry fa r fr o m i t
tl e ss e xp e ri m ts fo r co n en
hv ba e m d e w
ee nit h vi w t o
a lt ri g t h e e pt ad d si g n e a e n acc e e
,
an y d vi ti o e fr o m w ahi c h h n pr o d ly t o ff e c t as ve one a
i str t hi h i is pp l i d I is
'
th te f
one y
m
o t an w t n u t en o c a e .
i
d f fi ult t c
i m g i t h o
r s f a this ; h
ne o w it is t h
e t littl
ea e on o a a
pi c f m pl
e e o w hi h m a
r ly s rv
e, s t o k e p th
c e stri g s eo ff e e e e n
th fi g
e
b n r d sh erul d - h v oa su c h ,
p o w r ful o ff c t t h e
a e a e e e on
to ne f th o i stru m t t e w hi h
n i t is t f st
en e d i o y . c no a en n an
w y a b i , g m r lye n k pt i its pl e c by e th pr s eur f t h e

n a e e e s e o
fo ur stri g
s T h fi nrst xpl .
ti f this e i fl m uste b e an a on o n u e n ce
s u ght f i th f t th t it is th pri ip l c h
o or n e ac l by w hic h
a e nc a an ne
th vibr i s f t h stri s p ss t th b lly by w f t h e a o
)
t e n a o e
e a g
on o e ,
b ss b
a d t t
ar, anh b k by w y ( io l ss e r d g r
ac f t h e a n a e e e ee o
s u d p st I
o n o s qu c e o f th s its i m po rta t fu n c ti o s
. n con e en e e n n ,
its t p ti ro d p siti
or o
o n s, a n the b lly m st b v ry o i ly on n e u e e n ce
a d j st du t t h equ a li ty f o t h vi li
e t w hi c h it is f fix o e d F o e o n o a . r
i st
n if it
a n ce , b t p thi k t h vibr ti e s o f
o t h e stri g cs w ill,
o t e a on n n
p ss w ith su ffi i t r pid ity to th b lly I ts h ight m ust lso

a c en a e e . e a
b e m st c r ful ly o djust d t a eth e a e o
q u lity ao f th i stru m t f i fe it is n en , or
t oo hi gh th t w ill be d ull
,
e d on e an
slugg i h d i f it is t l w h rsh
s ,
an oo o ,
a a ,
pi r g: t w ill b th r sult A s
e c n
i
one e e e .
i t is f th g r t st i m p rt
o e ( ea e o a n ce as
w il l b di uss d f rth r ) th t th e
e sc e u e on a
t i gs b
s i n upp rt d t e pr o p e r
s o e a a
h i g ht f m th
e d f th fi g
ro F e m en M V
o e n er l a — Th e od e r n i o li n B r i d g e .
b ea r: nd it i a
f q l i
as m p t e th st th o bri d
e g b
ua o t or a n c a e e e n
r i d
a se l w r d t m i t i this d ist
or o e e tho h i ght f th e
a n a n a n ce , e e o
fi g n d m us t be suit d t th t f th bridg
e r ooar e
t th h e i ght e o a o e e
,
no e
o f th bri d g t th t e f th fi g
e b rd Ag i ; it w s
o a o e n er -
oa . a n a
no ti d by M S i bi i 1806 th t t th t tim th ug m t ti o
ce . re n a a a e e a en a n
o f th h i ght f th brid g
e e f oi h r is d th pr ssure
e e -
2
o an nc a e e e on
th stri gs by s v
e n p u d s d this pr p r ti h s o f c urs e en o n ,
a n o o on a , o e ,
i r s d w ith th si r is d pit h
n c ea e e n ce -
a e c .
A rdi g t O tt
c co
g n d vi li o w h s w o d ,
h as t b oo o n ,
o e oo a n o een
w rk d t
o e thi w il l r quir
oo hi gh r bridg
n ,
th vibr ti e s e a e e, as e a on
a re ea si r t pr d e th u gh th high r th bri d g th m o r
o o uce , o e e e e e e
p r ptibl b o m th f ults f th fi dd l
e ce e ec e d e th a the r o e e an ,
on e o
h d rt i f ults m y i s m m sur b gl ss d v r by a
an , ce a n a a , n o e ea e
,
e o e o e
l w bri d g
o t th xp s h w v r f th p w r f th i t
e ,
a e e en e , o e e ,
o e o e o e n s ru
m t I
en . rli r diti n an f th s m w rk th
ea e e uth o on o e a e o ,
e a or c n
t d s th t th suit bili ty f bridg d p d s m r p its

en a e a o a e e en o e u on
w i ht th
e its h i ht d m ti s s m w h t i g ian us en on a o e a n en o
g g ; an e
mo d e o f d i v ri g th pr ise w igh t o f brid g w hi h a y

sc o e n e ec e e c n
11
162 VI O L I N MA K I NG -
: as IT w a s AND Is .
i stru m t r quir s H m d six littl

n en e e d . lips lik o e a e e w oo en c ,
e ne
pro g d m ut s w i ghi g r sp tiv ly 2 4 6 8 10 d 12

n e e ,
e n e ec e , , , , , an
g r ia ns H vi.
g f u d th ta
y bri
n d g o u suit n bl t th a an e w as n a e o e
i n stru m t t w hi h it w en ppli d h tri d

o c it su ssi ly as a e ,
e e on cce ve
th s littl w d w ights lippi g th m b t w

e e e oo en th D
e dA ,
c n e e een e an
stri g s n H vi g f u d thus w ith w hi h li p th r sul t w

. a n o n b st c c e e as e
,
be w e i gh d th lip d th brid g t g th r d pr d d t
e e c an e e o e e an o ce e e o
m ak e w brid g
a th
ne w i ht
g f th l d e,
p l th s
e t is e o e o one us e a
fa c to ry lip Of c urs th lips m st ly t w i ghts d

. c o e e c u on ac as e ,
a n
n o t h l d th e bri d g
o t t m ut s d I d
e so a s t h w o ac as e an o no se e o
th e l tt r a ti g y
e co n p ssibly b bvi t dn enc ca n o e o a e .
Th brid g m ust b m d
e e f sp tt d m pl e ith r to
e a e o o e a
,
ne e o
h rda t s ft th gr i h ri t l
n or oo o ,
d its pr p rti s e a n o z on a , an o o on
sh uld b just h l f thi k t th t p

o e, a t th asf t C re c a e o as a e ee . a
m ust b t k t s l t
e a bridg m d f w d w hi h
en o e ec rd s
a e a e o oo c a cco
w ith th t f th fi dd l
a i o its sist y gr i
e t e Th n con en c ,
a n
,
e c . e
g r e t st
a e r m us t b ca t k e th t th f t f t h bri
e d g fita t h en a e ee o e e e
a r hi g f th b lly w h r th y r st
c n o e e t l v ,
i tr e e e e ,
so as o ea e no n e
v al b th th m
en ea su h w ill r d r th t e ,
as h ll w d c en e e on e o o an
d ull . Th t p f th bri d g m ust e o o ly f b r u d d t e e on so ar e o n e as o

pr v e t th b w t u hi g tw stri gs t
e n e o o u l ss r quir d
c n o n a o n ce , n e e e
t d
o o by th p rf r m r ; d l stly th f ur littl g r v s
so e e o e an
,
a ,
e o e oo e
m d t r
a e iv th stri g s m ust b
o e ce e sh ll w e p ssi bl n e as a o as o e co n
siste t w i th ff tiv ss I t h pr b bly b f ll

n e ec ene ll m y . as o a e a en a
re d rs t
a e ti m
,
a th r t b w rri d by th ir stri gs
one e or ano e , o e o e e n
sti ki g c n wh th p g is tur d th stri g i st d en f

e e ne
,
e n ,
n ea o
risi g i t n t n
“
h gs fi
on e a t sp k o n ce d th
,
an re ,
”
so o ea ,
an en
tight s ( l s s ) w ith j rk d r k This is i

en or oo en a e an a c ea . n c o n se
q ue n ce o f th i ks t h b ri d
e n c
g b i g t d pon d w h ite e e n oo ee ,
a n en
o c urs th y m ust b
c m d
e sh ll w r by fil g th si d s f th e a e a o e in e e o e
n i ck Th fi st stri g is p rti ul rly li bl t b thus ff t d

. e r n a c a a e o e a ec e
,
by r s f th
ea on xtr w rk it h t d
o e ed f its g r te r
a o as o o, an o ea
te sin d
on s qu t pr ssur
an con th e i k I t is g d t
en e e on e n c . oo o
ha v littl sh ll w xtr
e a
“
e i k t th si d f th pri ip l
a o e a n c a e e o e nc a
o e i
n ,
w hi h
n w stri g is pl c d t b s r w d up t pit h
a ne n a ce o e c e e o c
b fo r tr s f rri g it t th pri ip l i k This k ps th

e e an e n o e nc a n c . ee e
pri ip l i k sh ll w d th
nc a n c isy squ ki g f th stri g s
a o ,
a n e no ea n o e n
,
a
i t is s r w d up t pi t h is bvi t d
c e e o c ,
o a e .
A r g rd s its p siti
s e a th b lly f th fi dd le its x t o on on e e o e ,
e ac
p ositi is ju
on t b t w t h t s i ks i e th ff h leens (u l ss th e wo n c n e o e n e e
po si ti f su h i ks th f f h l s th m s lv s b
on o c n c ,
or tric) e o e e e e e e cc e n ,
at an e x tly qu l d ist ac fr m e h a d th l ft f t m ust st d a n ce o ea c ,

a n e e oo an
e x c tly v r th
a tr f th b ss b
o e e Th m st xt siv
cen e o e a a r. e o e en e
an d i stru tiv n xp rim ts th bridg

c e e th s f M S v rt
e en on e e are o e o . a a .
As d t r m i i g th e e ssity f th S t d i i
n n e u tti g he
n e ce o e ra va r a n c n ,
K : as IT w a s A ND IS .
i n F ig but this h b s id t i jur th t

. as f fiddl e een a o n e e on e o a
a n d ce rt i ly t m y m i d w hil t i t
a n
,
o d g d i tn d s, et s ca n o no oo
, oe n
i m pr v th pp r
o e f
e a i str m t Th usu l d i m t r
e a a n ce o an n u en . e a a e e
for th p th g i
e b t ur i h d i t is s t t d is t
n s a ou
T3
1
f nc ,
an e a a a n ce o
3
T3
f o i h fr m th dg f th fi dd l I ts o ly r l
an nc o e e e o e e . n ea u se
w hi h h pr s r it r r i quish t pr us
( c d as f t t h e le mve f f a e e e n en o o e
or t ti is h t s rv s pr s r th dg s f th
nam ) en t a i t on t ,
a e e o e e ve e e e o e
i s tr m
n t f m spli t ri
u en
g y bro i t w r bi d i n e t h fi nbr s as e e, n n
g , , e e
to g th r
e w i the b rd r as a o e .
Th P g e P i t — Th e s
e s, o r th littl r u d d ts f w
o n s. e are
d e e o n o o oo
th t a t u u u l ly s
a re no t th tn
p
s
d ta
th b tt ee n a
m f th e o an a e o o o e
b ks d b ll s f l d d w vi li s A m y vi li ists
ac an e ie o o an ne o n . s an o n are
w h lly t l s t u tf o a a o s o acco n or
th i f th ir pr s
’
d et e r a so n re o e e e n ce
th r t ll it m y b w ll h r e e a a
,
a e e e e
t g i t th rig i d m tiv o o n o e o n an o e
f th ir xist I th firs t o e e e n ce . n e
pl th y t bs lut ly a ce
,
e are no a o e
ss ry t l l ( is pr v d by n e ce a a a as o e
th l r g m ss f vi li b ri g e a e a o o ns ea n
tr f this s p r fluity ) no a ce o u e ,
but m y f th C r m s an o e e one e
m st rs s d th m d h a e u e e ,
an ,
w en
pr s t th y u tdf e en , e are a cco n e or
f ll s — Wh e th b k ( as o ow n e ac or
b lly ) is r dy t fix t th e ea o on o e
si d s rib it w t usu l t e or s, as n o u n a o
mm by s tti g i t th m co e n ce e n on e
d m ki g it f st by thrusti g an a n a n
br d w l thr u gh th b k ( a a a o e ac or
b lly ) t t p b tt m ( i e a o or o o or n
b th pl c ) i t th d bl ks o a es ,
n o e en oc ,
t k p it f st t th s so as o ee a a e e
F I G 91-
— 0m a m en
p i ts w hilst y pro d t fit
ta l l y m l a i d P u r fli n g .
o n ou ce e o
th si d s t th t bl
e e ll r u d
o ed t a th s r e a s Wh this o n an se on e c ew . en
is d on e d th br d w l is r m v d it l v s
. an e a h l w hi ch is
a e o e ,
ea e a o e,
th fill d up w ith p g m d
en e d fix d i m a r td w
e ,
a e an e n an n e se o n
i P rt I I I
n a Th p g s f S tr div ri. w e sh l le i o futur a a ,
as e a se e n a e
c h pte r w r
a l ys pl d sh w t A i Fi g 92 d i
, e e a wa a ce as o n a n .
,
an as n
m ki g
a npi s f g r t m st rs it is
co e o ss ry t tt d t this
ea a e n e ce a o a en o ,
p rti ul r i stru c ti s f th ir ppli ti w ill b giv i d

a c a n on or e a ca on e en n ue
co urs th ugh s w ill b s

e o th m r s i, a tifi f r m ps
e een ,
e o e c en c u se o c a
to s e ur th ta bl s t th s e p i ts is th i
c e e e ri bl pr ti f
a e o n e n va a e ac ce o
th e b e st m o d r m a k rs e n e .
O n a m t ti
r — Th en a r m t ti on . f fidd l is pr c ti l l
e o na en a on O es a ca v
T HE E XT ER I O R or TH E VI O LI N . 165
Obs l t I h v just r m rk d but i f r m r ti m s th v ry

o e e , as a e e a e ,
n o e e e e
b s t m k rs r m t d th ir fiddl
e a e si n lly B f re th e
o na en e e e s o cca o a . e o
d ys f th vi li
a of urse rly l l vi ls w r r m e te d i
e o n ,
o co n ea a o e e o na n n
s m w y d ft r th ir xti ti vi li s c uld t quite g t

o e a ,
an a e e e nc on o n o no e
ri d f this su p r flu o us h r m w hi h h
o m d w t us i th e
e c a ,
c a s co e o n o n
sh p f a tri p fli g M ggi i w sp c i lly f d f

e o e c ce n c ur n s . a n as e e a on o a
f t sti
an rr g m t d r d upli ti f th p fli g f w hi ch
a c a an e en an e ca on o e ur n ,
o
F i g 9 1 is sp e i m
. d r r h m i t w s f v urit p e c ulia
a c en , an n ea e o e a a a o e
FI O . 92 —S tr a d i v a r i s m e th o d
.
’
of fi x i n g th e p eg s or p o i n ts (a c tu a l si z e ) .
rity f B r k N r m o l s t ti i l m k r Th pr ti
a a o an ,
our a na ve V o -
a e . e ac ce
O f usi g si m pl r m t l p fii g ( r th r tw r w w ith
n a e o na en a ur n or a e o o s
a d si g w rk d b t w
e th m ) h b f ll w d b th high st
n o e e een e as e en o o e v e e
m m b rs f th fr t r ity
e e f fid d l m k rs
O Fi g 93 is e r a e n o e -
a e . . an o na
m t l purfl i g pi d fr m vi li f S tr di ri s th
en a n th tco e o a o n o a va u , e on e a
is fi g ur d by M H rt fr m th P l w d
e ll ti A th r r . a o e o en co ec on .
1
no e
m d o f r m t ti n
e O v ry m u h i v g u but w
o na en a o o n ce e c n o e , no
en tir ly bs l t is th pr ti
e O f i l yi g Th i s tru m
o e e ts, e ac ce o n a n . e n en
w e r i l i d w ith vi e w s m d ll i
e n a r sts f y d sig s ,
e a ons
,
c e ,
or an c e n .
F i g 94 is fi ddl f th M ggi i
. a e o e a n
m d l v ry fio ly i l i d
e , hi h ls e ne n a ,
w c a o
pr s ts th r f r m f r m t
e en an o e o o o na en a
ti on, m l y th s ulptu d s ll
na e ,
e c re c ro
o h d
r
'
This w ea th r r l iqu
. as an o e e e
f th vi ls w hi h
o e rly l w ys o c n ea a a
Fm 93 — 0 m a m e n t“1 p ur fl m g 0f
,
W S tr a (11 r i “S
h d s u l ptur d h d J
a c b St r e ea s . a co ein e
th m st fr qu t d pt r f this f r m f r m t ; d
e o e en a e e o o o o na en an
his f ll rs f th G rm s h l h v v ry fr ly r pr du d
o owe o e e an c oo a e e ee e o ce
this p uli ri ty f th ir gr t m st r his f v urit f r m b i g

ec a o e ea a e ,
a o e o e n
th li s h d but h fr qu tly s m s t h v x ut d
’
e on t ea ,
e no un e en ee o a e e ec e
hu m d th r h d s pr b bly r pr d u ti s f th
an an o r sts 1 e ea , o a e o c on o e c e 0
th p tr o s f
e
w h m th
a i stru m ts w r m d Th re xist
n or o e n en e e a e . e e
ls i tru m ts w ith rv d h e d s by S tr d iv ri ; th e y
a o ns en ca e a a a a re
“
Th e Vi o l i n , i ts F a m o u s M a k e r s a n d th e i r I m i ta to r s
Ha r t, (Lo n d o n
4 to a n d 8v o l a te 18, p 2 30 P
( o pu l a r E d i ti o n . 1880. 8V0. a n u . . P
E
( a r ge d ) E d i ti o n o f th e o r i g i n a l
n l .
166 v i o LI N ma x m u
-
: a s IT w a s AND Is .
b uti fully x ut
ea e i sti m bly
ec e d, but
App a re
t m ne a a r en ra
nan t i g gi t
es n t ! I h v
ur bfr
e ti d th pri ip l
va s o a e e o e no ce e nc a
m k rs f vi li s
a e obr d d t h mo n ad h v oa llud d t th
an a o e, an a e a e o e
p e uli riti
c e s f
a f r m tc by o w hi h toh i stru
, m e ts .
f, th s c e n en o e e
m k rs d i ti g uish d but I a e are s n e ,
h v s id but littl b ut th ir a e a e a o e
r m t ti ith p i ti g o na en a on w a n n ,
br di g t With r g rd t an n ,
e c. e a o
th f rm r m d f r m t e o e o e o o na en a
ti I h v lr dy ti d th on ,
a e a ea no ce e
t w ty f ur vi li s f A d r s en -
o o n o n ea
Am ti f w hi h h fur ish d a ,
o n e o c as n e
us w i th th pl t s I I a d I I I e a e . n
d w hi h d s rib d pg an c a re e c e on a e
73 A th r sp i m m d i . no e ec en , a e n
1 620 by Ni h l Am ti w sh w c o as a ,
as o n
i th sp i l E xhibi ti fA i t n e ec a on o n c en
Musi l I str m ts h l d t S u th ca n u en ,
e a o
K si gt i th r 187 2 I t en n on n e y ea .
w vi l (N l t by M as a o a o . en r
W L Ady v ry b uti fully

.
. . o e ea
,
illu m i t d th b k d na e on e ac ,
an re
pr d u c d i th illustr t d t o e n e a e ca a
l g u e o f th t xh ibiti ( V i d o a e on . e
t p I t is tu mm no e, . no n co on
t fi d v ry ld i li s p i t d o n e o v o n a n e
w ith m d lli s d th r si m il e a on an o e ar
r m t ti S m m k rs o na en a on . o e a e ,
t bly B j m i B ks f no a en a n an ,
o
S lisbury d S t S r phi a ,
an an o e a n,
h v m b llish d th ir i strum ts a e e e e e n en
by br di g th m w i th th i an n e e r
i i ti ls th r d vi s Th n a or o e e ce . e
f v urit sp ts f this ki d f a o e o or n o
i iti lli g s m t h v b u d n a n ee o a e e en n er
th t il pi th rib c l s t e a -
e ce , on e o e o
th t il pi d d r th fi g e a -
n ,
an un e e n er
b rd L stly th m s t ( d oa . a ,
e o an
’“M 1 V-
gg
-
ggg f gf
io fi n
c
o ly )
n
m dg
r f r
w k
m f m b llish n o e n o o e e
m t is th pr ti f fi tti g p en e ac ce o n u
i stru m t w ith i l i d c c ss ri s su h t il pi
n en s n a a pe gs a de o e , c as a -
e ce ,
,
n
fi g nb rd th first m st us lly th s
er — -
oa e d s m ti m s th e
o ua , e e co n o e e ,
third se ld m Th first o . f m ili r i th sh w

e s s f y
a re so a a n e o -
ca e o an
vio li d a l r th t th y e d d s ripti
n -
e e a th s
e n de t so
no e c on e e con a re n o
m h u se d ; but u d o ubte d ly
uc s m a ll g o ld stud o sm ll pla te le t
n a r a
CHAP TER X .
TH E VARNI S H .
Ch ar l es Re a d e Va rn i sh es — O l d Re c i pe s— Al e xi s th e Pi e d m o n te s e , 1550
on th e O l d
B
Fi o ra v a n ti o f o l o gn a , l 564— An d a , 1663— Z a h n , 1685— 0 Mo r l e y , 1692
-
Q
.
B
— o n a n n i o f Ro m e , 17 l it— u a l i ti e s r e u i r e d b y Vi o l i n Va r n i s h — Am b e r
q
Va rn i s h e s— S pi r i t Va r n i sh es— App l i ca ti o n — S i z i n g— Te sts f o r u rit
y of P
C
I n g re di e n ts — o l o r a ti o n o f Va r n i s h — Co m po s i ti o n — Ti m e f o r m a k i n g Va r
n i s h es — Re c i pe s .
WE ha ve re c h d th e p o i t t w hi c h o fi ddl c m pl t d
n ow a e n a ur e Is o e e
“i th w hit
n eth r ly r m s th r f r b f r pr d
e : e e on e ai n ,
e e o e, e o e o cee
i g t fi t it up
n o d stri g it t d is c uss th qu sti
an f V r ish n ,
o e e on o a n .
So m u h h b e e w ritt
c as th e subj t o f th n L st Cr m en on ec e o e ona
V i h
aI n s w ith su c h i fi it si m l r sult th t it w ul d b w rs e
,
n n e a e ,
a o e o
th us l ss to st rt
an e e w t
h ry to s lv pp
a r tly i s
a ne lubl eo o e an a a en n o e
di ffi ulty c M C R d . l tt r i th P l l [ M l l G tt
r . . ea e, i n a e e n e a a az e e,
o f Aug ust 3 l t l 87 2 sh rtly pit m is d ll th t is k w l

h a
, ,
as o e o e a a no n
O f this l st but g l ri us o mp u d d hi s r m rks o th e o co o n ,

an e a on
subj t e i th bstr t f ll w s
ec ar ,
n e a ac , as o o
I t c m s t this th s ys h “
th t th v r is h f ”
o e o , en, a e, a e a n o
Cr m e td
on a, by ti m as d us g
ac e h s i i m i t bl e
on e an a e
,
a an n a
b uty
ea d w p y hi g h pri e f it s
an e d l ss m k rs
a a c or in e con -
c a a e ,
an d e rm us pri f t i
an no fi oSt di i J s phce or i n a ne ra ua r us or o e
Gu r rius N w d r th th t m y vi li m k rs h ve
a ne . o on e ,
en ,
a an o n -
a e a
tri d h rd t d is v r th s r t f this v r ish m y h m ists

e a o co e e ec e o a n
,
an c e
h v giv d ys d ights f xi us study t i t M r th

a e en a an n
c’
o an o o . o e an
o n ce , ev m y ti m h ps h v
en in h i gh but ly to f ll
e, o e a e run
,
on a
a g ain S m . h v v ori d eE k l a t th publi

e e
; but en c e ,
u re a
’
o e c
th m m e t th rs l k e d t th ir d is ve ry d m p r d it
o en O e oo a e co ,
an co a e
w ith th r l thi g i x ti guish bl l ught r sh k th ski s ‘ ’

e ea n ,
ne n a e a e oo e e .
At l st d spa i r h
a su d d t ll th t
,
e rg ti stu dy d
as c ce e e o a a en e e c ,
a n
Th e a m o st i n te r e sti n g
, l e tte r s w e re (o w i n g to th e m e d i u m o f
an d v a l u a bl e
th e i r pu bli ca ti o n ) n o t n e a r l y s o w i d e l y s pr e a d a m o n gs t th e m u si c a l w o r l d a s th e y
o u gh t to h a v e be e n I n th e y e a r 1 87 3, Mr G H M M u n tz , o f B i r c h fi e l d ,
. . . . .
“
r e pr i n te d th e m I n th e f o r m o f a n o r n a te li ttl e pa m p h l e t, e n ti tl e d , A Lo s t Ar t
Re v i v e d ; C
r e m o n a Vi o li n s a n d Va r n i s h , b y h a r l e s Re a d e i t w a s p r i n te d b y C
J . B
e l l o w s , a t th e S te a m P I e ss , Eas tga te , G l o u ce ste r b u t o n ly a sm a l l n u m be r
w er e p r i n tt d, a n d th e c i r c u l a ti o n w a s n e c e ss a r i l v li m i te d
T EE v a R NI s I I . 1 69
th e va r ish O f Cr m n is sull ly giv up a l st t I

e on a en en s a o ar .
h v h rd n d r d g r t d e l bo u t it d I th i k I c a
a e ea a ea a ea a a ,
an n n
st t th pri ip l th o ri s bri fly but i t lli gibly

a e e nc a e e e n e .
1 I t us d t b sto utly m i t i d th t th b sis w s m b r ;

. e o e a n a ne a e a a a e
tha t th s l d I t li s h d th e t o f fusi g m b e r w ith o ut

e e o a an a ar n a
i m p iri g i t tr sp r c y
a n ce fu se d by d y h
s an t it c o ul d
a en : on r ea ,
be b il d i to
o v r ish w ith il d spirit o f tur p ti
e n a a n d o an en ne , an
c m bi
o d w ith tr sp re t y t l sti g c l o urs
ne Toan vi a n e a n o . co n n ce
m e,th y us d t rub the w r p rt o f Cr m

e e o w it h th ir o n a a e on a e
sl v s
ee d th
e , put th fi dd l to th ir s s
an en d s m e ll e e e no e ,
an
a mb r eTh I bur i g w i th th e l v e o f k w l d g us d t
. en ,
n n o no e e, e o
rub th fi dd l v ry h rd d w hip it t m y s
e e e d t s m ll
a ,
a n o n o e, an no e
a mb r eBut th t m i ght ris e i s m m sur fr m th r t

. a a ,
n o e ea e, o e e no
b i g y m b r th re to s m e ll (N B Th s m b r s ki g
e n an a e e .
l
. . e e a e -
ee n
w r thi s
o v r rubb d th e lo d v r ish
e ne e o l d vi li e co ur e a n on an o n .
Y t th ir th e ry h d pl c d m b r th e r )
e e o a a e a e e .
2 Th t ti m d o s it a l l ; th t th e Vi li s f S tr d iv ri w e r
. a e e a o n o a a e
r a w c ru d,
thi gs t sta rti g d th v r ish r th r p qu
e n a n ,
a n e a n a e o a e.
“
3 Tw . thr h d th c o ur ge t s y it w s spirit v r ish
o or ee a e a o a a -
a n ,
an d ll g d a pr f th t i f y d r p d r p o f l c h l o n
e e In oo a ou o a o a o o a
S tra div ri it t rs th e v r ish ff

a ,
it r sea a n o as un .
m r pr v l t ti w th t it is
“
4 Th e f . ar o e o il e a en no on a s, a an
v r ish i supp o rt f w hi h th y p i te d t th ri h pp r
a n ,
n o c e o n o e c a ea a n ce
o f w h t th y a l l th e b re w o d d c tr st d th m is r bl
e ca a o ,
a n on a e e e a e,
hu g ry pp r
n f th e w d i
a ea l l l d vi li s k w
a n ce o to b oo n a o o n no n e
spirit v r ish d (f i st a n Ni h l s G g li
e f N pl s
or nd a n ce , c o a a an o o a e , an
J ea n B ptiste Gu d g i i f P i ce
a I t li m k e rs c o
a a n n o a n z a, a an a n
te m p r ry w ith J s ph d l G s u)
o a o e e e .
5 Th t th s r t h
. b e l o st by d l t r ti
a e ec e Th e o l d as en a u e a on .
C re m s d V
one ti s g t pure an d s v r ig g u m
ene s th t an o e an o e e n a
h v r tir d fro m c m m r
a e e e o e ce .
No w to th ry N I as S ur ly m b r is t d r eo
g m O . . e a e oo ea a u
an d t o i m pr c ti bl f
o tw o hu d r d fi d d l m k rs to h v
a ca e or n e e -
a e a e
use d it i I t ly Till fus d by d y h t it is m r s lubl i

n a .
2
e r ea , no o e o e n
v rn ish th q rt is
a d wh an fus it ? C p l is i li d
ua z an o ca n e o a nc ne
to m lt but e m b e r t bur
, tc h fi e d
a ythi g b t m lt o n , ca r , o an n u e .
P t th tw o g u m s to
u e light d dl y w ill th ppre c i t a e ca n e
,
ou en a a e
th e d i ffe r c e I h v tri d m r th
en . e h m ist i th fc i g
a e e o e an on c e n e s n
o f am b ; it ca m er t f th ir h ds d rk br w e p qu e
ou o e an a a o n, o a
Th i s r u b bi n g te s t h a s b e e n i n gr e a t fa v o u r w i th m a n y e x pe r i m e n ta l i sts .
A fi d d l e b y th e b ro th e r s Am a ti i s sa i d to h a v e g i v e n o ff a s m e l l o f m a s ti c
a n d l i n se e d o i l a n d i n s tr u m e n ts b y J o s e ph Gu a rn e r i u s (fi li u s An d r e as ), a n d b y
”
J o se ph d e l Ge su, su b m i tte d to th e sa m e te s t, s u gg e ste d to th e se e k e rs a f te r
th e m y ste r y th e pr e se n ce o f be n z o i n , a s w e ll a s o f m a sti c a n d l i n s e e d o i l 1
I t m us t be bo r n e i n m i n d th a t a m b e r i s m u c h c h e a pe r a n d c o m m o n e r i n
I ta l y a n d th e Ty r o l th a n i n th e n o r th e rn c o u n tr i es o f E u r o pe .
17 0 VI O LI N MAK I NG : as IT w a s A ND Is .
subst a n ce , r th e r bur t th
a n an f us e d. Whe n r e a lly fu s e d,
i t is a
d ar o li ve g r e e n , a s c l e a r a s cr y s ta l
k -
v rk
Ye t I n e e . n e w bu t o n e
m a n w ho c o d ul bri it thisng to ,
a n d h esp i l
h a d e c ry a m a c hi n e
i v t by hi s l
n en ed m e f fo r it spit
; in hi h
e of w c rly bur t
he n e a n
do w n his us
ho e a t it o n e da
y
1
b li v
I h l
e e e th e w b rt r
o e am e h eo y
.
com e s ou t of a v rb l quiv qu
e a e o e v r ish
Th e a n ti
o f th e Am a w as .
ll
ca ed am e b r to m a rk its ri h l urc co o ,
y ur
an d o r s rs
a p r io r i e a o n e
w en to ff o n th t r tti th t b r ust
a , fo
g e n
g a am e m i h ik
b e an nc th c
to e xhibit b r By su h r s i
th e c o lo u r a m e c ea o n n this g as ,
M
. r .
vi s b k r t
D a d o n , i n a o o o f g e a ge n e a m e , r l rit is isl m e d s o fa r a s
to pu t d o w n o w d e re d l ss
g a f i r i t
o r an n
g e d e nr i n C e m o na
v r ish
a n Ma r th e o g c
. l i Gl ss a sh t is tr sp r
in a ee an a e n t ; so
.
r u it p
if y o u e d c e r it ill
to o w d e , w tr sp r y v r ish
a dd an a en c to a n .
p s
I m o ed o n by this hi r c tu lly puts p
m e a , he a c a r l ss
o w de e d
g a an ,
p qu
O a e and i s lubl s i t i t ur r ip s
n o e ed men , n o fo ec er fo r C e m o n a
v r ish But
a n
2
the
. th ri seo e , 2, 3, 4 , 5,h v a e a ll a
gl o o d de a of
truth th in em th ir ult is th t th y
e fa a e rr
a r e to o n a o w , a n d to o
blin d to th e truth h th r
o f ea c o e this
In ,
av ry s i tifi
s i n e e c e n c .
i quiry
n ,
th etru s luti is th t hi h r
e o o n a w c il s
e c o n c e truths
a l l t h e
th t s m t v ri
a ee a a a n ce .
“
Th w y t d is v r l st
e a to e pr tis d w ith v ri ti s
co e a o ar , on c ac e a a on
by hu d r d p pl is t
a n e x m i v ry l s ly th m t brilli t
eo e ,
o e a ne e c o e e os an
sp c i m th m s t h r t risti sp i m
e en , e o d i d d th m st
c a ac e c ec en , an
,
n ee ,
e o
extr v g t sp i m — if y
a a an fi d
ec I t o k th t w y
en d o u ca n n on e . o a a ,
a n
I f u d i th
o n hippi st v r ish f S t di i
n e c i his d rk
e a n o ra u a r u s, v z .
,
a
re d v rn ish th a k y t ll th v r ish f Cr m
,
e e ed o a e a n o e on a, r or
y ll w (N B — Th y ll w v r ish l w ys b t m d d till I
e o . . . e e o a n a a ea e ea ,
g t
o t it by this
o d t ) L k t this d rk d
’
v
e our . r ish d oo a a re a n
,
an
u se y ur y s Wh t d y
o e e . ? A d v r ish w hi h hips
a o o u se e re a n
,
c c
v ry r dily ff w h t p pl ca ll th b w d But v r
e ea o a eo e e are oo . ne e
m i d w h t th s
n h s f h s ll it Wh t i it ? I t is
a e e ec oe o ec oe ca . a s
no tb r wo d a B r w d tur s d ir ty br w w ith g this

e o . a e oo n a o n a e
is ri c h d l v ly y ll w By its c l ur d by i t gl ssy
a an o e e o . o o ,
an s a
g l sso d by ,
d isb
an li vi g w h t h o s y ed trusti e g nly t a ec e sa ,
a n n on o
Th i s w a s th e l a te J o h n Lo tt (v id c h a pte r p C .
Th e u se o f po w d e r e d g l a s s h a s by m a n y a u th o r s b e e n h e l d u p to d e r i si o n ,
a n d r i gh tl y to o , if i t i s to b e u n d e r s to o d a s a n i n r e d i e n t o f th e va r n i sh b ut
g
th o u gh so m e s h o r t si g h te d i
l
p g a r i s ts m a y h a v e c o pi e d i n to th e i r w o r k s r ec i pes
a -
i n c l u di n g po w d e re d g l a ss a s a p a r t of the v a r n i s h , if y o u c o u ld fin d th e
o r i g i n a l s f r o m w h i c h th e
y d e r i v e d th e i r i n fo r m a ti o n , y o u w o u ld
pr o b a b l y fi n d
th a t th e y in c l u d e d po w d e r e d gl a ss w i th g o o d i n te n t, e x e c ti n g f r o m i t m e re l y
p
a m e c ha n ic a l a c ti o n i n th e r r a ti o n o f th e v ar n i sh , n o t a c he m ic a l i n flu e n c e o n
p p e a
th e n a tu r e o f th e c o m pl e te d a r ti c l e Th u s M E u g en e Ma i l a n d (s i d e n o te p 186)
. . .
re c o m m e n d s th e u se o f a s tr a tu m o f c o a rse l
y p o w d e r e d gl a ss a t th e bo tto m
o f th e p h i a l i n w h i c h th e r es i n s, e tc a re m i x e d , to p r e ve n t th e r a i n: f r o m
.
,
a d he r i n g to the bo tto m of the r esce l , n e v er d r ea m i n
g th a t a n y o n e w o ul d ta k e
“
h im to be r e co m m e n di n g th e g l a ss a s a d d i n g tr a n sp a r e n cy to th e va r n i sh ”
.
17 2 VI O LI N M A K I NG : -
as IT w a s AND 1 8.
un a d ul t r t d g m i spiri t ; th spirit v p r t d d l ft pure

e a e u n e e a o a e ,
a n e
g um lyi g ri h i l nv r is h fr
on m hai h i t hips c by its od y a n ,
o w c c r
na tur d i t utt r w
e an t f h mi l ffi ity t th sub tr t m
s e an o c e ca a n o e s a u .
This s l ti f th e pr
o u ss ill pply t l m st e v ry Cr m
on o o ce w a o a o e e ona
v r ish Th b u ty th r f r f v r ish li s i th f t th t
a n . e ea , e e o e, o a n e n e ac a
it is pur gl ssy il v r ish w hi h s rv s s f il to d ivi e

a e o o a n
,
c e e a a o a n
un a d u lt r t d g m w hi h is l ft e a e pur fi lm u it by th e
,
c e as a e .
on
ev p r ti
a o f th spirit i
a w h i h it w
on o d iss l d e Th fi rs t n c as o ve . e
is a l url ss i l v r ish w hi h si ks i t
co o e o d sh w s up th a n
,
c n n o an o e
fig f th w
u re o d ; th s d is e h t r ge us piri t v r ish
oo e e co n a e e o n eo S a n ,
w hi h s rv s t iv th
e l ry f l ur o w ith i t li h t d co o
c
g g e
g e e o o , s an
sh d w h i h is th gr t d tr s d t b uty f Cr m
a e, c e ea an an cen en ea o a e on a
vi o li G m l w hi h f f rty y rs h b
n . u -
ac
,
th m i t y c or o ea as een e a n s a
o f vi li m k rs m us t
o n v r b us d o t
-
a e t m f i t Th t
,
ne e e e ,
n on e a o o . a
vil fli ty g m kill d v r ish t N pl s d P i

e n u e hu d r d a n a a e an ace n z a a n e
an d f r ty y rs g o it kills v r ish w O ld Cr m
ea a o, as a n n o . e ona
shu d it d w h ver m pl ys g r i f i t m m i ts w il ful

nne , an oe e o a a n o co
sui id a Cr m s v r is h r I t w ill t w r ; i t w il l t
c e s a e on e e a n e . no ea no
c hi p it is i v ry r sp t th p p sit f th Cr m n e e
g e m s ec e o o e o e e ona u .
Av id i t u t rly
o f il h p l ssly te ll v r ish rs h,
o r f il d
a o e e ,
as a a n e a ve a e
si th t f t l g m m i Th d p d v r is h f Cr m
n ce a a a u ca e n . e ee re a n o e ona
is pu d r g s bl d re t th
a k th sti k th fi lthy tr sh
on
’
oo no e ca e, e c , e a
,
w hi h ci th is si ful d d ult r ti g g r ti
,
n n is r ta il d an a e a n en e a on, e e
u d r th t m b t th t r f d r g s bl d li ttl lu m ps
n e a na e, u e ea o a on
’
oo ,
e ,
d p r i
ee el ur th n rbu l l r s rys t l d fi ry s
co o an a ca nc e
,
c e a a c a
,
a n e a
a ruby Th y ll w v r ish is th u d ult r t d t r f th r

. e e o a n e na e a e ea o a no e
g um [ G m b g ] r t il d
a i k o lik d re ,
g s b l d
e a d s e n a ca e e a on
’
oo ,
an a
g r tea f r u d pr
a s t d ta
y i ,
m
a sm r f th y
e l l w
en e o ou n co e ce or e e o
an d f th or d g m g r p th e ity fre st w rd s Th r g
u ,
o e e c ar ea a . e o an e
v r is h f P t r Gu r ius d S tr d iv rius is ly m ixture

a n o e e a ner an a a on a
f th s t ui u s ”
o e
g e g m wo en ne .
F this l g xtr t fr m M C B d s l tte r o pi d pr o

or on e ac o r. . ea e
’
e ,
c e a
ti lly v rb tim I m ust r v th r d r s p rd

ca e a ,
b t s it is c a e e ea e
’
a on u a
p rh ps (t m y m i d r t i ly ) th m st i t l lig t p ti l
e a o n , ce a n e o n e en ,
ra c ca ,
d s i tifi s l ti f th fid d l bui ld r s g r t st d iffi ulty

’
an c en c o u on o e e -
e ea e c
,
pr s t d t li m it d n u m b r f p pl by gr t
e en e o a eiss ur e o eo e a ea co n n o e ,
an d by mi tly qu lifi d t give
one e pi i it is f m r
n en a e o an o n on , ar o e
h st d s tis f t ry t giv th w ri t r s w w rd s th to
one an a ac o o e e e
’
o n o ,
an
a d pt i t ( s
a m y b km k rs u blushi gly d ) t m y
a so an
f‘
oo a e n n o o
o w phr s l gy d ll it rig i l bs rv ti
n a eo o ,
“
( P lw m
an ca o na o e a on . a ra
q ui m e r u i t,
u h th r f r f th e m d p
So m d i f th
c ld C r m
,
e e o e
,
or o us O er a n o e o e on a
var ish rs fn w ca y eW h t w r th as m p t ar as e n sa . a e e e co on en
p r ts f th ir v r ish it w e r v ry d i ffi ult y i m p ssi bl t

a o e a n
,
e e c ,
na
,
o e, o
d t rm i
e e f it m ust b b r i m i d th t p ri d f l s
ne, or e . o ne n n a a e o o c o e
T HE VARNI S H. 17 3
up o n tw o hu d r
ye a rs h l ps d si ce it w l s t ppl i d s
n e d as e a e n as a a e a
w e it— ti m
se e qui t l g g
a h t o xi d i th e
g u m s e on enou o z e e ,
re si s d th ir d ilu ts b e y d th r h f th m st r ful
n ,
an e en on e ea c o e o ca e
qu ti t tiv
an qu li t tiv
a ly is b si d s w hi h th
e or a s tli ess
a e an a s
,
e e c , e co n
o f th p r ti e f d privi g
o Cr m
e a a m st rpi
on o f its e n a e on a e ece o
g t
rea e st b uty w ul d pl c e it f ea b y d th e
,
r c h o f th e a or e on ea o
m st o thusi sti xp ri m t list This v ish h d

en a c e xist n c e
e en a . a rn a an e e
e xt di g ly fr m b u t 1550 t b ut 17 50 t th
en n on o d f a o o a o
,
a e en o
w hi h ti m c i t w ul d s m t h v v is h d
e o m pl t ly dee o a e an e as co e e an
m yst ri u ly e it pp r d su p rs d d by th
o s as w spirit
a d ea e ,
e e e e ne an
l c v r is h s w hi h p ssib ly s m d b tt r th
a a n e but th y h v
c o ee e e e en ,
as e a e
tur d t r v ry m u h w rs f th p u p s s f th vi li
ne ou , w e e e c o e, or e r o e o e o n
v r ish r All th d t w h v t g up
a n e . th pri t d w rks
e a a e a e o o o n a re e n e o
o f s m f w i d ivi d u ls w h h v w ri tt
o e e n p m phl ts tha ,
o a e en a e on e
v ri us v r ish s i
a o mm a f
n v ri us pur p s s a d it
e n co on u se or a o o e ,
n
is t u r s bl t supp s th t th e v r ish u d by th
no n ea ona e o o e a a n se e
luthi rs o fiddl m k rs w to c e rt i n xt t f m ili r t

e r e -
a e ,
as
,
a a e en ,
a a o
th e m ; g i th r di g d pr p a a n
,
stru ti e f th s e
ea n an o e
"
con c on o e
f rm ul a is r d r d m r d i ffi ul t by th e f t th t m
o en e e y f th o e c ac a an o e
g u m s r si s d,
s lve ts m t i n d ,
a nl g r xis t u o d r th en en one ,
no on e e n e e
m s by w hi h th y w r th k w w ul d s
1
na e c d m e m e e en no n . an so e o ee
a l m st tire ly t h ve dis pp r d I w ill w r c pitul te

o en o a a ea e . no e a a a
f w e f th m st l i k ly f rm u l
o e u m r t e d i th s
o ei t o ae en e a n e e an c en
br hur s Th first I h v b e bl t bt i is tr tis

oc e .
2
e a e e n a e o o a n a ea e
ca ll d S r ts f th Arts fi rst publish d i 1550 by

“
e ec e o e ,
”
e n , on e
Al xis e Pi dm ts
, a H g iv s th f ll w i g r i p s
e on e e.
3
e e e o o n ec e
1 Pl . s m p wd r d b a ce i ()i o phi l d v r i t
e o e e enz o n a n a a an co e
w ith tw thre fi g rs d pt h f pur s pirits f w i ’
o or e n d e e o e o ne, an
l v it thus f tw o thr d ys I t this hi l f spiri t
ea e or o r ee a . n o 4
, i
i a o s,
p ut fi six thr
ve o rd s f s ff ()5 w h l r g hly
ea br k o a ro n o e
,
o r ou o en
up Wi th th i y m y v r ish ythi g g l d
. s ou l ur a a n an n a o en co o ,
w hi h w ill g litt r
c d l st f y rs e an a or ea .
2 T k w hit r si ( id
. a e t ) 1 1h plu me tr g m
e 2 n v e no e
1
.
, ee u oz s .
,
V ti turp ti ( ) 1
ene an li s d i l 2 en ; br k up th
ne c oz .
,
n ee o o z s. ea e
r sie d m lt it
n an D iss lv th g m i e mm o il
. d p ur o e e u n co on an o
it i t th r si th dd th turp ti
n o e e d il
n, d p l i g it
en a e en ne an o ,
an ac n
on a li ght fi le t it th r u ghly m i x ; r m v
re , d k p f o o e o e an ee or
us e ; pply slightly w rm d Th is is g d pi tur v r i h
a a e . a oo c e a n s .
Un d e r th i s h e a d w o u ld c o m e a k i n d o f c o p a l , k n o w n v a ri o u sl y as I n dia n
c o pa l ,
'
da m m ar, an d
” "
g u m a n i m i , w h i c h o w s f r o m a S u m a tr a n tr e e c a l l ed fl
a te r i a I n d i c a w hi c h w a s , i n f o r m e r ti m e s , k n o w n a s
"
, w h i te a m b e r , or
” ”
w h i te r e s i n , o r w hi te i n c e n s e , w h i c h n a m e s w e r e a l so i to m i x t r e
g v e n a u
o f o i l a n d G r e c i a n w a x , s o m e ti m e s u s e d as a v a r n i s h .
3
As th e n a m e s o f m a n y o f th e se g u m s , e tc , m a y be u n fa m i l i a r to m y r e a d e r s, I .
h a v e pl a c e d a n Ap pe n d i x , d e s c r i pti v e o f th e m a t t h e e n d o f th e bo o k A e n
( pp .
di x a n d th e r e f e re n ce l e tte r s i n th e te x t r e f e r th e r e to .
D Al e x i i Pe d e m o n ta n i d e S e c r e t is Li b ri S e pte m
.
( a sle , . B
17 4 VI O LI N MA I NG -
K a s I T w a s AND 18 .
3 A qui kly d ryi g v r ish T k fr ki c se (d ) d

. c n a n . a e an n en an
ju ip r g m p w d r th m d m i x th m fi ly T k s m e
n e u , o e e an e ne . a e o
V ti turp ti m lt it i littl e v ss l d dd g r d u lly

ene an en ne , e n a e e , an a a a
,
m ixi g th r u ghly th
n f r s i d p w d rs
o o F ilt r thr u gh l th
, e a o e a o e . e o c o
an d pr s rv pply w rm d it w ill d y v ry r pid ly

e e e a a ,
an r e a .
4 T k g m m sti ( ) 2
. a e V u ti turp ti 1
-
a c e oz s .
,
ene an en ne
m lt th e m sti e li ght fi ad di g th turp ti

c on l t it
a re , a n e en ne , e
b il f s m ti m m ixi g th m
o or o e ti u usly but e, t l g n e con n o ,
no on
eno u gh f th v r ish t b m t thi k P t it w y t

or e a n o e co e oo c . u a a ou
o f th d ust T
e it w rm i t i th. nd l
o u se
y it w it h ,
a n e sun a a on
th h e d an .
5 B il 3 lbs
. f li s d i l till it s r h s
o . o f th r p t i t n ee o co c e a ea e u n o
it th dd 8
,
en a ju ip r g m d 4 oz s l s h p ti (f ) d
. n e u an oz s . a oe e a ca ,
a n
th r u gh ly m i th m ; fi lt r thr u gh c l th d b f r usi g
o o x e e o o ,
an e o e n ,
w rm i
a th n e su n .
6 G m m s ti 2
. u
g m
-
ju ip ra 2 c li s d i l 3 oz s .
,
u -
n e oz s .
,
n ee o oz s , .
s pirits f w i 3 o b il i l s d v ss l f
ne h ur
oz s .
,
o n a c o e e e or an o .
Th uth r it s
e a l uri g m tt rs s d l w d
o c e as co o n a e ,
an a oo
dr g s bl d (I ) m dd r (i ) t p d i t rt ri i d l g w d
’
a on oo t . a e s ee e n a a c ac o -
oo
,
(j ) Br ,
il w d ()
I az l l d iss lv d i p
oo o t ss ly d s lu m
,
a d o e n a a e , an a ,
a n
b il d
o Als s ffr
e .
(b ) i b r o
(l ) ad rpi m t (
on m ) H ,
c nna a
,
a n o en . e
s ys Li s d il w ill diss lv m r l d v g t bl
a
“
,
n ee o l o urs o e ine a an e e a e co
,
b t kills th rs ”
u o e .
F i r v ti i o a br hur ll d Th U i rs l Mirr r f
an
“
n a oc e ca e e n ve a o o
Arts d S i an s publish d t B l g i 1564 giv s th

c e n ce ,
e a o o na n
,
e e
f ur f ll w i g f rm ul
o o o n o ae
1 Li s d i l 4 p rts spi its f turp ti e 2 pts

. n ee o l s 1 pt a ,
r o en n .
,
a oe .
,
)un i p g m 1 pt
er u .
2 P wd r b . o i ju ip r g m d g m m sti
e ,
enz o n , d di n e u ,
an u -
a c, a n s
so lv i spirits f w i
e n This v r ish d ri s t o ne . a n e a o n ce .
3 Li s d i l 1 p t w hit r si ( id
. n ee o te p 17 3) 3 pts .
,
e e n v c no
1
,
. .
,
b il t g th r d l ur y w ill
o o e e ,
a n co o as ou .
4 Li s d i l 1 pt r si
. n ee2 pts pi o r si pt b il til l i t .
,
e n .
,
ne e n .
,
o
thi k s J u ipe r g m m ust v r b dd d t th li d i l

c en . n u ne e e a e o e n se e o
till it b ils e ls it w ill b bur t Th i l sho uld b b il d

o ,
o r e e n . e o e o e
ti ll it s r h s f th r d ipp d i to it
co c e a ea e e n .
H giv s th s m d ir ti s s Al xis a s to c l urs

e e e a e d ec on a e ,
o o ,
a n
th s lv e t p w rs f li s d i l
o en o e o n ee o .
B y d th s tw uth rs f rm ul a b e c m e r th r s c r ce
e on e e o a o ,
o o a e a
,
b i g hi fly br u ght fr m Chi
e n c e All th s l st o d th o na . e e a ,
an e
co m i g f r m ul n . t t b t k
o i ve t d t th d t s
ae a r e no o e a en as n n e a e a e
g iv f
en th y ,
f r m w rks i
or th e
e tur of E
a re
y l p d i os o n na e nc c o aa a ,
a d c
n s qu tly p s d t d
on e en o t -
a e .
A pri s t f th m e fA d i o p m phl t titl d R c u il

e na e o n a
,
n a a e en e e e
a brégé d S r ts M r ill ux publi h d i 1663 g i s the

es ec e e ve e ,
”
s e n ,
ve
17 6 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : as rr wa s as s 18 .
p p ur st s . y He give s
fo rm ul a th e b s s f w hi h m e p
an i i , a e o c ar r nc
p lly m sti ju ip r g m c o p l li s d i l d i l f l v d r
a a c, n e u ,
a , n ee o
,
a n o o a en e .
I t w ul d b o sy t m ultiply th s ld f rm ul but p
e ea o e e o o a , S ace
f rbid s it ; th
o f r g i g e d ubtl ss th e m st im p rt t
e o e o n ar o e o o an
an d s ful f th m
u e
g ivi
o
g us g de i d f
,
a w
s h t m t e ri ls n a oo ea o a a a
th e l d Cr m
o v r ish rs h d t h d ; th ir v r ish s o f
e on a a n e a a an e a n e ,
co urs h d t b m st r fully suit d t th ir p uli r r quir

e, a o e o ca e e o e ec a e e
m ts d pr p rly to s rt i this it is
en . an o e ss ry t fi a ce a n n e ce a o nc .
( ) a w h t p rt it
a pl ys i ath stru ti f fi
a dd l d (b n e con c on o a e, a n
w h t qu liti s it m ust c s qu tly c ss rily p ss ss L Abbé ’

a a e on e en ne e a o e .
S i bi i re
“
L Ch l n mi thus su m s up its i d ét
a e ono e
”
r a s on
’ ‘
re
I I f ut q a p at s p rf it m t dé l y é s plus l eger s q
ue ce s e ,
a a e en a e , e ue
m ssiv sa urriss t l m té ri ux s s m squ r l ur v rtu t

e ,
no en es a a an a e e e ,
e
a d u c iss t 1 s s s s 1
o en bstru r C
es on s r it p l p ian es o e . e ne e a as a e ne
d i pris t t d p e v l c m p s [d i l ] p o r
’
avo r ti an e r ca u on s a ec e o a a v o on ,
u
les an n ul r v l e d r gu s Em ill t t q il v o us pl ir
e a ec s o e . a ez an u
’
a a,
m is di Q u v us vi l
’
a n a s so u r p d j ss e z m m d a s. an e o co an e nu o on ,
je h
so u i t qu il s
'
i it j e li m is j
’
t d qu il so it b t o m ,
a
’
en en s
’
o on e on
o r i ll i di g é t j l us
e e, n n v o us p rd
e e r it p s d i a
a o e, n e a on n e a a
’
a v o r,
s es d é p s tr v ill é p ur m
en ,
y ux
a a o es e .
B f r b gi i g t
e o e e sid r th m tt r w m ust g t i d
nn n o co n e e a e e e r
o f ll a ti no f l uri g th w d b f v r ishi g st i i g
on o co o n e oo e or e a n n , or a n n
it w ith i d s d th r o rr siv s t give the pp

ac an o e ce f c o e o a e a ra n o
a
g e d an ll su h i v ati s o f th e E vil
c w hi h
n en i d s si nkon on e, c ac
ri ght i t the u pr t t d w o d
n o i t bl tti g p p r d
n o ec e o as n o o n -
a e
,
an
i v d i g th i rm st h e rt o f th fi dd l w h r th y h v
n a n e nne o a e e
,
e e e a e no
busi ss t b d stro y its m st s v r ig qu liti s w ith ut

ne o e, e o o e e n a e o
p rf rm i g y f th pr p r fu ti s f v r ish I t fir t
e o n an o e o e nc on o a n . s s
an d g r t fu ti ea is f urs th pr s e rv ti f th w d
nc on ,
o co e, e e a on o e oo
w ith ut it fi ddl ul d tt i
no e f m r
e co th v ry f w a a n an a o o e an a e e
o
g
y rs d th t w ul d l s s t ss d p w r ft r v ry
ea ,
a n e on e o o e wee ne an o e a e a e
sh rt xist
o e f h rm y O its tur ls
e n ce o g
a r t d e l
on . n na e a o a ea a
d p ds
e en it m ust b t d r i
: m r s ft ; th t i s it
e en e ,
n a an n e o a
,
m ust yi l d t th e m v m ts f th e w o o d d t
o e o s th
e en o , an no e n ca e e
fi dd l lik fil m f ri g id gl ss I t is w l l k w th t i h t
e e a o a . e no n a n o
w th r th w d xp d s d i l d w th r
ea e e oo e tr ts an
,
an n co ea e co n ac on a
vi li i m p r p tibly p rh ps but
o n, e ce th l ss tu lly d e a
,
n on e e e ac a , an
th e natur d qu lity f th v r ish m ust b su h

e an a t o ll w e a n e c as o a o
o f its f ll w i g th s m v m o o n ts f th w d t w hi h it is e e o e en o e oo o c
a ppli d w ith ut h ki g th m i
e ,
o y w yc it
ec t i ly w ul d
n e n an a ,
a s ce r a n o
i f it w r t eh rd I t is this th t g iv s th i l v r ish s su h
e oo a . a e e o a n e c a
v st su p ri rity v r spirit v r i h s th u gh th f r m r m r
a e o o e a n s e , o e o e are o e
d iffi ult t c mp d o d pplyco d t k w ks m

oun ths ( y an a
,
an a e ee ,
on na ,
y rs) t d y pr p rly G m l h this s m h rd i g ff t

ea ,
o r o e . u -
ac as a e a en n e ec
up o v r ish s th gh it h b m st f lv d d is str usly

n a n e ,
ou as een o ree an a o
m s va n m s n . 177
u se d re c ip e s g iv b l w I h ve sp c i l ly e x c lu d d a ll
. I n th e en e o a e a e
s h d ll spirit v r ish e s T b t i this ppl

uc ,
an a th e a n . o o a n sr e n e ss
,
g m
u s m ust b d is lv d i s m liqui d t hi hl
g y v e l til e lik so e n o e no o a e
spirit b t w hi h m ix s w ith th m i
,
u subs t ce p r m
one tly c e e n an e anen ,
to co u t r t th ir o w e xtr m fri bility S u h

n e ac th e ss e c n e e a . c a re e en es
o f l v d r r o s m ry
a en d turp ti
e c o m bi
,
d w i th li s e d e a
,
an en n e, ne n e
o il .
Ifth s diti s e b o r e i m i d g l ce t th e
e con on a re n n n , a an a
f rm ul
o ill sh w th t th y e ll d pt d fo pplica ti n to
a w o a e ar a a a e r a o
m u i l i str m
s ca ts i g r t r o l ss r d g re th o ugh m st f
n u en n a ea e r e e e e, o o
th m w ul d r quir t y r te diluti g Fo i st e m o g
e o e e, a an a ,
n . r n an c ,
a n
th s f Al xis the P i d m t s N 1 is h rdly m re tha n

o e o e
,
e on e e, o. a o a
st ia n d w uld r quir th
,
an dd iti f g m m a sti c a n d ju ip r
o e e e a on o u n e
to giv it c ist y N 2 w ul d be t de r but t o h vy

e on s en c . o . o en ,
o ea
th e s m r m rk ppli s t N s 3 d 4 th y l l re quir
a e e a a e o o . an e a e
d iluti g w ith ss n f turp ti e d e thr u gh ut A

e n ce o en n ,
an so on o o .
m m o ts en si d r ti ’
f e h w ill su g g s t th d iluti
co n e a on o ac e e on or
a l t r ti
e a r quir d t m k it us ful f th purp o se s o f th e
on e e o a e e or e
fidd l m k r e -
Ag i n by l o s
a e ss o f d ic ti th o ld m ste r s
. a ,
a o en e on e a
h ve b
a it d een cv ri g th ir fiddl w ith n i l v r ish
e as co e n e es a o -
a n
,
”
w ith u t st ti n g w h th r th
o i l e m pl y e d w r
a i l pr p rly
e e e o o e e an o o e
s o ll d ( li e d o i l d th e lik )
ca e as e ss
n ti l il (su c h a s
s
e an e or an en a o
o i l f turp ti )
o I t h s pp re d i the f r g i g r m rks
en ne . a a ea n o e o n e a
th t th ld v r ish rs us d t b gi by b i li th ir o il s to
a e o a n e e o e n o n o e an
e xt t su ffi i t t r d r th m si c tiv
en c en d the fte r c o o li g
o en e e c a e, an n a n
th y m ix d i th
e c ss ry p w d e rs h vi g
e n h t d th e il to
e ne e a o ,
a n re -
ea e o
a l ss r d g r
e e th rw is th hig h t m pe r tur
e ee, o ss ry t b o il
e e e e a e n e ce a o
th e i l w ul d bur
o th e d li t
o r si s d gu m s w hi h th e n e ca e e n an c
e m pl y d A d i this th y d i ff r d fr m th m a e r i w hi o
o e . n n e e e o e nn n
th h rd g l ssy spirit v r ish s f t d y

e a a m d a n e o o -
a a re a e.
M S v rt h m d th
. a xtr rd i ry m ist ke f pr f rin g
a as a e e e ao na a o e er
a h rd pirit v r ish
a sf g m l c but it is d i ffi c ult to i m gi n e by
a n o u -
a , a
w h t ir uit us r ut e h e c
a c c h v rriv d t su h
o rro e o u s
o an a e a e a c an e n
co lu i
nc Ith b s id th t S tr d iv rius d his p de ce s
s on . as een a a a a an re
so rs v r ish d w ith m b r but tr g vid c g i st this i s

a n e a e
,
s on e en e a a n
br u gh t by th f c t th t th e s r t f d iss lvi g m b r a n d
o e a
,
a ec e o o n a e
h rd p l w s o t k w u til 17 44 w h l tt rs p t t f
a CO a a n no n n ,
en e e a en or
th d is v ry w r g r
e co tdt e M rti Hi e p r ti w a s
e an e o on e a n . s o e a on
t fu
o mb r se d h rd C p l by d y h t
a e d d iss l e it i
an a O a r ea , an o v n
b ili g il w hi h w d ilut d w ith

o n o , ss c e r is d t th s m e
c as e an e en a e o e a
h t b f r i t w s dde d This p r ti w i d d i v t d
ea e o e a a . o e a on a s, n ee ,
n en e
i n 17 3 7 b t this ,th e y ur i hi h S tr div ri u s d i d he

as w as ea n w c a a e ,
c ul d
o v r h v us d it m u c h l ss his pr d ss rs
ne e a e sta t de e e e ce o a s e
, ,
by O tt d b si d so, an v r ish o c m po u d d w uld b m u ch
e e ,
a a n s o n e o e
t oo h rd t a vi o l i s fo th e r e a so s b e f re s t t d
o u se o n n r n o a e .
178 Vi r u s M A I NG : -
K as w a s AND IS .
I t w as t
rd s th d li f th Cr m owa vi lin m u f tu e ec ne o e e on a o an ac re
th t g m l c w
a u i tr d u d d w ith it J B Gu d g i i
-
a as n o ce ,
an . . a a n n
sp ilt th t
o f m ey f his i stru m ts I t is i m p s ibl to
one o an o n en . o s e
i m pr ss th f c t t str gly th t th v hi l i w hi h th
e e a oo on ,
a e e c e n c e
r si s e diss lv d m ust b
e n ar d r m i s ft o t k p s ft
e e, an e a n o ,
s o a s o ee o
r si s w hi h by th m s lv s
e n , tur lly h rd
c d s e e e a re na a a an co u e
qu tly y v r ish fr m w hi h th d ilu t h
en an a n m pl t ly d ri d o c e en a s co e e e
ou t m ust f ssity b m h rd d gl ssy d hip ff O

o n e ce e co e a an a ,
an c o . n
th e th r h d i f th v r ish b t s ft d i f t r m i n
o e an , e a n e oo o ,
a n . n ac
,
e a
t ky it w ill i ti m
ac ,
k d d str y th t n f th fi d d l e ca e, an e o e on e o e e.
Th h rd spirit v r i sh s m i g ht b i m pr v d by il f turp
e a a n e e o e o o en
ti n e, st r s d l v d r t ; but sur ly it is b tt r t
ca o -
ee ,
a en e ,
e c . e e e o u se
th s t
e e th a th m m r ly t u t r t f ults i
o n ce an u se e e e o co n e ac a n an
i f ri o r
n e m p siti I t is i m p ssibl
co ot y h w onth l.d o e o sa o e o
luthi rs d iss lv d th hi ghly l ur d r si s w hi h ti t th i r

e o e e -
co o e e n c n e
d p r
ee l ur d v r ish s ; but th m s f d iss lvi g th
e co o e a n e e ean o o n e
m st d li t gu m s h
o e lr dy b d is uss d d rt i it is
ca e as a ea ee n c e ,
an ce a n
th t w d ys v r ish s f th hi ghe st l ur
a no a a a b pr p r d
n e o e co o can e e a e
w ith ut v stig o f l u d s dim t ; d su h r ip s

'
o a e e c o or e en an c ec e a re
g iv b l
en w e o .
Th uth r f H w t Ch s Vi li ( id t p 127 )
e a o o o o oo e a o n s e no e .
m k s th
a ef ll w i g m st p rti
e t r m rk
o o I t is n rt i o e n en e a ce a n
th t th v r ish s d by th l d C r m
a e a n m k e rs w s sup ri r
u e e o e on a a a e o
to y an w xisti g noit w m r pli e t it w ul

n d h v e : as o e an ,
or o a
im p ir d th t : it w s d h siv o l g
a e e on e w ul d h v a a e e, r on u se o a e
p rt d it fr m th e w d Y t w i t
a e o wh ig t the oo . e r er s er r o a ss n o
i h th
va r n s f th w d f l t
e ca u se o f C e m i l i T h i r e on er u on e o r on a v o n s. e
b uty d v lu
ea ani th ir stru ti a N v r ish
e a re ul d n e co n c on . o a n co
m k a i f ri r i stru m e t s u d w ll w hil sup ri r

e an n e o n n o n e e a e o one
w ul d still b g
o d v i f ill v r ish d e This isoo ,
f th e en a n e . one o e
w is st r m rks f this m rv ll usly w is littl b

e e a o k d I qu t a e o e e oo ,
a n o e
i t th t m y r d r s m y b r it i m i d w hilst th y r d this
a ea e a ea n n e ea
c h a ) te r .
I th b u h d b t d qu sti w h th r w o d u ght t
as een a m c -
e a e e on e e o o o
b si d
e d t m y m i d th r
z e
,
a n b qu sti b ut it I t
o n e e ca n e no e on a o .
se m s to m rt i th t th l d I t li m k rs si d th ir w d
e e ce a n a e o a an a e z e e oo
in s m w y b f r
o e pplyi g th v r ish d this
a u ts f
e o e a n e a n ,
an a cco n or
th y ll w substr tu m
e e o ti d w h r th v r ish h w r ff a no ce e e e a n as o n o ,
a llu d d t by M C R d i th xtr t qu t d t th
e o r. . ea e, n e e ac o e a e
b gi i g f this h pt r w h r h d isti tly d s rib this

e nn n o c a e ,
e e e nc e c es
op r ti f si i g w ith
e a on ki d f v r ish d th v r ish
o z n on e n o a n ,
an en a n
i g i th
n ,
rdi ry
n pt ti f th t r m w i th th r r th r
e o na a cce a on o e e ,
an o e ,
a e
d i ff r tei its en tur — i f t n h s ys h te r g us Th e

na e n ac , as e a
,
e o en eo .
u se , o r th r r it
y
f this p r ti
a is te pp r e t
n e c e ss ,
o o e a on a o n ce a a n
w he w co si d r th
n f l l w i g f c ts
e Th
n t r o f th w od e e o o n a . e na u e e o
1 80 v i N Ma e -
o : as ir w a s AND 18.
to t st lc h l w ith re m te r s hyd r m t rs f by a c r fu l
e a o o a o e or o e e , or a e
a d d iti o f su g r th f l io usly d isp se d c

n o a l w ys i c r se
e e on o an a a n ea
t sp ifi g r vity t w ill
i s ec c H w v r wh
a p r it u g ht to
a . o e e ,
en u e o
r g ist r 7 6
e e th g v r m t
on s l t et m p r t
our o f e n en ca e ,
a a e e a e
60 F hr ( 16 C t ) Th ss ti l ils m ust lso b quit

° °
a . or en . e e en a o a e e
f e fr m d ult r ti
re o a i f th y m i x d w ith turp
e a on ti thi e are e en n e, s
l tt r m y b d is o v r d by rubbi g th il s m rtly i th p l m
a e a e c e e n e o a n e a
) f th h d w hi h w ill xp s th turp ti by its s m ll I f

e an ,
c e o e e en ne e .
th e ess ti l il h b en a d ult r t d by
o as
y fi x d i l it
een m y b e a e a e an e o a
d is c v r d by l tti g f ll
o e e dr p n epi f p p r
n da rm a o o a e ce o a e an wa
i g it w h
n ,
i st d f tir ly v p r ti g i t w ill l v
en, n ea o en e e a o a n
,
ea e a
tr sp r t sp t th p p r I f it is d ult r t d w ith l h l
an a en o on e a e . a e a e a co o ,
pl littl i gr du t d tube w ith littl w t r Th tw

a ce a e n a a a e a e a e . e o
w ill k p s p r t d th bu l k f th i l m y still b r gist r d

ee e a a e an e o e o a e e e e ,
but sh ki g it up th w t r d iss lv s th l h l t f th
on a n ,
e a e o e e a co o ou o e
e ss ti l il d th l tt r b m s s m ll r i bulk th b f r
en a o ,
a n e a e e co e a e n an e o e.
If sh ki g up th il sm rtly i
on a n b ttl it b c m e o a n a o e e o es
m ilky o p l s t it i di t s th pr s
r O a e ce n of w t r
, n ca e e e en ce a e as an
a d ul t r t e I f th
an ss . b d istill d i e s m a ll r t rt a y
e e n ce e e n a e o ,
n
r si
e fi x d il w hi h m y h v b
n or e o m ix d w ith it w ill bc a a e een e e
s p r t d By l l th se m th d s th r f r y m y t st th
e a a e . a e e o ,
e e o e , ou a e e
purity f y ur m t ri ls b f r
o o mm ci g a e p r ti s A d a e o e co en n O e a on . n
this bri g s us t th n l uri g f v r ish s w hi h is m h

o e co o n o a n e , c a uc
m r d i ffi ult m tt r th
o e c w ul d supp s a f
e m y ss an s on e o o e, or an e e n ce ,
su h c ss as e f turp ti e n cel v d r r s m ry t w ill o t

o en ne, a en e ,
o e a ,
e c ., n
( or on ly v ry sli g h tly ) e t s lv ts f l ur d r si s acw ill as o en o co o e e n ,

or
on ly h ld th m i susp si w hi h w ul d b f t l t th tr s
o e n en on ,
c o e a a o e an
p y
a re n c f t h v r ish
o S u h r sie s ( w hia h i n lu d g .m b g e c e n c nc e a o
,
dr g s bl d t ) h w v r s lubl i s pirits f w i
’
a on oo ,
e c . are, o e e ,
o e n o ne
an d i th f ll w i g m
n e r th y m y b us d to o lo u th
o o n an n e e a e e c r e
e ss s b f r m ti d
e n ce e o e -
en one
L t th e l ur r si b d iss l d i l h l d th s luti o
e co o -
e n e o v e n a co o ,
an e o n
m y b p ur d i t
a e th o ss e w ith ut l si n
g o i t l r s
e e en ce o o n s c ea ne s .
N w th b ili g
o ,
e v p r ti g p i t f l h l b i g m u h
o n or e a o a n o n o a co o e n c
n w r th e th t f th ss an th m ixtur m y b k p t b v
a o e e e n ce , e e a e e a o e
th b i li g p i t f th
e o n l h l d b l w th t f th ss
o n o e a co o an e o a o e e en ce ,
an d thus th l h l w ill v p r t e a co d l v b hi d it th
o e a o a e, an ea e e n e
co ol uri g m tt r st ti ry i th ss
n a e w hi h is thus
a on a it n e e e n ce
,
c ,
as .
w r e d e, iv d i t h ld i g th l ur i c l r s lu ti
ece e n o o A y n e co o n ea o on . n
co o l ur r si m y thus b i rp r t d w ith y ss
e n a
( x ept n co o a e an e e n ce e ce .
th t f turp
a o ti ) w hi h m y th b us d i th c m p iti
en ne ,
c a en e e n e o os on
o f a i h ; but it m ust b
I arn s b r i m i d th t ll th e o ne n n a a e
m t i ls
a er a m pl y d m ust b e b l t ly pur ;
o e d th i purity e a so u e e an e r
m u st b s c rt i d by th m s giv
e a e a ne b v A th b s t e ean en a o e. s e e
e s se n c e w h r w ith t i n c rp o r t th lo i th t f turpe
e e o o a e e co ur s a o n ~
T H E v a RNi s u . 181
t i n a n d e ss n o f turp ti i its c l ea r pu re r e c n tly

e , e ce en ne n
, , e
d istill d st t w ill n t m i w ith

e a e l h l slightly diffe re n t o x a co o , a
mod f pr
e o d ur ustm b f
o cell w d — m ly th
e ss c e m u s t e o o e na e ,
e e en
b e xp s d to th i i
e o e u rk d phi l d pe ri dica lly
e a r n an n co e a ,
a n o
stirr d b f re dd i g the l h li s luti

e e o a n s t m i x it w ith a co o c o on
,
so a o
th e o xyg o f th i en I t m ust r m i xp s e d u til f w

e a r. e a n e o n a e
d r ps t k
o fr o m th
a enxp s d ss mi r dily w ith si m ilar
e e o e e e n ce x ea a
qu tity f l o h l ; th xp sur r quir d t xid i th ss

an o a c o e e o e e e o o z e e e en ce
w i ll s l d m ex d tw m ths Th r si s m pl y d f g ivi g
o e ce e o on . e e n e o e or n
a d ti t t v r ish s
re n th s f th P t
o a n
p ie d i a re o e o e er o c a r us n cu s
w hi h i m p rts
c r g a l ur ; the P t
an o tan l i e co o er o ca r
p us sa n a n us
,
w hi h g iv s d rk r e d ; d dr g s bl d w hi h g iv s ’
c e a a e r an a on oo , c e
th e d p st s rl t ee e Th w d s ca th r i s m ust b p w d ere d
e . e oo or e es n e o
fi ne d st p d i
,
a n l h l f s m i ght t d ys d the
ee e n a co o or o e e or en a ,
a n n
fi lt r d ff f
e e o Th b st ss or is th t o f turp ti
u se . e e e e n ce a en ne,
co m bi i g it d s pr p rti s t
n n ,
a s t d r d si c ca ti
oe , o e e a o n ce en e an ve .
Aft r it e m i rd r r s m ry d l v d r f w hi c h th
co e n o e ,
o e a an a en e ,
o e
f r m r is th b tt r
o e e e e .
Al l p r ti s r quiri g h t sh uld b p rf rm d
o e a on e w t r n ea o e e o e on a a e
b th th tur f w hi c h is t w ll k w t r quir e xpl

a ,
e na e o oo e no n o e e an a
ti h r
on d th
e m p sit r f v r ish s sh ul d
e, an e co l w ys h v e o o o a n e o a a a
cl s o t h
e d a w t l th d p il f w t r i
an a e s th e
c o an a a o a e ,
n ca e
c m p u d sh ul d
o o n t h fi ; but t his
o ti g y s l d m
ca c re co n n enc e o
h pp s i f th i r v ss l b
a en et fill d t m r th
nne h lf e e e no e o o e an a
i ts p ity Th l h li c s luti
ca ac . f th e l uri g r si
a co o o on o e co o n e n
sh uld first be v p r t d t h lf its bulk to bvi t th

o e a o a e o a ,
o a e e
e ss e n ceb i g to fr ly d ilut d by its dd iti

e n o Wh ee ld e a on . en co ,
this s t r t d s luti a u a e m y b dd d t tho ss on f turp a e a e o e e e n ce o en
ti ne w hi h h
,
b c xi di d as b f r d s rib d d th
een o z e as e o e e c e ,
an e
tw b il d to g th r b i g m t
o o e
f
e l t k pe i t b
,
l w t
e nh os ca r e u o ee e o e
b i l i g p i t of th
o n o n ; i this w y th l h l w ill be
e e s s e n ce n a e a co o
en tir ly d issip t d
e It m y b a e si lly stirr d w ith
. a e o cc a ona e a
w ood sti k t h s t it d i st d f l tti g th l h

en c o a en ,
an n ea o e n e a co ou c
s lu ti
o l it w ill h v th s m ff t i f th ss
on co o , b h t d
a e e a e e ec e e e n ce e ea e
t o l i k t m p r tur b f r th l h li s luti is dd d
a e e e a e e o e e a co o c o on a e .
Wh ll th e l c h l h
en a p ss d ff w hi h w il l b s w h
a o o as a e o ,
c e een en
bubbl s c s e to b v lv d le t th m i tur r m i
e ea e e th o e ,
e x e e a n on e
w t r b th f
a e f w m i ut s t d riv ff y w t r w hi h m o
a or a e n
y e
,
e o an a e c a
b l ft th r by th
e e l c h l but it m ust t b l ft l g e u gh
e e e a o o , no e e on no
f or th ss et e mm e nce t v p r t o th co c l uri g e n ce o e a o a e, or e o o n
m tt r w ill b e pr ipit t d i pr p rti

a e /
th liqui d d i m i ish s
ec a e n o o on as e n e .
Of urs th b v d ir ti s
co e, e a
g iv f o th epr p r ti n of
ec on a re en or e e a a o
s m l l p ti ti f v r ish i f l rg qu titi s w r
a l an es o a st tly
n a e an e e e con an
b i g m d it w ul d b w o rth w hil to r g i th l c ho l
e n a e, o e e e a n e a o
he r by d issi p t d by m s f sp e c i l a pp r tus w hi ch it i s
e a e ea n o a a a ,
182 v I O LI N—Ma x m e : a s I T w a s A ND IS .
n ee dl e ss
he re to de sc rib I t is l w ys b tt r t p rfo rm th s e. a a e e o e e e
o p r ti s i th su m m e r f i w i te r ils d ss c s h ve
e a on n e ,
or n n o an e en e a a
t d y t lt r i th ir tur a d c o sist y fr m e ithe r
en en c o a e n e na e n n enc o
c ldo bs rpti
or a o on .
F r m th e b gi i g f J uly t th e
o ed f S pt m b r is th
nn n o o en o e e e e
b st tim to pr p r v r ish s Th thr

e e e d r si s m
a e ti o e d a n e . e ee r e e n en n
a b v p ss thr u gh m y sh d s f c o l o ur d m y b light e d
o e, a o an a e o ,
an a e en
w ith g m b g d d rk d w ith sph lt dr g s bl o d ’
a o e, an a en e a a e or a on o
but th s t m difi m ust t b us d i su ffi i t qu tity

e e on e -
o e rs no e e n c en an
to lt r th e tur f th v r ish F i st c g m b o g
a e na e o e a n . or n an e, a e
d iss lv s m r
o e r d ily i e ss ti l i l ( sp i lly th t f
o e ea n en a o e ec a a o
turp ti ) th th e s d l w ds w hi h h v to be dd d
en ne an an a oo c a e a e
by m s f th l c h li s luti
ean o so t lighte
e a ss o o c o on o n an e en ce
co ol ur d w ith sa d l w o o d the g m b g m ust t b dd d

e n a a o e no e a e
d i ect to th e s luti
r o by r s o f its g r te r ffi ity
o on , r, ea on ea a n ,
th e e ss m ight pr c ipit t
en ce th e s d l w d i f v ur f e a e an a oo n a o o
th ge m b g a T his l ttor th e r ef r
. e m us t b dd e d by m sa e ,
e o ,
e a ean
o f anl h li c s o luti
a co d tho l h l v p o r t d ff on , an e a co o e a a e o as
d s c rib d b o v Dr g s bl o d h w e v r is o t so r d ily ’
e e a e. a on o ,
o e ,
n ea
pr c ipit t d fr m th ss
e a e the r f r this m y m o r s fe ly
o e e e n ce e o e a e a
b e dd d d ia tly to th e ss ce w ith ut th e i t rv ti o f
e r ec e en o n e en n o
th e l o h li s luti
a c oI t is b st to fi ish th c l uri g f
c o on . e n e o o n o
th e ss c b f r c m m i g to c m p u d th
e en e e o e st f th o en c n o o n e re e
v r ish F i lly it is
a n . ss ry t st t th t th e ss ce f
na ,
n e ce a o a e a e en o
turp ti h b e d lt w ith hith rt

en ne as b i g th b st
e n ea e o as e n e e ,
f or r s s g iv ea b v ; ss
on f r s m ry m y
en a ls b o e e en ce o o e a a a o e
us d d is si r to d l w ith but t g d i th fi l
e ,
a n ea e ea ,
no so oo n e na
r sult Th e l h li s luti f s d l w d is pt t xid i e

e . a co o c o on o an a oo a o o z
an d d p i ti t
ee xp sure to th i th u gh
en n n ss ti l
on e o e a r, o an e en a
s luti d s t pr s t this p uli rity t m rk d d g r e

o on oe no e en ec a o so a e a e e ,
a l l its s luti s h w v r o p w rfully t d up by lk li s

on ,
o e e ,
a r e o e ac e on a a e
o f ll ki d s
a n .
I c lusi o f this s m w h t l gthy subj t th r r m i n s

n on c on o e a en ec , e e e a
on ly to f rm ul t th fi l p r ti s o a e ss ry f th m pl e na o e a on n e ce a or e co e
ti f th v r ish Th r si s ppr pri t t

on o e a n s. d ivi d e e n a o a e o our u e e
i to tw l ss s th e h rd d th s ft Th h rd m pris
n o c a e , a an e o . e a co e
co
P l m b
a ,r da
g m l c e d t
,
h s ft an sub d ivi d d i t u -
a ,
an e o a re e n o
tw o th r l ss s i d y su h s ju ip r g m g m m sti
o e c a e , v z .
, r
,
c a n e u ,
u -
a c,
an d d mm r a d l s ti su c h b
a i l m i im
an e ad c, as en z o n , e e ,
a n e, an
turp ti Th first
en ne h rd ki d s w uld b u suit bl us d
. e ,
or a n , o e n a e e
l e f th y w uld h k th vibr ti s f th i s tru m t d

a on ,
or e o c ec e a on o e n en an
c hip ff th slig ht st pr v
o on ti ; th c d
e d y ki d e o o ca on e se cn ,
or r n ,
co u t r c t this hippi g t d y f th h rd ki ds but us d

n e a c n en en c o e a n ,
e
a lo w ul d p w d r
ne off th third l sti ki d s
o e o t s li d
o e ,
or e a c n
,
a r e n o
en o u g h to l b si d s by th ir h vy gluti us h r c te
u se a o n e , e e , e ea no c a a r,
184 VI O LI N MAK I NG
-
: a s IT w a s a ND 1s .
is o ly m tte f tim
n a ad th l tt r is li bl t c rb o i e o r
r o e, an e a e a e o a n z
o th r w is e lte r th e stitu ts
a d s e dly th r co n is n o en an ,
e co n , e e
d yi g th t l l th subst
en n a s us d a hi ghly i fl m m bl n d
e a n ce e a re n a a e, a
w ith u t x di gly r ful h dli g

o e cee n sid r bl d g r to ca e an n , con e a e an e
li f e d pr p rty
an su s i f h t is us d i
o e en l b r t ry o te ea e n a a o a o n
sp c i lly stru te d f th purp s I t w ill b s

e a co n c th t th
or e o e. e een a e
m t ri ls r dy t
a e a h d w ea th s m (w ith th
o ou r xc p
an no , a re e a e e e e
ti on f s m us l ss
o o s su h e fr ki e e s ; t ) w reon e , c as an n ce n e e c . as e
en u m r t d i th ld r ip s I
e a e n f v ur w
e o it th t
ec e . n our a o e ca n c e, a ,
wh u dult r t d r si s
en na t b h d pur r th
e a e ,
e th y w n a re o e a e an e e re
th en d th
, p r ti s f o
an e o tr ti g s e a s d fusi g
on o c n ce n a n e se n c e , an n
th e h rd g u m s th a u k ow ,
w fully u d r ten d
n It
n n ,
a re no n e s oo .
h as b xpl i d th t w m ust r li quish th

een e a ne o f th
a f ure e n e u se e o
h rd r si s d lso b
a e n i b c us by s w lli g it r d rs th
, an a en z o n
,
e a e e n en e e
v r ish gu m m y
a n d Ju ip r g m b c us it r quir s an mu h
n e -
u ,
e a e e e so c
h t d t d r p l ( d m m r) just g d d m u c h
ea , an en e co a or a a is as oo ,
a n
ea si r t w rk w ith
e o o .
W r d u d th r f r to l m stic (i t rs ) w hi h is
e a re e ce ,
e e o e , ,
a n ea , c
th m st t
e d r o d w r bl en f l l r si s ; 2 t d r
e an eapl a e o a e n ,
en e co a
brittl d m m w hi h by its d ry ss u t r ts th m r
r) r d rs th v r ish m r si tiv 3
e a a c ne co n e ac e o e
l sti
e a m c res s, an en e e a n o e cca e ,
V ene ti turp ti w hi h w v id r d ri g th v r ish

an en ne, c e a o , as en e n e a n
t ky ; 4 l m i
ac d 5 ,
im e b th v ry s ft d l sti
e e ,
an , an ,
o e o an e a c
g u m s C m ph
. r 8 s m a ti m s m ti
o d a 1 h vi g b o use d e en on e s a n een e
,
but it h t d c y t kill l ur Th f r m ul l ft us
as a en en o co o . e o a e as
th b st b
e e m s th r f r
,
m sti c 10 g
e co e t dr pl5g e e o e, a r .
,
en e co a r , .
e ss ( l
e n ce ur d t w i ll
co o d s rib de) 10 0 a T this is d d d
as e c e cc. o a e
fi lly 5
na f li s d i l cc . o t b il d but th n o ld r th
ee ob tt r ,
n o o e ,
e e e e e .
M r th o e this qu tity m ight b us d but w ith th ff t f

an an e e ,
e e ec o
l ss i g th si tiv pr p rti s f th v r ish Th b o v

e en n e cca e o e e o e a n . e a e
fo r m ul m y b a pr p r d a f ll w s —
e P l ce the 1 0a0 c e o f as o o a e c .
c l ur d
o o ss e i g
e l ss v ss
e n ce l d i t nit put t
ah m sti
a c e e ,
an n o e a ,
w hi h w il l t k fr m t w e ty f ur t thirt
c a e o i x h urs t d iss lv n -
o o -
s o o o e.
Wh qui t d l d dd th p l w hi w e l t k lik ti m e
en e l s so v e a e co a , o a e a e .
P ri d i lly s n k
e o ca th b ttl Th fi l ly m i i th il
a e e o e . en na x n e o .
P t this fl id w y i
u ud rk c l pl a ai st pp r d b ttl
n a a ,
oo a ce
,
n a o e e o e,
d ys f r t i g ht t l t it s ttl th fil t r (thro u
ight m IIS
f t
or en a or a o n ,
o e e e en e
filt r p p r f h i ) d k p th v r ish i
e a e or c o ce ,
a n ee e a n s x or e on
b f re usi g i t I this v r is h l m i i m
e o n n d turp ti e a n e e ,
a n e, an en n
a re l ft t th li s e d il t ki g th ir pl i
e ou , e n e tri b ti
g
o a n e a ce n co n u n
th et d r ss t th v r ish Th r si s p p a r t b r
en e ne o e a n . e e n a e o ea a
s m ll pr p rti t th ss
a o o but it m ust b r m m b r d th t
on o e e e n ce , e e e e e a
I t h as be e n th a t i n th e se v e r y ad u l te r a ti o n s , th e n a tu r e s o f w h i c h
s u g ge s te d
w e c a n n o t n o w a sc e r ta i n , l a y th e se c re t o f th e r e m o n a va r n ish ,
"
a h y po th e si s C
w hi c h , to s a y th e l e a s t o f i t, i s e x c e e d i n g l y i m p r o ba b l e .
TH E v a RNI S H . 185
the l uri g m a tte r w ill h e lr a dy to a c rt i xt t

co o n av a e ,
e a n e en
,
c h rg d it
a d it is b tt r t h v th v r i h thi
e ,
a n d r ish
e e o a e e a n s n ,
an va n
o fte th t h v it thi k d l y it bl tc hy Wh th
n ,
an o a e c an a on o . en e
e ss c is ti t d w ith d r g s bl d it is b tt r v t r d u
en e n e a on
’
oo ,
e e e en o e ce
th w igh t o f r si s pr p r ti t ly t 12 g i st d f 15 s ‘
e e e n o o ona e o r. n ea o ,
a
a b v Su h
o e . sist y w ill t r quir w r m i g b f r
c a con enc no e e a n e o e u se ,
as is ss ry i f th v r ish b t o thi k
n e ce a e a n e o c .
Wh v ishi g y w ill d is v e r th bs lute c ssity

en a rn n ,
ou co e a o ne e
o f h vi g y o ur w o d th r u g hly d y
a n d w ll s s o d If o o r an e ea one .
it is t th v r ish i st d f pr s rvi g th w d w i ll
no ,
e a n ,
n ea o e e n e oo ,
h st its d y by pr v ti g it fr m d ryi g pr p rly I t

a en eca e en n o n o e .
m ust b b r i m i d th t t l y
e o ne v r ish v ly is v e ry
n n ,
a o a on a n e en
d i ffi ult f c v ry str k o f th brush t lls

,
or e e th p r us o e e e on e o o
surf e f th w o d O f a r lly w ll c m p u d d thi

ac o e o . ea e o o n e ,
n ,
an d tr sp r t v r ish th an a r quisit d pth f lo ur d

en a n ,
e e e e o co an
thi k ss f v r ish is t g r lly r h d till th tw l fth

c ne o a n no en e a ea c e e e
to th fi ft th c t e d e heen t m ust b th r u ghly oa , an ac coa e o o
d y b f r
r th r is ppli d o e ls th v r ish w ill hip
e o e an o e a e , r e e a n c
an d p d r ff ; it s v s
ow e
g d
o d l f tr ubl t w it a e a oo ea o o e o a a
w ee k m r b tw
or h c t o e th e pri e ipl f m r “
een eac oa , on nc e o o e
h st w rs p d
a e o I f ft re S f w ee t y fi d th l ur
.
”
a e a e coa s ou n e co o
is de p u gh i st d f
e en o ti ui g y m y fi ish w i th
,
n ea o con n n ou a n
on e t f t f ll i g tr sp r t v r ish m s ti 20
co ah w o e — o o n an a en a n a c
g r . p
,
l co brittl d a m m r ) 1 0 g ss c ( w e d pur a) a r , . e en e ne an e
100 c li s d il 1 2 c .
,
n Th ee ss c m ust b th m o cc . e e en e e e sa e as
th t us d i
a th fi rst e c l ur d v r ish
n e I t is p ssibl t or o o e a n . o e o
v r ish w ith
a n o tw thi k ts but it is i th r
on e r ti f co c co a ,
ne e s o sa s a
t ryo
g d
n o r so V r ishi g sh oo l d l w ys b
. d e ad y n n ou a a e on on a r ,
w rm d y i
a s m pl a ,t f n d u ght o th e p r ti w illa ce o u o a ra
,
o r e o e a on
b co m m u h m r e d i ffi ult th full p rti c ul rs f th p r ti

e e c o c e a a o e O e a on
b i g ls w h r l i d d w ( id p
e n e e e e a o n s e .
T r o pitul t th f r g i g r th r pr tr c te d d t il th e
e ca a e e o e o n a e o a e a s,
o p r ti s t b p rf rm d
e a on oi bri f e f ll o w se o St p e a re , n e ,
as o : ee
f s d l w d ( 80 f d r go s bl d ) p w d r d i
’
100 g r. o an a -
oo or o a n oo o e e ,
n
1 litr f l h l e o t it i th
a co s m w r m pl f t
o ,
se n e su n or o e a a ce or en
d ys sh ki g it p ri d i lly
a ,
a n Th filt r thr ugh l th d e o ca . en e o a c o ,
an
r p t th pr ss w i th
e ea e th r 100 ( 80) g i th s m
o ce an o e or r ., n e a e
litr f l h l T li ght th l ur
e o a co o . l h li s luti
o en e co o ,
u se a n a co o c o on
f g m b g ; t d rk it sim il rly sph lt dr g s ’

o a o e o a en u se a a a e or a on
,
bl d Alw ys
oo d p l rg v ss ls a d u sev r fi ll th m ee ,
a e e e ,
an ne e e
m r h l f full t ti m N w t k f this
o eth an
()
a2 3 00 a a e. o a e cc. o
co l o ur d l h l i e
g r d
a co u t d v ss o l d r d unc it ba
y a a e e e , an e e ,
e v p r ti
a o w t r b th t
a on h l f its bulk Th p ur i to
on a a e -
a ,
o a . en o n
i t 200 f ss d v l tili e th
c c. o e l h l b f r d s rib d
e n ce a n o a z e a co o as e o e e c e ,
a ft r w hi h y
e w ill fi d c h v 2
ou0 0 f l ur d ss ce ou e en
y c n a cc . o o o e e .
186 v i o L1N MA -
KI NG : a s I T w a s AN D IS .
()
3 W h e n this is c o l d dd y ur r si s sh ki g p i di l ly a s a o e n ,
a n er o ca
b r s rib d L v th liquid t s ttl f

e fo e d e c e . f rt ig h t th e
ea e e o e e or a o n
, n
fi lt r thr u gh p p r d pr s rv
e o a e an e e e
Thus f it h s m d ar ss ry t t r i t th m uti f
as ee e n e ce a o en e n o e in a o
th r th r d isti t
e a t f v r ishi g
e d I h O p th t th s
nc ar o t s a n n ,
a n e a e e no e ,
g th
a r d f r
e m t he m s t r li o bl s ur s de f r m p
o rs l e a e o ce an o e ona
e xp ri c s m y a t y r te s rv
e en e , a g ui,
d s f th an x
p i a ,
e e as e or e e er
m e ts n d pr c tice an f th e w ul d b Cr m a v r ish r T
o o -
e e on a a n e . o
an y o m r p rti
ne ul rly i
o t r ste d i t h a subj cct I b a
g to n e e e n e e , e
re m m e d th w rk f M Euge M il d t w h se D é
co n e o o . ne a an , o o cou
ve rt d A c i s V r is I t li s I m i de bt d f m u h
e es n en e n a en a n e or c
v lu bl i f rm ti
a a e t i d i th f r g i g p g s
n o a on con a n e n e o e o n a e .
l
Th i li i e v o th r ti lly fi ish d i w h ve s i ti
n s n ow eo e ca n e , . e .
,
e a c en
fica lly d is uss d ll its p t c d h ve

e ly to dd th e fi tti g s
a a r s, a n a on a n
an d stri gs (w hi c h w ill b th subj t f th n xt tw o c h pt rs)

n e e ec o e e a e ,
b e fo r pl yi g o e fiddl
a n Th r d r w ill by this ti m
n ou r e . e ea e e
h v fully ppr i t d th h st f t ifi t w hi h d f r e
a e a ec a e e o o r es o c e e enc
m ust b p i d f if e t h a
q i
,
i or d t m l
no T h ,
ir a iz n ser a u ce n a a . e
i m p rt ce m ust t b ju dg d by th ir u m b r (w hi h l
o an no e e e n e c a on e
is l ul t d to i m pr ss th
ca c a e l r d ) but by th i m m s e e un ea ne , e en e
i flu c e v ry trivi l p rt h
n en e e th m bi d wh l ;
a a as on e co ne o e n on
n u m er o hte c j u d i ca n tu r , s ed
p o n d er s .
E Ma i l a n d , é
D c o u v e r te d e s An c i e n s Ve r n i s I ta l i e n s , Em pl o y s po ur é
C
.
I n str u m e n ts 9 o r d e s c t a Ar c h e t (P a r i s,
. Se c o n d Ed i ti o n 187 4 . .
Ne l l e se l v e ia v i v e a c i pr es s o mum
01, m o r to , ho v oc e , po l c h e m e f er h m
188 Vi o Li N MA -
KI NG : as IT was AND IS .
th ir m st rd i ry d sig t C i th s m fi gur O f th
in e o o na e n a n e a e e. e
thr mp ee ts m d b x w o d is th
co m st i f ri r b i
on en
g na e o o e o n e o ,
e n
h rd d u yi l d i g w hi h
a an s s th p gs t ti k th m st
n e n , c ca u e e e o S c e o
co n v i t m d
en en f r s w d w hi h b i g spri gy
are d s ft a e o o e oo , c , e n n a n o
,
a re sily fitt d d tur i th h l s f tu i g purp o s w i th
ea e ,
an n n e o e or n n se
an s d firm ss w hi h m m d s i ts lf t
ea e an t m t urs ne c co en e a o n ce o a a e
,
an d sp i lly t l d i s w h sh ul d l
e ec a y th m th yo a e
,
o o a vs a s u se e ,
a s e
r d u th p r ti
e ce f tu i g fr m e tir s mo d l g thy
e a on o n n o a e o e an en
t o sy d i st t us
an ea Th ir ly d is dv t g
an n an an e o one. e on a an a e
is th t th y w r t sa r th e b y p g w hi h i f r lly
ea ou oon e an e on e s
,
c ,
ea
th r u ghly w ll fitt d
o o lips ll th rs b th f e s i e ,
ec e a o e o or ea e n
tu i g w r d pp r
n n ,
But th fi tti g m ust b d by
ea
,
an a ea a n ce . e n e on e
s m o th r u ghly xp ri d i i li fi tti g f
e one o o b dly e e e n ce n v o n n
,
or a a
fi tt d p g is e b m i ti e I t is ls m t i m p rt t
an d a o na on . a o os o an an
e ss ti l t th c v i
en a f th p l y
o th t th p g sh uld
e on e n e n ce o e . a er a e e s o
b e t i th h d th t
s o se h s tri g n p ss fr m th p g t
e ea ,
a ea c n ca n a o e e o
th t quit
e l r f th th r thr p g s Oth r is
nu , e c ea o e o e ee e . e w e one
stri g w ill rub v r th p g f

n th r d h ti m o is o e e e o ano e
,
an eac e ne
FI G 95 —Vi o l i n P e s F 10 96 — M a c h i n e H e a d fo r Vi o l i n
. .
g . . .
-
.
tu ne th r w ill be thro w
d th e t o hi h i m m s ly i r se s
e n ou , w c en e n c ea
th i fi ul ty f tu i g th i tru m t S h d f t i
e d f c o n n e ns en . uc a e ec n an
'
i stru m t
n h w v r b r m di d by h i g th ld h l s
en ca n , o e e , e e e e av n e o o e
fill d p d w e u s b r d by i t llig t w rk m
an ne but on e o e an n e en o an
,
this p r ti ort i ly d s t i m pr v th pp r
e a on ce f th a n oe no o e e a e a a n ce o e
h d Full i stru ti w ill b giv f fi tti g p gs i a fu tur

ea . n c on s e en or n e n e
c h pt r Th b st si is i h l g th st m t p ri g fr m
a e . e e z e ,;
1
nc on , e e a e n o
g
. .
f io h t {
an f i h Pnc
g s h v b m od ls 1;f 1
o an nc . e a e een a e a o o
rhi r s h r iv ry d th r f y subst
n o ce o o s but ft r
n ,
o ,
an o e an c a n ce ,
a e
a sh rt tri l th y h v b
o pr u d tte rly u s tis f t ry
a e a e een on o n ce u n a ac o ,
an d r j t d F i g 96 r pr s ts m hi
e ec e h d th s rt i ly
. . e e en a ac ne ea e e ce a n
c rry tha p lm f a s i tu i g is c
e a r d but th y
,
s o ar s ea e n n n o n ce ne , e
s w
oon r t d i f th y b m l s
ea ou yw h r , j is
an e e co e oo e an e e a ar
pr d u d l ul t d t q li fy th p ss s r f le ti t th
o ce , ca c a e o ua e o e so or e c on o e
first v t p st f u ty lu n ti P t t p g s
acan o ll m u ho co n a c . a en e a re a c
o f mu h a ss F ig 97 r pr s ts
c ne o f th s th i v
. ti . e e en one e e, e n en on
of M J s ph W llis
r. d h to e y r t th m rit f a , an a s, a an a e, e e o
c o m pli t d i g uity t r m m d it a is m t l st m B
ca e n en o eco en . a e a e
a m t l s r w p ssi g thro gh
e a c erd i ry p g h d C n d a n u an o na e ea a
-
, ,
F I TT I NGS AND A PPL I AN E S C .
189
fi tti n g on to th e end f o A ; D D a re tw o m e tl
a d is s ly i
c n
g
a
g a m s t t he c h ee k o f th e s r l l Wh
c o . en th e p g
e h a s be e n
ad just d i th r i ry m e n e o d r d v l
na anne r i t m y be r
,
a en e ed im mo ab e
,
by tur i g th s r w B by m n n f th e k y E
e I t is
c e h w vr eans o e . n 0 t, o e e
,
by y m s an w id th ea n a ne ea, e
s m pri i pl h vi g b i
a e nc e a n een n
v td d p t td b f
en e an a en e e o re ,
b th f g uit rs d vi li s
o or a an o n .
Th pri ipl is i i ts l f w r g
e nc e n e on ,
th ti
e ac f th s r w b i g
on o e c e e n
to c m pr ss th o h ks f th e e c ee o e
s r ll w hi h is high ly
c o ,
c nu
d sir bl
e f i th fi s t pl
a e or n e r
a ce
o ld d d y w d w ill
an t r oo no
st d it
an d i th s , d an n e e co n
pl i t is
a ce s ry i pply n e ce sa
,
n a
i g th m
n t fill up th
e ld ,
o e o
hl s d b
o e wan s o re ne one , a
pr s bs lut ly s ut d by
o ce s a o e co e
o w rs f v lu bl fidd l w it h
ne o a a e es
th ir h d s i th ri gi l
e ea n e o na
c d iti
on O w rs f su h
on . ne o c
w ill ft r th r put up w ith

o en a e
th i
e v i f
n co n e e n e n ce o on
stri g ru bbi g o v r th th r
n n e e o e
p g s i id th b
e r th r
ns e
W
e o x, a e
F 10 97 — a l lie s
’
P a te n t P e g
th h v th h d lt r d
an a e e ea a e e .
. . .
I 187 6 p t t w
n t k a t (N 4 525) by Wm H C k e
a en as a en ou o . . . oo
,
f or applyi g th r t h t syste m t rd i ry p gs i
n e m
a c r e o o na e n a anne
w hi h i c f ct w ,
m r ly n m pli a t d m c hi h d th e
,
as e e a co ca e a ne ea .
m hi ac sc r w p gs tur i g r di ry s A th r v ery f irly

ne e e n n o na on e . no e a
g d p g p t t d i 1 87 6 by oo e a en e n
M H C lli s (N 2118) w s . . o n o a
i tr d d by h i m i ti n o u ce n con n ec on
w ith his p t t d tri c a en an e c ce n
c vi li I t w ill b e f u d fi g ur e d o n . o n
F
( g i 7 2) d d e s rib d u d r t h e . an c e n e
h d f v g ri s i Ch pt r V ea o a a e n a e .
,
p g 111 Th b st p t t p g y t a e . e e a en e e
m 98 — P a ten t P e g to
i tr d u d is (t m k f n n o ce o a e u se o a
I rishis m p t t t ll ;
F e n s u re Fi r m n e ss
t
. . .
no a a en a a
it i m ply c sists i h vi g th p g h l s m d littl l rg r s

S on n a n e e o e a e a e a e , a
i n F ig 98 d h vi g th m fitt d w ith
.
,
an b y ll r A h 1 n
a n e e an e on co a ,
w c
so m u h i r s s th surf
c f r sist
nc ea e ff r d t t e a ce o e a n ce o e e o ne
shaf t f th e p e g (by pr j c ti n g b y
o d th h k s f th s lll o e e on e c ec o e cro
VI O LI N MAK I NG : -
AS I T WAS AND 18 .
th t slippi g b m s pr c ti c lly u k o w n M S tu tt f d ha s
a n e co e a a n n . r. a or
i tro du d a p g fo th A stri g t o bvi t th d i ffi c ulty l w ys

n ce e r e n o a e e a a
e xp ri ece d i g tti
en g a t this stri g n s qu t eits b i n n co n
g e en on e n
c v re d by th v lut f th s c r l l ( id M Ch t s vio li '
o e e o e o e o v c . an o n,
p . A s c r w ru s d o w th ste m f th p g fro m th e d n n e o e e
'
e en
o f th thu m b pi ce w hi h pr ss s up o n th e stri g
e e s n s, c e e n as oo a
it is put thr u gh th e h l i th e pe g o d h l d s it ti g ht o o e n
,
an o ,
s
th t th e p g
a b tur e d t o e w ith ut th tr ubl o f
e can e n a nc o e o e
pull i g t th e d w ith t w
n ou rs a d d ubli g it u d r the
e n eez e ,
n o n n e
stri g t fix it A go d i de b t lik ly to w k th p g
n o . o a
,
u e ea en e e ,
a nd g t t f o rd r
e ou o e .
Th N t (8 F i g 39) is th s m ll pi c e f b y
e u , i c h high
. e a e o e on n
,
3 % in di m t r l g w hi h i t rv s b tw
a e e , th e pe g b x
on , c n e en e e een -
o
an d th fi g b rd d o v e r th e h rd r ss g r i f w hi h th e
e n er -
oa ,
an a c o -
a n o c
stri gs p ss ( sm ll g r v s c t i i t) t th e bri dg l e r f
n a on a oo e u n ,
o e c a o
th e fi g b r d its l v ti b v w hich i s ly u d r th e
n er -
oa ,
e e a on a o e on n e
first d 1
,
a nu d r th f urth stri g "
3 2
'
n e e o n .
Th F i g b e d (E F i g 39) is th m st i m p rt t f th
n er -
oa r ,
. e o o an o e
fi tti g s f th vi li ; its m st rd i ry d c rr c t m sure
n o e o n o o na an o e ea
m e t b i g 10% i
n h s l g th br dth t p ri g fr m 1% i c h
e n nc e on ,
e ea a e n o n
a t th bri d g t 3i
e h t th t I t thi k ss
e ,
o l g it nc a e nu . s c ne so on as
is glu d t th e k is i h fr m w hi h p i t it t p rs to
o e n ec ,
5
—
3 nc ,
o c o n a e
“ i
ch At its br d
n d it is i h s (j us t u d r i h s) oa en nc e n e nc e
T,
.
fr m th bridg
o I t d ist n c b l w th e stri g s t its br d
e e . d s a e e o n a oa en
m ust b v ry i c ly djust d th e
e e rr t dist n s b i g b ut
e a e ,
co ec a n ce e n a o
b l w th E
e o i h ; b l w th A i i h ; b l w th D
e ,
nc e o e ,
f
nc e o e ,
f i
i r
h b
nc l w t h G i ch Th e o tti g f th bri d e
g m ust ,
n . e cu n o e e
f ll w th
o o t ur f th e fi g r b rd but t its h i ght f th
e co n o o n e -
oa
,
no e , or e
li g r b rd m ust b r is d
n e -
oa l o w r d by uttin g w y the e a e or e e c a a
w d f th
oo k t e ith r e d r th r th th t th bridg be
o e n ec a e n
,
a e an a e e
m d t suit th fi g
a e ob rd (S this p i t C h p t r I X
e n er -
oa . ee o n o n a e .
,
p ar T h . Bri d g p e e,
”
.
O f c urs th fi g b rd m ust b r u d d to c i i d w ith

o e e n er -
oa e o n e o nc e
th o rd i
e ry utti g f bridg I f th e fi g b rd b
na c n t o a e . n er -
oa e no
r u d d u gh th E d G stri g s w ill b t l s t it d
o n e en o ,
e an n e oo c o e o , an
th A e d D t f r w y i f th b i d g b pr p rly
an oo t i f it be
a a a ,
e r e e o e cu
t oo r u d th pp sit w ill b th r sult d i high hi fts th

o n ,
e O o e e e e ,
an n S e
b w w ill b
o p t t strik thr strie a g s t A t th o s m ti m e ee n a o n ce . e a e e
t th br d
a ed f th f g r b rd th G stri g is furth st fr m
oa en o e in e -
oa e n e o
it d th E is th l s st
,
a n e b ut i h) f th vibr ti s e c o e a o nc ,
or e a on
f th G s tri g b i g th l rg st th y m ust h v m st r m
o e n e n e a e e a e o oo ,
on
w hi h pri ipl th d ist

c b tw nc th stri g s e d th fi g e an ce e een e n an e n er
b rd d r s s
oa th p
ec ea e , t is pi t h d high r till the as e o en no e c e e ,
m i im u m is r
n h d u d r th E stri g Th bri dg ea c e d n e e n . e e an
h ge r b
u d m st -
h blig oa r th r d u t a h t y to eac o e on e an o e ,
an no e c r
Q9 2 v I O LI N MAK I NG : -
as I T w a s AND 1 8.
wh c i h w s si m il r a d ubl a —fi g
v iz b rd b tw e th tw o
.
,
a o e n e r- oa ,
e en e
su f s f w hi h th stri gs d w r ct d
i
by
‘
r a ce o c e n ra n an e e a e
p , u on
m s f stu d s p ssi g thr u g h th pp r

ean o a n d k pt b v o e u e one, an e a o e
th stri g s by
e n pri g w hi h uld b pr ss d d w t th
a S n ,
c co e e e o n a e
ri g ht sp t lik th k ys f pi f rt I 1852 R A
o e e e o a an o o e . n , .
i m il r but t so mpli te d
.
Br m p t t d (N 567
187 6 2
oo an a en e o . a S a , no co ca
a triv
co n I a n ce )
. i l S m pl n t k t p t t ,
an e e e oo ou a a en
( N 3 7o2 3.
) f fi g b r d
or w ahi h h dn b t wer -
t h t ri
oa
g s ,
c a e ee n e s n
r wso f r i d p i ts
o a se fl xibl w ir s to guide th fi g rs
o n on e e e e n e .
( P l s t
ea t sli
an d up do d w I ) e an o n
Th T i l pi
e ( Pa F i g 3 9 )e ceis m d ,
rul f b
.
v a e
,
a s a e, o e on ,
th ugh u l ss f y thi gs
o se e , s m tim s t b f d b
an c n th are o e e o e ou n en ea
th g l ss s s i fi dd l d l r s sh p m d f iv ry gl ss d ’
e a ca e n a e ea e o a e o o ,
a an
, ,
o th r su h utt rly u s it bl
e c em t ri ls E u gh h
n u b a id
e a e a . no as een s a
i th r pl f r m
n an o t l t il pi s ; th e a ce o o na en a a e ce e
d s
-
g r lly d lusi
a re d ene n r r
a
g r a e on an a S a e, as e a
th ir su p ri rity v r th sim pl r f rm s ( i e e o o e e e o as n
Fig Th t il pi . is tta h d t th e a
-
e ce a c e o e
t il pi f th fiddl by l p m d f a D a -
n o e e a oo a e o
t r stri g ( t B i F ig en o u ffi i tly
n as a n . s c en
l g f th b on t be supp rt d by th
or e e ony o o e e
t i f th stri g just l r f th dge f en s on o e n s, c ea o e e o
th fi dd l (pr t t d by th e
“
r st e Th o ec e e e e
r th d x d i m i s o 43 i h s l g a i h
o o en s on are nc e on ,
nc
thi k 1% i h i d i m t r t th br d s t d c ,
nc n a e e a e oa e
,
a n
3 i h t t h rr w st p rt
nc T h a h l s t e na o e a . e o e o
r iv th stri g s sh uld b t qu l dist s e ce e e n o e a e a a n ce
fr m th r ( i th fi g r ) th slits
o one an o e as n e u e ,
e
F m 100— i t w hi
O rd i n ar y h th y n d iv or i
g g t r d s cth d g e run e n owa e e e,
su h m r th t th stri g s
,
F orm
i n c a t th an n e a e n run o e
b ri d g p r ll l e
itha a e th r w d t f on e is i this
an o e ,
an no an w e, a s n
l tt r
a es th ca e
bri d g g
ts d r
e gg d f r w rd by th
e e p ti of a e o a e o e ra on
stri s p ss r t il pi bri
.
tu i g Th f m th t t ha d g o e a e ce o e e
g n
-
n n e
r b y iv y
.
v r ki d f F i 1 0 0 ) f d f
o e a t ( An A o g nu m ,
. o e o e on or or ,
an d l t i t eth t il n pi o t e i ha f r m -
its br d
e ce d g a nc o oa e e.
Th d ist e f m t h
a n ce
bri d g t o
ro
th e d g f t
e h t il pi c e sh ul ed e e o e a -
e o
b 1% i h s
e nc e .
I M n Bish p sr tr sl a ti o f Ott’
s w rk an m st l d on o o
’
o ,
a o u 01
t l p
.
ripti is giv by th tr sl t r f m t d
d e n an a o o a ai lec ve e
-
e sc on en e
by L S p hr by m s f w hi h t p f h t m g ly g
o
o h t
e an s t o c e or lon O e s r s in
.
,
bt e it d th bri dg
w ee n an ul d b e r gul t e d t e pr u d co e so e a as o o ce
ce rt i i t rv ls w hi h m i ght t
a n n e a d p rh ps ct m d i y lit l
f t en ,
e a ,
o o e
pr v t s
,
i q li ti s f t
ne ua i e s m o i stru ts 1
on em n do g e n en ,
0
'
ove a an a eou
i n th r
o r sp e ts F i g e 1 0 1 ec r pr s .
ts t h t .
a B e e en ls co n rl va n ce , ,
a n d C b i g d r e n h l f th ir c tu
aw n l si da D E F full o r e a a z e, an ,
.
F I TT I NGS AND A PPLI ANCES . 1 93
ac tu a l si e A c o sists f a f r p t
z . n d bi d p rt f
O d o e ar e, a n a n a ,
a n
is f rm d t f
o e pi e f w o d ( m t l ) Th f r p rt is
ou o on e ec o o or e a . e o e a
pe r f tly
ec fl t th t p b t is w rk d o t u d r e th to th
a on e o , u o e u n e n a , e
e xt t d i th m
en an r sh w i th s ti
n e ann e f th t il pi e o n n e ec on o e a ce
-
C d i th vi w f th fr t d o f it B This f r p rt h a
,
an n e e o e on en . o e a s
f ur l g p i g s
o on o pl d t sui t bl e d ist
en n a a afr m a, a ce a a a a n ce o
e ch
a th r d m d e to r iv th like u m b e r f littl e p gs
o e ,
an a e ce e e n O e
f rm d at E Th hi d p rt f f a o e as . e n a o ,
w hi c h is s m i ir ul r st d s littl e c c a , an a e
l w r th th f re p rt c d h s its o e an e o a ,
an a
upp r dg r u d d ff a s sh w t C e e e o n e o ,
o n a
I t is hi fl y r m rk c e e a
bl f f ur littl slits a e or o e ,
b b b b m d t r c iv e ,
a e o e e
the k ts f th stri gs no o e n ,
d f littl n t an or a e u c 0,
f rm d f b b r ss o e o on e or a ,
w hi h is l t i t
.
th
6
0
e
c e n o e
m i dd l s mi
i
f th p
e o e e
c l p rt f Th r '
n cu ar a e e
ls tw s m ll are a o o a
h l s d d t h r ugh o e
, ,
o
hi ch th e g tLl p is ’
s
r
w u -
oo
p ss d w h i h h
p
c ts
o a e c con n e
th t il pi w i th th e
S
e a -
e ce
t il pi F ur th r
.
1
0 a -
n . o o e
s m ll h l s p ss b G
I
.
a o e a o
l i q ly fr m th upp r F
ue o e e
t th u d r si d f th e o e n e e o
t il pi sh w by a -
e ce , a s o n
th d tt d li s 9 i C e o e ne n .
E d F fr t d an are on an
S d
w o f th l ttl V i l
l e v 1e s e i e
FI G 102 — l a um e
’
s
p gs w h h pl d
. . n
e ic a re a ce S o u r di n e P e d a l s .
i n th p i gs of a d pr s s e o en n a a a a
,
an e
th s tri g b th th f re p r t f
on e n s en ea e o a o
th e t il pi h w t C By a -
e ce
,
as S o n a .
m vi g th m t
o n d f e i th ir r sp tiv p i gs th o s
o an ro n e e ec e o en n ,
e
p rti
o f th stri g s b t w
on s o e th m d th bridg
n l gth e d
e een e an e e a re en en
or sh rt d d thus th di ff r t i t rv ls
o ene ,
an b t i d Th se e e en n e a a re o a ne . e
p gs
e ist f tw p r ts
co n s o t D w h r h r pr s ts th k
o a b
, as a ,
e e e e en e no or
ca p ,
d i th pi
an hi h is fir m ly glu d i t h l i th m i dd l
e n ,
w c e n o a o e n e e
of it ft r h vi g fir t b
,
a e ap ss d thr u g h
n s f th p i gseen a e o on e o e o en n
a fr m th
o d r i l ; th littl furr w k t th b tt m
e un e s e f th e
e e o a e o o o
p g
e i i t
se d dnt r iv n th e e stri g o F r m th s ti C th m o d
e ce e n . o e ec on e e
13
K : As I T WAS AND IS .
of a tt chi g
a th e
g n tyi g k o t stri
i the n m ay be se e n . Afte r n a n n
s tri n
g I i t i i t
s dr a w n f th slits b th rri d v r the n o one o e en ca e o
’
, , e
nu t d p ss d thro u gh
c, a n e f th h l s 9
a I t th e p ss s on o e o e . en a e
i t th furr w k f th p g E d v r th bri dg i th usu l
n o e o o e e ,
a n o e e e n e a
w y a This c
. triv is v ry s c i tifi d i g i us but h
on a n ce e en c an n en o
, as
be e but v ry littl us d
n e e e .
V i ll m s S urd i e p d l (Fi g 102) is n i g i u s m

’
u au e o n e a e . a n en o co
bi tina f m ut on d t i l pi o w hi h bl s i stru m t t
e an a -
e ce
,
c ena e an n en o
be i m m e d i t ly m ut d u m ut d by pl y r d uri g p r f rm
a e e or n e a a e n a e o
a c
n ; it is v ry us ful f
e ff ts su h su dd e h s e or e ec ,
c as en ec oe or
sh rt m ut d p ss g s but it is t gr t str i f th hi t
o e a a e ,
oo ea a a n or e c n o
k p it i tio l g I ts pri ipl is f ll s th pl t A
ee n ac n on . nc e as o ow e a e
st d s up i th
an tre f th t il pi n h w i th fi g ur ;
e cen o e a -
ece , a s s o n n e e
this c ts up a b t spri g b l w th t il pion a t th d of
en n e o e a -
e ce , o e en
w hi h is c tt h d th m B b
a ri g th m ut C
ac e lidi g e ar ,
ea n e e on a s n
fitti g D By th pr ssur f th hi p A this spri g is

n . e e e o e c n u on n
str ig ht d d th r f r l gth d w hi h push s th m ut C

a en e ,
an e e o e en en e , c e e e
by m e s f th d B g i s t th e bri dg
an o I ts d ist e e fr m ro a a n e . an c o
d M u te
’
F ro . 103 — . Z e b r o w sk i s B ri d ge an .
th e bri is r gul t d by th e te l s p fitti g D w hi h rri s

d ge e a e e co e n
,
c ca e
th e m eut C a d fix s it o th d by th s r w E
,
n I t gr t e n e ro e c e . s ea
d is d v t g is th t it d d s th t
a an a e f th fi d d l d is
a ea en e on e o e e, an
ve ry pt t m l s d j a o co e oo e an a r.
A s m w h t s m il r oi e triv c o r th r m bi ti
a f a con an e, r, a e ,
co na on o
brid m ut e, d t il pi c w p t t d i 1 881 (N 3915) e e, as a en e n o
by Fli
e, an a -
.
e Z br w ski
x This bri d g
von w hi h is fi ur d
g e t A o . e
,
c e a
,
F i g 103 w . w ill b,
s m p s d m r ly f f ur upri ghts
a s, a s e e en ,
co o e e e o o
,
w i th b s f th rd i ry s rt d t p
a a e o ti g pi e o na o an a o co n n e c n e ce .
Thi t il pi pp r m u h li k V i l l but ’
s a w i-
e ce m as n a e a a n ce c e u au e s,
Z e b w k i stu d A (Fi g 102) w s fitt d i t sl t i t w hi h

’
ro s s . a e n o a o ,
n o c
(A b i g e n s r w
) i t ul d
a b fix d T
c eh m B i st d f rry co e e . e ar ,
n ea o ca
i g
n m t l m ut 0
a e rri d pl t sh w t B F ig 103 b ri g
a e ,
ca e a a e o n a ,
.
, ea n
thr e c ushi s f l th r 0 C C w hi h fitt d i t th thr p

e on o ea e ,
c e n o e ee o en
i g n D D f th bri dg A T
n s pply th m ut th stu d A b d to
o e e . o a e e, e a
b u s r w d push d f r w rd i th sl t till th pl t B m br
e n c e e , ed o a n e o e a e e a ce
th e bridg d th r r f st
e
,
d an Itw v ry i g i us but t e e e a en e . as e n en o ,
no
n e rly s
a si m pl i ppli ti
o th e rd i ry m ut w hi h it d id
e n a ca on as o na e, c
n o t e x ce e d i ffi ca y w hilst the to e f th fi d dl e w s se ri o usly

n e c . n o e a
,
196 VI O LI N MA -
KI NG : As I T WAS AND Is .
i stru m t th r r m i s ly t s t i g th fi ddl t h ve i t
n en . e e e a n on o r n e e o a
r dy t pl y p
ea o I th ax t h a p t r I sh ll sh rtly d s ribe
u on . n e ne c e a o e c
th e p ti s thr u gh w hi h th guts i th tur l t t p ss

o e ra on o c e n e na a s a e a
b f r th y r h
e o e estri g s but i th m ti m w m us t
ea c us as n n e ea n e e
c o si d r b f r
n el vi g , fi dd l th v ri us ppli
e o e ea s w hi h n our e, e a o a an ce c
a re t b f u d io v ry fid d l s
e o nd w h i h i lu d n hi
e e e ca
-
e, an c nc e c n
r sts m ut s g ug s s tri g b x r si
e ,
e ,
a e ,
n -
o ,
o n,
tu i g f rks t Th fi rst d m st i m
n n -
o ,
e c . e an o
p rt t f th se is
o an o e
Th Chi e t w hi c h i its m st prim i

n -
r es
,
n o
tiv f r m (r pr s t d i F i 106) is s i d
e o e e en e n a
t h v
o b
a ie t d by een S p hr d n ve n e o ,
an
is ith ut d u bt g r t
,
w o v i c t o ,
a ea con en en e o
vi li is ts
o n th h l d w hi h it g iv s th e
,
as e o c e
c hi w hi h uld t o th r w is be bt i d
n, c co no e e o a ne
but by g r t pr ssur i m p rts fr d m

ea e ( m h e, a a ee o L S PO ‘
an d s t th l ft h d i shi fti g w h i h m s f its b i g

ea e o e e an n n
, c co e o e n
r e de r d
n bs lut ly irr sp sib l
e a f o th r t i i g f th
e e on e as ar as e e a n n o e
fi ddl i i t pr p r p si ti is c
e n s r d b y d m r ly sup
o e o on o n ce ne ,
e on e e
p rti g i t t its pr p r gl
o n a S m p pl pr f r t pl o e an e. o e eo e e e o a ce a
p d
a t fill th o h ll w b th th lle r b b t it
o is o t enea e co a on e , u no
so c r t i e ; th rs g i
a n r th t it h ks th ibr ti s f
o e a a n a ve a c ec e v a on o
th b lly but th fi l d e e ,
e e
f t t t lm st o co n a c a an a o
qui s t p i t b i g e ce n o n e n
s m ll d i th so a
,
an n e
w r f rm s b i te
g ne e o e n
d d bs lut ly t u ce a o e o a
m i i m u m I thi k w n ,
n e
m y d is m iss this m a co
pl i t p r ti lly a n as ac ca
w ith ut f u d ti It o o n a on .
w f u d d this as o n e on
supp d o se
F ro 101 — New f o rm
. of Ch i n -
r e s t. fo r svr e e
and br s r g m ts f re st
cu m ou ar an e en o ,
l m st th tir b f th fi dd l d t t h d t th t i pi
‘
a o e en e a se o e e a n a ac e o e a -
n or
,
b tt m bl k f th fi dd l F ll w i g th s m li f th ught
o o oc o e e . o o n e a e ne o o ,
Z e bro w s k i t th s m ti m th t b p t t d h i t il pi
,
a d
e a e e a e a en e s a -
e ce an
bri dg e m ut (Fi g -
pr j t d h l de r f th rdi ry sh p
e . o ec e a o o e o na a e,
w hi h i s t d
c f l i pp i g th fid d l e w
n ea tt h d t str p
o c n e ,
as a ac e o a a
e xte n di n g by b o k f o m th l o w r l tt h d c r r f t h e
a o r e e e an o ne o
FI TTI NG S AND A PP LI ANCES . 197
fi ddle ta il pi t w hi h it w s fi r m ly a tta c he d His

to th e -
n, o c a .
p ir ipl enc s m s t h v b ee w ith vi w t pr v t th o a e een, a e o e en e

i m gi ry h ki g f th vi br ti by a ti y l a m p t l sp
a na c ec n o e a on n c , o c a
th tir l ft h d l w r b u t w i th thi k s tr p 1 C m m t
e en e e an o e o a c a o en
i s need l ss Th m e f th fi dd l h l d rs is l g i
.
i th ir
e na e o e e- o e e on n e
i m pr d f rm A g d t y pi l sp e c i m
o ve o d .
w hi c h is oo ca en , an on e
b y d th r h f th
e on
“
ib ti o i t
e is th l t st i t d
ea c o e v ra n s s,
”
e a e n ro uc
ti (fr m Am e ri ) o f M W E Hil l (Fi g
on o w hi h isca r. . . . c
f rm d
o f vul
e ite do i c k l I ts m p o si ti g iv s it
ca n
'
an n e . co on e
a s dce ii
y v r its
en c riv ls th w hi h i th r r e sp ts it is
o e a ,
an c n o e ec
ne i th r b tt re w o rs e e A hi r s t fo r m i g
e n orpi e w ith ‘
. c n -
e n on e ec
th t i l pi
e a d w ith it ffi d t th t il pi
-
e ce , a n is r pr se t d a xe o e a -
n e e n e
,
F I G 108 — Ta i1 p i ece a n d Chi n

. .
- -
r e st F I G 109 — Ne w e s t I m p r o v e m e n t
. . of Ch i n -
re st.
c o m b in e d .
by F i g 108 . his d is dv t g th t th hi pr ssin g

. I t ha s t a an a e, a e c n e
up it t w ists
on il pi
, d thr w s th s tri g s t f tu e
th e ta -
ece , an o e n ou o n .
M G A r . h t f M h st r h m d m
. . m st
C a ri o , o an c e e ,
as a e e a o
e x ll t h i r s t t m y m i d th b st I h v e s
ce en c n -
e I t is ,
o n e e a ee n .
sed si m ly f
o pi f eb y d is sh w t F i g 109 n a
p n o o e e ce o on a n o
.
,
.
,
i pl el vat o
n an , d e ti eA r p s ts th S id e s d t bl e s
i n, an s c o n, e re en e an a
f th e fidd l e The hi r st D is fur ish d w ith tw ds

.
,o c n e n e o en or
-
.
toh g e E E t ri ght l s th r th t th y h
’
u s
g t e a
s an e o on e an o ,
o a e can e
slipp d u d r th l p (B Fig
e n ew hi h c ts th t il pi
e oo ,
. c con n e e a -
e ce
B w ith th e t il i C I this w y th p i t f t t is r d u d
p a n c n a e o n o con ac e e
-
.
to m i i m u m th r st b i g h l d
a n t th fi dd l by m
, s of
e e e n e on o e e ea n
th l ep tt hm t f th t il pi c I t g r t h r m is its
oo -
a ac en o e a -
e e. s ea c a
sim pli ity ; its ly f ult i f y is th t g d h rd pull su c h s

c on a ,
an ,
a a oo a ,
a
is s o m ti m s i d iffi c ult p ss g s m d
e e th c hi r st is l i bl
n a a e a e on e n- e ,
a e
to give th e t il pi e c e a t w ist s m ll i its l f b t q uit e n u gh to
a -
. a n e u e o
K : As I T WAS AND 18
thr w th e str i gs t o f tu
o I t is si m plifie d f rm o f
n ou ne . a o a
c hi r st w hi h I sa w
n -
e
,
fidd l y rs g I this
c o n ce on a e ea a o. n
i stn th b y hi r st pr p r w a m u t d
a n ce , e e on cpl t f n -
e o e s o n e on a a e o
br ss w hi h xte d d s m i ch s
a c e h sid f th t il pi
n e o e n e o n ea c e o e a -
e ce ,
i n qu
c o n se f w hi h t ly w th hi r st xtr m ly
e n ce o c no on as e c n- e e e e
h vy b t th fi ddl e h d t b
ea , u tir ly u m u t d t put i t
e a o e en e n o n e o on.
Th r h e l t ly b i tr du ce d i I t ly r s t th pri i ple o f
e as a e een n o n a a e ,
e nc
w hi h is th t it is
c tt h d d th
a k by b d fi d t th
a ac e r o un e n ec a an xe o e
t il pi w hic h is p uli rly
a -
n, stru t d t d m it f i t pplica ec a co n c e o a o s a
ti on. I th e ry it is d ub tl ss g d f
n o i t l v s th ck d o e oo ,
or ea e e ne an
h d fr
ea pr ssure f th c hi b i g
ee, n o e ss ry but i p c o e n e n n e ce a , n ra
ti c trifl
e a tr g us f i t t k s e ou sid r bl ti m u de r
a eo ,
or a e a co n e a e e n
th s c irc u m st
e e s t dis m b rr ss s lf f
a n ce s fi dd l o e a a one e o one
’
e,
w hi h w o uld bc trifl w k w rd t t y l dic r us lt e a e a a ,
no o sa u o ,
a er a
s l i
o o rt ro m
n a c o n ce o .
Th M t is th t ppli c f r m d f m t l o o th e r m t ri l
e . u e a a an e o e o e a r a e a
w hi h b i c l ipp d t th bri d h ks its vibr ti o s d

g ,
e n
g c e on o e e, c ec a n ,
a n
thus d ea d s th t f th en tir i stru m t Th e on e mm o e en e n en . e co on
d m st f m ili r f r m is x ut d i an o a a o e ec e n
m t l d v ry ffi i us is th t e a ,
an a e e ca c o on e a
k th Mys t ri M t w hi h one nown as e e ous u e, c
is m p d f h r a d br ss Aft co o se o o n n a . er
tryi g ll s rts I h v d is rd d l l th rs n a o a e ca e a o e
i f v u f th r pr s t d full si e n a o r o e one e e en e z
i Fi g 110 i tr d u c d sh r t ti m si e n .
,
n o e a o e nc
F m . 1 10 —
V . by M W E Hill w hi h is f r m d f vul
H i 11 s
’
u lcan i te r . . .
, c o e o
m
i t m ul d d l l i pi hi h p e
u te ‘
can e, o e a n one e ce , w c r
l d th p ssibility f j
c u es e d b i g f rm d f
o l sti th ugho a r, an ,
e n o e o an e a c, o
r si ti g m t ri l lips tig h tly i th ut i j i g th bri dg

e s n a e a , c ,
w o n ur n e e .
O th n ti f th m ute ac u g h h b s id w h dis ussi g

on o e e en o as een a en c n
bridg s (p g e Th V i ll m a e d Z br w ski m ut s h v e u au e an e o e a e
b een lr dy d s rib d u d r th h di g f t il pi s A
a ea e c e n e e ea n o a -
e ce . s
e ff tivec m ut y m
e a y b xt m p ri d by
e as an p l i g p y a e e e o z e ac n a en n
or h l f r w b hi d d g i st th brid g s tti g it u de r
a -
c o n e n an a a n e e, e n n
th A stri g w i th its dg s r sti g

e n th E d D e e e n on e an .
A w rd b ut r si w hi h w ith ut d ubt is th e m st ss
o a o o n , c ,
o o , o e e n -r
ti la ssity f th fi ddl r f
n ece Wilki s s id i
o e My e ,
or as n a n
fidd l ti k es t pl y ith ut r si
c can n o d i truth h w v r a w o o n ,
”
an ,
n , o e e
g d
oo t h p l y r th fiedd l th h
a w ll
e i , d u m b e d s l ss e or e o ,
a s an u e e
w ith ut th h m bl l ph Th r
”
o e e u e ,n im m c e s sa r y co o ane . e e a re an e n se
n um b r f d iff r t ki d s f r i
e o r th r d i ff r t rr g
e en n o os n , or a e e en a an e
m ts f r si
en M y s l ists f l brity
o o n mm an lu m p o o o ce e u se a co on
o f kit h r si i spit f w h t ll th b ks v r w ritt

c en o n, n e o a a e oo e e en in
Wi l k i n s Th e M is e r i e s o f E nf o r c a i
, Ma r r i a ge Ac t V . Vid e "
t he
An c i e n t B r i tis h D ra m a
”
(Lo n do n , vol. ii .
, p 180
.
290 VI O L I N MAK I NG -
: AS I T WAS AND Is .
is to ge t a ga uge o f th e o rd in a ry fo rm a n d e ffa ce th e m a rki n gs

th e n , w h e n by c ha n c e y o u h a pp e n to h a v e o n y o ur fi dd l e a se t
o f stri n g s tru e to o n e a n o th e r , a n d w e ll suite d to y o ur i n s tr u !
m e n t, p a s s th e g a u g e o n to th e m (b e l o w th e bri d ge n o t a b o ve ,
w h e re th e y a r e thi c k e n e d w ith r o si n ) , a n d m a rk y o ur g a u g e fo r
yo urse l f, i n w hi c h w a y y o u ge t a g uide m o re re li a ble th a n th e
c o m m o n bra ss fo rk w hi c h is u su a lly suppli e d fo r th e purp o se .
Mr G A Cha ri o t ha s i n tro d u c e d a r a th e r c o m pl e te ga u g e ca ll e d
. . .
th e Q u a rt e tt G a u e
g ,
”
w hi c h h a s r o u n d its si d e s i n c isi o n s o f
th e v a ry i n g d i a m e te rs o f a l l th e stri n gs o f a ll thr e e i n stru m e n ts ,

vio lin , vi o la , a n d vio lo n c e llo I t w ill be prin c ipa lly us e ful to .
tra de sm e n la yi n g i n a sto c k o f a ll ki n ds o f stri n g s a t th e s a m e

ti m e , a n d fo r l e a de rs o f qu a rte tte pa rtie s , fo r fe w pl a ye rs re quire
to b e c o n sta n tly buyi n g stri n gs fo r a l l thre e in stru m e n ts a t o n ce .
Mr H a rt h a s sh o w n m e a v e ry s e n sibl e a n d i n g e n io us , i f
.
ra th e r c u m bro us, a pplia n c e , te rm e d a c h o r do m e te r , w ith w hic h,

by m s f l v r m d m i r m t r s l th e x t di m t r
ean o a e e ar an c o e e ca e , e ac a e e
stri r ubl
(
o f yan g f m d b ssn C v t o l rg r th
a o e a ,
e en '
o one no a e an
th fi e st h ir ne b ur t ly s c rt i d d r c rd d
a , ca n e a cc a e a e a ne an e o e .
T i gf k un t ys l w ys
n -
or v i t s d s m ti m s
are o a a con e n en ,
an o e e
us ful i s ttli g d isput s s t pitc h f pi s i w hi h th e

e n e n e a o or or ece n c
vi li h t b tu d t u m m i t rv ls d t s t
o n as o e ne o n co on n e a ,
an no e o
w hi h th e c is u c c ust m d I h v f u d m st us ful
ear na o e . a e o n o e a
tu i g f rk w hi h by m s f sli d i g w e ights m br i g th
n n -
o c ,
e an o n e ac n e
pr gs c b lt r d t w ill t giv y re quir d t O th r

on
,
an e a e e a o e an e n o e. e
w is A tu i g f rk is l w y s h dy
e an n n -
o a a an .
St i g b x r n th r r quir m t f th fiddl r I h ve
-
o es a r e a n o e e e en o e e . a
s it r m m d d t w r p up sp r stri gs i pi c f il d
een e co en e o a a e n n a e e o o e
bl dd r but m r m ssy h rrid p rf rm

a e ,
a it is t m y m i d
o e e ,
o e o a n ce o n
d i ffi ult t i m gi
c I t is ls su gg st d th t
o a pi ne. f il d a o e e a a e ce o o e
fl e l b k pt i
an n th stri g b
e but th ff t is qu lly sty
e n e n -
o x, e e ec e a na .
U l ss yn e liv f w y it is v r
ou ss ry e ve i t t
ar a a ,
ne e n ece a o r co n n en o
k p m r th
ee o tw e sp r s ts f stri g s by y
an one or d if o a e e o n ou
,
a n
y o u a re a l g w
y ff t to on L d d l r w ill
a l w ys o ,
a no e a on on ea e a a
bri g th m d w by p st Th b st r pt l t
n e o n t i th o . e e ece ac e o co n a n e
stri gs is n rd i ry j p db
an o w ith tw p i g na pp sit a ann e ox o o en n s on o o e
sid s i e ,
f w hi h th g t s tri gs
n on e o d i th th r th v r d c e u n ,
a n n e o e e co e e
stri g s n k pt M Hill h i tr d u d v ry
,
a re e . t d r . as n o ce a e n ea an
s sibl stri g b w hi h is j p
en e nd ti b -
w ith
o x, hi g d c a a anne n ox a n e
l i d w hi h jus t fits i t th s m i ir ul r d ivisi

,
c t th h d fn o e e -
C c a on a e ea o
a fidd l s d is d ivid d i t f ur
e ca
-
e, m p rt m
an ts t k p e n o o co a en , o ee
th d i ff r t stri g s s p r t
e e en But b tt r still h s
n e a a e . e e one a
f ll w d it co sisti g f
o o e r u d b x w ith thre m v bl tr y s
,
n n o a o n o e o a e a ,
w hi h l ift o u t
c d k p th e stri g s s e p r t an ee n a a e.
Ev e ry ca se sh o uld co n ta i a s m ll s tr g p ir f s c isso r s a n d n a on a o ,
FI TTI NGS AND A PPLI ANC E S . 2tu
a p a ir o f l g p i t d t w
on e rs - m ipul
o n tieg t h e stri ges z e
f“
r an a n n
i sid th p g b x A i g i us ppli
n e e e o . l gi n i th n en o a a n ce , on n u se n e
fidd l d le r -s w
ea erksh p but
’
ly j st o l t ly ffor d t
,
th on u a e o e e o e
publi c by M G rg With rs is th p g tur r th t is l rg

r . eo e e ,
e e -
ne ,
a
,
a a e
p g
e h d
-
w hi
eac h is tt
,
a c h e d t a s rt f f v l b a x o h ll w hi h o o o o a o r e ,
c ,
C l spi
a g t h e p g
n e tur s it w ith irr sist ,
bl e o r c n I t s c o m e i e. i re
F I G 111 — S m g l e Vi o l i n Ca s e
. . .
m en l d i s d pe rs o s w ith w k fi g rs b t
de d fo r th e u se o f a e an n ea n e , u
is m p r tiv ly us l ss t th
co a m t ur w h
a ce l w ys h v e e o e a a e ,
o an a a a e
h i p g s r fi tt d t m k th m tur
s e e quit sily H w v r it
e o a e e n e ea . o e e ,
is v ry us ful f d l e rs m k rs a d r p ir rs w h c st tly
e e or ea ,
a e ,
n e a e ,
o on an
h v m y d v ry h rd t p g s t tur Th y
a e an an s ld e a -
se e o n . e a re o
nea tly m d i b y d sil r but th e pr ti l m t ur

a e n e on an ve
,
ac ca a a e ca n
ea sily m ke o n e f hi m s l f o t f n y pi e c o f h rd w o d
a or e u o a e a o .
F I G 1 12 — D
. . o u bl e Vi o l i n Ca s e .
Th e fidd l e
b i g put w y i its c s sh o ul d b w r a p p d in
,
on e n a a n a e, e e
an o l d silk h a d k e r c hi f d m y p e pl e se a fiddl bl k t
n e , an an o u e -
an e ,
th t is thi n p d f fl
a ,
a l quilt d s ti sh pe d to th i si d
a o an n e or e a n ,
a e n e
of th c s n d co v ri g up th
e a e a fi d dl A c mm c ss rye f n e e . o on ac e o o
th em t ur is
a
p d
a e o u hi us d f h l d i gath fi dd l a r c s on e or o n e e .
This is n o t to m y m i d s ffic i us
,
v ie t hi n ,
o e ac o or con en n as a c n
re st bu t this h b e e dis c uss d b f r i the p r g r ph o n

, as n e e o e n a a a
K As I T WAS AND IS .
c hi re sts An d l tl v w rd o th se i w hi c h th e fid dle
n -
.
, as , a o n e ca n
is k pt th se
e i th r sin gle e t F i g 1 11
a re d ubl
e t e ,
as a .
,
o r o e, as a
F i g 112 . Th e se l st e v ry h
. d s o m e but w fully m ssiv
a ar e an , o a e
an d h vy If y ea ca rry y ur fi dd l
. b ut m u c h thi g ca n
ou o e a o ,
n o n
b a t the Am ri ca l th bl g s s w hi h h ld m usi
e e n d
c o o on ca e , c o c, an
a rev ry light bute b d p rm , ci s p pl h ve

are a as e anen e , as eo e a a .
k k f sit ti g up th m v ry sid r bly d d m m f th

nac o n on e ,
e con e a a a nu o e
c t i n d fiddl ( d its o w r) Th p pi r m h e Am ri
on a e e an ne . e a e -
ac or e ca n
c l th
o a se s w hi h f ll w
c th sh p f the fiddl ( m m ly
c o o e a e o e co on
k w no
“
b by llig t rs
n as v ry v i t but th y d
a a a o a re e con en en ,
e o
no t h o ld m usi a d i f th fi d d l is hi g h built it ru s c h ce
c, n ,
e e ,
n a an
of b i g cr e nk d by th b w s i th lid S m e m t urs h v
ac e e o n e . o a a e a e
su h n bj tio t b i g s
c a o ca rryi g
ec n fiddl b ut th t
o e n ee n n a e a o ,
a
th y h v s s m d o ly j t th l gth f th fi d d le ro d d
e a e ca e a e n us e en o e ,
un e
si m il rly t b th d s Th s
a a t my mi d
o en ikd . e e a re , o n
,
as w c e as
th ye co w a rd ly f
are th y ce ssita te th b w be i g c t i tw
, or e ne e o n u n o
F I G 1I ZA — P a te n t Vi o li n B a g
. .
(G A. . Ch a ri o t) .
a bo ve the l app i n g , a n d j o i n te d w i th a p l ug a n d f e r r u le Ye g o d 1 . s
h t s rifi
W a a ac pp r
c e to a s
e a an cet r tr i Af es rs y gn a ll o t
,
I h a e v
c o m e to th e c o n clusi th t thi is b tt r th
on a no n
g e e a n Fi
g 1 11 o f .
r h li ht
F en c o r g lish k
En g
, ma e .
r pr s ts
F i g 112A e e e n . l t i pr v
th e a te s t fi l
m o em en s in dd e ca se ,
r e ce ntly p t t by
a en ed t h st r
Mr G A Ch a ri o , o f Ma n c e e . l t con . . .
sists tr
ofa s on rg f ame,whi h h l s b y
c o d th e lod h o f t h e fi dd e , th e ead
bie n
g c v r by li
o e ed a t rpr
n ed w a e l r
o o f ba
gp i T h e a
g e o en n
g .
( h r by
w e e t hfi l is
e d d e pis si il rly l s
u t in ) m ith t r
a c o e d w w a e
pr oof a n d th e h o w si t
g oe si il rly v r
n o a bo x m a l s c o e ed and c o ed
,
w hi hc t h r s its l
c a n be d e a c e d f o m th e c a e his v ry li ht
e f T is e g .
an d str on
g , ill thi
an d w , I i t v ry iv rs l
nk
,
c o m e n o e u n e a u se .
xt h pt r
Th e n e c a e tri s ill bri us
( o n s n
g ) w n
g t o th e e n d o f th e
th r ti l is ussi
eo e ca d c v li
o n o f th e t r hi h h ll pr
io n af e w c I s a o ce e d
t il
to th e d e a e d e x o si ti o n o f th e p ti l l pr ss s
ra c c a m an u a
s lv h pr bl
o ce e
requir e d to o e t e o Givem , k
e n , a lo g o f w o o d ma e a
fidd el ”
.
: As IT WA s AND Is .
mu t s h v b blist r d by th
a e een ssa ry pr ssu e h e ga ve e e e n ece e r
th m e Th r is.
g r t d l i e w h t th
e bi g r phar h r s ys
ea ea n a e o a e e e a
,
w hi h str cg th s th str
en ss w hi h I l y up en h i f strie e c a on c o ce o
g n s
.
Wh h w v r y h v f u d a d i m t r f stri gs w hi h
en , o e e ,
ou a e o n a e e o n
, c
s its y ur fi ddl k p t th t d d
u o e t xp ri m
,
eet li w i th o a an o no e e en a z e
w thi k s s f it is d l t ri us t h g s styl f ’
ne c ne s e ,
or as e e e o o c an e o ne e o
stri g s s t b
n st tly shi fti g b ut th s u d p st Th
a o e co n an n a o e o n -
o . e
s tri g s m ust b i
n pr p r r l tiv pr p rti t e n th r I
o e e a e o o on o on e ano e
m ean
y m ust t
ou thi k E thi A no d m d iu m D
u se a c ,
a n
,
an a e
th y m ust l l be r l tiv ly thi k thi

e a m d iu m This
e a r i e c ,
n, or e . ca e n
c h si g p rti ul rly ppli s t th e firs t stri g
oo n a c a ch t r ll a e o n ,
or an e e e,
an d pr p rti t ly t th th rs
o o ona e o e o e .
Th ppl i e a k w stri g g u g s w ll k w
a n ce no dh n as a n -
a e i e no n ,
an as
b fo r b r f rr d to (p 199) but h vi li ist u gh t t h v

e e een e e e . eac o n o o a e
on e t his w o fid d le h sh ul d g t
o n quit pl i d e o e on e e a n , an as
h g ts g d s w t
e e d tru stri g s
oo ,
t his fi d d l
ee , an w hi h suit e n on o e , c
th i stru m t h sh ul d m rk it f hi m s l f by th m d
e n en ,
e o a or e e ,
a n as
n ea rly p ssibl l w ys h s stri g th s m si by its

as o e a a c oo e n s e a e z e
a id P r p rly t u d rst d th r l tiv d ti s f

. o e o d th
n e an e e a e u e o , an e
c rr sp
o d e b tw on th stri g s
e n ce d th b dy f th vi li
e een, e n an e o o e o n,
l t
e tur fus m m t t th s i tifi c pri ipl s w hi h
n or a o en o e c en nc e c
r gul t d d t r m i th s r l ti s A stri g is f urse

e a e an e e ne e e e a on . n
,
a s o co
W ll k
e w ly b m s p bl f m itti g a m usi ca l te
n o n, on eco e ca a e o e n no
u d r th i flu
n e o f te si
e n Ag i i f w b g i ft d w ith th
en ce n on . a n ,
e e e e
str g th f H rc ul s d str t h g t o th r stri g b tw

en o e e an e c a u or e n e een
our fi g rs i th pe i th s u d pr du d by th t stri g
n e ,
n e o n a r, e o n o ce a n
u d r th i flu
n e f the b w n up t w gi g it is
en ce o e o ,
or on an n
,
pr ti lly im p r ptibl but if t

ac ca e b th d sce tt c h e, a one or o en w e a a
a sl b f thi w
a d th s u d i r s s i
o n i t sity
oo , th e e o n n c ea e n n en as
m l ul s f th w o d vibr t i sym p thy w ith th stri g I

o ec e o e o a e n a e n . n
th c e stru c ti on f vi li d th on h i o f its stri gs w

o a o n an e c o ce n e
h v t im t
a e o a r p sibl p rf ti i th s r l ti s
a a s n ea as os e a e ec on n e e e a on
,
w ith this d i ff r ce th t t o ly is it th m l ul s f th
e en ,
a no n e o ec e o e
w d f r m i g th i stru m t th t i b t sy m p th ti lly w ith th

oo o n e n en a v ra e a e ca e
stri gs but th m ss f i c t i d i sid th fi ddl w ll Th

n ,
e a o a r on a ne n e e e as e . e
t t h r f r d p d s th thi k ss f th stri gs th e f r e
on e, e e o e, e en on e c ne o e n ,
o c
w ith w hi c h th y vibr t d d th e qu lity f th m g i fyi g

e are a e ,
a n a o e a n n
b dyo sh fi dd l ) Th tu l t pr d u d d p d s f
e e . e ac a n o e o ce e en
,
o
co urse m r ly th e di m t r f th stri gs th ir subst

,
e e on a e e o e n
,
e a n ce ,
th ir le
g th den th m u t o f
,
tansi ppli d t th m e T h
a o n en on a e o e . e
m r th vibr ti
o e s t r d i t by a stri g th high r w ill b
e a on en e e n o n
, e e e
th t pr du d d th
e no e mbo f i
ceb ti p, d d
an by a e n u er o v ra ons ro uc e
t i g
s r n e i th i ar
e e ti n f i t l g t
eh th
nv rssh rt r th ra o o s en e o e e
stri g th e gr t r th u m b r f its vibr ti s d s qu tly

n ea e e n e o a on ,
an co n e en
th hi gh e r th e te i h i Fi g 1 13 if th w h l s tri g A B '
e no . u s, n .
,
e o e n
TH E S T R I NGS . 205
p
r od u d re d ibr ti s d c s qu tly giv e s ( y )
u ce one h n v a on ,
an on e en sa
th t D w h st pp d t C th p rts
e no e b vibr t d l
en o e a , e a a
'
or
’
a e a one
w ul d pr d u ce tw
o hu d r d ibr ti s
o d s qu tly th e o n e v a on ,
an co n e en
n t o D e t v h igh r D Arbu th t r m rk d this m r

an oc a e e . r . no e a e o e
th an tury d h l f g s y i g
a ce n I h v f u d th t th
an a a a o,
1
a n a e o n a e
si gl fibr s b th f i m l d v g t bl subst
n e e ,
o s o an a an e e a e an ce ,
are
l g th d by w t r
en en e by m ist i ; fiddl stri g a e or o a r a e -
n
m isto ed w i th w t r w ill si k
en t i littl ti m a e n a no e n a e e,
an d s qu tly it m us t b
con e it i ) r l x d
en e s e a e or
l g th
en d i t
en e th Th st m f h t w t r w ill
o n e s x e en
-
. e ea o o a e
si k it
n ot i fi o a six m i ute s
n I t is i
e c n ve r n .
”
n on
s qu e f this tu ra l ph m
e enc o th t w h is na en o en on a en one
pl y i g
a s br th w ill ft m k th stri gs
n on e
’
ea o en a e e n 0 0
h e t f th
,
d th a t i c rt r
”
fl t a
,
an c m i f th n a on e oo ,
e a o e
r m is m ist h t
oo s fi dd l g ts fl t w he r s i f
a o ea , one
’
e e a ,
ea ,
th e h t is d y ea d bur i g th s tri g s l s th ir r an n n ,
e n o e e
n tur l m istur
a a d g t sh rp o irc u m st c ft e an e a ,
a c an e o en
v ry d is str us t si g rs c o m p i d by
e a o r h stro n e ac an e an o c e a
t w rd s th d f a c n ce rt u l ss c r fully gu rd d
o a e en o o
,
n e a e a e
a
g i sta n .
Ag i th e th i k r th e stri g th e fe w e r its vibr ti s

a n, c e n a on ,
an d c s qu tly th on l w e r its t ; th r f r th
e en e o no e e e o e, e
nu of
m be r i b r a ti o n s
p r o d u cevd b y a s tr i n
g a r e i n the
hus
i n ver s e r a ti o of i ts d ia m e te r stri h vi
T one n
g, a n
g .
i
a d a m e te r r pr s t by
e e en ed iv s t
2, g e a n o e (s a y ) D ;
an o th re s
o f th e l
ame h en ubj t
g ,t a n d s s
e c e d to t h e am e
t i
en s on , h vi a n
g i t r r pr s t by
a d ame e e just
e en ed 1 (
l t pr u
h a f), th e n o e ul
o d ce d w o t v hi h r
d be D a n o c a e g e .
Ag i tha n de s e r , d h a vi r th subs t
e w hi h n an e e e a n ce c
co m p s s th stri g th l w r w ill b th o t p
o e e n ,
e o e e e n e ro
d c du I t is fr m this th t t
e . bvi te th e o f o a , o o a e us an
i m m e l y thi c k stri g f th f urth stri g f th

en s n or e o n o e
fi ddl w i e, th w ig hte f stri g thi r th

n cr e a se e e o a n nne an
th thir d by c v ri g it w ith w ire

e , Ag i th h vi r o e n . a n ,
e ea e
th t esi a ppli d to stri g th h ig h r th

en on t e a n , e e e no e
pr d d ; th r f r the m b of ib ti p d d
o u ce e e o e n u er v ra on s ro u ce
by g
a s tr i n
f
are i n th e d i r e c t
pp l i e d to ra ti o o th e te n s i o n a
it .T s : if a hu
n
g d aw n a w e
g o f fifstri p o n d byr i ht ty u s
g v ( y) ,
a e a n o te , s a D i n c e a e th e w e
g t o o n e n d e d o r s
n d , i ht hu r p u s
a n d th e n o te pr u
o d ced w o d be D a n o c a e g e T h ul
e a ct on t v hi h r i .
h s i hts is
of t e e w e
g ,
i n t h e o n e la c e d th e e
g T ,
t vi li r p
e e by p s his h r . .
fo e , r is
th e th ry
eo of a on of a m u ca t n g a s fa r a s t e vibr ti s si l s ri hy
a re lik ly i t r
e to n e e Fo r a n y f e a c a st us
on urth r p rti ul rs
. this
“
Dr . J Ar b u th n o t,
. An E s s a y c o n c e r n i n g th e Effec ts of Ai r on H u m an
B o di e s (Lo n d o n , p 6 1, c h ii i , p a r 20
. . . . .
206 VI O LIN MA K I NG :
-
as IT WAS AND 13 .
mo sti n te r e sti n g subj e c t, th e r e a d e r is re fe rr e d to a n y o f th e

sta n da rd w o rks o n s u (su c h a s P ro e ss o r Ty n da ll s ) Th e
o n d f ’ l
.
a b o v e n o te s m a y , h o w e v e r, a s fa r a s the y g o , be o f c o n si d e ra bl e
u se a n d i n te r e s t to th e vi o li n is t The s c ie n tifi c a n d m e c h a n i c a l
.
a c ti o n o f tha t v e ry n e c e ss a ry a c c e ss o ry th e r o si n , in vibra ti n
g a ,
strin g c o n ti n u o usly by m e a n s o f a h o w , h a s b e e n se t
fo rt h i n a pre vi o us c h a pt e r (p .
As to the stri n gs the m s e lve s , b e sid e s b e in g su ite d

to th e fi dd l e to w hi c h th e y a r e fi xe d, th e y m ust a ls o
p o sse ss c e rta i n qua liti e s w hi c h a r e a bso lute ly i n dis
p e n s a bl e to to n e , a n d w hi c h a r e te chn i ca lly su m m e d
up i n fo ur w o r d s Theg m u s t be tr u e Tru e , n o t .
o n ly i n d ivi d u a lly , but tru e to o n e a n o th e r a n d this
truth is o n ly to be o bta i n e d , i n th e first ca se , by

be i n g pro pe rly c o n stru c te d a n d c ho se n , a n d i n th e
s e c o n d ca s e , by b e in g a c c ura te ly pro po rtio n e d o r
a u ge d to e a c h o th e r I t is a bs o lute ly n e c e ssa ry th a t
g .
.
a stri n g be o f e v e n thi c k n e ss thr o u h o ut

e
v
a
g ,
o n e
e n d m ust n o t be thi n n e r th a n a n o th e r o r e ls e th e
t
c
O ,
pro d u c tio n o f p e r fe c t fi fths a n d h a rm o n i c o c ta ve s w ill
be re n de r e d i m p o ssibl e A s th e s o u n d i n g o f th e s e .
tw o h a rm o n i e s is th e b e st , a n d m o st a bs o lut e ly c e rta i n
t e st fo r fa lse n e ss i n a s trin it m b d vis a bl e
—
e
h g ,
a
y e a
T
he re to c o n side r th e c o n ditio n s n e c e ss a ry fo r th e ir
pe rfe c t pro d u c ti o n Whe n a stri n g is d ivided i n to
.
4
1
.
1
tw o e q u a l h a lv e s by a li g ht pre s s ure o f th e littl e

.
G
I
fin ge r (C , F i g i n th e fo urth p o siti o n (o r by
F
.
e x te n si o n i n th e thir d) , th e w e ll k n o w n s o u n d o f ~
th e h a r m o n i c o c ta v e is pr o d u c e d by th e tw o h a lv e s
of th e stri n g v i bra ti n g si m ulta n e o u sly a n d c o n
so n a n tl , a s i n F i I f r e d ivi d e d a t a qu a rte r
‘
y g 1 14 . .
o f its l e n th f r o m th e n u t by th e first fi n e r (D
g g ,
Fi g i n th e th ird p o siti o n , a s e c o n d o c t a v e
.
hi
( g ) h e r is pr o d u c e d by th e fo ur q u a rt e rs c , d , e ,
j,
g of
g si
th e
m ult stri
usly d
n vibr ti a n aneo an co n
tly i F ig 1 15so n a n d it is i m m t ri l h th r
, as n .
, an a e a w e e
th li ttl fi g r C b r m v d e e t (th n g h i
e e e o e or no ou n
m y i t s it is and vis bl th t it b
n s an ce k pt i a a e a e e n
p si ti n
o oi th fi gur ) ;
as w i f th
n th i k ss f th stri g
e e no e c ne o e n
b e no t i f r m un d th stri g
o b d ivi d,
d by
an fi m pr essur e a s n e e a r e ,
i Fi g 1 13
n . d th tw h l s thus i l t d b s p r t ly stru k
,
an e o a ve so a e e e a a e c
Vi d A G i l l
e i . Th Appl i ti
u f Ph i l F
em n ,
t e l t d ca on s o y s ca o r c es , ra n s a e u a n
b y Mr a n d Mrs No r m a n Lo c k y e r (Lo n d o n , — 13 8 1 5 2 an d
e d i te d . . pp ; .
“
H H i d I t m t s :16
’
J Ra b m o ss o n Le s a r m o n i e s d u S o n e t l i s to r e e s n s r u en
P
.
, ,
Mu si qu e ( ar i s , p 37 4 ,
a n d o th e r s i m i l a r W o r k s
. .
208 VI O LI N M A I NG : -
K AS I T w a s AND I s.
t r sp r t d w ith ut sp ts bl t he s thr u gh o ut i ts n ti
an a en , an o o or o c o e re
l gth I t sh uld b pli t d l sti r tur i g t i t f m
en . o e an an e a c, e n n o s or er
s h p (lik w tc h pri g) w ith ut br ki g w h pr ss d

a e e a a S n
,
o ea n en e e or
pull d t ; it sh ul d t b t w hit f this b t k s i m pr p r
e ou o no e oo e, or e o en o e
m t ri ls
a e x ssiv bl hi g b th f w hi h r d r stri g
a or e ce e ea c n ,
o o c en e a n
brittl d f ls A g d stri g m ust t l s i t tr sp r y

e an a e . oo n no o e s an a en c
,
a d b
n m l udy d y ll w w h b t S
eco e c o ds d third san e o en en . econ an
m y b a ith ut h rm m u h w hit r th firsts but o th r w is th
e w o a c e an
,
e e e
s m rul s pply I t is ft l id d w th t th truth f

a e e a . o en a o n a e o
a stri g m y be d t r m i d by vibr ti g it b t w e th fi g rs
n a e e ne a n e e n e n e
,
an d th t i f i t pre s t a ly tw v li s it is tru d if m r
en on o e en ne e, an o e,
f ls
a I t is
e. rt i th t i f it pr du ce irr gul r m ultiplie d
a n a o ce a n e a or
fig ur it is f ls b t it d s t f ll w th t i f th li s b c l r
e a e, u oe no o o a e ne e ea
an d d isti t i t is tru nc d g i stri g w hi h m y s m tru e an a a n, a n c a ee e
a t sli ght t si m y quit p ssibly b f ls t th high
a en on ,
a e o e a e a e er
t si t w hi h i t is subj t d w h ppli d to fi ddl th u gh

en on o c ec e en a e a e, o
as a rul stri g w ill b f ls t l w t si w hilst it is t

e a n e a e a a o en on rue
a t hi gh r Th r d r w ill ppr i t this i f h h s v r b

a e . e ea e a ec a e e a e e ee n
fo r d ce p i l l
as a to m u t E stri g
e a n A i
er e e d o n an n as a ,
o r v c v rs
I t r m i s th re f re th t th
e a n ,
ly w y t sur c h o si g g o d
e o ,
a e on a o en e o n o
stri g s is t g
n f p ssibl by th pp r c s b f r
o o as ar as o e e a ea an e e o e
m e ti n d don e b v ll t d l ly w ith th be st g o ds o f
, an ,
a o e a , o ea on e o
th e b e st d l rs I t is m ista k
ea e t m y m i d fo . m t urs t a e, o n ,
r a a e o
th i k th y
n s v m y by buy i g bu dl o f fi ft
e ca n a eo one n a n e een r
thirty tri g s t s ; s m n f th m a l m t sure t g w r g

o n ce o e o e are a os o o on
b f r th y
e o e ll us d u l ss th g r t st
e a re r is t k
a f e
,
n e e ea e ca e a en o
th m S m p pl w r p th ir sp r s tri g s i bl dd r
e . o e eo e a e a e n n a e or
fl anne l m ist d w ith il pr ss w hi h e v i f th i l d s

o en e o ,
a o ce c ,
en e o oe
n t g
o r i d ( it g r lly d s)
o an c ly b h r t ri d
as ene a oe , can o n e c a ac e z e as
“
h rrid Th m ss i v lv d i putti g
o .
”
e w gr esy tri g n o e n n on a ne ea s n
is u gh i f y
en o t f
,
s r phi d isp siti (I m t) t
o u a re n o o a e a c o on a no ,
o
m k ya et u hy f th r st f th p rf rm
ou o c I v r buy
or e e o e e o a n ce . ne e
m r o th tw stri g s t tim
e an d l w y s k p just
o n a a e, an , a a ee on e
d ubl
o th dy I t h
e se b mm
an d d by v ri us u th rs
. as een re co en e a o a o ,
f ll w i g J A Ott ( i d t p t k p i s ’
o o n . o v c no e . o ee n on e ca s e a
.
,
pi f silk m ist
e ce o d w ith l m d i l w hi h m us t b p s d
o en e a on o ,
c e as e
d w th s tri gs fr m
o n e t t bri dg nv ry ti m th fiddl i,
o nu o e, e e e e e s
put w y d th t b f r pl yi g th stri gs sh ul d b rubb d

a a
,
a n a e o e a n e n o e e
fr ee fr m th ff ts f this u ti
o e w i th e li g
ec I d o nc on a n en ra . o
no tk w w h th r this h
no v rb d e it w uld rt i ly
e as e e een on e o ce a n
b quit i m p ssibl t pl y
e e stri gs tr t d
o e o a on n so ea e .
Th d i ff r t stri g s
e w
e i th m rk e t
en d s c rib d by n no n e a a re e e
M H rt i his w rk Th Vi li its M k rs d I m it t rs ”
r. a n o e o n a e an a o ,
,
as f ll w s o Musi c l s tri gs
o m u f tur d i I t ly a n are an ac e n a ,
Ge m y Fr c
r an ,
d E gl d Th I t li s r k fi rst i
an e, an n an . e a an an n
TE E S TRI NGS . 209
t his m u f c ture th ir pr fic i cy b e i g e v id e n t i n th e thr e e

an a ,
e o en n
c hi f r quisite s f stri gs v i high fi ish g rea t d ur bility

e e — or n z .
,
n ,
a ,
an d p u rity f s o u d The r a e m o u f c to ri e s a t Ro m N pl e s
n . e r an a e, a ,
Pa d d V r
ua
,
a n th e s p r te c h r c te risti c s o f w hi h
e on a, e e a a a a c ar
d fi it ly m rk d i th e ir pr o d u ce
e n e a Th s e stri n g s w hi h r e
e n . o c a
m u f tur d a t Ro m
an ac e e x c e d i gly h rd
e d brilli a t n d e ar e n a an n ,
a
e xhibit a slig ht r u g h e ss o f fi ish Th e Ne p lit a s a m pl s

o n n . a o n e
are s m th a d s o ft r th n th e R m
oo ,
n d ls o w hi te r ie a o an , an a n
a pp r c e Tho se f P d u a e hi ghly p lish d d d ur bl e

ea an . o a ar o e an a ,
but fr qu tly f lse The Ge rm stri gs o w r k e xt to

e en a . an n n an n
th I t li
e S x y b i g the s e t o f m
a an ,
a u f c ture The y m y
on e n a an a . a
be d s c rib d e v ry w hit e d s m o th th e b e tt r ki d s b i n g
as e e an o ,
e n e
v y d ur bl Th ir c hi f f ult rise s fr o m the ir be i g o v e r

er a e . e e a a n
ble c h d a d he c e f ulty i so u d Th F r c h ta k th e
a e ,
n n a n n . e en e
third pl c e i th e m u f c tu r e Th ir stri gs e c re fully

a n an a . e n ar a
m de a d th s e f th l rge r si e s
,
a n o s w r w ll but th e sm ll r
o e a z an e e ,
a e
stri gs e w ti g i d r bility Th e E glish m u f ture

n ar an n n u a . n an ac
a l l qu liti e s but c h i fly th c h p r ki d s ; th y a e d ur bl
a ,
e e ea e n e r a e,
but u e ve ly m a de d h ve a d rk ppe r c
n n ,
a n a a a a an e .
”
Th e ca us f v ri ti i qu lity o f th e s e v e r l ki n d s ris e s
e o a a on n a a a
S i m ply fro m th e d iff r n c e o f c li m te I I t ly i m p o rt t

e e a . n a an an
p rt o f th pr c ss f m u f c ture is c rrie d o i n th o p e a i
a e o e o an a a n e n r
,
an d th e b uti fu l li m t is m d e t
ea ff t th t w hi c h h
c to be a e a o e ec a as
d e rtifi i lly i
on a th r u tri s H e th I t li supe
c a n o e co n e . en c e a an
i i ty
r or S uth r G e r m y d o pts t s o m
. o e n xt t si m il r an a ,
o e e en ,
a
m eans i m ki g stri gs F r
n t
a nl ss d g r e w hile n a n ce o a e e e
E g l d is bli g d t r ly s l ly
n an o rtifi i l pr e sse s I t
e o e o e on a c a oc .
th r fo re m o u ts t this r sult th e furth e r fr m I t ly th m o re

e e a n o e ,
o a e
i f rio r th e stri g Th e b st stri gs i the m rk t to d y a

n e n . e n n a e -
a re
i m p rt d fro m S ig r A d r R ffi i f N pl s w hich r e so l d
o e no n ea u n , o a e , a
by ll th l d i g vi li d l rs i L d
a e ea n o n -
ea e n on on .
I t is m tte r f v ry d y c c urr
a a c e to h o r p pl ta lk o f
e e a o en ea eo e
fidd le stri g s c tg ut n i de e d as
g r a t w rit rah ll d e d n ,
one e e as a u
t a vi li ist
o om w hon str tc he s th b w e ls o f
as a t ve r
an e e o a ca o a
d rubs th m w ith th e t il f h o rs e H w v ”
w d
oo b x en o an e a o a . o e er
this m y b it is f th s a r e ful ]
e, p e rsist d i n e rr rs m d e
one o o e c e o a
g lu B ptist P rt se e m s
a - -
on th l e o l e d pri ipl e
u cu s a n n uc n o nc . e, a a o a,
t h v m d s m m st i t lli g
o a e a et xp rim ts i th e six te e th
o e o n e en e e en n n
ce n tury th m t ri ls on f w hi c h tri g s w re m d
e a e th e a o S n e a e,
a st u di g r sults f w hi h w e re th t stri g s m de f c o m bi e d
o n n e o c ,
a n a o n
w o l f d sh p g t pr d u d m usi but ly j n d d isc rd

an ee u o ce no c, on ar a o .
Th p i ful ff t f pl yi g o stri g s m d e fr o m th i te s ti e s
e a n e ec o a n n n a e n n
o f s rp ts w e to m k e w o m
en m is as rry e sp e i a lly w he n a en ca ,
c
vip rs suppli d th m t ri l P rt pr b bly g t his i f rm a

e e e a e a . o a, o a ,
o n o
f m Pyth g r s w h t ll s si m il r sto r y “ ”
ti on ro a o a t any . o e a a a
2 10 VI O LI N M AK I NG -
: AS IT w a s AND Is .
r t Kir he r th w ll m i g but ft s dly m isguid d

a e, c , e e -
ean n ,
o en a e
utho r o f M gi U i
a
“
li stru g tw o i stru m ts
u su r a n ve r sa s,
” l
n n en ,
on e w ith w l f t stri s d th th r ith sh p t stri s
g g o w u
g n
g ,
an e o e ee u n ,
d itti g i
an S f l d pl y d t th
n n a ss m bl d h p w h h w
o ,
a e o e a e e S ee , o, o
e v r f il d t
e , xpr ss y bj ti
a e o e l rm t i th e r f r m f
e an o ec on or a a a e o o
t pr du ti !
one o c on
S tti g si d fe futur c o sid r ti

n a e th silk m t l
or d e n e a on e ,
e a , an
i b l le stri g s w w ill tur
a cr e n tt ti t th m u f tur
,
e n our a en on o e an ac e
f th
o rdi ry stri gs w hi c h
e o na ll si m il rly m p s d th
n ,
a re a a co o e , e
ly d iff r
on b i g th t th e f ur th ( G) stri g is c v r d
e en ce e n a o or n o e e
w ith l y r f fi w ire w ho s c m p siti
a a e o d bj t w ill
ne e o o on an o ec
,
b h r ft r
e eti d S tri gs f the vi li
ea e no ce d rly ll
. n or o n, an n ea a
o th r stri g i stru m
e ts n co m p s d n f th s m ll i t sti e s
en ,
a r e o e o e a n e n
f she p
o d h v b e ,
an co m p s d M
a e v ry een so o e ,
as e r se n n u s e
jus tly r m rks e v r si ce th e tim o f th e
e a
2
,
i t E gyp ti s
e n e anc en an .
M Ch pp ll giv s
r . i t r sti g t
a e
3
th e i t Egy pti
an n e e n n o e on e an c en an
stri gs i his Hist ry o f Music ( l i p

n
“
,
n qu ti g tho
"
vo .
, . o n e
r m rk f th si m pl m i d d M Fetis w h w d r d t th
e a o e e -
n e .
,
‘
o on e e a e
Eg ypti s m ki g this an o f th a i t sti s f c ts s i g th t
n u se e n e ne o a
,
ee n a
w ith th m th e s c re d im l (1) Th b st i t sti s ”

tw e ca as a a an a . e e n e ne
a e th s
r f l m bs w hic h h v live d
o e o a d y m u t i o us p stur s a e on r o n a n a e
d it is s id th t th b st l m bs
an a th s fro m th pr vi e f
a e e a are o e e o nc o
B rry d fr m s m p rts f G rm y d th t th y
e , an o o e t th ir
a o e an ,
a n a e are a e
b st fo th purp s o f stri g m ki g i th m th f S pte m be r

e r e o e n -
a n n e on o e
,
w hi c h is s qu tly th stri g m ki g m th i
,
c o n e en hy r ,
e n -
a n on n eac ea .
Th e i te sti us d is th tn w hi c h is
ne o m p s d o f th e
e a one c o e
d u de u m th j ju u m
o n d th ili
,
e ; it is co m p s d o f thre e
e n ,
a n e on o e
m mb e e s th e xt r l ( p rit e l) d th m u c o us m e m
ra n ,
e e na or e on a ,
a n e
br e s b o th f w hi h
an ,
r m v d us l ss but w hi c h l s
o c a re e o e as e e , en c o e
b e tw e the m third th m us ul r fibr us m m br

e n a w hi c h
,
e c a or o e an e,
is us d i th m u f c tur f fi ddl stri gs Th i te sti

e n e an a e o e n . e n n es are
f t h d d ir c t fr o m th but h r s w h ilst th e r ss s s till ’

e c e e e c e ,
ca ca e a re
w rm a d th e y ,
d t h d by w rk m
an wh
a re e sp i lly
e ac e o en , o ar ec a
e m pl y d f th purp s
o e by w h m th y
or e to str tc he d
o e, o e a re a n ce e
up i li d pl
on an d s r p d w ith
nc ne k if bl d to le a
an e an c a e a n e a e, c n
d m pty th m f ll f r i g subst ce s g r s
an e e o et a This o e n an ,
ea e, c .
m ust b d quic kly d w hilst th in t sti s

e on e y t w r
,
m
a n e e ne a re e a ,
o th
r li g m tt rs w uld ho p l ssly l o r th i t sti s ;
e co o n a e o e e co u e n e ne
A Ki h M g i Urc i l
er, i i m g
u su r i t di a n v e rsa s, s ve a rs a na c o n so n e sso n i
C
.
(R om e , d d d t l t d i ton G b y
e n seA d H i an h ra n s a e n o erm an n r eas r sc
(H l la[ S b i ] wa a
i U i
,
M M T i té d l H m ll
’
e rse n n u s , ra e ar on e n v e r se e.
W Ch pp l l Th H i t y f M i (A t d S i
.
“ F m th
. a e ,
e ) s or o us c r a n
”
c e n ce . ro e
l Re c o r d s to th e F a l l o f th e Ro m a n E m pi r e
a rl i e s t . fol . i .
(Al l ever pu b
!b h e d ) (Lo n d o n , n d
P
. . .
F J F eti s, H is to i r e g n r a l e d e l a M u s i qu e
. . ( é é a r is, 1869 5 v o ls .
212 VI O LI N ma x m e -
: a s I T w a s a m) : 8.
fo llo w s : tri g 3 4 fi thre ds f th

fo r th e fi rst ,
or E s n ,
-
ne a or e
se c o d o A 3 4 str g o s f th e third
n ,
r ,
D 6 7 str g
-
on ne or ,
o r ,
-
on
on e s B y d this do ubl b ss stri g s r h

. e on m y s 85
,
e a n eac as an a
fibr s but this is br h o f th m u f tur w hi h d s t

e , a an c e an ac e c oe no
con c r us e n .
At d f th fr m e is
on e littl w he l th ce tre
en o e a a e e , e n or
a xl o f w hi h b rs tw b k
e t th c th r d f th fr mea o oo s a e o e en o e a e
are littl fix d p gs Th guts s l c t d

e e fix d t p g e . e e e e are e o a e
w hi c h is et i h k f th w h l d rri d t th
s n on e oo o e ee , an ca e o e
o th r d f th fr m
e en tw ist d r u d fix d p g br u ght b k
o e a e, e o n a e e
, o ac
to th th r e d d fix d t th th r h k f th w h e l
e o e n an e o e o e oo o e e
by th r p g ; this w h l is r pidly r v lv d by m ultiply

an o e e ee a e o e a
i g fly —w h l
n d th g uts t
ee w iste d , up i t
an fi dd l e a re n o a e
stri g th fi g rs b i g p ss d l g it m w hil t pr v t
n , e n e e n a e a on ean e o e en
th e f r m ti f i qu liti s i
o a its l gth Th p g s
on o ne th a e n en . e e are en
r m v d fr m th e h o ks d t in t h l s pp sit th fix d
e o e o o an se o o e o o e e e
p gs a t th th r e d o f th fr m (i th s m w y
e e o e th
n e a e n e a e a as e
p gs a
e t i t th h d f re fi dd l ) d th w rk pr d
se n o e ea o a e ,
a n e o o ce e s
i th s m w y w ith e w bu d l f g uts fr m
n
‘
e a e a th r fi xe d a n n e o o ano e
p g e t th h k d
o w h e l u til e t h f r m oo is f ll e T h stri g e , n e a e u . e n s
are th sulphure d t w hit th m i a sulphuri g h m b r

en o en e n n c a e ,
i t w hi h th fr m e s
n o cpl c d d fl w rs f sulphur i g it d
e a a re a e ,
a n o e o n e
i th
n tre Th h m b r is th h rm ti lly s l d d l ft
e ce n . e c a e en e e ca ea e an e
fo th r ight duri g w hi h ti m th stri gs b o m bl he d

e n ,
n c e e n ec e eac
by th ti f th sulphur us id g v lv d by th m b
e ac on o e o ac as e o e e co us
tio f th sulphur Th y
n o e xt m r i g xp s d to i (but . e are n e o n n e o e a r
no t r i ) ti ll rly d y w h th y
a n
g i
n ea m ist d t w ist e d r
,
en e a re a a n o ene ,
o n th fr m d r pl c e d i th su l phur b th
e a e, an This p r ti e a n e a . o e a on
l sts fr m tw t e ight d ys
a o rdi g t th si e f th stri g
o o a a cco n o e z o e n
b i g m d Th e stri g s
e n a the th r ughly p lish d d
e . n a re n o o o e an
rubb d t t i d f l l i qu liti s g r s
e o e r th r f r ig o a ne a e , ea e, or o e o e n
p a rti l s his is d o w hilst th y
c e . stil l th fr m by ne e a re on e a e
m s f
e an t f h ir ushi
o s w hi h v l pi g th stri gs
a se o a c on ,
c , en e o n e n
,
by l t r l m v m e t sub m it th m t
a a e a r pid d f r ibl
o e n e o a a an o c e
fri ti cth y b e i g fr m ti m t ti m d uri g th p r ti

on , e n o e o e n e o e a on
m ist o d w ith en esp g s k d i lk li a luti f on e oa e n an a a ne so on o
p t ss Th stri g s
o a a. the w ip d t g t i d f ll i m puriti s
e n are n e o e r o a e ,
m ist o d w ith pur w t r

en e d r pl d f th ight i thee a e
,
a n e ace or e n n
sulphur b th fte r w hi h th y a g i
,
t w ist
a d d d ri d c e are a a n e an e .
Wh e d y th y n p lish d r p r ti w hi h first
e a re E o e ,
a n O e a on c or
stri g f q
n tly ll w d t g w ith ut but w hi h f
s are re uen th a o e o o o ,
c or e
o th rs t k s pl e
e f ll w s
a — Th fr m s
e ac l id fl t up as o o e a e a re a a on
tr stl s
e th r suppo rts d th s tri gs
e or o e p lish d by h d ,
a n e n are o e an
o rm hi ry by m s o f littl gutt p r h ushi s o liv il

ac ne ean e a -
e c a c on ,
e o
an d po u o w hit i g b i g us d f th pur p s Th se
n ce , r en n ,
e n e or e o e. e
Ta n S TR I NGS . 213
po lishe rs re fr m a d t d f th e stri n gs til l th e r e qu i

ru n o en o en o
sit p li h h b ee bt i e d The stri gs

e o s as th e n a re f lly
n o a n . n are c u
w ip d e d li ghtly m ist
an d w ith live o i l fte r w hi h th e y o e en e o ,
a c ar
th r ghly d ri d w hi h is c c m plish d w he o l o o se n i g th e
o ou e ,
c a o e n, n n
pe gs th y do t tr c t The st i g s r e n o w c t fro m th e fr m e s
,
e no con a . r n a u a
l s to th p g s d ro ll d i to c ils s w e se th m i c o m m e r ce
c o e e e
,
an e n o a e e n ,
a ft r w hi c h th y
e e m de p i t o bu d le s o f fi fte e
e ar o thirty a u n n n r .
With ll th s p r ti s it is t to be w d re d a t th t it i s
a e e o e a on no on e a
e x c e e d i gly d i ffi ul t to o bt i
n b o l te c yli d ri ca l i ty thr gh o ut
c a n a s u n ou
th e e tir l n g th f
n e stri g de m a tte o f f c t th e e xtre m e
a n ,
a n as a r o a
en d s f stri g g o a r lly t pe r slightly d a e th e r fo r se

n en e a a ,
an r e e u
l ss pro du c i g f lse d w lf
e ,
n t s T ge t v r th e ffe c ts
a
,
a n o
”
no e . o o e e
o f th i s irc u m st ce it is b st w h n putti g o
c an w stri
g to e e n n a ne n
u n co il its ti e le gth put th tw o e d s t ge the r d c t it i

en r n ,
e n o ,
a n u n
tw o e x tly i th m i dd l
ac ti th k n ts i th e tw stri g s thus
e e, e e no n o n
m de a t the cu t e d
a i th e m i dd le o f th e stri g)
n s
y u thus n n o
h v tw o stri gs (it is f ls e c o m y to try n d m k e stri g

a e n a e on a a a n
ru n to thre l g ths) w hi c h a e pr tty sure to be tru e fr o m th e

en ,
re e
ta ilpi to th e
ece t w hilst th d f tiv e f ur o r fi nu , i che a t e e ec o ve n s
th e e d s s rv e to c o il r u d th e p g s
n e d th e sup r bu d a ce o n e ,
a n e a n n
is c t ff I t is fo ll w i g thi s li e f c ti th t it is th c usto m
u o . o n n o a on a e
w he stri g is f lse to turn it ro u d o th fiddle w hi c h

“
n a n a n n e
,
,
o ft n r m e d i s th e d f c t
e e e e e .
I t r m i s t use a nw (b f r e o ti c i g p a te t stri g s) to tu r n to
o no e o n n n n
th c o n sid r ti n
e f c o v e re d stri gs
e a oO n th e vi o li o ly o e
o n . n n n
su c h is us d th e f urth o r G stri g but go i g st p f rthe r

e ,
o ,
n n a e a
to th t r ( vio l ) w e g t o the r c o ve r d st i g th e C
e en o or a ,
e an e r n , ,
w hi c h b l c s th a an bse ce o f th vi o li E I t is d ubtful w h o
e e a n e n . o
first i v t d v r d stri gs but J Ro usse a u a ttribut s th e

n en e co e e n , .
l
e
i ve n ti o t S i t C l o m b e th c l bra te d vio li ist o f his e p o c h

n n o a n e -
o ,
e e e n
F vi o lin s it is ge r lly g t w hic h is c o ve re d w ith

or ne a u
c o pp r (pl t de pur ) o w ith silv r S ilk is ls us e d but it

a e or e
,
r e . a o ,
is d iffi ult t tu c c ur te ly o d w ill o t r e m i i tu e w h e n
ne ac a ,
an n a n n n
o c e s c re w e d up
n u do ubte d ly th b st th e c o p p r pl a te d
n e e a re e -
g t
u o s I
ne l w s . bt i m y c v e r
a e d stri g
a s f vi o li o
o a n o n or n r
vi l fr m M G
o a o t w h o c v s th m w i th lte r
r. . t spir l s
ar , o er e a na e a
o f g m e ta l
un -
d pl te d o pp e r Th e b st (r c m m e de d by
an a c . e e o n
He rr S tr uss ) w ra pp e d o v r c l o s e t th e k
a a re t w ith e d silk e o no r .
Th e g t o f w hi c h c o v e r d stri g s
u e fo rm e d is o t su lphure d e n ar n
,
no i it o il e d
r s Th e stri g is fix e d t o . e n d to ho k s t o n n a ne a o e
a w he l d t th o th e r t
e an turn i g s w iv l w hi c h ho l d s th e
a e o a n e ,
,
stri g str tc he d by m e a s o f w ight Th e tur i g o f th e
n e n a e . n n
w h e l turn s th
e stri gs d th s w iv l d th w r k m n c r
e n an e e , an e o a a e
fu ll y w a ps th w ire o n to th e stri g s i t r e v o lv e t k i n g th e
r e n a s, a
T i té d e l Vi l (P i ra id t p 34 a o e a r s, a e no e . .
K a s IT was am 18 .
g r ea te st c r e to pr e s rv e its r g ul rity
a d l s w i di
e
g n d e a an c o e n n , a
c h c ki g th
e vibr ti s f th r t ti g stri g w ith c o rk Th
n e a on o e o a n n a . e
g ut us d m ust be p r f tly u i f r m i d i me t r thr

e u g h ut
ec its n o n a e e o o
l gth d i p bl f furth r str t hi g C s qu tly it is

en ,
a n n ca a e o e e c n . on e en
str gly st t h d b f r th w ir is W u d
on re c e ls by sub
e o e e e o n on , or e e
s qu t str t hi g th c r w ul d r c d fr m th h e lix d th
e en e c n e o e o e e e o e ,
an e
e ff t caec ly b d s rib d by th s w h h v su ff r d fr m it
n on e e c e o e o a e e e o .
Al l vi o li pl y rs f m ili r w ith th
n a w e mm a re i be l l a a e no -
co on a cr e,
or silk stri g s w hi h a c m p s d f i n fi ity f fil m e ts f

,
n ,
c re o o e o an n o a n o
silk so tw ist d t g the r d p lish d s to x d i u i fo rm ity

e o e an o e a e ce e n n
an d tr a sp r y th fi st g t stri gs F o pl y rs tro ubl e d

n a en c e ne u n . r a e
w ith p e rspiri g h ds d f ho t n d m p li m t s th y
an ,
a n or or a c a e
,
e are,
w ith o ut d ubt i v lu bl fo th y
o ,
but littl ff c te d by
n a a e, r e are e a e
d mpa d th y m k up i
,
a n v ie e i th e s r sp c ts w h t
e a e n co n en nc n e e e a
th e y c rt i ly l k i t e a n Th y p t
ac ls t f rn y d g t
on e. e a re a a o o a an e
r gge d d th u gh it h b e r c m m d d w h this is th
a ,
an o as e n e o en e en e
ca se t d r w th stri g quic kly thr u gh th fl m o f spirit

o a e n o e a e a
l m p t r m v th fr y d fibr s
a ,
o e o c i b ll
e stri g c g o e
e a e e , an a r e e n on e n
w r o g is gh stly w ith
n
, g h stli ss
a m r sily i m g i d a a ne o e ea a ne
th n d s rib d Th m r m rk ppli s t th e t w ist d

a e c e . e sa e e a a e o e or
pl it d stri gs s o m ti m e s k w
a e n Ch i s w t r
,
e rd Th s no n as ne e a e -
co . e e
are quit th b e st f pl y rs w ith h a t h a d s d

e e or l m st a e n ,
a n a re a o
e x lusiv ly use d by vi l i n ists i I d i

c e d o th r h t c u tri s o n n a an e o o n e ,
wh r th
e rdi ry stri gs o t ly br k v ry sily but
e e o na n n on ea e ea ,
are
v ry d iffic ult to k p But o f c rs th ir to e is i f ri r t

e ee .
,
ou e, e n n e o o
g t u .
I . lusi o by th by w rd k ts I t s m s si m pl e
n con c n, -
e -
e, a o on no . ee a
thi g t ti a k t i th d f s tr i g th t it sh ll t slip
n o e no n e en o a n so a a no
thr u gh th slit o f th e t ilpi c but th

o e mm b by k t a e e, e co on oo no
is ve ry pt t br k ff d i a d i g th k t fli s g i st
o ea o ,
a n n so o n e no e a a n
th e b e lly d pr d c s th s f ur littl c hipp d h l s

an o ft
u s e o e o e e o e so o en een
b th th t i lpie f fi ddl I f i tyi g th k t y d

en ea e a ce o a e. n n e no ou o
n o t pull th e sh rt d ri ght thr u gh but m k o slip k t f iten o ,

a e a -
no o ,
w ill fi d th t th l g d m ni g o t f th a slit is m uch e on en co n u o e

y ou
s c ur r d l ss like l to fly th i f th d e r o l d b by k t
e e
“
an e y an e a oo
”
-
no
of o c hil d h
ur d is m d I t sh ul d b r m rk d th t i th
oo a e. o e e a e a n e
k t o f th fi t stri g the l g d sh ul d b t w iste d ro u d

no e rs n on en o e n
th slip ke t g i t-
m k noit l r g r d th
o n ce a r f r m r a n o a e a e ,
a n ,
e e o e, o e
s ur S sh ll y ur stri g s h ld w ll d t fly o t f
ec e o a o n o e ,
an no u o
“
pur c uss d ss I putti g
e e stri g e ( s m y
ne . n n on a n n v er as o an
am te urs d ) put th
a e d thr u gh th o
p g d th e d r w it e n o e e ,
a n n a
d o w n to th t il pi ce d fix it th r w ith a k t
e a -
This is ce
e an e e no ; r
t i to bruis th stri g l l l g d utt rly sp il it M k

a n e e n a a on ,
an e o . a e
y r k t ou b ve d ir t d d fix it t th t il pi
no as a o th n ec e ,
a n o e a -
e ce e
rry th e stri g up to th e h d c t o ff w h t yo u d
ca n t w t ea ,
u a o no an
,
FI D D LE AND I .
B! F R ED ER I C E . Ws a r n a a b Y .
BY roa d a n d riv e r ,
C o u n try - s i d e a n d to w n ,
I roa m fo r e ver
Vt i th fiddl e b ro w n
'
my .
Cr e e p i n g u n d e r b a r n s s o gl a d l y
Wh e n o u ts i d e th e w i n te r h o w ls ,
P la y i n g pla y in g m a d ly ,
sa d ly ,
W a k i n g u p t h e r a ts a n d o w l s .
Ah ! i t w a s g a y , n i gh t a n d d a y
F a i r a n d c l o u d y w e a th e r ,
F id d l e a n d I w a n d e r i n g b y ,
O v e r th e w o r l d to g e th e r !
D o w n b y th e wi llo w
Sum m e r n i gh ts I l i e ,
Fl o w e r s f o r m y pi l l o w ,
An d fo r r o o f th e s k y .
P l a y i n g a l l m y h e a r t r e m e m be r s ,
O l d , o l d s o n gs f r o m fa r a w a y ,
Go l d e n J u n e s a n d b l e a k D e c e m be r!
Ri s e a r o u n d m e a s pla y I .
) 9 , o n , fo r ever l
T i l l th e j o u rn e y e n d s,
Wh o sh a ll d i ss e v e r
U s tw o tr u s ty f r i e n d s 7
Wh o can b r i n g th e p a s t b e fo r e m e .
Ma k e th e f u tu r e g a il y g l o w ,
Lif t th e c l o u d s th a t d a r k e n o e r m e,
’
B u t m y tru s ty fi d d l e bo w
Ah I i t w a s g a y , n i g h t a n d d a y
F a i r a n d c l o u d y w e a th e r ,
Fi dd l e a n d I w a n d e r i n g b y ,
O v e r th e w o r ld to g e th e r
’
l ow at I n . A 000 1m m. 8 y p er m i s s i on cf w p a nd a" , M a ra M
220 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : a s I T w a s a rm 18 .
re quire d l g tryi g pl a sm ll o s m o thi g

on ,
or
“
n an e , a a ,
r o n
pl d
an e, a n t f rvi g g u g s d his ls Th w rksh p
a se o ca n o e an c e . e o o
m ust b fi tt d w ith e rd i ry b n h w ith vi e ffix d t it
e an o na e c , a c a e o ,
sh lv s f re pti
e e fw d or d o th e r m ssiv m is ll
ce a d on o oo an a e ce an ea
,
n
r ks f t ls d s m ll bj ts b ttl s d th r p a ra ph r li
ac or oo an a o ec ,
o e ,
an o e e na a,
w hi h i W ll a rr n g d f si fur ish th e fidd l m k r s ’
c n e a e co n u on n e -
a e
w rksh po R ul s d T sq r s
o . f r d i ry d i m e si s e e an -
ua e o o na n on ar
a ls r quir d d I l w ys rry i l th r s i m y p c k t
o e e ,
an a a ca n a ea e ca e n o e
a sm ll thr e i h rul d ivi d d t
a e d 1 f
-
i h w ith
nc e, e o .
36
1
,
a n
s
1
:
o an nc ,
a p ir f s m ll spri g b w s fo fi m s r m ts d lc ul
a o a n o r ne ea u e en an ca a
ti s Th is w b uti f lly m d f m by M ssrs Asto
on . as d ea u a e or e e . n an
M d r fS h
an e O rul sh ul d ha v p rf tly tru dg
,
o o o . ne e o e a e ec e e e
o f st l s m th r h rd subst c e f th purp o se o f tryi g
ee or o e o e a an
,
or e n
ed
g s d sur
e f s an a ce .
Y w ill w out p ir of om m o ir c r m ps (Fig

an a a o r so c n on a .
f orfixi g w d t to th b h w h i
n oo A s m ll b h,
e c .
,
e en c en n u se . a en c
vi su h ce , b qui kly s r w d
c as d ff th b c h is
can e c c e e on an o e en ,
fr qu tly
e d den l s is m d iu m si d h
n ee d vi ce Th e ,
a s a o a e -
z e an -
. e
o rd i ry w he tst s a d sh rp i g m d i m ust be pr vid d

na one n a en n e a o e .
FIG . 1 16 .
-
Co m m o n I ron Cr a m p . FI G 1 17 — S e c ti o n s o f
. F I G 118 — S cr a pe rs
. . .
F i l e s r e qu i r e d .
A glu e po t so rt w ill d but I lik o e m de o f

of th e co m m on o, e n a
co pp r m l e bi g l en a r Ma y vi o li m k rs s th e
e ,
a s e n c ea n e . n n -
a e u e
b st S lisbury glu but t m y m i d o is b tt r f o

e a e, o n n ne e e or ur
purp s th th t w hi h c m s o v r i thi li ght br w l v s

o e an a c o e e n n o n ea e
fro m C l g e An o rdi ry utti g

o o n d m rki g g ug w ill b
. na c n an a n a e e
r quire d d ls o
e t f fi l s o f th s ti
,
an s sh w t Fig 1 17
a a se o e e ec on o n a .
Th ly h m m r y w ill w t is
e on a o f th light s m a ll
e ou an on e e
h m m rs us d i j i i g fr t w o rk o c rvi g s su c h s is us d
a e e n o n n e r a n ,
a e
by w t h m k rs f a c r u gh w rk a e or o o .
W w rriv t th c si d r ti o f th t ls p uli r to
e n o a e a e on e a on e oo ec a
t w h i h it is e ce ss ry t h v r dy t s h d be for ’
o ur ar c n a o a e ea o one an e
co m m i g t w o rk a d th se I sh ll u m e r te d d sc ri be
enc n o ,
n e a en a an e
in th rd r i w hi h th y
e o em ti d d r quir d i th
n c e ar e en one an e e n e
f ll w i g h pt rs
o o n th e a c tu l m
c u l l b o ur r quir d i n
a e on a an a a e e
fid d l m ki g e -
a n .
l Th T th d P l
.
— This is
e s m ll iro n pl n e lik e w h a t
oo e ane a a a ,
a rek w th no rdi ry Am ri c pl s w h o se dge i st a d

n as e o na e an an e ,
e ,
n e
of b i g sm th lik
e n rd i ry pl e is t o th d s rr t d
oo e an o na an ,
o e or e a e
h s s l pi s st l pl t h
.
2 S p .
— T e e e
cr a m l ce
er s o f e e.
e w n I n ar a e a , s o
TH E TO O LS . 22 1
F i g 118,. thre e i n c h s br d w h se upp r si d is r u d d t e oa ,

o e e o n e a
th c r e rs
e od w h o s l w r si d e is k pt quit str i g ht
n ,
a n d fl t e o e e e a an a .
S v r l sh ul d b pr p r d
e e a od th y m us t b k p t v ry S h rp
e e a e ,
a n e e e e a ,
b i g h ld i n
e n h d vi w hilst b i g g ro u d Th y
e a an -
ce e n n . e a re
sh rp d by be v lli g
a en e e dg ta l g th e fl t si de d n on e e, a s a ,
a o n a e, an
r u d th urv d sid s t B B f g tti g t pl s i cc ssibl

o n e c e e a a ,
or e n a a ce na e e
t th e fl t sid
o I f pr f rr d
a dt bvi a t th d g r f c ut ti g
e . e e e ,
an o o e e an e O n
th fi g rs w ith th sid
e n e t i i st d f sh rp i g e e no n u se , n ea o a en n
th fl te d c urv e d si de o f e h s c r p r s om m y b sh rp
a an d ac a e ,
e a e a ene
o n e si d
on d s o m o th e th r i f y
e an h v pl ty D uri g e n o e ou a e en . n
120 — Vi o li n m
’
F I G 1 19 — S h a r p e n i n g S tee l
. .
(fo r S c r a p e rs ) . FI G .
-
a k er s K n i fe .
u se hyt k pt k by m s f sh rp e i g s t l (Fi g
e are e een ean o a a n n ee .
w hi h is c r u d pl i b f st l i h i di m t r t i t
a o n a n ar o ee ,
nc n a e e ,
se n o
an rd i ry h d l T
o na t th d g s it is d r w str g ly
an e . O r e se -
e e e a n on
d w
o thn fl t si d e d th a d w th b v l r p ti g th
e an en o n e e e ,
e ea n e
pr ss ce w h u l ss th e st l w ts gri d i g it w i ll b
oce on ,
en ,
n e ee an re -
n n
,
e
f u d t h v r m di d
o n o a y sli
e g ht blu te ss fe th s r p
e r an n ne O e c a e .
3 K i .
— Tw n ve s thr f th s m ust b t h d fix d i o or ee O e e e a an ,
e n
g oo d str g h d l s on Th ir bl d s h
an ul d b efi d. W l l e a e S o e ne an e
t m p e r d d th y m st b k pt th r u ghly k
e e , an e F
( gi u e e o o een .
Th s k iv s m d by s tti g str g ste l

e e n e a re a e e n a on e
bl d do w thr ug h e b o y ( the r h rd w o o d )
a e n o an n or o a
h dl (lik th l d i an d r e e e ea n a ce a
p il ) ; th th k i f w
en c rs en ,
as e n e ea
ut g ts g r u d
o d o w t t
orh e o n n a e
p i t d sh rt d m r f th o n an so o ene ,
o e O e
w d is t w ay d oo furth r cu a an a e
pi c f th bl d sh rp de e O e a e a en e .
P h t g r ph rs k ive s w ith
o o a e u se n
lid i g bl d s fi x d i S
g r v
n d
A
a e ,
e n a oo e
FIG 122 — n o th e r
h d l by m s o f s r w w h h (
~
. .
an e ) ean a c e ic a n d b e tte r for m o f

,
A i g
g d v ry w ll f o purp se I
o e e or ur o .
B e n di n g I r o n '
h ve b u ght th m t M ssrs Sh w s i W rd ur
a o e a e . e
’
n a o
S tr e t b t I supp se th y e t b h ad fr o m ‘
e , o e ar o e
u
y an
u rv y r f ph t r phi pp r tus d ss ri s
p e o g O o o e o a c a a a an a cc e .
4 M k i g P i t — This is m r ly
. ar n ld br d w l sh rp e e d
o n . e e an O a a a n
to a fi p i t f m rki g x t utli s w i th w hi c h w l d be
ne o n or a n e ac o ne ,
ou
d i ffi c ult w ith s ft p il a o en c .
5 Th B. d i g I on
e — This is us e d fo b e d i g th e sid s
en n r d r n n e ,
a n
th u gh ll d
o b di g i
ca e lik a s l d ri g i
a en it is n r on
,
”
e o e n r on,
”
b st m d o f o pp r I t is f r m e d (Fi g 121) f b h e a i g
e a e c e . o . O a ar, r n
at d th
on e en v l m ss a t th d O f w hi h is th rr w r
e o a a ,
a e en c e na o e
r o un d n i e c e B Th e O bj e c t f thi s sh p e w ill pp e r l a t r o n
. O a a a e .
220 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : as I T w a s a ND IS .
r quir d
e l g tryi g pl
e a sm ll o s m o o thi g
on ,
o r
“
n an e, a a , r n
pl d
an e , a n t f rvi g g u g s d his ls Th w rksh p
a se O ca n o e an c e . e o o
m ust b fi tt d w ith rdi ry b n h w ith vi c e ffix d t it
e e an o na e c ,
a a e o ,
sh l s f re c pti
e ve f wo d d th r m ssiv m is c ll e a a d
or e on o o an o e a e e an
,
n
r ks f t ls d s m ll O bj ts b ttl s d o the r p a ra ph r li
ac or oo an a ec ,
o e ,
an e na a,
w hi h i W ll a rr n g d f si fur ish th e fid d l m k r s ’
c n e a e co n u on n e- a e
w rksh po R ul s d T squ r s
o .f r d i ry d i m si s e e an -
a e O o na en on ar
a ls r quir d d I l w ys rry i l th r c s i m y p c k t
o e e ,
an a a ca n a ea e a e n o e
a sm ll thr i c h rul d ivi d d t
a ee d -
f i h w ith
n e, e o 1
3 6, a n o an nc ,
a p ir f s m l l spri g b w s f fi m sur m ts d l c ul
a O a n o or ne ea e en an ca a
ti s This w b uti f lly m d f m by M ssrs Ast
on . as d ea u a e or e e . on an
M d r fS h
an eO rul sh ul d h a v p rfe tly tru dg
,
o o o . ne e o e a e c e e e
O f st l s m th r h rd subs t c f th purp se O f tryi g

ee or o e o e a an e, or e o n
e dg s d surf
e s an a ce .
Y w ill w t p ir s f m m ir c r m ps (Fig
ou an a a or o O co on on a .
f orfixi g w o d t to th b h w h i e A s m ll b h
n o ,
e c ., e en c en n us . a en c
vi su c h
ce , b qui kly s r w d as d ff th b e h is
can e c c e e on an o e nc ,
fr qu tly
e d d en l s is m d iu m i d h
n ee d vi Th e ,
as a o a e -
S z e an -
ce . e
o rd i ry w h tsto s a d sh rp i g m d i m ust b pro vid d

na e ne n a en n e a e e .
FI G . 1 16 — C o m m
, on I ron Cr a m p . FIG . 1 17 — S e c ti o n
. s of F I G 118 — S c r a pe rs
. . .
File s r e qu i r e d .
A glu e po t s rt w ill d but I lik

of th e e m de o f
com m on o o, e on a
O pp r
o m le bi g l
en a r M y vi li m k rs e th e
e , as e n c ea n e . an o n -
a e us
b st S lisbury glu but t m y m i d o is b tt r f

e a e, o n n ne e e or our
purp s th th t w hi c h c m s v r i thi li ght br w l v s

o e an a o e o e n n o n ea e
fr m C l o g e
o A rdi ry utti g n d m rki g g ug w ill be
o n . n o na c n a a n a e
r quire d d ls o e t f fi l s O f th e se ti s sh w t Fig 117

e ,
an a a s o e c on o n a . .
Th ly h m m r y w ill w t is
e on a f th e light s m ll ou an on e O e a
h m m rs us d i j i i g fr t w o rk o rvi gs su c h us e d
.
a e e n o n n e r ca n as 13
,
by w t h m k rs f a c r u gh w rk a e or o o .
W w rriv t th e n o si d r ti f th to ls p c ul r t
a e a e co n e a on o e o e ia o
t w h i h it is e c e ss ry t h v r dy to o s h d b fore ’
o u r ar c n a o a e ea ne an e
co m m i g t w rk a d th se I sh ll
en c n m e r te
o o d d s c r be
e ,
n e a en u a an i
in th rd r i w hi h th y
e o e m ti e d d q i d m th
n c e ar e en on an re u re e
f ll w i g h pt rs th e a c tu l m u l l b ur r qu r d n
o
o o n c a e on a an a a o e i e I
fi dd l m ki g e -
a n .
1 Th T th d P l
. e— This is oo s m ll ir n pl e like w h t
e ane a a o an ,
a
a re k w th e rd i
no ry Am ri c a pl s w h o s dge st a d
n as o na e n an e ,
e e ,
In e
o f b i g s m
e n th lik n r d i ry oopl is t o o th ed s rr t d
e a o na ane , or e a e
h s s ll pi s st l pl t h
.
2 S — T e e a e m e O f e e e w n I n r a ec a s o
cr p
. s a er ,
2 22 VI O LI N MA -
KI NG : as I T w a s AND IS .
An o the r , p rh ps b tte r f rm is re pre se t d t Fi g 122 d

and e a e ,
o n e a .
, an
is rut h sh p d I t is fi xe d i
c c -
h o l e in th b e h o i the
a e . n a e nc r n
vi ce w h n i e n u se .
“
This is us d i l tti g th e li i gs i t
”
6 Li i g
. Chi l — n n se . e n e n n n n o
th bl kse d isoc rdi ry his l ly o f i h bro d

,
an an o na c e ,
on
1
an nc a ,
as i Fi g 123 sh rp
n d to
. l g dge s t a ,
a en e a on e ,
a a .
A s t f th s e w ill b r quir d f fi i h
”
7 O lPl
.
— va a n es . e o e e e e or n s
i g th e m d l o
n r hi g a d the s o pi g o t f the b k d
o e r a c n ,
n c o n u O ac an
F I G 121 — O . val P la n e , u p p e r an d l ow er si d e s (a ctu a l siz e ) .
b lly Th y m us t b i thr si s th e l rg st d s m ll e st O f
e . e e n ee z e , a e an a
w hi h a cr pr s t d tu l si by F igs 124 d 125 th r b i g

re e e en e ac a z e . an ,
e e e n
als o i t rm di t i
an Th e u d r sur f c e s
n e e rv d a e S z e . n e a a re cu e ,
a s
th y e us d f pl i g d w th e r chi g d f pl i g
a re e or an n o n a n ,
an or an n
sm th th g u gi g t f th ta ble s Th d e s f th ir s
oo e o n ou o e . e e O e on
,
as w ill b s i th e fi gur m ust be to o the d t brittl tur
e een n e, ,
e e na e
Of th m pl e e d th t de r n e ss f th e pi
a r d ri g this
an e en O ne en e n .
n e cess ry a .
F I G 125 O v a l P lan e (
sm a l l e r S i z e ) . F IG 126. .
—Ma r k i n
g (a ) a n d F I G l 27 —f h o l e
. .
M e a sur in g (a ) Co m p a s s e s . P i e r ce r .
8 Sp r in g Co mp a ss e s — Yo u w
. w an tw o a Of e e, as ill t p irs th s
a t Fi
g 1 2 6,
o.n e a a n
g o n e l e g j u s t o np ir h vi
g e a n th e o e , l r th th r
a s a t a , fo r u se a s a m a n
g g g a e Th e o e rki
o d na ,
a s at u . th r r i ry
B, fo r m e a i n g a n d d d n g sur ivi i .
9 f H o le P i er ci n g To o l s or P u n che s
.
— T e e a r e tw o u n c e , . hs p h s
re rs t
e e n e d a t F i g 12 7 , e d fo r e c n g th e . o nd o e at us pi r i ru h ls
ci e r e n d O f th e f f o e , an d are, h ls
e e fo e , O f tw o d a m e e s. th r r i tr
TH E T O O LS . 223
i di c t d t B d C i th e fi gure th sm a ll r o e b e i g fo r
n a e a an n ,
e e n n
th eupp r d t h e l a r g ,
r f
an th l o w r h l e o
e f th f T h ye e or e e o e . e ar
h ll w yli d rs f st l h vi g th o p e d g r u d t fi e
o o c n e o ee , a n e en n o n o a n
c ir l r dg
cu a d h v i g ( b ut n i c h up th b r e )
e e, an a ro u d
n a o a n e o a n
h l i th sid A w he to pi k t y hips f w o d w hi h
o e n e e ,
n ce c ou an c o o ,
c
w ul
o d o th r w is by filli e g th m up h k
e, e th e pu h s T h e y
n e ,
c o nc e .
a re ls m de w it h th b r
a o
“
a xt di g rig h t thr ugh th e o e e en n o e
h d l s th t thi
an e, o d m y be pushe d d w th e c yli d rica l
a a n ro a o n n
c h m b r thus f rm d f th purp s o f pushi g o t th e plug

a e o e or e o e n u
o f w d oot t by cu d th r f r sti ki g iou th pu ,

a n h This e e o e c n n
,
e nc .
is th b tt r f r m fo th e pi k r is pt t i jur th e utti g
e e e o ,
r c e a o n e c n
e dg o f th
e pu h w h re m vi g th c t o t plu g f w o d
e nc en o n e u -
u o o .
10 G g i g C l l ip
. au
— F ig 128 a n
— wh t a us d fo er s . re a are e r
d te rm i i g th thi k ss s f th b c k
e n n e d b lly c Th y c sist
ne e o e a an e . e on
of fr m
a A s o ma e w h t lik
e th t o
,
f f r t s w a d m a v bl e e a a e -
a ,
n a o a
ar m B w hi h is tt h d t A by
,
c hi g C This m ca rrie s
a ac e o a n e . ar a
m t l
e ao iv o ry pl t
r e D m rk e d w ith sixt e e ths a o f i h d w n th e
a n an nc o
FIG . 128 .
—Ga u
g in g Ca l l i pe r s . F I G. 129 — Vi o l i n
.
-
s cr e w . F I G 130
. S o un a.
-
b a r C li p s .
str ight sid w hi c h pa sse s thro u gh d w rks i a sl o t c t i n

a e, ,
an o n ,
u
th e upp e r m o f th f r m e A d w hi h is f su c h
ar l gth e a , an c o a en
th t w h th e m B is shut c l se do w n
a en t A th tip o f the
ar o on o ,
e
pl t D j ust t u h s th e iv ry stu d E s t th l o w r a r m o f A
a e o c e o ,
e on e e .
Th tip o f D ca b se t
e d m i t i d t y r e quir e d d ist
n a ce e an a n a ne a an n
fr m E ( s m rk e d by its o w n s c l ) by s re w i g th s c r e w F
o a a a e ,
c n e ,
w hi h p r m its
c d ist ce t
e b djust d v e ry e x a c tly
an d an
y e an o e a
ac ur t ly
c Th e r e a e m a y f rm s f th e s
. but this e is a re n o o e, on ,
I tll i n k th b e st s b i g th e m o st ste dy d c e rta i to w o rk

,
e ,
a e n a an n
w i tll
11 . Vi o li n S cr e w s
F i g 129 The se a r e use d fo r fi xi n g th e.
— . .
b a c k to th e sid e s a n d th e b e lly si m i l a rly The y a r e m a de o f .
w o o d, a n d a b o ut thr e e d o z e n , v a ryi n littl i n si z e , w i ll be

g a e
re quire d .
12 S o u n d B a r Clip a — F i g 130 Th e se w o o de n c o n triva n c e s ,

. . .
stro n gly re se m blin g c l o the s pe gs a r e use d to ke e p the ba r i n -

,
p o siti on i n th e b e l ly w h e n b e i n
g fi tte d A p a ir m ust be .
p r o v i d e d .
2 24 VI O LI N MA I NG :
-
K As I T WAs AND I s.
. s c r w c r m ps Fi g 131
13 S o u n d B a r Cr a m p s a r e w o o d e n e a
,
.
,
w hi h c are us fix
e d to s u p sitio w h glu d i to
th e o n d ba r i n o n en e n
th b lly
e Thr
e r fi . us d i c r m pi g b i t its pl c e
ee o ve a r e e n a n a ar n o a .
14 B w C m p
.
— F i
o g 1 32— r quir d f
o pyi g d
a s s es . . are e e o r co n an
r gist ri g d i m t rs w h w rki g fr m m o d e l Th y e
e e n a e e en o n o a . e ar
p ri ip lly
nc us d wh his
a e lli g th h d e en c n e ea .
FI G .
l 3l .
-
S o u n d b a r Cr a m p s
-
.
F I G l 32 — B o w Co m pa s s
. . . F I G l 33 — P u r fli n g G a u g e
. . or M a r k e r (fr o n t
an d s id e Vi e w s ) .
. his
15 P u rfl i n g Ga u ge — T ( g
F i 1 33 ) . . is an b y g u ge
e on a
p s r i ry st
c o m o e d o f an o d n a r u e m A, o n d e d a t on e sid tB e as a ,
w hi b rs sli i b
ch ea a d n g e a m 0, o n e e n d o f w hi h be ri g th
c , a n e
cutt r
e its
E, a n d is r u
w ed e F
g o n de d a s a t D ,
. Th utte r E i
e c s
st
m a d e fa ist
a t an
y d r a st
n c e f o m th e em A by k c ki g the
no n
F I G 134 —P ur fli n Co m p as se s F I G 135 P ur fl i n g Ch i se l
. .
g . . . .
w e dge G n o th e g i t
t to e ce e I t u o p i
en n cu r iv it . is s ed fo r tr c i a n
g
li s r u
th e n e o f th e pu r fli n g o n d th e e d ge .
th r r
A n o e fo m o f pu r fi i n g to o l sh re c m m d d
o w n m e, an d o en e
by Mr H , ill is r pr s t
.e its bj t d
e e n e d a t F i g 1 34 , a n d o . ec an co n
stru ti
c on w ill
be e a dr ily u rst
n de ood by l ki
oo t th fi g ur
n
g a e e .
D ubtl ss it is v ry
o e rt i but it l c ks th sym p thy (i f I
e ce a n ,
a e a
m y b
a ll w d th xpr ssi ) f th e b o y o Fig 133 s it
e a o e e e e on o e n ne, .
, a
g o se r o u d th e d g e snf t h e fi d d l e e o .
CHAPTER X I V .
TH E O UT S I D E MO ULD .
C o py i n g th e O u tl i n e —Ma k i n g th e Mo u ld — I ts D i a m e te r s Th e O u tl i n e -
Mod el s
C B
Th e Ar c h i n g Gu i d e s— Th e r a m pi n g l o c ks -
.
TH E fi rst thi g to b d e is t d c i d up n th e m o d l f y ur
e on o e e on e o o
i stru m t d m a ke y r M ul d M uld s
n en , an o f tw s rts ou o . o a re o o
“
th e i sid e m ul d w hi c h is s li d d w hi c h th fi d d l i s
”
n o d ,
o ,
a n r oun e e
m de a d th utsid m ul d w hi h is t t like fr m
an e o e o ,
”
c cu ou a a e,
an d i i d w hi h th fi dd l is m d
ns e c O f th fo rm r I h ll e e a e . e e s a
sp k l t r (Ch pt r XX I ) t pr s t w
ea a e on a
g i g e t m k . a e en e a re o n o a e
thi fi ddl
s th l tt r e on o utsid e m ul d
e Th first st p is to
a e or o . e e
d c i de p
e y ur m d l d utli ; if y w ish to c py y
u on o o e an o ne ou o an
g iv e m n st r i f a
y w eish to
, pr d
or u e y o ur w ri g i
ou l o c o n o na
m o d l y o w ill fi d d ir ti
e , u s f this o p g 135 (I m y y
n ec on or n a e . a sa
th t u l e ss y w ish p rti c l rly t py y p rti c ul r fi ddl

a n ou a u a o co an a a e,
y o u ca n n ot d b tt r th d pt th
o e m d l e utli e m ul d an t a o o e , o ne, o ,
e c .
,
g iv i enP l t I V n w hi h is
a eth t f S tr d iv.a r,
ius f th m cst a o a a o e o
fi ish d l g
n e ) The e first thi
a n ce
g is t t k . n utli s x
e t n o a e a o ne
,
a e ac
a s p ssibl o f th fi dd l t be pi d th
e
,
o tre s f r this t e o co e ,
en an e o
a sh t f w d 1, i c h thi k r th r l rg r th th utli
ee o oo n c ,
a e a e an e o ne.
The w i th th e fi
n t fr t b w w t this
n es t ly s
e or o -
sa cu ou as ev e n a
y ou p i bly o ss sp ri g p i s
ca n t k ,
p y ur utti a
g f r n f r m no a n o ee o c n ee o
a l l irr g ul riti e s M rk
e a th fiddl sh p d pi c e thus
. a t ,
to n e e- a e e cu ou ,
an d o th fr m e fr m w hi h y
n e h v t i t the x t e tr
a o c ou a e cu ,
e ac c n e
o f th e o utli d r w i g li e d w thn e, e tr
a s tA B in tha n o n e c n e, a a n e
pl te H vi g s rt i d th t y ur utli i c o rr t t k
a .
’
‘
a n a ce a ne a o o ne s ec , a e
a sl b Of h rd w d th si
a a d sh p e o f th m ul d fig ur d i n
oo , e z e an a e o e
th e pl te 1% i a h s thi k d m rk the x t
,
nc e tr f it by c ,
a n a e ac ce n e o
d w i g fr o m t p t b tt m th e li
ra n A B
o T k y ur pl ko o o ne . a e o an
ou tl i (d w th
ne tr f w hi h li is d r w ) d pl it
o n e ce n e O c a ne a n ,
a n a ce
on thi s sl b w hi c h is t f rm th m o uld s th t th li d w
a o o e ,
o a e ne o n
th e c n tr e f yo u utl i
e o i id s x tly w ith the li A B
r o ne co n c e e ac ne
d o w n th ce tr o f th e m ul d H l d i g th utli fi rm ly o o n e o n e ve r
t e ith r
e n e .
i th i s p o siti
n o th t th tre
on , s ot m v a d e ce n can n o e a e en
fro m th li A B (i f n e ce s
e ry fixi g it thus w ith c r m ps) d w
ne sa ,
n a
,
ra
Tn n O UTS I D E MO ULD . 227
w ith po i t th x t utli e f yo ur pl k o n th e b rd
a fin e n e e ac o n o an oa
,
an d m k it i d libl by s c r t hi g it i t th e sur f ce o f th
a e n e e a c n n o a e
w od o Y . w ill th e h a ve th e utli o o 0 (P l te I V )
ou n o ne , ,
a .
dr w a o y ur m o uld
n n o .
T m sure th br d th fr m th e xtr e m e e d ge to th e si de s
o ea e ea o e ,
a ll w i g f w r d b i g guid d by th e y e d r w li e
o n or ea ,
a n e n e e , a a n
right r u d i sid e th li 0 b ut i h fro m it pr se rv i g

o n n e ne
,
a o nc , e n
th e s m e d ist a ce b e tw th m ll r u d ; y o w ill th
an ee n e a o n u en
h v tr d
a e th pl
a ce k th li e D D D Th
on e t t v ry
an e n , , . en cu ou e
g r dau lly d aw ith th s

, m an m u t of c r
y d e v te d et a e a o n a e as ou o o
c utti g y ur utli
n l l th e w d i si d th li e D (l ft w hit
o o ne
,
a oo n e e n e e
i th pl t )
n e Y ur m uld is w c t o t h vi g thi k ss
a e . o o no u u , a n a c ne
a ll v e r o f 1% i h s
o But w h ve s e (p 14 5) th t th nc e . e a en . a e
si d s f fi dd l
e o sh ll w e r i th e upp r th i th l w r
a e a re a o n e an n e o e
bo uts d i th c s f th e fi dd l e fro m w hi h w
,
an n e a ow
e o c e are n
w rki h d vi ti is f r i h l r b uts i 5
o g t n ,
m e t e w a t
on 1 ; o n e o e o o 3 n
th upp r
e y ur m ld m ust th r f r h v th s m d vi ti
e o ou e e o e a e e a e e a on,
w hi c h is rriv d t by tur i g it o e r (so a s o t t pl e w y

a e a n n v n o an a a
th lie s 0 d A B ) a d pl i g r u d it v ry r fully c
ne an ,
n an n o n e ca e ,
on
t tly m e suri g th de pths til l th gr d u l d r s e i d i m t r

s an a n e e a a ec ea n a e e
is bt i d
o a ne .
Y h vou w g t (i ) a h o ll o w m o ul d o f th e pr p r thi k
e no o a o e c
ne ss th t p f w hi h
,
on e d r w w ith p e r f t sym m try th e
o o c are a n ec e
li e s A B
n d C ,
d (ii ) ,
thi pl k utli
an
,
x tly rr
an a n an o ne e ac co e
s
p on d i g w ith t
nh li 0 d w th x c t tr e
e o f w hi
ne h ru s ,
o n e e a ce n c n
a li ne rr sp di g w i th th li e A B
co e on th e m ul d n M rk e n on o . a
th w rd fr n t th fr t f this l tt r thi pl k utli e

”
e o o on e on o a e n an o n
,
so th t y m y l w ys k w w hi h surf to h v upp r m o st
a ou a a a no c a ce a e e
(f or t h tw si d s
e f this utlio t i e x t c o t f i m i l o n e a re n o n e ac on r a -
a cs e
— S t di ra s utli s s l d m
v a rl v r w re p rf c tly tru e )
o ne e o
,
o r ne e , e e e .
Be f re w g furth r it m y b w ll t xpl i fully th

o e o e , a e e o e a n e
na tur f this pl t F p rp s e s o f w rki g it m y be

e o a e. or u o o n a as
w ll t
e t k tw tr i g s f it
o a e t s p r te th v ri us
o ac n o ,
S o as o e a a e a o
thi gs it illustr t s Al l th sh d d p rt r pr s ts a vi o li
n a e . e a e a e e en n
m uld r u d th
o , c utti g
o f w hi h is tr
n d C C c th a tu l
e n o c a ce , , ,
e c a
on lin e o f th e fidd l fr m w hi h i t h b m d M k tr i g e o c as ee n a e . a e ac n
n u m b r e f l l th sh d d p a rts (i ludi n g th li e C c C)
e on ,
O a e a e nc e n , , ,
an d sh w i g t to p
o d b tt m th
n a d s o f th e tr li e an o o e en cen e n
A B Th
. m k tr i g N en 2 f th o utli e c C C
a e e x c tly
ac n o . o e n , ,
as a
as p ssi bl b ri g th li A B d w its tre ( d th e s o u d

o e, ea n e ne o n ce n an n
po st E d th f ho le F o th t y u m y k w w hi h is th fr n t
,
an e , s a o a no c e o
o f th m d l ) e Glu e this tr c i g t l e f f w o d su ffi c ie tly

o e . a n o a a o o ,
n
l rg
a d c t it
e, an t m o st c r fully u it i y ur pl k utli e
ou a e ,
as s o an o n
t w hi h I h v re fe r d b f r
o c aI t w i l l be
e ti d th t t the re e o e. no ce a a
bo tto m o f th m o ul d (o r sh d e d pa rt) th e w o rds b k

e an d a ac
K : As I T WAS AND Is .
“ b lly a r e pri te d this m s th t to s ve ro o m n d s the

e n ean a a ,
a a
o utli o n b th si d s
ne f b c k a d b lly
o e rly (i f
e o ot a a n e a re n a n
quit ) ide n ti l I h ve m d th ri ght h d h l f r pr s t the

e ca ,
a a e e -
an a e e en
b lly
e d th e l ft h d h l f th b a k
,
an e Th e f h l
-
d s u d
an a e c . o e an o n
p o st i n th e ri g ht h d ( o
“
b lly h l f -
e m
an r ly put th r e r e a ar e e e
to d isti guish it still furthe r fro m th e le ft h b k

“
n d (o -
an r ac
h lf
a .
D r w ri gh t c r ss th e tr
a d utli a O f th e b
o k th li e s a ce o ne ac
,
e n
1 2 3 4 5 8 (w hi h tr v e rs th l ft h d o “
b k h l f f th ”
c a e e e -
an r ac -
a o e
, , , , ,
o utli n 0 c e D r w c r ss th tr
, , d utli o f th b lly
a a o e a ce o ne e e
th li s 7 9 10 1 1 12 (w hi c h tr v rs th e ri ght h d b lly ”
e ne a e e -
an or e
, , ,
h l f f th
a o utli C C C) Y h v th r f re w tr i g
e o ne , ,
. ou a e, e e o ,
n o a ac n
fro m w hi h t m k y ur m ul d c o d tr i g o f th o utli
a e o o ,
an a ac n e ne
O ,
C 0 w ith f h l
,
d s u d p s t fr m w hi h t m k e y ur
o e, an o n -
o o c o a o
pl k o utli
an N xt m k e f thi h rd w d th
n e. e lv,
a o n a oo e e e en
“ ui s fi ur d
”
tu l si T h s r sp tiv ly
g d (g e ) e ac
( 1 2 a z e . e e are e ec e , ,
3 4
, ,
ad 5 i th pl te ) th m d l
n n l v ti f th r hi g
e a ,
e o e or e e a on o e a c n
o f th b k t k fr m th e dg t th j i (A B th pl t )
e ac ,
a en o e e o e o n on e a e ,
al on
g th li s 1 2 e3 4 d
ne 5 r sp tiv ,
ly 8 sh,
w s th r
, h ,
an e ec e o e a c
i g f th b k b tw th e ce tr b uts ( C ) l g th li
’
n o e ac e een n e o or s , a on e ne
8 d 9 10 1 1
an d 12 h w th
, ,
r hi g f th b lly t k
,
a n S o e a c n o e e ,
a en
al g
on th li s 9 1
e 0 1 1 d
ne 12 7 sh w s th
,
tir e r
,
hi g f ,
a n o e en a c n o
th b lly b t w tr b uts ( C ) l g th li e 7 i ’
e e th c e ee n e en e o or s a on e n
,
n
th e s m w y th t 8 giv s th e tir
a e a r hi g r ss th e b c k
a e e n e a c n ac o a .
A si m il r g ui d to th a tir r hi g l g th li A B is
e e en e a c n a on e ne ,
m d by utti g
a e si m il r pi c f w o d I th urv f th li
c n a a e e o o ) e c e o e ne
G G G
, ,
th pl te on I t w ill be bs rv
e th t th gui d N 8
a . o e en a e e o .
i s m r ly d ubl d f rm o f N 3
e e a o d sh w s th e r hi g f th
o o. ,
a n o e a c n o e
c e trn f th b k
e o e ac .
Th l st e ss ri s f th m ul d
a a cce th e c r m pi g bl ks
o e o e o are a n -
oc ,
w hi c h e r pr s ar t d i th ir c tu l sie e en e t H I J K L M n e a a z e a , , , , ,
.
Th s e e ar e pi s o f w d t the s m d pth s th m ul d t fi t
e ce oo cu a e e a e o ,
o
its c urv s t th p i ts H I J K L d M r sp tiv ly m rk d

e a e o n , , , , ,
an e ec e a e
o n th e sh d e d p rt r pr s ti g th m ul d
a a Th ut r dg s
e e en n e o . e o e e e
w hi h t u c h th e sid s ) c li d w ith thi sh t o f rk

o e ,
a re ne a n ee co
s t d i th figur s f th r m pi g bl ks by th h d
en e n e e o e c a n oc e S a
Th s pi ce s e e us d t r m p th si d s i to th ir fi l
e a re e o c a e e n e na
sh p i th m uld i m
a e n e r h r i ft r pp ri g
o ,
n an n e e e na e a ea n .
S m u c h f th
o stru ti ord ss ri s f w h t is ll d
e con c on an a cce o e o a ca e
th u tsid m uld Th th r f rm
e o e o
“
i sid m uld w ill
.
”
e o e o ,
o r n e o ,
”
be d s rib d ie c th r pl e m g th
n an o i stru ti s f me ki g a ce
,
a on e n c on or a n
a fi d d le f th Gu r rius p t t r
o e i si d m uld a ne d a e n ,
on an n e o ,
an
o th r w is d i ff ri g i
e e m y p rti c ul rs fr m th fiddl w
e n n an a a o e e e are
now g i g t o no stru t Outli s d m o d ls f th

o c n k d
c . ne an e or e n ec an
s cr o ll fo pr s t fidd l
o ur d t k fro m th s m e i stru m
e en t e, an a en e a n en
CHAP TE R XV .
TH E S I D E S , O R R I B S , B LO CK S AND S I D E LI NI NGS -
.
S e le c ti o n of Wo o d —
Th e S i d e s en n e es — B
n di g th S i d — F i tti g th S i d
e es Th e To p
an d o tto m B l o c k s— Th e B o rn e r oc s e eC n n s B l k — Th S i d l i i g — B
e n d i n g th e -
S i d e l i n i n g s — Fi tti n g— F i xi n g th e Li n i n gs— Le v e l l i n g — Fi n i sh i n g th e Si d e s,
-
Li n i n gs, a n d B
l o c k s , I n si d e a n d O u tsid e .
TH E first st p t b t k t w rd s th m ki g f fi ddl is th e
e o e a en o a e a n o a e
s l e ecti f th w d I h v lr d y p i t d t th d i bi
on o e oo . a e a ea o n e ou e a v sa
l i ty f k pi g w d s st r d i
o ee n rt i d i m si s (p 134 ) i t
oo o e n ce a n en on .
w ill th r f r b si m ply m tt r f r h d t st t s l t
e e o e e a a e o Se a c an a e o e ec a
“
set f w d o w d
g f oo th b k bl k f
a t h k
e e or e ac , a oc or e nec ,
six strips f th sid s d w dg f th b lly) h d s m ly
or e e ,
a n a e e or e e ,
an o e
fi g ur d d c usti c lly g d r g rd s th m pl
e an a o a d fi ly d oo as e a e a e, an ne an
ev en ly gr i d r g rd s th pi
a ne H i g d e i d d this w e
as e a e ne . av n c e ,
pr d t pr p r th w d f th v ri s p r ti s to
o ce e
“
o e a e
”
e oo or e a ou o e a on
w hi h it is t b
c s bm itt d —b gi i g w ith th S id s I f th
o e u e e nn n e e . e
w oo d h b st r e d i strips
as een i h s l g by 1% br d
o n nc e on ,
oa ,
thr e su h strips w ill b r quir d but I r m m d th s l

e c e e e eco en e e ec
ti on f i t pr vid f
o s x
,
i d ts f ll s rt w hi h w i ll m
o o e or acc en o a o s, c co e
a b ut w h
o m t ur is w rki g w ith
en an a brittl strip f
a e o n a e o
w oo d th f 13 i h thi k B f r pr d i g furth r l t m e
1
o an nc c . e o e o ce e n e ,
e
N
W
W g iv w r d f w r i g b ut th s l ti e a o o a n n a o e e ec on
f th s strips I t is this b w r
o f e e . : e a e o
F‘
fi
. w
133 —
a k en by
.
xtr h d s m w d th t w th th fi st
f
e a -
an o e oo a r e ne
W °° d °
d b l d st urls is x ssiv ly d i ffi ult to an o e c e ce e c
w o rk w ith hippi g w y d r th k i f pl
,
c n d s r p r
a a un e e n e, an e ,
an c a e
t o an l rm i g d g r
a a d w rs th
n l l this w h
e ee th w rk an ,
o e an a ,
en e o
is fi ish d d y ur sid s
n e ,
an t d y ur fi dd l v r ish d
o e are se , an o e a n e ,
h d s m w d ill ft t k th w y surf sh w i th
an o e oo w o en a e e av a ce o n n e
s ti F i g 138
ec on , ph m . ft bs rv bl
,
a fidd l en o en on o en o e a e on es
w ith x tr h e d s m si d sa -
Th b st slips
an o th s w ith
e f irlye . e e are o e a a
l s
c o e c url t t str gly m rk d Al l thi gs b i g thus
,
n o oo on a e . n e n con
s id d y
e re m y ,
w t t w rk
ou a no se o o .
T k a rdi ry r m p
e an o t F ig 1 16 na d by m c s o f it
a ,
as a .
,
an ean ,
an d w ith s m ll pi af pr t c ti g w ad f st th s trip
e ce o th o e n oo ,
a en e on e
b h t right gl s t th e dg ( f th b h) th t k
en c a an e o e e o e en c en a e a
TH E S I D E S , O R R I B S B LO CK
,
S AND S I D E LI NI NGS -
.
sm a ll st l pl wh s
ee utt g e dg i st d f b i g pl i is
an e, o e c in e, n ea o e n a n
,
v ry fi ly t th d d w ith f w s w ps just r m ve th
e ne oo e ,
an a e ee e o e
e x i r u gh ss f th strip th firm ly s m th it thr u gh

ce s s v e o ne o e ,
en oo o
o t its
u tir l gth w ith s r p r (Fi g
en e en d th first a c a e . an e
O p r ti is fi is h d Ab ve l l thi g s b m st r ful th t
e a on n e . o a n ,
e o ca e a
th edg e f th pl e pr j t ly th e v ry s m ll st p ssibl
o e an e o ec on e a e o e,
f i
o r, dd iti
n t th
a thi ss f th e w d y
on o w rki g e nne o oo ou are o n
w ith th ,
w d is i e its l f p rh ps th m st brittl e o f ll t
oo n e e a e o a o
w rk w ith
o d th h ds m r th c urls i th e w o d th e
,
an e an o e e n o ,
m r o brittl it is Th s r p r sh o uld b use d g i t th

e e . e c a e e a a ns e
d ir c ti e f th on urls ; th t is i f th e c urls ( fi g ure f th

o e c a ,
or o e
w d ) i li
oo t w rd s th ri ght th c utti g dge f th sc r p r
nc ne o a e ,
e n e o e a e
s h ul d b sl t d t w rd s th l ft Aft r c h s w p o f th
o e an e o a e e . e ea ee e
s r p r i i t w ll t bri g it b c k f th
c a e ,
r a se xt s w p
e o n a or e ne ee , o r,
ca c t hi g th dg i t w il l s p th strip i tw
n e e e, Mi d d na e n o . n an
l t
e ith r f th se pr ss s g t o f ; m i d t t thi
ne e o e o ce e o o ar n no o n
y ur strip t o m u h f r m m b r th t thi s is by o m s
o o c ,
or e e e a n ea n
th fi l s m thi g d i f w rke d t thi t th c m m ce

e na oo n ,
an o oo n a e o en
m t f th w r k th ft r r sults w ill b d is str us th e r

en o e o ,
e a e e e a o e
f r l v
o e th e strip r th r r u gh
ea e d st u t th th r w is e a e o an o an o e .
Th t k thr e o f th strips thus pr p r d d w ith p e c il

en a e e e e a e ,
an a n
d r w li s
a r ss th m s fo llo w s A ro ss tw o f th m t
ne ac o e , a c o e ,
a a
d ist f
an ce i c h s fr m
o e d d c r ss th thi rd t
n e o one n ,
a n a o e ,
a a
d ist c e f 7 i h s fro m
an 1 o d
; Th e ncw i th fi m stro k
e one en . n, a r e
o f s m ll fi k i f (Fi g
a a c t th e strips
ne n ro ss t th o s e
e . u ac a
li s d it w ill b f u d th t y o u h v e tw o pi s 7 % l g fo
ne
,
a n e o n a a e ce 4
on r
th upp r b uts tw
e e pie c e s l g f th
o ,
tr b uts d o on or e ce n e o ,
a n
tw pi e s 9% l g f
o ec th l w r b uts Th s l g ths a e i
on or e o e o . e e en r n
e x ss f w h t is bs lute ly
ce o ss ry but it is b tte r to a l l o w
a a o n ece a e
f or c c ida t th t st rt w ith y ur w o d to o sh rt No w c u t
en an o a o o o .
e i ght strips f li ( t li ) 13 io c h s l g by 1%
n en br d no ca co n e on oa ,
S pr d g lu
ea b th sid s f e on d f c h strip o f m pl
o thus e o one en o ea a e
c t u b ut 1% i h s d w
,
a o h si d d f l d i g th strips o f
nc e o n e ac e, an o n e
li n en i th m idd l c v r
n e d f e h strip w ith li e, o e one en o ac n e n , so a s
t pr t t th e d ge s ; th sh rt st (
o o ec 5 % i h ) strips m ust thus
3 e e o e or 2
nc
b c v re d t b th
e o e ds ; f th e
a th rs eo d w ill b en or o e ,
on en e
su ffi i t Th re s o f this O pe r ti w ill b d m str te d

c en . e a on a on e e on a
furth r e on .
Th xt o p e r ti w hi c h m ust upy us w ill b th b d i g

e ne a on o cc e e en n
o f th e si d e s th t is t s y to b d th m f lik th p rt f a o a
,
en e so ar e e a o
th m ul d
e w hi h th e y
o t b fi x d th t th y w ill
on c t split a re o e e ,
a e no
wh r m p d i to i t F irst th r u ghly he t y ur b di n g ir l
en c a e n . o o a o en -
on
I t h a s b e e n su gge s te d (Am a te u r Wor k , v o l i , p 528, a n d v o l p 4 8) . . . . .
th a t th e r i b s m a y b e be n t b y s te a m i n g th e s tr i p s o f m a pl e , a n d th e n c r a m pi n g
th e m b e tw e e n b l o c k s o f th e r e q u i re d s h a e T h i s i s th e p l a n r e c o m m e n d e d i n
p .
K AS I T WAS AND IS .
F
( g i s 121 a d 122) w h h e t d r m p i t
. n to th b c h en a e , c a on e en
h o ri t lly o th t th e h t br a d p rt d e d (A d B ) li s
z on a ,
s a o o a an n an e
o v r th dg sit d w pp site t it d pr d t this m st

e e e e o n o o o ,
a n o ce e o o
tic klish p rt o f y ur w rk w ith a
a l h d Th ir w he
o o coo ea . e on , n
ou c mme t b d m ust
o n ce ly b j ust h ot u g h v
en ry on e o en o e
y ,
sli ghtly t si g slip o f w od w h pr ss d g i st it (th tim e

o n e a o en e e a a n e
wh this o diti is r h d m ust b t st d by p ri di lly

en c n on eac e e e e e o ca
tryi g t b d v r it thi slip o f w st w o d k pt f th

n o en o e a n a e o ,
e or e
purp s ) F irst b d th C o e i r b ts .
,
en e
’
s, or nne ou ,
b gi i g t th e tw e d s v r d w ith li e nn n a o n co e e n en
t th d o th p rt B se f th iro h l d it the r
e en n e a O e n
,
o e
firm ly w ith bl k o f w d t the s m tim a oc oo ,

a a e e
pplyi g ve ry ge tl e pre ssur to th th r d

a n n e e o e en .
c
I t w 11 t b g be d t ll t S th ro u ghly
o o o o
t 1 no e in o n i I I o
h t thro u gh
e n t sta g e s o f do t hurry it by h vy
o ,
so no ea
ggfi fl fifi pr ssur it w ill plit (th tyr e e, l ly or S e o en era
splits s v r l t b gi w ith ) B d it t us v ry e e a o e n . en e
ca r e fully r d B (B Fi g oun d th be d th th r d , . an en n e o e en
sim il rly (C Fig a th g iv it th fi l sh p

, . th br d en e e na a e on e oa
p rt A (D F ig
a ,
F ig 139 sh w s th v ri us st g s f th
,
. . o e a o a e o e
b di g f th c tr b o uts (Th li
en n o e is f urs u d rst d
en e . e n en , o co e, n e oo
to b th r e th ugh it d s t pp r i th e fi gur
e e, o oe no a ea n e .
Th ppe r d l w r b uts m ust w b si m il rly b e t

e u an o e o no e a n ,
th o u gh f c urs it w ill be ppr i t d th t ly th li

,
o o e, a ec a e a on e n en
cov r d ed s (w hi c h j i
e en th r r bl ks) w ill r quir th o n e co ne -
oc e e e
A B C D
d i d d b e d g iv by th e p rt B f th ec e n en a o e
ir F i g 14 0 sh o w s th su e ssiv st g s on . . e cc e a e
f th e b d i g f the pp r d l w r b uts o en n o u e an o e o ,
w hi h f urs si m il r x pt i p i t c a re o co e a ,
e ce n o n
f tu l si This d y m ust ro e ac a z e. on e, ou ca
fully r m o v e w ith h rp k i f ll th e e a S a n e a
pr j ti g li fr m th ds Th h a t o ec n n en o e en . e e
f th ir h vi g s r h d th glu this o e on a n co c e e e,
w ill b m p r tiv ly sy p r ti but e a co a a e ea o e a on ,

F I G. Li a — D i ffe r e n t
o f b e n d i n g th e
pl s th l w ll st ll
s ta g es
u p p er
dh r l s lyIn a ce e l n en i i a e e c o e ,
I d
a n d l o w e r b o u ts h r y m ust.
b e m st r ful o t ant o e e ou o ca e n
bri g w y littl pi e c s f th urls f th w d w hi h w uld

n a a e e O e c o e oo ,
c o
irr tri v bly d m g th b uty f y ur sid s Th l st

e e a a a e e ea o o e . e ea
v sti g s f glu
e ed li o m st b fi lly s r p d w y fr m
e an n en u e na c a e a a o
b th th i sid d utsid surf s f th strip w ith fil w hi h

o e n e an o e a ce o e a e, c
sh ul d b e fl t
o id d ro u da thon th r (Fi g on e S e an n on e o e .
H P Sm i th Th C “
f th Vi l i
’
. . t ti s (Sy e 187
on s r uc b on o e o n r a c u se , ut no
go o d w o r km a n w o u l d d r e a m o f s u c h a n e x pe d i e n t, f o r , i n th e fi r s t p l a c e , i t ta k e s
te n ti m e s a s l o n g a s th e l e g i ti m a te w a y , a n d , i n th e se c o n d , th e r i b s n e a r l y
al w ayf w a r p a n d tw i st (a s i n F i g 138) a fte r th e y h a v e b e e n se t to th e fi d d l e . .
K : As I T WA S AND IS .
of
g lu e th r m ss
or o W h fi x de th r e m uste b e sli.
g ht i m en e , e a r
a b v d b l w th m ul d c us d by th sup rflu us br d th
o e an e o e o ,
a e e e o ea
o f th e slips fr m w hi h y h v m d y ur sid s N w t k
o c ou a e a e o e . o a e
s m slips f p pe r b o ut 1% i h s br d d slip
o e o a
,
a thr u gh nc e oa ,
a n one o
a t th b tt m j i
e o f th S i d s b tw
o o n th spri gy l w r d s
o e e ,
e een e n o e en
o f th b uts e d th b s e f th m ul d glu lightly b I h si d s
o an e a o e o e o e
o f th slip b e th pl ce w h re it is h l d b tw
,
a o ve e th si d e s a d e e e een e an
th m ul d d pull it thr u gh fr m th th r sid th t i

'
e o ,
an o o e o e e so a n
,
f t th l w r
ac ed s f th e l w r b uts ( t th e j i )
o e en o
g lu d t o e o a o n ar e e o
th p p re a d th p p r t th sid
e ,
an f th e m o ul d
e a th t bye o e e o
,
so a
th s s c d ry m s th si d s e f st i th m ul d put
e e e on a ean e e ar a n e o
si m il rly g lu d slips f p pe r b tw
a e th sid s d th m uld o a e een e e an e o ,
a t th e p i ts S d 1 (P l t I V ) i
o n si m il r m
an r d
' ‘
a e . n a a an n e
,
an
pr ce e d b f r t sh a p t d c r m p th upp r b uts s tti g

o as e o e o e , se
,
an a e e o ,
e n
th p p rs t th
e a t p j i t
e a d t U d v (P l t
e o N w o n an a an a e o
pr d t th fixi g (i th r u gh) f th t p d b tt m
oce e o e n n e o O e o an o o
bl ks T k tw pie c s f fi
oc . a e ev g r
o i d pi pl d
e o ne
,
en -
a ne ne
1
,
an e
r u d th si de s d dg s till th y
o n e b o th 2 i l g by
an e e e are n . on
g i br d 1 % d p t h e g r i s tti
n
g . i oa ,
ee ,
a n e n as n
Fi g 14 1 N w w ith h rp k i f d fil . . o ,
a S a n e an e,
sh p th si d B f th bl k (Fi g a t th e e e o e oc . o e
v ry sli ght urv f th b tt m f th id s t e c e o e o o o e S e a
th j i m rk r ss th t p by m s f th e o n, a ac o e o ,
ean o e
li A th m ul d th x t tr f thne on e o
,
e e ac cen e o e
14 l — T0P bl o k A (F i l this
§tly ii th
F I G- o 0r
14 1
3 0tt0m w
g c o t n o ue n o
m m ( m m ) m u gh
th id f th b s
’
t e s e s, e x c i e ce n re o e a e
o f th m eld th t th li A th bl k
ou so tly i i d s a e ne on e oc e xa c co n c e
w ith th li e A— p rt f th e li A B P l t
e n a d fix it o ne , a e an
s ur ly w ith l m
ec e C t sh p d fix
a c a c tly S im il r u , a e, an an e xa a
bl k t th t p f t e fi dd l i th s m w y Aft r h f
oc a e o o e n e a e a . e eac o
th s e e p r ti s t ke fi brush d w ith littl h t w t r

o e a on ,
a a ne ,
a n a e o a e
ou t f th o
g lu p o t w sh e w y fr m e y -
ur w rk ,
ll tr s a a a o o o a a ce
o f sup e rflu us glu N W pr c d t fix th i

o e . r b uts O o ee o e nn e o , o r,
as th y e t h i lly t rm d C ; th s m st b m st
are ec n ca e e ,
’
s e e u e o
ca r fully b t t th x t h p f th m uld utti g

e en o e e ac s a e o e o ,
c n
th e ds qen d t s x tly th right l gth Th

uare
,
an ds o e ac e en . e en
m st th u b t t en bvl e tcu fit i t th o r rs a e e , so as o n o e co ne
,
a
g i t
a ns th pp r d s f eth l
u w r b e uts i t
enh m e r o e o e o ,
n e an n
sh w t C i Fi g 14 2 w hi h is d r w th
o n a ,
n tu l si e f
.
,
c a n e ac a z o
th e m ul d (P l t o Wh y h v g t th m thus t
a e en ou a e o e o
fit ,
d l
an bd d s r p d th m th r ghly i si d
c ean an d c a e e o ou n e an
v r th b v l f th d s f th w ith g lu slip ’
ou t ,
co e e C e e o e en o e s e,
S o m e m a k e r s (Str a d i v a r i a m o n g st th e m ) f r e qu e n tl y u se d sa l l o w w o o d f o r
th e b l oc k s a n d l i n i n g s , a s b e i n g l i g h te r th a n d e a l Th e r e i s l i ttl e , i f a n y , .
W W I ? o f w o r k in
d i ffe r e n c e d
b e tw e e n th e m , a n t h e
g i s th e sa m e ( Vi d e p . .
TH E S I D E S , U R RI B S, B LO CK S A ND S I D E LI NI NGS -
. 235
th m e th t in th g lu d
so d s fita g i st the e l w e r b o uts e en a a n o
i th
n r rs e co t C i F i g 14 2
ne ,
a s d r m p th m i w ith th
a n .
,
an c a e n e
c r m pi g bl ks J d K (P l t
a n -
oc ,
N w t k an fi a e o a e a ne
slip f w d o d d ippi g i t i t th g lu
oo ,
an just it i to n n o e e, ru n n
th e r rs co t
ne m pl t th so as o co e e e
j i r m v th sup r fl u us glu
o n ,
e o e e e o e,
an d t th m ul d t d y
se e Be r o o r . a
i m i d thr u g h ut th
n n p r tio f o e o e a on o
s tti g th sid s d bl ks th t y
e n e e an oc ,
a ou
m ust l e littl i m f w d b v
eav a e r o oo a o e
an d b l w th sur fe o s f th m ul d e a ce o e o
,
t b sh v d w y w h
o e a l v lli g
e a a en e e n
th si d s t th di m t r f th
e e o e a e e o e
m ul d o th r w is (i f th si d s d
,
o e e e e o
no t r h th sur f s f th
ea c e ace o e
m ul d ) th y w ill be f u d t
o . e b o n o e
t oo sh ll w w he y a o m t fix n ou co e o
on th b k e d b lly ac Th an e . e
ne xt p r ti is th e utti g d
o e a on c n an
fixi g f th e r r bl ks T k
n o co ne oc . a e
tw squ r sid d pill rs f w o d

o a e -
e a o o F I G 142 — S e tti n g o f th e s i d e s , c o r n e r
. .
2% i l g th
n . on f th l w r
,
e on e or e o e
b l o c k s , a n d s i d e l i n in g s i n th e m o u l d .
co r rs h vi g th
ne ds 1 i
a by g i th e th r f th upp r
n e en n . n ,
o e or e e
c ro rs h vi g th
ne d s gi
a by gi
n This l g th is just
e en n .
-
n . en
d ubl w h t is r quire d
o e d f
a this r s e th t th r rs ,
a n or ea on , a e co ne
b e i g l m st l w ys i
n a t
o
f i ma i l t h ay m y b n t t co n r a -
a cs e, e a e cu o
th ri ght h p thr gh ut th ir l gth e S a e ou o e en ,
d s w i h l f w hi h w ill b an g r t a n n a ,
c e a ea
s vi g i p i t f ti m d w rk a n n o n o e an o .
Th bl ks m ust b sh p d fr m th e oc e a e o e
squ r i th m r h w i F i g 14 3 a e n e an n e s o n n .
,
th d tt d li s sh w i g th tw si d s
e o e ne o n e o e
b f r th y t w ith th g g
e o e e a r e cu aw ay e ou e .
Th g t st r m ust b t k t m k e r ea e ca e e a en o a e
th m fit p rf c tly thr gh ut th ir h i gh t e e e ou o e e
to th si d s i F i g 14 2 b f r th y e e ,
as n .
,
e o e e
t i h lf d fi tt d i t th ir are cu n a ,
an e n o e re
F I G 143 — e th o d o f s h a p i n g
.M .
th e Co r n e r B l o c k s
sp c ti r rs Th l w r r r bl ks e ve co ne . e o e co ne oc
C ill r first
.
( C F i g 1 4 3 ) w b t f m th ,
'
,
. e cu o e
M d th e upp an r s ( D D F i g 1 4 3 ) f r
e m t h on e d ’
o e se c o n
T
ar, . .
, ,
Vh g lu d enth y m ust b e str , g ly pr e s d i t th r rs e on es e n o e co ne ,
b th utw rd s d up w rd s s
o o a t an fix th m l l y b th a ,
o as o e c o se o
t oth pp r ( l w r) b ut d t th
e u e or tr b ut ( C )
o e o an o e ce n e o or .
It is this p r ti w hi h r o d ers it
a f on m u h i m p r t c e en e o so c o an c
th t th d s f th b uts sh ul d fit l s l y i t th
a e en o e o r rs O f o c o e n o e co ne
K : As I T WAS A D
N
I s.
th e m o ul d d g i st e th r an at F i g 14 2 a n I f th y d o n o t
on an o e ,
a s a . . e ,
this pr ssi g h m o f th c r r bl ks w ill f rce th m p rt

“
e n o e
”
e o ne oc o e a a .
Wh this is den d th bl ks firm ly r m p d i t th ir

one , an e oc a re c a e n o e
pl c s th e sup rflu us g lu m ust b w sh d ff w ith brush

a e ,
e o e e a e o a
an d h tw t r o d th w h l m ul d
a e ,
ith th si d s d bl ks
an e o e o ,
w e e an oc
thus fitt d i t it put w y to d y th r ughly Whilst it is

e n o , a a r o o .
d ryi g y n m y pr o e d to pr p r
,
ou y ur sid li i g s th
a c e e a e o e -
n n e
pi w d f th s sh ul d b c t i t l g slips 5 i h br d
ne -
oo or e e o e u n o on ,
— nc oa
an d thi c k
3%
3
d f th s slips y w ill r quir f
an oo fi dd l e e ou e e or ne e
f ur 9% i h s l g (fo th l w r b o uts ) f ur 5% i h e s l g
o nc e on r e o e
,
o nc on
( f or th i r b uts
e
) d f
nne ur 7 % i c h s l o
g (
o f th upp
,
ran o n e n or e e
b uts) T gu rd g i st i d ts it is w ll t h
o . o a a thr a n a cc en ,
e o a ve ee or
f ur xtr slips t t k th pl
o e a f y th ,
t m o
y s pa i teh e a ce o an a a na n e
b d i g B f re c m m i g t b d th m h vi g t the m
en n . e o o en c n o en e
,
a n cu
r u ghly t th s le gths (w hi h
o o ll i
e e x ss f w h t isn c a re a n e ce o a
r quir d) l t th m s k f t l st
e e ,
e h ur i c ld w t r
e oa or a ea an o n o a e .
N w h vi g h t d y ur ir t
o ,
a n fi ce h t b e d th m t th e
ea e o on o a er ea , n e o
sh p s th y e r quir d t t k i th s m e m
a e e ar e r sy e o a e n e a an n e a ou
b d y ur sid s t hurri dly but qui kly d w i th d isi
en o e , no e
,
c ,
a n ec on,
h vi g pr vi usly w ll fix d i y ur m i d th e x t b d w hi h
a n e o e e n o n e ac en c
is e ss ry Th w t w d m u st r st g i st th fl t sid f
n ce a . e e oo e a a n e a e o
th th i k p rt f th ir
e c (A a F i g s 1 2 1 o d 1 22 ) l g e u g hon ,
. an on en o
t b w ll h t d thr u gh b f r c m m e
o e e ea e i g to b d but t o e o e o nc n en ,
no
so t s r h it t
as o m h ( li ttl s c o rc hi g w ill
co c t m tt r
oo uc a e n no a e
t th li i g s )
o e n n .
By this ti m th c r r bl ks b i g th r u ghly fi m y e, e o ne oc e n o o r , ou
can pr d t r d r th e si d e s d bl ks y
o ce e o en ly l v l w ith
e an oc ve r n ea r e e
th sur f ce s f th m ul d
e a Wh r th e r is but littl f th sid s
o e o . e e e e o e e
a bo ve th sur f it m y b fil d w y w ith th fl t si d o f
e a ce , a e e a a e a e a
fil e but f th bl ks d w h th r is g d d l f th
or e oc ,
a n en e e a oo ea o e
side s t fil w y y m ust o e th t o th e d pl
a a ,
B fr
ou u se e o an e. e o e
co mm i g t pl en c n th bl c ks th to ps o d b tt m s m ust be
an e e o ,
e an o o
W ll w tt d w ith w rm w t r w hi h w ill pre v

e e e t th ir splitti g
a a e , c en e n
w y to furth r u r d g i st w hi c h t h ir o t th f th a n e n e e
a a , g e a a , o e
pl m ust ly pr j t t
an e i fi it si m l d g r
on I f the r is
o ec o an n n e a e ee . e
m u h f th bl
c o k t b c t w y y o m y b gi to re m v it
e oc o e u a a ,
u a e n o e
w ith k i f fi ishi g up w ith th pl e I f th p r ti

a n e, n n f e an . e o e a on o
w tti
e th nt ps f t h bl kse h s l o s d th e glu
o by w hiec h oc a oo en e e
g
th si d s
e fix d (w ith p p rs) t th m uld y o m ust s c ure
e are e a e o e o ,
u e
th bl k w ith a r m p b e f re r d u c i g it Thro u gh ut this

e oc c a o e n
’
. o
o p r ti y m ust t r d uce e ith r th e sid s

e a on ou th bl o c ks
no e e e or e
q i
u te to t h l v l f t h sur fe ce f t
e h e m o ul d
e T his o fi ishi ge a o . n n
t u h w i ll n o t b p u t u til th si d li i g s
o c e fi xe d w hi c h y o n e e n n a re ,
u
m a y n o w pr c e d to d b gi i g w ith th i e r b o uts i the

o e o, e nn n ,
e nn n
f ll w i g m
o o r First c t o t the little slit s t G Fig 14 2
n — an n e u u
,
a a , .
,
23o VI O LI N M A I NG : -
K As I T WAS A ND Is .
sup rfl us gl b i g w sh d w y t o c e d th m uld e t
e uo ue e n a e a a a n an e o s
t d y
o I f h w v r y o d istrust y ur utti g y
r .
,
o e e m y ,
r mp u o c n ,
ou a c a
y our li i g s t t h e si
n n d s i th s m w
o
y y r m p d t he e n e a e a as ou c a e
si d s t th
e m l d i t rp si g ( w ith th i r b u ts) slips f
o e ou ,
n e o n as e nne o o
p ap e r b t w th lie i g s d
een t h r m pi g ebl ks W
n n h an e c a n oc . en
th s e quit d y pr d t r d r th dg f th sid s
e are e r
,
o ce e o en e e e es o e e ,
bl ks oc d li i gs x tly l v l w ith th sur f

,
an n n s f th m ul d
e ac e e e ace o e o
by m s f th t th d pl
ea n o Wh thi i d e oo tk e a ne . en s s one
,
a e a
sh rp k if
a d t th i
n e r dg s f th li i gs t
an cu bvl e nne e e o e n n o a e e ,
b v lli g ff littl m r th h l f th d pth f th li i gs s

e e n O a e o e an a e e o e n n
,
a
a t B Fi g 14 5 w h ,
this is d e fi ish th m w ith fi l m
. en on ,
n e a e, re ov
i g
n
y p anp r t w hi h m y b a e sti ,
ki g t
e c t h . li
, i g s d c a e c n o e n n an
no t r m d by th k i f
e o ve N xt sh p th bl ks to bri g th m e n e . e a e e oc n e
as a t F F i g 82 Th
,
r r bl ks ill b t w ith th g ug
. . e co ne oc w e cu e o e
till th y t k th sh p i th fig r (Fig
e a e e utti g w y ll
a e n e u e . c n a a a
o utsi d th li H (Fi g e e Th t p ne d b tt m bl ks m ust . e o an o o oc
ne xt b t t th si e cu td w t p g
o 14 7 F i g 181 p 290
e z e se o n a a e . .
,
.
,
r pr s ts th tu l si
e e en d sh p f th bl ks f
e ac a th m ul d z e an a e o e oc or e o
(P l t a e I f th r is y d i ff r b t w th e t p e d an e e n ce e een e o an
bo tt m bl ks th t p
o oc w i ll b just sh d s m lle r th th
,
e o one e a a e a an e
th r Th Gu r ri s bl k is m r s g m t f
o e . e a ne u oc o e a e en o a
ircl ( t F ig c but th m ul d (P l te I V )
e as a . as e o a .
is f th m d l f S tr d iv rius I giv e S t di i o e o e o a a ,
a ra va r a n
A bl k (Fi g 181 p oc Th g r t st r m ust be .

,
. e ea e ca e
t k i utti g b th th a enr r d d bl ks n c n o e co ne an en oc
rm . 145 q it p r ll l w ith th sid s
-
Fin al u e th t th utli e f
a a e e e a e o n o
$3 232 2? th bl k m y b i d ti l t b th t p d b tt m
8 e oc a e en ca a o o an o o :
)
Th y m ust b fi ish d ff w ith th fil ft r w hi h
ti o n .
e e n e O e e, a e c
th w h le f th i si d o e o th si d s th li i g s e n d th bl ks
e e e ,
e n n ,
a n e oc ,
m st b th r u ghly s
u e d p p r d o o d l d ft r w hi h th an -
a e e an c ea n e ,
a e c e
i sid f the m ul d w ill pr s t th pp r

n e o o f F i g 82 p 14 8 e en e a ea a n ce o .
,
. .
Th xt p r ti is th t f t ki g th
e ne o e aw m pl t d si d s
on a o a n e no co e e e
( or ribs ) f th fi d d l t o f th m ul de to l d fi
e ou ish th e o e o c ean an n
o ut r surf c s Y w ill r m m b r th t th ribs

e a e . ou fixe d i t e e e a e ar e n o
th m ul d w ith slips
e o f glu d p p e r (p 233) th s m st o w e a . e e u no
b l s
e d i th f ll w i g m
oo en e r Tk
n e rd i ry s m l l
o o n an ne . a e an o na a
t bl k i f w ith f irly rr w bl d
a e -
n e d thrust it c r fully
a a na o a e, an a e
thr u gh b t w o th si d s d th m uld l s to th p i ts
e een e e an e o c o e e o n
wh r th p p r is fix d p ssi g it l
e e e a e
g w h r v r th p p er ,
a n a on e e e e a e
e xt ds en This p r ti . w ill be c mp o ie d by s ri s f
e a on ac o an a e e o
th m st m i
e us r ki g s u d s w hi h
o o no h w v r m r ly
c ac n o n , c a re , o e e ,
e e
f lsa l rm s th ugh y m ust r fully g rd g i st sh vi g

e a a ,
o ou ca e ua a a n a n
or spl itti g ff littl s ips f th sid s n O

y o p sse t h k i f
n o e e as u a e n e
l o g H vi g thus t th fixi gs t ll th p i ts w h r l d n ue
ef e u
a n . a cu e n a a e o n e e
p a p e r w put b t we as th e si d es n d th e m o ul d
e
p o c e en a ,
r v r
THE S I D ES , O R R I B S B LO C KS
, AND S I D E LI NI NGS .
-
ea r e i t an d g r u lly
ad a to p k
ribs thr u h
o e th e o g , a n d o u t o f th e
ul pr ssi
m o d, e n
g o n a ll th es bl
b uts r ully
ock an d o ca e f i n su c
ce ssi h vi first rk
on , a n
g mhi h is
a e d w c bl kst h e to
p o f th e o c , t o
s rv
e e as a gui h xi t bl s
d e , w e n y o u c o m e to fi n g o n th e a e . No w
pr o c e e d to l i utsi s
c e a n n g th e o r lly ishi
d e a n d ge n e a fin n g u p .
B i by r vi
e
g n e m o by ng ( s m ean tr br sh
o f hot w a e and a u
) y an
v sti s
e g e p p rs hi h r i lu
o f th e a e w c em a n g p i ts h r e d a t th e o n w e e
th e ribs h v b a e x ul
e e n fi e d i n th e m o d lib r l
. D O n o t be to o e a
w ith tr
th e w a e , a n d d r y th e ribs i i t ly th y i l
m m ed a e , o r e w l
wa rp h rribly
o
( p
as e r Fi
g . littl s ips I f an
y e n o f t h e
curl h v b a e t ki
e e n c u t o u t in ribs
a n
g t h e ul o u t o f th e m o d ,
if op ssibl th s v ry s ips
e e e e n ,
si il r hips ust
a n d i f n o t,
m a c ,
m b e
g lu e d i i g
n a a n . j i t
I f th e o r rs
n o f th e c o n e is ( a t C, F i
g. 1 4 2 ) n o t
l s
c o e and ti ht g , i t rsti
t h e n ust
e fill
c e m ith lu ixb e e d w g e m e d
w ith h lk but it is
c a ,
h p th t this il
t o b e o e d a r quir w l n o t b e e e d.
s r rs ust
Th e e n d o f th e c o n e m squ r
n o w b e c u t fla t a n d a e to th e
si d es (a s a t C, F i g 14 2) by . s k i
m ean of a t sti
n fe a n d fla t fi l e , e n
g
r ith
th e w o k w s ll squ r
th e m a b i v ry r ul
a e a n d,
,
e n
g e ca e f n o t to
h
c i
p s
o ff th e e d ge utti i n c y p rts th t i
n
g aw a t h e i t ly
a a are m m ed a e
j
ad a ce n t r rs l s r s
to th e c o n e , c u t a w a y f o m th e e n d to th e ce n e ,tr
r
n o t f o m th e c e ntr s
e to th e e n d p rts i si
. Th e a ust n d e th e C s m
’
l r
n o w be c e a e d o f a ll tr s bur i a ce of lu ith s ll
n n
g o r
g e w a m a
chis l e an d r v sti s
o u n d fi le , a n
y lu
e
g r u
e of
g utsi
e a ll o n d th e o d e
o f th e ribs b i r v e n
g it
em o ed w his l t r hi h
h a fl at c e , af e w c g o
r ully
ca e f pl t ly r u
an d com e e tir utsi
o n d th e e n ith sh rp e o de w a a
sr p r
c a e , a n d fin e l ss p p r till th y
g a a e , p r tly l e a re e fe c c ean an d
s th
m oo s ti
as a n .si s Th e ribs de o r y ur l of o fi dd e a r e n o w
fin is he d , a n d y o u m ust put th y i t em awa ul i t n o th e m o d (n o
w hi h th y ill
c e w slip quit
n ow sily e ea h r s ), o ut ll
t o f a m
'
w ay, i
y o u a re r y ea d thf or emutur purp s s
. F or f e us rk
o e
y o u m t m a
w hi h is
c b lly si
th e to p (o r e ribs hi h
d e ) o f th e ,
a nd w c i s t h e
b tt
o om ; w rit th r r e e e fo e ,
“
to p
”
bl ks
o n th e to
p o f th e o c ,
s o
t h
th a w e n t k th
y ou a e e m th r
o u t o f th e m o u l d e e m a
y b e n o
co n fusi hi p i
on on t s o nt .
C
I see a l l i o pe s pe e d h e r to th e pl a c e , w h e re m y god d e ss shi n cl ,
An d a f ter h e r th e o th e r Mu se s tr a c e , w i th th e i r v i o l i n e s ”
C
.
( E S P E NS E B Th e S h e ph e aI d s a l e n d a r
’
. . Apr i l
.
CHAP TER X VI .
TH E TA LE S : B B AC K AND B ELLY .
J o i n i n g th e Ta bl e s— Pl
th e F l a t S u r f a c e — M a r k i n g th e O u tl i n e — u tti n g
an ing C .
o u t— F i r s t Go u g i n g — o rr e c ti n g th e C
O u tl i n e — S e c o n d Go u gi n g— F i r s t
P l a n i n g— Th e S u n k E d ge — Se c o n d l a n i n g — S c r a pi n g— M ar k i n g th e l a n e P P
S u r f a c e s f o r Go u g i n g o u t a c k a n d e lly B !
B .
YO U m ayp pr
now p r
'
tr o ce e d
h w d f t h to b k d e a e e oo or e ac an
b lly i th m
e n r t f rth i p g 133 Y w ill fi d th
e an n e se o n a e . ou n e
m pl i t
a s ly d iffi ult t j i pr p rly f w h squ r d d
e n en e c o o n o e ,
or en a e an
th tw
e h lv s pl d t g th r t th thi k sid s
o a e a ce o eh ld e a e c e a re e
u
p t th oli g ht r
e k sh i
, g th
no li ght c m ust
ac pp r ow n e a ea
a t th j i e m usto n fi ,
li f glu pp r w h th j i is
n or a ne ne o e a ea en e o n
fi lly pl d v r ; d t pr du this p rf t fi t i urly

na an e o e an o o ce e ec n c
w oo d lik m pl e is v ry d iffi ul t m tt r t
e a a u pr c tis d
e c a e o an n a e
h d d m y the r f r b r l g t d t th pr f s i l j i r
an ,
an a e o e e e e a e o e o e s ona o ne
for it m ust b ti c d th t th r is ly v ry s m l l m rgi t

e no e a e e on a e a a n o
pl an ew y i tw
a h lv s
a nh ly fi i h s br d Th
o a e ,
eac on ve nc e oa . e
b lly f s ft pi w ill b f u d t be si r t j i Wh
e o o ne e o n o ea e o o n . en
j i
o ne d ( t C F i gas tha u ,d r fl t si
. d f t h sl bs e n e or a e o e a
m ust b p rf tly truly pl d th t str ight dg l i d

e so e ec ane a a a -
e e a
r ss th m i Ay d ir ti w ill ac t o e n an ec on no
H h w y h ll w s i qu liti s S o an o o or ne a e on
B
th ir sur f F th purp s f e a ce . or e o e o
F W
146 — j ood p d m
fo r ta b l e sg th
o in ed ,
r e sul t g lu t th
ro uc lS ’
e on o e
IG .
a n d w i th
.
sl p g d tw str ps f w d s t
s te a d y mg w e d g e s fo r o in Sl es o
.
i o oo a a
m
d pl th ir surf s
fla t s u r c e
.
pl m
A F i g 14 6
g '
,
. an an e e a ce
,
A A) v th t h s l b t d its p i t d sur f (
( ,
e t en ,m so y a e a c e a S an on o n e a so
t sp e k ) w ith ut w bbli g ; w h
o a ,
o b th surf s o pl d t k
n en o ace are an e a e
y o ur thi pl k utli (C C C) w ith th li (A B ) d w th

n an o ne , ,
e ne ,
o n e
cen tr (P l t e d h l d it fir m ly
a e th pl an si d f th sl b
o on e an e e o e a
w ith th li (A B ) i idi g w ith th j i (B Fig

e ne ,
co n c w hi c h
n e o n ,
.
ru s d w th c tr f th sl b Th w ith sh rp p c il
n o n e en e o e a . en a a en or
p i
o n t m rk th utli a x c tly e o th sl b w h ne e this isa d on e a en o n e on
bo th d l d m pl
ea t w
an y l l tah e xt er ,
l w cu d w ith
a th a a e e na oo e
bo w s w l e vi
a g ,
e dg e a l i tt l e
n b y o d
an th e m a r k d o utl i a e to e n e n
24 2 VI O L I N MAK I NG
-
: a s 5: «
H i s A ND 13 .
in a w h l
o e o utli ne tk
a en r
f om a S ad a tr iv rius ,
th e WWh lv s
a e
w ill n ot be f u
o d to be
n i n co n tr a f a c s i m i l e-
to o n e a n o e th r ;
i r i fi it si l but
th e d ffe e n c e m a y be n n e m a , n o n e the l e ass ppr i bl e
ec a
r
in s o fin e a w o k a s a dd e fi l .
Itis firs
o n e o f th e rri s t wo b i r th t splits
e o f th e e
g nne a h e o ff
pi s urv s
e c e o f th e c e b uts hilst i this utti
o f th e o w do n g i c n
g , o w n
g
to th e brittl urls e c h this h pp s
o f th e w o o d W en
. pi a en th e e ce
m ust a t o n c e be lu g i
ed on
g
a a n tly ( a ill
n d if n e a d o ne, w n ot
sh h
o w w e n th e w o rk is fi ish n ed
) r li
i n th e m a n n e a d d o w n in
pt r XX
Cha e p irs p
I I I (R e a . : h this is fi ish
g
a e W e n n e d
th e e dge ms ust i a a n be
g u this ti
g ga i h r
e d, m pl
e nc f o m t h e ane
si sl
d e o f th e a b, a n d th ith k i
en w a i h bvl r
n fe cu t a 3 n c 1 e e f om
this li n e to th e r u hly r h si l vi
o
g a c ed d e, r rsea n
g t h e c o ne and
butt thi k
on c .W en
h this b s r u
h a s e e n d o n e , a n d th e e dge a ll o n d
b th b k
o ac b lly pr s t u i r thi k ss
an d e e en a n fo m i h c ne o f ,,
1
nc
( ex pt
c e th er rsc o n e butt a n d tk br
o n ), a e a o a d fl a t g go u e a n d
sl p
o e th e r u h r hi
o g a c n
g u li
t o th e xt i y ur sl p
g g
a e ne e
, e nd n
g o o e
b ut
a o ani h r nc r u
f o m th e e d ge a l l r i o n d, a c c o d n
g to t h e
i t
n e n de d m o d e l y ur fi l of o this r ully r u
dd e Do
. ca e f o n d ba c k
an d b lly l ys l vi
e ,
a w a e a nr rs
g th e butt thi st
c o n e a n d o n c k e .
Fo r this purp s b k
o e th e aclly ust o r be r p m be c a m e d o n to
th e e d g e o f th e b h ht h l
e n c , so it v rh s
t a a f of o e an
g t h e
ed e
g . W
h e n h v
y o u u a e r u
g go e h l tur it r u
d o n d on e a f
,
n o nd
an d u r
g go e th r b i
o u n d th e o e r ul h v y ur u s
,
e n
g c a e f to a e o
g g
o e
v ry sh rp
e a
,
s o a s hv
n o t to l h vily
a e to e an rk
e a o n t h e w o ,
f o r
r s p r ti tr j i
fe a o f e a a n g th e c e n e o n , o r o e c a a m th r l ity his T
. do n e ,
g vr
o a ll o e b k
th e ac b lly ith
an d e br w u t h eui i o ad
g g g
o e, d n
g
y ur rk
o wo s ly
a s c lo e p ssi l ith
as o r hi
be w ui s but
th e a c n g g d e ,
n ot
gio n
g t o o t r s s thi
f a r o w a d m sur
oo n
g t h u
e fa c e ; a ll
g go e
ma rks l t
m a y b e e f to the pl r i t h
a n e to e a d c a e w l e n th e m o d e o r
r hi
a c n
g hb r u hly u
as ee n o g
g g o ed out .
h v
Yo u a e n o w n fi ish ith ed w u tur y ur
th e g o ge , a n d m a y n o
att ti
en o n to th efirst pl i his is
an n
g . T ith t th
d o ne w th e oo e d
v l pl s i s
o a an e F
( g 1 2
. 4 h l i
and sl b i h
o d n
g h
t h e a w t t h e and
i st y ur b y
a ga n o od b h i
o r th e vr
e n c , go n u
g o e rks th e
g g
o e ma .
ve ry r ully h l i
ca e f ,
o d pln
g t h e th t it uts
an e so a l ti c i n a s an n
g
ir ti
d e c o n o n a cco n u t xtr ly t
o f th e e r em e ur e n de nat e o f th e
w o o d, e sp i lly
ec a it is
so if h s of a ri url
an d om e
g a n or c . G o on
thus till r hi ui s l t
th e a c n g g d e (P a e I V ) e a c x tly fit pl s
. th e a ce
o n th e b k ac b lly i i t
an d e pl t
n d c a e d o n th e is
a e , a n d th e w o o d
r u hly l v ll v r
o g e e ed o e sp i lly r ul
. B e e ec a pl i ca e f fit in an n
g to
r hi ui s
th e a c n g g d e No s 7 a n d 8 (th e e n . tir r hi r ss e a c n
g ac o t h e
ce ntr e o f th eb k ac b lly an d l v pl ty
e ) to ea e en o f w o o d, fo r a
l br s is r t b uty
bo d ea t
”
a
g ea fi l
ea i n a d d e .
u h ut
Thr o g o p r ti s
th e o e a o n u of
g r hi
o g in g th e a c n
g o f t h e
TH E TA LES : B BAC K AND B E LLY. 24 3
b k d b e lly y w ill fi d i t g r t dv t g if y c n
ac an ,
ou n a ea a an a e ou a
om p r y ur w rk w ith tru sp i m f th g r t m st r s
’
c a e o o a e ec en o e ea a e
w o rk f th y
,
or h k th een ur y f y ur g uid sli ps
o u ca n c ec a cc ac o o e ,
an d c rr t o
y rreco rs w hi h m
an
y r p i
e i tr i g th m fr m c a c ee n n ac n e o
th pl t Wh y h v e r u ghly pl e d th b k d b lly
e a e . en ou a o an e ac an e
a l l ve r t k o s m ll r pl
a e a d pl th m pr tty s m th (b t
a e an e a n ane e e oo u
w ith ut lt ri g th o a sh p ) f th dist
e n of e i h fr m th a e or e a n ce an nc o e
e d ge Th . t ke th spri g c m p ss s (A F ig
en a e h vi g o n o a e ,
. a n ne
l g just l g r th
e onth e th r e d p e i g th m t an i h t o e , an o n n e o nc ,
se
th l e
g ron l g g e i st th ed g e tha t th a n sh rt r just e e
,
so a e o e one
t u h s th surf o f th b k
o c e e b e lly g i h fr m th dg
a ce e ac or nc o e e e
like g ug D r w i n this m
a a e. r li all r u d b k d an n e a ne a o n ac an
b llye f i h fr m th dg b i g r ful t m k it
o an nc o e e e, e n ca e o a e
st dy d v
ea an N w p th e en m p ss s t
. f a i h
o o d en e co a e o 5 o n nc
,
a n
dr w a s a d li i side th fi rst i a si m il r m
e co n ne n r fr m e ,
n a an n e
,
o
th edg e N w t ke. rd i ry utti g go ug h vi g
o a e an o na c n e
,
a n a
c urv r pr s t d by F i g 14 7 d v ry r fully c t littl

e e e en e .
,
an e ca e u a e
tr ugh g r ve right r u d th b k d b lly b tw
o or oo th s o n e ac an e e een e e
tw o li s t m r th
ne
,
no i ch o d p e d b i g m t
an
1
7 0 n or so ee , an e n os
ca u ti t t
ou s n o tb y d th o t cu w hi c h m ust be l ft
e on e o u er o n e, e
la
c e d l r
n an If h c ea m is c h ce t an
thr ugh it d th {h i gh f y ; dg
) c an on u
V
.
o ,
an e c e ss o ou e e
a ll w s it e m rk th 3} li
o ,
r -
d g g a littl ggg gggfig gg
e ne an o a e
l
fi
- ‘
Wh this is d
o
d p r t s v e it
ee e o a tk . en on e, a e a Si n k i n g th e e d ges
fl tt r g u g
a e d o r fully m lt th ridg f rm d by th
e an ca e e e e o e e
i n n erli i t th r hi g f th e b k b lly F ig 14 8 sho w
ne n o e a c n o ac or e . . s
th tw e s t g s f this gr vi g w hi h is m t t b gi th
o a e o oo n ,
c ean o e n e
g r ful
ace r is d d g s w hi
a h h
e r t e ri w e ll m d e fi dd l cA c a ac e z e a e -
a e,
r pr s ti g th gr v t d B th e gr v m e lt d i t
e e en n e oo
“
e cu , an oo e e n o
th ris f th b lly
e e o b k N w go c r fully ro u d th s
e e or ac . o a e n e e
ne w
g g u m
o rks w ith
e th s m ll a v l pl d bri g t h e n tire a o a an e an
,
n e e
s urf a ce a ss m th y v i tly
oo w ith th t
as th d e dg
ou con en en ca n e oo e e.
Y m ust t k
ou r i th s g u g i g d pl i g p r ti s
a e ca e n e e o n an an n o e a on
no t t a lt r th ris
o e r hi g f y ur t bl s d t r m i d by
e e or a c n o o a e as e e ne
th e r hi g g ui d s t
a c n
y s ri us xt t e T o ant i xt t it e o e en . o a ce r a n e en
is f c urs i m p sibl t v i d lt ri g th m
o o e os
y e m ust o a w o a e n e ,
s o ou no
g o all r th m
o ve
g i w ith th e
g ui d e s g e tti
a
ga nth m a s m th e ,
n e s oo
an d tru y e as w ith th fi t
o u ca nt th d v l pl Y w ill e n es -
oo e o a an e . ou
m st pr b b ly fi d it l i d d w
o o a i nw rks w hi h g a i t o th e o n o c n
y n an o
subj t th t w is th ti m t p fl th i stru m t d w itho ut

ec , a n o e e o ar e e n en ,
a n
d ubt this is fr qu tly d

o t this st g
e but w sh ll o t
en on e a a e e a n
p arfi ti l l et h b k d b lly e
g lu d
ac t th si
and s f th u
e g h a re e o e e or o
it is e i t d it w by d i g it l t r
a s er o o w no ca m k it ,
o n a e on e n a e
c o i c id w ith th
n e sid s d c rre t y littl irr g ul riti s o f o t
e e , an o c an e e a e u
li e w hi h w uld o t do ft r th p fli g is d ( id e p
n . c e co n a e e ur n on e v .
244 VI O L I N M AK I NG -
: A S 1T WA S AND IS .
Wh e n l st f y ur pl i g is d
th e a
y w ill
o b r d y o t an n one ou e ea o
s r p This is th m st d iffi ul t d i m p rt t f th p r
c a e . e o c an o an o e o e a
ti on s ss ry t b g thr u gh f
n e ce a it d p d s th tir
o e on e o
,
or on e en e en e
c h r t r d b uty f y ur i stru m t 3 i f it is d
a ac e an ea r l ssly
o o n en on e ca e e
or l ily th m rks f th pl s d s r p r w il l b l ft th
az e a o e ane an c a e e e
"
on e
t bl s visibl b
a e , th th v r ish 3 th risi g d g w hi h y
e en ea e a n e n e e
, c ou
h v ultiv t d
a e c r fully ( i Fi g
a e w ill b
so
srpdca e as n .
e c a e
a w y a d d str y d an d i f t y ur fi dd l w ill h
e o e , th an n ac
, o e ave e
a pp r ea f r u gh Gu r rius i stru m t i s t d f th
a n ce o a o a ne n en n ea o e
w rk b i k pi ith b uti ul ,
o
g i e n
g w th n f S tr d iv rius p tt r s
ee n e ea a a a e n
w h v b w rki g
e a e up t een w H w v r r m mb r
o n on o no . o e e , e e e
L b ip a or l pt m i i it
s e vo u L t l l y ur s r p rs h v ry
as o n a v nc . e a o c a e e e
k ee n a l l r u d th dg s od w rki g b l dly
n d str gly
e e e
d ,
an o n o an on ,
a n
v ry r fully s r p th w h l b k d b lly ll v r si g
e ca e
, c a e e o e ac an e a o e ,
u n
th r u d sid
e o d r rs f th
n r p rs ll r d th u tli
e an co ne o e , sc a e a oun e o ne
an d wh r v r ss ry e e th t th r
e n e ce pl m rk s a , so a e e are n o an e a
,
g g ou m
r kse bu m ps s
a r t h s y
, w h r isibl h l
, d
o i
r
g
c a c e an e e v e on o n
th esl b d w y t th ligh t M rk th t it is i m p r t t t
a Sl e a s o e . a : a o an o
sit i g d li g ht d uri g th is p r n a oo n o e a
ti wh r th light s triki g on e e e n
th dg f th b k d b lly w ill e e e o e ac an e
st sh d w d “
thr w p y ca a a o ,
an o u an
bu m ps h ll w s pl m rk s ,
o o ,
o r ane -
a .
I this p r ti y w ill fi lly n o e a on ou na

. as — .
.
S ta g e sdjust ll th of ur s f th t bl s
th e c u tti n g i n a a e c ve o e a e
,
so
th t th h ll w s m lt i t th b m p
Si n k i n g th e e d g e s
f
“
a e o o e n o e u s o
th m d le d sm th h rm
o e ,
ani s w h l is th r sult Th gr t
a oo a on ou o e e e . e ea
d g r f this pr
an e ss is th t
o l ti d
o ce
p f a a ( a r e e ss o r u n n o ce s vxc e o
th s r p r w ill s r p d w
e c a e pi f y ur r fully l ft dg s
c a e o n a e ce o o ca e -
e e e
an d r rs Wh by id t y d this y m st m rk
co ne . en a cc en ou o ,
ou u re -
a
th fi i e h g u g li
-
n c t f r th b v
a d t y t r l im
e ne as se o a o e, an r o ec a
y ur rr r but this m ust t b d

o e o l ss y h v ffi i t n o e one un e ou a e su c en
th i k c l ft r u d th dg s by th first d s
n e ss e o n d g gi g e e e e an e co n ou n s.
Wh this p r ti is m pl t d t y ur
en o e a tir
on ti f co e e o o own en e sa s ac ~
ti ( b tt r still t th
on o r, tir s tis f ti
e e f s m ,
di i o e en e a ac on o o e s n
t t d p rty ) t k
ere s e w t spa
g bru h
,
d
a w t th e t a bl s e on e or s ,
an e e a e
a ll v r h ko e d fr t ,
d d y th m
ac an
g i t w ith
on ,
an r e a a n a o n ce a
l th Y w ill w
c o . f ou th first ti m th tru m g ifi no se e or e e e e a n ce n ce
( i f it xist ) f y eur w d T h bj
o t f t h is opr d i g is oot . e o ec o o ce e n o
sh w up y slight d f t i y ur w rk w hi h m ust th b
o an e ec n o o ,
c en e
co rr t d g i w ith th s r p r
ec e a a n d th pr ss m st b e c a e an e o ce u e
r p t d till th w tti g
e ea e l g r sh w s y d f ts
e e thn no on e o an e ec on e
sur f s f th t bl This t k s v ry littl ti m t y w rit

a ce o e a e . a e e e e o sa ,
e,
an ] r d but y ea w ill fi d it is th
,
m o st d i ffi ult
ou d i m p rt t n e c an o an
D rt f y o ur w h l e w o rk
a o o .
24 6 VI O LI N M AK I NG
-
: AS IT WA s AND IS .
an d b lly
e Fo r
. this purp s o e
yust
o u m c e w 3 o n
g sr a ed l squ r
b h b ut
be a m o f w o o d o n to th e e n c , a o te n n c e f o m i h s r its
e d e,
g
r t it spr
an d in f o n of l l th
e a d a fo d e d c o Th e a e .to l tt r is pl
a ce
r h sur s
th e a c e d t bl s p
fa c e o f th e a e u on , e n
g em
gs tti th
a a n i st
th e b
e a m , so a s to r r sist
a ff o d e a n c e to o o
g g e y ur u
o Y ur .
wo rk n ow divi s its l i t
de e f s ti
n o tw o ec on
,
th e s co o n
g s
o f t h e pi
k b ll i i
ba c a n d th e e y be g n n n g w th
-
i
“ Ma n an i m a s
g Mu l c e t Mo d u l a n d o Mu si c a Me n te s .
Vi n c l u m , Vi tae Ve n e r a n d a Vo l u pta s,
'
Vi r gi ni b u s
S o l a m e n S e n i i , S e r v a tr i x S a c r a S tr i d e n tu m ,
I n ci ta t I psa I u v e n tu te m , I u v a t I psa I o c o su m ,
C
Ca r m i n e Co n c i li a t Coe l e sti a a str a Co l e n te m ,
Au to re m Au to r Am a n s Al i t (s w a g) Ar tie Am a n in i
C HAP TE R X VI I .
TH E B A CK .
P
Go u gi n g o u t— ] a n i n g— Sc r a pi n g— e v e l li n g th
-
B
E d ge — F i tti n g o n th e R i b s e
— Si z i n
g th e l o c k s — P e g h o l e B
s — F i xi n
g th e R i b s — Fi n-
i s h i n g
— Th e L a b e l
C
o r r e c ti n g th e B
o tto m J o i n — Th e Ta i l p i n H o l e -
.
B EGI N by utti g g u g m rks r u ghly ri ght r ss th i sid

c n o e a o ac o e n e
o f th b k b ut i h d p t th
e ac ,
a o tr li Wh this
nc ee a e cen e ne . en
is d fi d by m
on e, s f th
n m p ss s th x t
ea n tr p i t
o e co a e e e ac ce n e o n
b twe th f ur
een r rs A A A A i Fi g 14 9 w hi h w ill b
e o co ne
, , , ,
n .
,
c e
f u d t be A At A th r f r d ig i th p i t f th
'I '
o n o .
,
m e e o e, n e o n o e co
p ss s d p
a e u g h t pr s rv th pu tur w h y g u g
ee en o o e e e e n c e en ou o e
o v r it (but t d p u gh t m rk up th fi l thi k ss ),
e no ee eno o a on e na c ne
an d p i g th o en n m p ss s 2% i h s d r w th ir l 0 C d
e co a e nc e ,
a e c c e ,
an .
th r du i g th m t l i h s d r w th m r ir l B B Th
en e c n e o n nc e ,
a e ne c c e . e
first r ugh thi k ss s w ill b t A i h d t D D

o c ne e i h e a
'
—
g nc ,
an a 7 2: nc .
Th s e m ust b g u g d
e r fully e st tly o sulti g th
e ca e
,
co n an co n n e
u
g g g
a i llip n rs ( g
F i ca till this e
g r d u ti r g ist
. e r d t y a a o n 18 e e
th s l D (F i g 12 8)
e ca e th ll i p tr v l r ss fr m D to D
. as e ca e1s a e ac o o
( g
F i . Y h d b tt r g g u si
ou
gl s a p ri g ht e c e o e a n e co o acr ss
till th s thi k ss s e e b t i d d this g u g d li w i ll

c ne e a re o a ne
,
an o e ne
s rve e
g ui d as a T h thi k s t pr
e s. t t D D w ill b
e i c nes a e en a e, n
f t th thi k ss f th g u g d li
ac
,
e c ne w hi h o ith r w e i a e ne c ,
ne e no n or n
th sui g pr ss s m ust b tr sp ss d up i th slight st

e en n o ce e ,
e e a e on n e
e
e
d g r e S i m il r gui d li s m ust
e e . a w b g ug d r ss th upp r
e ne no e o e ac o e e
an d l r b uts r ss E E d p i g g r d u lly fr m th g u g
ow e o ,
ac o
,
ee en n a a o e a e
li till th thi k ss f th t bl t th
ne e c netr i L i h Y o e a e a e cen e 3 8 1
nc . ou
no w h ve t h r e b a d s (o gui d li s ) f th (f
e an th pr t)r e ne o e or e e se n
pr p r thi c k ss s r ss th fi ddl
o e ne w u i g y ur
e ac o
y d e e no s n o e e an
h d t g th r g u ge w y b t w
an o e e ,
th g oui d e li s till
a tha y e een e ne e
on ly f rm p rt f th tire h ll w i g t B
o a o e en r ful t t o o n ou . e ca e no o
g t
e d p th ee th m ery w h r i an th ir vi c i
e ity dan t t c t e e n e n
,
an no o u
i to th d g
n e eo utsi d e th g geu li ) i t t h p rts y e a e ne
,
o r n o e a ou
Th e th e fo u r c o r n e r s i n th e fi g u r e i s m e r e l y d r a w n
o u te r c i 1e l e c o n n e c ti n
g
to pr o v e to th e r e a d e r th a t th e po i n ts A a r e r e a ll y e q u i d i s ta n t fr o m A ; w i th
'
.
’
o u t i t, b y a n O ti c a l d e l u s i o n , th e tw o l o w e r co r n e r s se e m f u r th e r f r o m A th a n
p
th e tw o u ppe r .
24 8 VI O LI N M A -
K I NG : AS IT WAs AND IS .
h v m rk d f th bl ks All th w d i si de th ir l e B B
a e a e or e oc . e oo n e c c
m ust b i h thi k 3 l l w ithi th ir l 0 C {

e T,
3
nc cd l l ls a n e c c e 1 , an a e e
w h r eth thi k st p r t b i g i
e e th tr 3 th dg s w ill
c e a e n n e cen e e e e
n tur lly g t
a a t h d thi e wi
g
cu t th l ss
a r qu
s tity
a e f nner o
,
n o e e e an o
w ood ; but t pr v t th ir g tti g t o thi l t th sl p fr m

e en e e n oo n ,
e e o e o
th g u g li
e at th tre b quit g
e ne tl ot brup t d
e ce n e e en e, n o an a
,
o wn
w rda urv Wh this is d

c e. f irly s m th ly t d w
en one a oo ,
cu o n
th rid g s l ft by th d p g g m rks e e e e ee ou e a
,
f it is s f t d B td t as ar as a e o o so . u o no
t f w i th th u it is b l d a o
g g g o oo ar e o e,
w p 3 th pl is t r pid but ea on e an e no so a
,
mu h s f r T k f irly rs c a e . a e a a coa e
t th d pl w i th v x pl t oo e an e a con e a e
F
( g i d g v r t h tir i . an o o e e en e h
sid f th b k s m thi g d w the e o e ac ,

oo n o n
ri d g s l ft by th g ug til l h ld i g e e e o e, o n
th pl t si d w ys t th light th e a e e a o e ,
e
ly g r v s d ridg s visibl th on oo e an e e a re e
littl s l ft by th pl d th e e one e e ane

,
an
thi k ss s i this th ir first st g c ne e ,

n e a e, are
pr tty w ll djust d N w t k v ry e e a e . o a e a e
sh rp r u d dg d s r p r d pr d a o n -
e e c a e ,
an o ce e
str gly t s r p th i sid f th on o c a e e n e o e
b k ll v r k pi g i sid th li ac a o e ,
ee n n e e ne
y g gu d r u d i t d t h p l s ou a e o n an e a ce
y m rk d f th bl ks u ti l
0‘
t h ou a e or e oc ,
n e
m rks f th pl l gr a o e an e are no on e
visibl y h re d th i sid f th b k rly ppr h s

e an w e ,
an e n e o e ac n ea a oac e
th sm th ss f th utsid I this p r ti y
e oo ne o e il l o e . n o e a on ou w
con sult th c llip rs v ry m m t fi lly dju ti g th

e a e e e o en
,
na a s n e
thi k ss s till th y
c ne s f ll w s
e rdi g t Fi g 150 t
e are a o o : a cco n o .
, a
th p i t A i h ju t v r 3 t th p i t B % 3 t
' 7
e o n nc s o e a e o n a
, I 6 ,
th p i t 0 j ust
e o n h d thi r th
, t A 3 t th a p i ts
s a e nne an a a e o n
D D
, , just v r
31
9
Th thi k o e e c
ne ss s m ust m rg i t
e th r w ith e e n o one ano e
ou t y bu manps th w d b i g sh d ,
e oo A e n a a e
str g r i th upp r th i th l w r
on e n e e an n e o e — I n n er ed es of th e
b uts d i m il rly sh d str g r

o
,
an S a
( )
a a e on e
a e s s e c ti o n D i sh e d .
just w h r th s u d p st w il l b t ; th dg s d p rts
e e e o n -
o e se e e e an a
t u hi g th bl ks m ust b l ft quit fl t (i f t t t u h d
o c n e oc e e e a n ac ,
no o c e
m th e xt ri r r hi g m d ll d h s th
s ce e e
) To a c n was o e e . e e, en , are
e x tly th
ac rr t thi k ss s f e co w fi d dl ec b k Wh c ne e or a ne e -
ac . en
they pr p rly djust d t k g d fi biti g fil
are o e a d b v l e ,
a e a oo ne n e , an e e
v ry h gh tl y r u d th h l i si d f th d g usi g r u d
e s o n e w o e n e o e e e, n a o n
fi l w h r th sh rt urv s r d r it
e e e e ss r y d fl t e
o c e en e n e ce a , an a a on
2 50 VI O LI N MAK I NG -
; AS IT WA S A ND IS .
an d fit a n d fix th e o pp sit r r i th s m m r Gt o e co ne n e a e an n e . e
th e fo ur r rs
co n e o f th e ribs thus fitt d t th b k by pl i g e on o e ac ac n
tw s r ws t
o c e h r a h sid f th
eac r
c o rn e ,
one on eac e o e c or n e .
N B N v r fix s r w
. . e e t th r r its l f f it w ill i f ll i
a c e on o e co ne e ,
or n a
bly s p it ff N w fix th e t p d b tt m f th ribs
na o . o o an o o o e ,
so a s
t h v
o a m rg i qu l w ith th t t th
e a a n r rs by m s f
e a a a e co ne , ean o
ir on r m ps fix d t th bl ks 3 th surf
c a e f th b k o d th e
e oc e a ce o e ac an
b lly d f th bl k m ust b p t t d i th rdi ry m

e -
en o e oc r e 1o ec e n e o na ann e
,
by m s f littl pi s f w d fr m th h rd pr ssur f th e
ean o e e ce o oo ,
o e a e e o
ir on .
M y i d d m st f than ,
n l d m k rs w r i th e h bit o f
ee o ,
o e o a e e e n a
s uri g th t bl t b gi w ith t t p d b tt m by th ru ti g
ec n e a e o e n ,
a o an o o ,
s n
a br d w l ri ght thr u gh th w d f th b k i t th bl k
a a o e oo o e ac n o e oc ,
th h l m d by hi h h d subs qu tly t b fill d ith

e o e a e w c a e en o e e w a
p g e S .m m d r m
o k rs e ls p r u o this pre ti n but ita is e a o u s e ac ce ,
un d ubt d ly b tt r t s ur it t th s p i ts w ith
o e e e r mp s
o ec e a e e o n a c a ,
a
a b v d s rib d d th
o e e c t putti g i
e ,
p g s it m y b
an en ,
as o n n e ,
a e
d (
on e w ill b d s
as ri b d furth r ) e t th
e f c y t k s e e on , or n o ,
a s e anc a e
y Th pr d t fi th ribs ou . en o ce e o x e
sim il rly ll r u d by m s f a a o n ean o as
m y s r ws b t r u d an c e as ca n e se o n
th m i F ig 152 Y w ill fi d e , as n . . ou n
t w ty i r quir d f ur f h en -
s x a re e e
,
o o r eac
pp r b ut thr f h i r u e o ,
ee or eac nne
b t d six f h l w r b ut en ,
an or eac o e o
E xe
but th
152 — T a b 1e fi tte d o n to R i b s
u m b rs m y v ry W ith an d
e se n e a a
s r w s I th
. .
fi x e d w i th s c r e w sth f th . e s1z e o e c e . n e
fi g ur f th s k f l r ss th s c r w s
e, or e a r pr s t d t
e o c ea ne ,
e e a re e e en e oo
f w e d t anf rt Th bj t t b tt i d is th k pi g
oo ar apa . e o ec o e a a ne e ee n
o f v r ppi g dg f v w i d th ll th w y r d d
an o e la n e e o e en a e a ou n ,
an
y oum ust s r d u s r fit
c ew d r fit till
an this i tt i dn c ew ,
an e ,
s a a ne .
Th ribs b i g thus fitt d t th b k w ith ut glu th

e e n xt e o e ac o e, e n e
thi g is t glu d f st th m F this purp s it w ill t b

n o e an a en e . or o e no e
n c ss a ry t
e e tir ly fi x th m but tw o en thr s r w s m y
e un e ,
o or ee c e a
b t k e ff t ti m
a en o d th t bit glu d
a a d f st d b f r
e, an a e an re -
a en e e o e
g i g
o n B g i by
on t ki
.
g ff th e t p r m np d t h r s r a w s n o e 0 c a an ee c e
o n e ac h sid 3 t k ld t bl k i f
e d d ippi g it qui kly i
a e an o a e n e, an n c n
th glu i s rt it b t w
e e, nth b k e d ribs d e it r d een e ac an ,
an run oun as
f ar as i t w ill g r p ti g th p r ti till l l y
o, e ea g t t is
n e o e a on a ou ca n e a
th r u ghly glu d 3 th s i g th t th ribs

o o e ri ghtly t en
,
ee n a e a re se 0 11
th dge e r m p d s r w th m p g i tigh t T k ff thr

e, c a an c e e u a a n . a e o ee
or f ur dj o t s r w s glu th t bit d fi it d
a a ce n c e 3g ,
e a an re x ,
an so o n o
l l r u d th fi dd l
a o n
“
b ut t ti m t ki g c r t r s t th
e e a o
”
a a e, a n a e o e e e
ribs t l v
,
so a s v dg o Th ea t k brush d w ith
e an e en e e . en a e a ,
an
h o t w te r ( t o f th g lu p t) th r u g h ly w sh w
a ou l l tra c e s
e e o o o a a av a
‘
I B E B ACK . 251
of lu e g utsi
c d li gi
i sind n th d g os O f th e r ib o e, n e, or on e e e s r
b c a S t th w h l e rr g m t t d y f e d yo e Y ur a an e en o r or a a o
pri ip l diffi ulty w ill b th t th h ld t k by th sc r w s

nc a c e a e o a en e e
b i g r th r pr ri o us w hilst y fi
e n a e o th r w ill d r p
e ca ff ,
ou x on e, an e o O ,
an d d this is d m g i g b th t th e t m p r
so o n ,
a n d th su ss
a a n o o e e an e c ce
o f th p r ti e Th r f r fix y ur g lu d ribs qui kly b t

O e a on . e e o e o e c ,
u
ca r fully e d sur ly Wh su ffi i t ti m h s l ps d f th
an e . en c en e a e a e or e
g lu e t h v d rioe d th r u ghlya r
e m v th s c r w s t k thr o o ,
e o e e e ,
a e ee
qu l iti s f s d p p r (th l st b i g ve ry fi i d d) d
a e O an -
a e e a e n ne n ee an
th r u ghly s d p p r d s m th th e tir i sid f th

o o an -
a e an oo e n e n e o e
ribs d b c k an m m b e r it w ill
a t b pl s
: re t t thi k th t
e n o e ea an o n a
i s m
n o turi s t c m th e r p ir r w ill fi d th t th w rk
e ce n e o o e e a e n a e o
y ou h v b a re ful o ve r eenu tsi d is slso ly i si

ca e d Y o e o ve n n e . ou
ca n n o w put i y ur ti k t l b l Ev ry vi li m d u ght
n o c e or a e . e o n a e o ,
t m y m i d t b ti k t d w ith th
o n ,
m
o f its ri g ht m k r 3
e c e e e na e o a e
f or pr f r ie e L a ti but f c urs this is pti l Th

en ce n n, O o e O on a . e
pl e f th l b l is d is v r d by t m p r rily putti g
ac or e a e co e e e o a n a
b llye d l ki g thr u gh th l ft h d f h o l 3 i this w y

on ,
an oo n o e e -
an e n a
th m s t visibl
e o pl c f th e l b l is s c rt i d d e a this
e or a e a e a ne ,
a n on
s p t it m y b glu d fi rm ly t
o a e e a o n ce .
Whilst si d ri g th constru ti f th e ribs f th fi dd l

e n e con c on O O e e ,
I p i t d o n t th t i f th j i
e ou t th b tt m is a t l l th t m i ght e o n a e o o no a a
b d e sir d a y d fi i
e e y m y b hidd by m s f
,
n e c en c w ( a e en ea n o a ro or
m r ) f p fii g
o e o I f th j i is p f t
ur n l s str ight
. e o n er ec c o e, a ,
an d c i i d i g w ith th j i d w th b k
o nc n m u h th b tt r ; e o n o n e ac
,
s o c e e e
but if li f glu m rks it

a ne i f it is c r k d o if it is
O e a
,
or oo e ,
r
on sid f th j i f th b k th s f ults m y b
on e e o e o n o e ac ,
e e a a e rec
ti fi d (w ith ut b i g sh m e d f th
e o xp di t) i th f ll w i g
e n a a o e e e en n e o o n
m r T k e a f w i c h s f r dy m d purfli g (su h
an n e : a e n e O ea -
a e n c as
b b u ght t p y f t t y fidd l m k r s ) d t ’
ca n e o a a enn a oo a an e -
a e an cu ,
w ith sh rp k i f d th li i g his l squ re t g r v t

a a n e an e n n c e , a a cu oo e, a
e x tly right gl s w ith th b k

ac th e sit
an f e d br d e ac ,
on e o ,
a n oa
en o u gh t v r y f ult th t m y th r b f u d C t it
o co e , an a a a e e e o n . u a
littl sh ll w r th th d pth f y u r r dy m d purfli g d

e a o e an e e o o ea -
a e n ,
an
a c co rd i g t th d i m t r f th l tte r d glu i to this g r v

n o e a e e o e a
,
an e n oo e,
on e, tw thr strips O f pur fli g

o, o r rd i g th f ult y o
ee n ,
a cco n as e a u
w ish t hi d m y r quir e
o Th s r dy m d strips m y l w ys
e a e . e e ea -
a e a a a ,
i f e ss ry b thi
n ce d by h m m i g th
a
,
e side s li ghtly nne a er n e ,
or
br d d by h m m ri g th t p
oa en e a e n e o .
This r m t ti o ith ut i m p iri g th e fiddle w ill e ffe c

na en a on , w o a n
:
t lly hi d
ua
y f ul t w hi h is
e an
p t t b f u d a t this p i t C t c a o e o n a o n . u
ff th
o d s flush w ith th e b lly si d
e en f th ribs w sh ff ll e e O e ,
a o a
supe rflu us glu d who this i l yi g is d y l v l it d w

e , an en n a n r ,
e e o n
flush w i th th ribs w ith k if 0 s r p r No w sh d b l w

e a n e 1 c a e .
,
a a e e o
th e x t e tr f this l i e b r
ac ce n m l l h l ( i c h i d i m te r )
e o n o e a s a o e
1
,r
n n a e
: AS IT WA s A ND 18 .
w hich w ill s rv th mm
e m e t f th e h l
as f the t il
e co e n ce en o o e or a
pi n This .is t fi l ly t till t

noh v r ishi g is
na fi ish d b t it
ou is e a n n n e
,
u
b st t b g i it
e o w e th b lly b i g ff y
n no ,
ca s
g u r d g i
e st e e n o ou an a a a n
th d rill plitti g w y bits

e S f th l w r bl k w hi h
n a a tb O e o e oc , c ca n n o e
obvi t d rr t d w h th b lly is
a e or co ec e I t m ust t b en e e on . no e
fi ish d
n w e th v r ish ru
no ,
o ri g i t it w ill m k it m e ss
e a n nn n n o a e
an d i v i t to w rk w ith This h l m y b m d w i t
n co n en en o . o e a e a e
th e p g h l utt r F ig 184 d sc rib d

e -
o e c e p g 300 Y ur
,
.
,
e e on a e . o
b c k d si d s
a an w fi ish d
e d it r m i s th r fo re
a re no ly
n e ,
an e a n
,
e e
,
o n
t glu
o th b lly fo th e bo
e on e O f y o ur vi li n to be fi ish d
e
,
r o n e
i th e w hi te
n .
“Ar te m a te r n a r a i d o s m o r a n te m
p
F l u m i n u m l a psu s , c e l e r e sq u e v e n to s ,
B la n d u m e t a u r i ta s , fi d i b u s c a n o r i s
”
D u ce re q u e rc u s .
254 VI O LI N MA -
KI NG : AS I T WAS AND IS .
A B dr awn on th e r hi g f th b lly
a c n o e e . Th e m o de l 18 o n su c h
i
,
thi r w o o d , th t a on pr ssi g it i t w ill b

e n ,
e n d a n d li e c l s
o e on the
d d
a
r hig
c f th
n
t bl
o e a e T k a e a ver y fi ne
p o i n te d p en c il ,
an
hl o
de
th e
.
i n g th m d l fi
e
r m lyo e on th e b l ly w i th
e on e h a n d, tr a ce i si
n
: AS I T WAS AND IS .
an th
d m rk y ur f f h l s w hi h w ill h v
en re a
g t p o ti l l o e c a e o ar a
d
-
,
o blit r t d by th h d li g f th b lly si
e a e th y w r tr
e an n o e e n ce e e e ace .
Wh th y en m rk d pu
e h t th ir r u d h l s i th
are re -
a e ,
nc ou e o n o e n e
f ll
o i gm
ow n r ann e
T k th tw pi r rs ( f h l pu h s F i g
a e e o e ced s tti g or o e nc e ,
. an e n
th bi gg r f th tw
e e x tly i thO tr f th l w ir l f
e o e ac n e cen e O e o er c c e o
th f h l (w hi h it w ill
e o e t quit fill ) d h l d i g x tly u d r
c no e ,
a n o n e ac n e
D ea th it s m ll bl k f w d t pr ss g i st pr ss th pu h
a a oc o oo o e a a n ,
e e nc
firm ly i t th w d tw isti g it a t th s m ti m
n o e oo ,
t c t n e a e e
,
so as o u
ou t lit tl d is f w d Y
a e d t pu
c O h ri ght th u gh oo . ou n ee no nc ro ,
but h r m is d i f y d i d d th h l g i g thr ugh

no a o ne e u o n ee ,
e o e o n o
t th fl t si d s rv s
o e a
g ui d wh e
y b e
g i t s
e p as t a e en ou e n o coo ou
th b lly R p t th pr ss w i th th sm ll r pu h f th
e e . e ea e o ce e a e nc or e
upp r ir l f th f d w ith th l a rg r pi r r pu h t
e c c e o e
,
an as e e e ce nc ou
th upp r h l s i
e th e s m
e m o e r w ith th sm ll r Y n a e an n e e a e . ou
m ust b v ry r ful to pl it x tly b f r b g i i g t t

e e ca e a ce e ac e o e e nn n o cu ,
f y
or w ill fi d th t th
ou s m ll r pu h (C F ig 1 27 ) h x tly
n a e a e nc , . as e ac
th d i m t r f th upp r ir l s f th f h l
e a e e o F i g 153
e
( T h e c c e o e o e, . . e
bi g pu h is j t m l nc th th l w r ir l s ) Aft r ( d
us s a . er an e o e c c e . e an
p ssibly duri g) this p r ti y m ust pi k th pi s d is s

o n o e a on ou c e ece or c
o fw d oo t f th b r cu f th pu h s by m
o s f h rp
e o e o e nc e ea n o a s a
p i t (su h
o n th m rki g p i t ) b i g v ry
c as er ful i so a n o n ,
e n e ca e n
d i g
o n t t i j ur th
no utti g dg f th pi r r pu h
o n e e c n e e O e e ce or nc .
( V i d p g e a e
N w mm o t sco p t th be lly w hi h is b gu i the

e n ce o coo ou e ,
c e n n
s m w y th b k pl i g th r h d sid d w rd s th
a e a as e ac
,
ac n e a c e e own a on e
l th d th dg g i st th b m ; d y w ill g u g i t i
c o ,
an e e e a a n e ea an ou o e n a
m r i m il r t th b k
an n e s t h v i t % i h thi k l l
a o e ac , SO a s o a e nc c a o ve r .
B v ry
e e r ful h w y ca e t f this b lly pi is t d ro ou cu ,
or e ne as en e as
c h s u d r th e c his l d b f r y k w w h r y
ee e n e e , an
e e o e ou no e e ou ar ,
ou w ill fi d y urs l f thr u gh th n pl t od irr m d i bl

e o e a e an an e e a e
y
i jury d
n If i u g u r de d
on e . bs t m m t y n an t it n a or a en o en o u cu
too thi y m ust t k n

,
o f th
ou thic k sh vi g s w hi h fits th a e one e a n c e
g guo m rk
e w hi h h s g a t d p glu it i c tly a
c l s ly on e oo ee ,
e n n ea
,
o e .
an d firm ly by m s f th pp r tus figur d

,
ea n p 310 o e a a a e on .
F
( g i . d i th m r th
an r e d s rib d n d wh it
e is an n e e e c e ,
a n en
d y g
r w ith th
o on p r ti Wh this h g e o f e it a on . en as one as ar as
is s f t g w ith th go u g t k th sh rp st d fi st urv d
a e o o e e, a e e a e an ne c e
o v l pla d pl v r th
an e , a n tir i sid f th b lly m stan e o e e en e n e o e e o
r fully till a ll th e g u g m rks h v f d d i t th pl

ca e ,
o e a a e a e n o e an e
furr w o Y m y th
s. t y r f f h l s w hi h t pr se t
ou a en cu ou o e , c a e n
are l y pu h d
on t b v d s rib d Th y
nc e ou t o t as a o e e c e . e a re cu u
w ith v ry fi l d d k i f w hi h is i tr du d fr m u de r
a e ne -
O a e n e
,
c n o ce o n
ne a th h l d i g th,
b lly w ith y ur h d g i st yo ur b dy f
o n e e o an a a n o or
th purp s
e B gi by utti g r u d th l w r ir l
o e . e n c n o n e o e c c e , so a n
TH E B ELLY . 23 7
e x tly
ac to c o n fo rm to th e p enc il m a rki n
g w hi h c w il l be j u st
cu t awa y th : en cu t th e l owe r urv c e of th e f, a l w a gs c u tti n

g
a a i n s t the r a in an d in w a r ds to w a r d s the ce n tr e ja m
g g
th r w ise il l i f r er
.
the p la te ; o w ll ibly s llt O ff th e co n

0 e , y ou n a
p
o f th e
“
w ng i ( H i n F i g . an d c su h
a a m ish p i s
l st irr
a mo e i bl
m e d a e . I f vy o u d o h a e a n a c c d e ni ,
a n d t
ca n
pr s rv
e e e t hti y bit hipp
e n c lu it
e d O ff , g
e o n a t o n c e ,
W e d g g n i t
i
its l by s sh vi s l r rl
h
O
in a c e m e a n O f a n
g se t i n t h e o w e C i c e o f t e
p
f . W h e n
y o u
g e t l rp i
to t h e o w e o n t (, g
I F 1 . e th pr
e k m ss
f e
str o n y
g ,l a n drk it thr u h
w o orr h
g t h e n a o w c a n n e I n o thl e o nt g l
p rt
a o f t h e
f, pr
a n d o c l s
e e d a s r
f o l o w C u t-
a
g o o e i
g v d o wr ht
n
h
t e c e n rt e o f th ith
e j w t w o c a r
ef y g
u l l u i d e d b u t t o n
g c usr s t
o f th e k i n f e ,
pi k
a n d c spli r h s l
o u t t h e n t e t u o o s e n e d C o n tl
. n u e
this r v till
g oo e y hr u h
ou
g o t o
g t o th e
o th r si
e th
de , a n d rki
en, w o r ully n
g c a e f
r u r th b r
f om n de n e a as e fo e , c u t o u t a l l
th e w o o d i n th e l p r on
g a t o f th e
f
k pi
ee n
g mst r ul y
o ca e f l p ilt o th e en c
lin e s, a n d b i sp i lly uti us h

e n
g e ec a ca o w en
y ou a re c utti n
g i h l
n th e c a n n e I . Th e
to p c ur ve a n d c ir l c e a r e c u t o u t th e ,
sa m e a s th e l r owe r i s
o n e , th e c a n n e G
a re n e a tly pp sit
c u t o u t a n d th e o
,
o e f
ho e l is c u t o u t in r
th e sa e m a n n e .
I f you c hip r r
o ff a c o n e by ( )
H e o nd
h p
o e of r p ir
e a l s
,
o r opi e th e e c e v o u
m ust r em ed y it by utti c ln
g t h e an
g e at
sh rp r h t
I a e an d t a at H m o e o r btus e,
and ma ki n
g tpp sit
h e o i il r
o e f S m a .
B u t it w ill th us
be a opiti s and e if yo u
F r e 154 — D i a gr a m e m a i m g th e
sy try ur b lly by
«
m a r th e of yo
. .
mme e thi c k n e s s e s o r m e b e l l y a n d
th e s e ttm g “ th e b a r
su hc ih
a m s a , so
p u r g i st it
a d g
a a n b y
‘
a l w a s c u tti n a i n s t th e r a i n i n th e d i r e c ti o n H to I d
y g g a
g ,
a n n e ve r
I to H . F
( ig
h l sbi
The f f o e th y ill s rv
e n
g c u t o u t, e w e e as a f urth r ui
e
g d e i n
tr i i
d e e m n n g th e thi k ss s ih
c ne fi e ; s o w t th e n e ast pl
n e a n d th e
s r p r pr
c a e fi lly
o ce e d ust th
na to a dj e m i n s i d e th e
g g a u
ed b r r
o de «
li ne an d bl k b u ri s till th y l t
oc -
o n da e , e a r e e f a s fo o w
,
ll s
a c c o r i
d n
g t o
F i g 154 , w c
. hi h r pr s t i si vi
e e e n s th e n de e w o f th e e b lly — At th e
cen tr it ust h v
e , A A, m subst a e a an ce O f
3 : (
9
s ju t v r i h
o e nc
) 3
it m ust ly just hi
on l ss
t n O ff (sa y 17 5 e ) a t th e e d ge m a
1
s rk ed
0, C , C ,C , ausn d mh thi k r j st
t b e a S a d e c e u o e t h vr
e os u p st
nd o -
hi h ill ti
B , w c , i t w be n o c e d , is pl a ced o n th e l ef t i n th e fi g e ur
w hi h r pr s ts
c e e en s r
th e u n d e r n e a th u fa c e O f th e e b lly i lly
F na .
,
a d i u stth s thi k ss s by
e e c ne s se m ean Of an d a e -
p p r
,
an d th en
17
258 Vi o LI N M AK I NG : -
AS IT WAS AND IS .
co rr t y littl f ults o r u gh ss s w hi h m y b f u d
ec an e a r o ne e c a e o n
r u d th ff h l s b i g f urs
o n e uti us t t lt r th ir
o e , e n ,
O co e , ca o no o a e e
sh p i a
ye w y n an a .
Y ou w s h p e y ur b
ca n n o d ffix it t th b lly first f
a o ar a n a o e e O
, ,
a l l m rki g th pl a w h r
n it is t g e f ll w s
a ce I t w i ll b e e o o, as o o —
e
pl d ace th ri ght h on d si d f th b lly (

e
y
-
w rk
an t t h e e o e e as ou o a
i si d ) M k thr sm ll m rks t th x c t tr f th b lly

n e . a e ee a a a e e a ce n e o e e .
1 t the br d st p rt f th upp r b uts D 3 2 x tly m i d w y

,
a oa e a o e e o , ,
e ac a
b twe th e e en ra i s f th tw f f h l s E ; d 3 t th
c nn e o e o o e ,
an , ,
a e
br d st p rts f th l w r b uts F I f y ur j i is
oa e a o e otly i e o ,
. o o n exa c n
th e tr th s m rks w ill b
ce n e, e th j i ; but it s m ti m s
e a e on e o n o e e
h pp s th t it is
a en t q it a i w hi h s th tru no tr su e so , n c ca e e e ce n e
m ust b m rk d b t w e th
a utsid dg s w ith m p ss s d
e e een e o e e e co a e
,
an
a li d r w t
ne a t th thr m rks N W th ri gh t f
n o con n ec e ee a . O on e o
th s thr m rk s m k thr
e e ee th r m rks G H I ; th t p
a
,
a e ee o e a , , ,
e o
m rk G b i g
a i h fr m th x t
e n tr ncD ; th m i dd l o e e ac ce n e, e e on e,
H b i g
,
e ni c h fr m th tr m rk E 3 d th l w r
n o e I ce n e a an e o e one, ,
b i g 5 i h fr m th tr m rk F d
e n . nc o e ce n e a
,
an
t th m w ith p il li co n n ec N w fr m e a en c ne . o o
tw p i ts r th r t th ri ght f th t p
o o n d a e o e o e o an
b tt m bl ks d r w th tw sh rt li s J K o o oc a e o o ne , ,
I f i h fr m th upp r d l w r O an nc o e e an o e
dg s d l g th e th li G H I till it t u h s
e e ,
a n en n e ne o c e
th m This li th r f r m rks th x t e . n e, e e o e, a e e ac
l l f th b w hi h w il l b lu d w ith its e e
g
o ca e O e ar c ,
ut r d g just t u hi g it T k strip f o e e e o c n . a e a o
fi v g r i d pi b ut 11 i h s l g
ne e en -
a ne n e, a o nc e on ,
d pl it till it is j ust i h thi k thr u gh

an ane T3
3
nc c o
t its l g th d p r f tly s tr
ou i g h t d p r ll enl ,
an e ec a an a a e .
C t it b ut 1 i h br d d sl p ff th tw
i figfig fi :
Fl a l th "
u a o nc oa a n o e O e o
,
als
s v
si n g
th t it r hly k s
‘
f
of th e d h ole . d en g t on t h on e e, so a ou a e e
s h pa f th e i si
o d f t h b e lly n d t it t
e O h t its t w d
e s e ,
a n cu SO a o en
t u h th p i ts J d K N W m k m rk
o c e o n an d dr w . O a e a a on ,
an a a
li ne ac r ss this r u gh b t th p i t H (F ig
o ,
o d m rk ar a e o n . an a
th t p e d bo tt m f
an th b a t d
o isti gouish th m o B f r e r o n e . e o e
co mm i g t fi t th b t k
enc n o slip f w d b ut 4 e ar , a e a O oo a o
i h s l g d b ut thi k d b d ; i s rt this i t
nc e on ,
an a o 7 3
1
c ,
a n re a n e n o
th m ei d d l f t h f h l e o r st th e b e th l ft h
o e n ead e ar e e -
an one ,
l ki g t th fr t f th b lly ) d u d r th c r r i n
oo n a e on O e e ,
an n e e o ne ,
a s
F i g 155 . w hi c h r pr ,
ts t h p r ti vi w
e d f r m t h
e se n t e o e a on e e o e ou
sid f th b lly I t bj t d r sult w ill be t pr ss up th

e o e e . s o ec an e o e e
“ i pr ss l w r wi g b Th str g s
.
w n a d d w th an e o n e o e n e in
g
.
,
, ,
w ill rre t this d is r p y by th ir pr ssur ; if this p

co c c e an c e e e r e ca u
it n w r
o t t ke t
eh prno ssur f tha stri g
en , s w ul d f o r ce
e e e o e n o
th e w g i b w l n th w i(1g ,
b w hi c
e o h w ul d b hi d e us t t h en ,
o e eo o
: AS I T WAS AND IS .
by s f fil
m e an d s d p p r o Wh th b is thus
a e an an -
a e . en e ar
fi ish d t k thr
n e squ r s f gl ss p p r f pr gr ssiv fi
,
a e ee a e o a -
a e o o e e ne
ne ss (th l st b i g y fi ) d r fully s m th th w h l
e a e n ve r ne , an ca e oo e o e
i sid f th b lly till it is p r f tly s ft t th t h Th t k

n e o e e e ec o o e o uc . en a e
a fl t d r u d fil
a an d b v l ff th i si d
o n dg f th b lly e an e e o e n e e e o e e
i th s m w y
n e d s rib d f
a th i si d
e dg
a f th b k ( as e c e or e n e e e o e ac as
r pr s t d t Fi g
e e en th ie m a r si m il r t th t th r . en n a ann e a o a e e
d s rib d l
e c d s m th th
e ,
c e dg y
an an h v l ft r u d th oo e e e ou a e e o n e
s pi g f th e b lly d this h vi g b
coo n o d y ur b lly is
e ,
an a n een on e, o e
r dy t glu
ea F o this p r ti y m ust i r s th
e on . or o e a on ou n c ea e e
g lu i th
c
p t t nt w i its bulk by
e th d doiti f w t
o r ce e a on o a e ,
so as
t d ilut th g lu
o d r d r it m u h w k r th
e e th t w ith
e, an en e c ea e an a
w hi h si bl ks fi b k bj t
“ ”
y c d th ou d d th z e T h e oc an xe on e ac . e o ec
o f this is th t th b lly m y h v t am ff s m d y f r p ir
e e a a e o co e o o e a or e a s,
t
e c d i f it w r fix d
.
,
an w ith th rdi rily str g glu this
e e e on e o na on e,
w uld b o i m p ssibili ty S m p pl b f r glui g th i

e an o . o e eo e, e o e n on e r
b lli s put uri us hist ri l

e e ,
s ti m t l i s rip ti s t f
c o ,
o ca , o r en en a n c on ou o
sight up i th upp r b uts f th fi ddl n Th e l d lu thi s e o o e e . e o er
F I G l 56 . .
— F i n a 1 sh a p i n g of th e B a ss -
b ar .
we er v ry g r t t this d w i t ki g th b lli s ff
e ea a ,
a n no n a n e e e o
o ld fidd l qu i t upl ts d m tt se s, ft
a n br u ght t co e an o oe a re o en o o
li ght B f r pp lyi g th glu (w hi h is t d

. e o e a ft r th n e e c no one a e e
b lly is fi tt d i th
e s f th b k ) t th b lly
e ,
a s th n e ca e o e ac , se e e on e
ribs w ith upl f s r w s d l k r u d i t t

a co t th e o c e . an oo o n o n o e e
p i ts w h r th sid s w il l r quire pr ssi g str t hi g t sh p

o n e e e e e e n or e c n o a e,
for th l g r th ti
e m th t
on l ps s b t we th g lui g e e a e a e e een e n on o r
th b k e d f th b lly th m r w ill th ribs t w ist

ac an o d w rp e e , e o e e an a
ou t f sh p oWh by this m s y h v rri d t

a e . en ,
ea n , ou a e a ve a an
a ppr xim t ti o f w h t di ffi ulti s y

a e no w il l h v t t d
on o a c e ou a e o con en
w ith spr d th glu qui kly l l

,
ea th t p dg s ef th e c a o v er e o e e o e
bl ks si d s d li i g s b i g v ry r ful t t l t y
oc ,
e ,
a n n n ,
e n e ca e no o e an run
do w i id n f th u gh y th t ru s d w
ns e, t id
or m y b o an a n o n ou s e a e
w h d ff y th t tr p s s s i sid
as e o ,
an t b r m d ft a es a e n e ca n n o e e o ve a er
th b lly is
e H vi g g t
e butt ri g f glu pr d ll
on . a n o a e n o e s ea a
ro u d t th b lly
n ,
se d s r w i t f st ll r u d b gi
e e i g on , an c e a a o n . e nn n
w ith th C i r b eu t b i g m st p rti ul r t v i d th
’
s
,
o r nne o s
,
e n o a c a o a o e
co r rs ( i Fi g th fi tti g th ribs d putti g

1
ne as n . e n n e an n on
th e o th r s r w s d r m ps th s m
e c w i th th
e b k Thi
an c a e a e as e ac . :
If you d o a n y c h a n c e s pl i t a
by c o r n er , m en d i t a t o n ce a cco r d i n g to th e
“ ”
d i r ec ti o n s g i v e n f o r Rep ai r s p ( .
THE B ELL Y . 26 1
m ut b s qui kly but t w ith ut c r i djusti g th

e d on e c ,
no o a e n a n
e dg s f th g lu
e
,
or s ts ; d p rti ul rly d
e e t tt m pt
so o n e an a c a o no a e
this p rf rm u til y h v pr lu d d ll p s ibili ty f

e o a n ce n ou a e ec e a o s o
d r u gh ts
a urr ts f i w hi h w uld s ri sly i r s y ur
or c en o a r, c o e ou nc ea e o
d i ffi ulti s ; b t t
c eu tr t yu vil o co n e ac an e
w hi h m c ris fr m th pr m tur s tt i
y o a a e
g e e a e e n
o f th glu th e ppli ti f th h t w t r
e, e a ca on o e o a e ,
wh en w sh t h sup
ou r fl u us lu f r m o
y g a e e e o
th i d s w ill r m lt it littl d id th
e s e , e e a e an a e
o p r tie af fi xi g thon b lly Wh th

o n e e . en e
s r ws
c e pplied s t sli p f w d i
a re a
,
e a o oo n
th f h l f m
e f th s r w s t k p
o e ro one o e c e ,
o ee
d w o th l w r w i g d ra is th p p r
n e o e n an e e u e
one
(just w hil
g y as a t si m i l r e a o ou se a a
slip fr m th c r r) o sh w i F i g 1 57
e o ne ,
as o n n . .
Th is b i g d t ke brush d m
e n on e , a a an so e
h t w t r
o d w sh ll r u d th si d s
a e an a a o n e e
,
to rm v e
y sup orflu e s g luan d t e ou e
,
an o
re w rm
-
a d t th t w hi h is spr d t
an se a c ea o
k p th b lly
ee e I ppl y i g th
e on . n a n e
s r w s t b th b k d b lly w h fixi g géggg fifi fi fig fig

c e o o ac an e ,
en n
F ‘G a
l
e
th m th e h d
e ,
f th s r w (A F i g 129) ea o ( )
e c e ,
.
to a v o i d th e c o r n e r s :
mu t b s th si d f th t bl w hi h is b i g glue d
e on e e o e a e c e n
( t
n o th m vi g ll er B
) th
o r w is nwh
y cow sh y
a th ,
o e e en ou a aw a e
sup r flu us glu it w ill g t w sh d i t th

e o e ll r B d fix e a e n o e co a ,
an
it t th s r w S t th b lly sid i
o e c e . w r m pl e t d y e e a e n a a a ce o r ,
an d wh quite f st r m v th s r w s Y w ill w l k
en a ,
e o e e c e . ou no oo
r u d th d g s d w h r v r th y pp r t be t o br d i n
o n e e e
,
an e e e e a ea o o oa
pr p rtio o t o f on , fr m th si d s) th y o b r du c e d ar o e e ,
e can e e
an d m d qu l by m s f sh rp k i f d fil th e c o e c
a e e a ean o a a n e an e, rr 4
ti o s b i g tly fi ish d w ith gl ss p p r

n e n n ea n e a -
a e .
Th e tre m b l i n g l u te so m e to u c h s o m e str a i n th e v i o l be st, .
I n s e ts w h i c h th e r e w e r e se e n , th e m u si c w o n d r o u s c h o i c e ,
S o m e l ik e w i se th e r e a fi e c t th e g a m b a w i th th e v o i c e .
( M D r a y to n ,
P o l y o l b i o n ,
”
So n
.
g i v .
C HAP TER XI X .
PU RFLI NG AND FI NI S H I NG TH E BO D Y .
Ma r k i n g th e P u r fli n g— Th e P g — Th
P u r fl i n g F i tti n g — F i xi n g —Ra i si n g th e
e s e -
C
Ed g e s a n d o r n e r s— Fin a l S c r a pi n g— S a n d pa p e r i n g— Th e R e s t— F i tti n g .
— — —
F i x i n g F i n is hi n g Ro u n d i n g th e E d ge s F i n i s h i n g th e od y
“
i n th e B
Wh i te
IT is w th t y w ill e th dv t g f t h vi g p fi d
no a ou se e a an a e o no a n ur e
be fo r sc pi g t th b k d b lly I f y h d d
e oo n ou e ac an e . ou a one so ,
y ur dg s m ust h v r m i d s rigi lly t w h th r quit

o e e a e e a ne a o na cu , e e e
co ni c id t l w ith th e ribs
en a o t ; but it is w h r f th or n as ,
e e or e
s k f u if rm ity y
a e o n w slightly r du th dg s th
o ou no e ce e e e
,
e
p urfl i g m y
n b m d t f all w th e rr c ti w
a h i h it
e w ill o o o e co e on c
no w hi d i st d f sh w i g it up s it w ul d h v d
e
,
n ea o oif n ,
a o a e on e
a lr dy i l id T k th e p fli g g u g (Fig
ea n a . a e d s tti g ur n a e . an e n
th c utt r (w hi h m ust b th r u ghly sh rp )

e e c i h fr m th e o o a nc o e
r u d d p rt f th st m A tr
o n e a o li ( t l tti g th utt r
e e ,
a ce a ne no e n e c e
si k d e p) l l r u d th t bl s (b k d be lly ) Th r d u
n e a o n e a e ac an . en e ce
th d iste fr m th c utt r t th st m to
a n ce o tr e th r e o e e a ce an o e
li r u d b k d b e lly w hi c h w ill thus b

ne o n ac an utsid th first ,
e o e e .
This s m s sim pl ee u gh t y but y w ill fi d it m st e en o o sa

,
ou n o
d iffi ult t pr s rv
c ou i f rm dist e e fr m th e dg a th n o a n ce o e e e, e
st m r quiri g t be pr ss d v ry str gly g i st th dg

e e n o e e e on a a n e e e,
as it tr v ls r u d e sp i lly
a e th
o t d r pi
n ,
f th b lly ec a on e en e ne o e e ,
an d it w ill b m st d iffi ult t pre s rv th s e o d li t c o e e e e co n ne a
an x t d ist c f 1 fr m th first ; h w ve r f ti l t
e ac 3 an e o ; o e o e ,
es na en e ,
an d p ti a d r f l p rs v r c w ill v r m ll this
e n ce , a n ca e u e e e an e o e co e a
diffi ulty c Mi d d . t o t th s m rks t o d p ; th y

n an no u e e a o ee e a re
on ly t s rv o g ui d s ef th e k i f
as i c utti g th g r e v e i or e n e n n e oo n
w hi h th fli is l i d Th urv f t h m rki w i ll ’
c
p g e ur e n
g a . e c o e a n
h v be i t rrupt d t th t p f th b k by th butto
a e en n e e a e o o e ac e n ,
an d th r rs m ust b
e co n e m rk d t h v th purfli g p i t d e re -
a e o a e e n o n e
ac or ss th m i tru S t di i s styl I f y l k t y
e n e ra uar u e. ou oo a an
S t di ra i y o w ill
uar u s th t t th u r rs th pur fli g is
se e t a a e co ne e n no
fi ish d ff i th m i dd l e
n e o n e t A Fi g b t a
,
. u
p i t d up ( d
o n e or o p i tB t o n ,
as a
C Fi g 158 This is sm ll p rti ul r b t it is g r t p i t i

, . . a a a c a ,
u a ea o n n
; As IT WA S A ND 18 .
Fi g 92 . A o g . lth u h th s bs lut ly ss ry to th
e e a re no t a o e n e ce a e
l
fid d e , y e t, a s y o u w rki
g th S tr d
are m d l th
o y n on e a . o e , e
i m p rt fi ish t y ur fi d d l
a a n o py T k r u d sh rp
o e a s a co . a e a o n
,
a
p i t d t l (su h th m rki g p i t) d pr ss h l just

o n e oo c as e a n -
o n ,
a n e a o e
wh r eth e tr j i f th fi dd l m ts th g r v
e cen e o n o t f e e ee e oo e cu or
th ep fl i g ( ur i F i gn as th t h nl f th h l i s . i th so a a e o e n e
g r v
oo M ke . si m il r h l a t
e ath b tt m t rr a
p d o e d a e o o o co es on ,
a n
a ls si m il r s i th b lly t t p d b tt m
o a on e n e d th e t a o an o o ,
an en cu
y our f ur p gos t fit Th se m do t f . d f m pl
e e a re a e ou o a ro o a e,
n o t hi ghly fi gur d but o f l ur o t e ,

hi h tr sts w ith a co o r on e w c con a
th m pl e f th b k
a e o C t th e d t ac l g r u d p i t lik
. u e ro o a on ,
o n o n
,
e
a p il c t ff th xtr m
enc ,
u o d d fi ish i t w i th
e e fil e th t
e en ,
an n a e
,
so a
it e c tly sti ks i t th h l y h
xa c m d
n o t ff th p i t
e o e ou a ve a e cu o e o n
a b ut i h l g d t p it i t th h l
o T3
3
nc on ,
an t sti k w hilsta n o e o e
,
so a s o c
y o ufi t th r st f th p
e
g s e W h o ll t d e i p eh . en a are cu ,
eac one
i t glu
n o d fix it i t its h l w i th
e, an
g d s m n rt to p d o e a oo a a ,
a n
l v th m t d y th r u ghly Wh thi is
ea e e o r o m pli h d
o t . en s a c co s e
,
c u
o ff th pr j ti g e ds o ec t m k th m fl sh w ith th b k
n en ,
so a s o a e e u e ac ,
a nd t ffcu m u h fr m th
o as sid s f th p g s pr j ts i t
c o e e o e e as o ec n o
th e g r v t f
oo th e
p fl i
cu g hor l f th d i em t r ) w
ur hi h n a e a e e , c
w ill r d u eit i ceF i g 92 N w tk

,
as n brush full f t r . . o a e a o w a e
an d w t l l r u d th ge a o n b k d b lly w ipi g ff e I o o ve s on ac an e ,
n o
sup rfl u us m is tur w ith l th This w ill thr w y d f ts

e o o e a c o . o an e ec
i th u i f r m ity
n e n f th g r v s i t pr m i
o o ed this w ill oo e n o o n e n ce , an
ena bl y th b tt r t
e ou r t y su h irr g ul riti s Wh
e e e o co r ec an c e a e . en
this h b d as
y o een w ill b r d
one, y t put i y ur
u
p fl i g e ea o n o ur n .
P fli g
ur I h v s i d b f r (p g
n
,
as a e is m p s d f
a e o e a e co o e o a
strip f pl o w d b tw ane tw stri ps f th s m w d

oo e een o o e a e oo
st i d bl k ( t
a ne s m h v supp s d strip f r s w d
ac no ,
as o e a e o e
,
a o o e oo
b twe tw e en f b y) Th
o ox d i gly d li t d i m t r f
e on . e e ce e n e ca e a e e o
th s strips m y b im gi d w h w r fl t th t th thr
e e a e a ne en e e ec a e ee
lu e d t g th r d i l id
o e ly pr s t d i m t r f
e an n a i h
on e en a a e e o T,
1
nc .
urfl i g m y b b u gh t f
n a
y fi d d l
e m k r
o ; d I sh oul d an e -
a e an o
a d vis th em t ur t e a pur h s his p fl i g r dy t th ugh

a e o c a e ur n ea ou ,
o
I sh ll t ll h i m h w t pr p r it f
a e hi m s l f I t is s l d i
o o e a e or e . o n
tw o f rm s o i s p r t strips f pl i bl k n e a a ed w hit d ls o a n ac an e, a n a o
a s as n dw i h r d y glu d t g th r th l tt r is
a c ,
ea e th o e e e a e e a e
e a sie r to w o rk w i th but is t rribly li bl t split

,
lp i rhputti ps g e a e o , anC n n
it i n it w i ll b ss ry t dip th d s i th e h t w t r f th
e n e ce a o e en n o a e o e
g lu e— p ot f i st t
or ( t l
an g nu g h t o u
an g lu it ) bno f r on en o n e e o e
g ivi g th e
n e d s th s t r g b n d ss ry e t t h on r rs d en n e ce a a e co ne an
t bo u t A xp ri e d fidd l m k r w ill l w ys pr f r
ce n r e s. n e e en c e- a e a a e e
t o i la y thr s e p r t d strips t g th r r th r th
n ee a a e h o e e a e an c a n ce a
s plit w ith th re a d y m d efli g If y -

th d isi t g r t d
a e ur n . ou u se e n e a e
p u r fl i g o f t hne th o r o u g h t h i it is pr p r d f l l s G
u t er, e a e as o ow e
r U B F L I NG AND F I NI S H I NG T HE BO D Y . 265
s m
o l eg strips
on f pl v r i t h o tur l st t an e d s m enee n e na a a e, an o e
a ls st i d bl k thi
o a ne y ac ; ,
t asit f v in as ou ca n cu ,
or co n e n e n ce
’
s k i t l v s f ur i h s by tw f t d r d u c it by m s
a e ,
n o ea e o nc e o ee ,
an e e ea n
o f s r pic g a rlyn p ssi b l

a s n eat u i f r m thi k as f o e o a n o c n e ss o
i h t th m t N w m k
nc a e os .
dg b l t ly str i ght
o d
a e one e e a so u e a an
tru (by m s f st l rul d k i f ) d th

e ean o a t i t up by
ee e an n e ,
an en cu ,
t h s
e m ma s i e t strips e an i h b ,
d n W h o y h v g t T?
1
nc roa . en ou a e o
d oubl m u
e as h bl k w hi t y
c prac d t fi tasit t t h e ,
ou can o ce e o o e
g
r v
oo s m m
e , co i g us l w i th th
en c n C i,
rasb u ts ua ,
e
’
s, or n ne o .
k thr strips bl k h pi f
.
T a e (tw
ee d w t ) o ac an on e i e ,
or a e ce o
s d w i h w hi h y j dg t b l g
an c c u gh t fit th b u t
ou u e o e on en o o e o
w rki g ; m o k t h n d s ( t on n d ) v a d e e en a one e e en, an

y ou a re
w i th sh rp k i f b v l ff th t hr t g t h r i F ig 159
a a n e e e o e ee o e e ,
a s n .
Fi t this p i t l s up i t th e o n r r sh w i F i g 158 d
c o e n o co ne o n n .
,
an
ca rryi g th stri ps r u d th c tr b ut t th th r r r
n e o n e en e o o e o e co ne
,
fit th m i t th th r r r w i th
e n o e th r b v l
o e w hi h y co ne ano e e e , c ou
m ust b r ful t t m k t sh r t fi tti g it i p i t f f t

e ca e no o a e oo o ,
n
,
n o n o ac ,
m u h th c sm ey fitt da y ur e ribs as i t th m ul d
ou e o n o e o ,
as
d s rib d t p g 232
e c e a N xt pr a d t fit i
e . e o cee o n
ano th r thr fr m th r r ith r t th

e ee o tr e co ne e e o e ce n e
j i o n ,
rig ht r u d th upp r ( l w r ) b uts
or
,
o n e e or o e o
t tho pp sit
e or r If y o e t th m t th
co ne . ou cu e o e
c e t n re j i y m us t m k th p i t f u i v ry
o n, ou a e e o n o n on e
l s squ r
c o e, d i f p sibl
a e, i m p r ptibl
an ,
os e, e ce e ,
e sp i lly i th b k I th b lly y
ec a n e d
ac t . n e e ou n ee no
ca r b ut m ki g
e a o xquisit a j b nf t h so
f : 2323 e
“
e a o ,
or e
o
b 3
5
15
1
0
fl i w ill b t w y t t h t i th f r m
p ur
g n
p
e cu a a a e o n e o a
ti o f th h m b r t t r iv th
n o e c a k d w ill b h i dd
e cu o e ce e e n ec , an e en
by th fi g b rd d t th b tt m by th h m b r t
e n er -
oa ,
an a e o o e c a e cu
t r o iv th r st d w il l b hi dd by th t il pi
e ce e e e ,
an F e en e a -
e ce . o r
th s m r s
e a s it is ft
e ea m itt d t put th
on p g s (F ig 92)
o en o e o e e .
i t th b lly Wh y h v g t th p fli g fitt d l l
n o e e . en ou a e o e u r n e a
r u d b th b k d b lly y
o n o ac pr d t glu it F
an e , ou can o ce e o e . or
this purp th pur fli g s m ust b t k ose e t s dw i h (

n e a en ou a an c or a
se t) t ti m th g r v s fill d w ith glu

a a e, e d th s d w i h
oo e e e, an e an c
( or thr strips )
ee r pl d b i g m st r f
e ul t m k
a ce th m fit
,
e n o ca e o a e e
a c c ur t ly t th
a e r r a d r ti u l rly t th j i ts t th
e co ne s an a c a a e o n a e
f th b k w h r th thr
,
t p o '
d b tto m
an o o stri ps m ust j i
e ac ,
e e e ee o n
tho s ppo site s e x tl y

e o t r d r th j i o i m p r ptibl
ac as o en e e o n e ce e
(u ln ess f c urs o
y h v e o
p fl d i e l gou strip f r m a r r ur e n on e on o co ne
t co r
o r) This is b st ff c te d by utti g ff th
ne . e ds t e e c n o e en a
th ej i sl ti g d w w rds fr m th t p dg just
o n ,
an n o n th a o e o e e
,
as e
li i g s f th e i r b uts w r fitt d i t th r r bl k s as
n n o nne o e e e n o e co ne oc ,
sh own i F i g 144 n Mi d d . pl ty f glu b f r s tti g

. n an u se en o e e o e e n
th s t i p i to th e g ro o v e s ; fo r m m b r it h a s
e r s n t ly to fix r e e e ,
no on
266 VI O LI N M A K I NG : -
As I T WAs AND 13 .
th e pu r fli n g s i t th g ro v b t ls i f y n o thr strips
e o e, u a o, ou u se ee ,
to pr
e m e a te b tw th mp t strips th m s lv s t k p
e een e co onen e e e ,
o ee
th m t g th r
e o I t ls fills p
e e d d i guis s
.
y rr
a rs of ults u an s e an e o or a
i th c utti g f th e g r v e w hi h it is i m p ssibl ( sp i lly

n e n o oo ,
c o e e ec a
for an m t ur ) t a bvi t th r f r w h th p fli g
a e o o a e e e o e en e ur n s a re
se t i th g r vn it is w ll t
e oo l ttl g lu
e, l l r u d th m e o ru n a I e e a o n e
w ith littl lip f w d t fill up yw h r w h r th r w

a e s o oo o an e e e e e e as
no t s ffi i u t c en .
Th p fli g e ur t pp d i t th gro v ll r u d w ith
n s a re a e n o e o e a o n
a littl h m m r t i sur th ir si ki g w ll i t it Th
e a e o n e e n n e n o . e
sup rflu us glu is th w ip d ff i th

e o e l th d th w h l e en e o w a c o ,
an e o
thi g is l ft t d y th r u ghly t
n e o this is ff t d t th
r o o . en e ec e ,
cu e
p ur fli g d n l v sl w ith th
own sur f s f the b k e d b lly by e a ce o e ac an e
m s f sh rp fl t g u g Th d f ts (i f y ) w ill o w be
ean o a a ,
a o e . e e ec an n
br ught i t pr m i
o n o b t t b r m di d H w v r
o n e n ce
,
u can n o e e e e . o e e ,
w s l ur lv s th t if sl ight d f ts xist i o p fli g
e con o e o se e a e ec e n ur ur n
,
th y xist ls
e e if r fully l k d f i th w o rks f th fi st
a o , ca e oo e o r, n e o e ne
Cr m e s m st rs N w t k fl t fil
on e e a e d rub ri ght r u d
. o a e a a e, an o n
th t ps f th
e o d g s (l ft
o i Fi g e e w ith vi w t l i g
e e as n . a e o c ea n n
th m d r m vi g y slight i qu liti s w h i h m y h
e an e o n an ne a e c a a ve
in v d d th m si
a e th y w r l st rr t d N w p th
e n ce e e e a co ec e . o o en e
spri g m p ss (A F i g 126)
n co a f i h d d r w li ll
,
.
3
3g o an nc
,
a n a a ne a
r u d th dg s f th i stru m t p th m g i 3 i h d
o n e e e o e n en
, o en e a a n nc ,
an
dr w a s d li
a r u d th dg i si d th firs t fr m w hi h
econ ne o n e e e n e, e
,
o c
it is s qu tly d ist t
con e
(I t
en w il l b bs rv d th t this
an e o e e a
o p r ti
e a m bion i ll r sp ts
r e se x pti g its m sur m t
e s
,
n a e ec ,
e ce n ea e en s,
th pr e s by w hi h w ri gi lly su k th dg
o c e s se c sh w e o na n e e e ,
as o n
by F i g Nw t k
.
g g d si k o t u g h ll r ua d e a ou e an n a ro a o n ,
c utti g t th w d ( d w ith it th t p f th p fli g) b t
n ou e oo an e o o e u r n a ou
, ;
1
i h d p b i g m st r ful t k p x tly b tw
nc ee ,
e n oth ca e o ee e ac e een e
li s d m k th h ll w quit sm th d v
ne ,
an a e e L w r th
o o e oo an e en . o e e
w d l
oo t tha so r rs by g u gi g d w b t w e th p i t
a e co ne o n o n e e n e o n s
f th p fl i g th t th si ki g r d th dg f ll w s th
'
o e ur n ,
so a e n n oun e e e o o e
g ui t r utli
a f oth i si d f th
ne o fi dd l d thr w s th
e n r rs e o e e, an o e co ne
an d dg s i t th t b ld r li f w hi h is su h
e e n o a b e uty i w llo e e c c a a n a e
fi i h d fidd l
n s e e .
Wh y h v g en ll r u d g
ou ll v r th g r u d bri g
a e on e a o n ,
o a o e e o n ,
n
i g th
n utsi d e d i si d e d g s f th tr u g h x tly tru to
o e an n e e o e o e ac e
th m r k d li
e a s ll r u d Th t k th sm ll st v l to th d
e ne a o n . en a e e a e o a o e
pl an e F
( g i w ith th . fi st d sh rp st t th d ir d e ne an a e oo e on ,
an
pl an e ll r d th i si d
a f th g r v
oun e t m lt this n e o e oo e ,
so as o e
tr u h i t th ris
o n f th b lly
o b k (it is f urs u d r
e e o e e or ac ,
o co e, n e
st th t th s pe r ti s m ust b r p te d b th t bl s) d
oc a e e o a on e e ea on o a e ,
an
bri g th dg c m r t th urv r pr s t d t B Fig 14 8

n e e e on e o e o e c e e e en e a , . .
Nw t k o sh rp s r p r d s r p ll r u d h r th r
a e a a c a e an c a e a o n w e e e e a re
268 V I O LI N MAK I NG : -
As I T WAS AND 18 .
sur f just thr u gh th p fi m g

a ce i Fi g 160 A A
o Nw e ur ,
a s n .
, ,
'
. o
w ith s tr ight dg d k i f
a a t th s tw w i th str i gh t
-
e e an n e co n n ec e e o a a
li B B w hi h w ill v r p rt f th p fli g D r w th
ne
, ,
’
,
c co e a o e ur n . a e
k ifn l g this till it is

e a on d p th th r tw (A d as ee as e o e o
,
an
th th w d m pri d by th s li s m y b
en e oo co t d pi k d se e e ne a e cu an c e
ou t w ith k i f l vi g littl right gl d h m b r (f rm d

a n e
,
ea n a e -
an e c a e o e
by th thi k ss f the b lly d th t ps f th l w r b uts d

e c ne O e an e o o e o e o an
b tt m bl k) t r ive th r st w hi h m y w b t I f by
o o oc o e ce e e ,
c a no e ou .
m is dv tur i m ki g th uts A A th dg g ts l i ttl pli t '
a en e n a n e c e e e e a e S
, , ,
on e ith r sid it m ust b t y d

e e
,
r p d i g slip t e cu awa ,
a n a co re s on n ou
d w o n th th r sid
on t m k th e o ut ti g th ugh w id r
e e , so a s o a e e c n , o e ,
still tru t th tr j i f th ribs d th t il pi I d t
e o e ce n e o n O e an e a -
n . nee no
r m rk th t th u tti g m ust b quit squ r d p rp di ul r

e a a e c n e e a e an e en c a
t th e t p sur f
o f th b t t m bl k
o N w t k
a ce littl slip f
o e o o oc . o a e a e O
e b y 13 i h l g by i h br
on ,
d nc d 3 i h d p
= on M k nc oa , an nc ee . a e
tw id s quit squ r
o s e d tru t th r
e d djust th a e an e o on e an o e , an a e
l gth w ith pl
en fil d k if th t i t j ust fi t tig htly i t
an e
,
e, an n e ,
so a s n o
th h m b r t i F ig 1 60 N v r m i d b u t u tti g it
e c a e cu ,
as n . . e e n a o c n
fl sh w i th th d g f th fiddl this il l d w h it is fix d
u e e e o e e, w o en e
r u d th upp r sur f
o n et D F i g 1 60 e d sh p ff th ds
ace , a s a ,
.
,
an a e O e en
r u ghly
o t C F i g 1 60
,
a s P t p l ty f g d g lu i t th
a ,
. . u en O oo e n o e
c h m b r t th r u gh ly fi ish d r s t i it t p it i f s t w ith
a e ,
se e o n e e n
,
a n a a
littl h m m r
e t fix it
a d i p ff th sup rflu us glu
e ,
so a s o ,
a n w e O e e o e
w ith th brush d r m e t r d l v th fi ddl t d y an w a w a e

,
an ea e e e o r .
Wh d y fi ish i t ff r fully by utti g it v w i th th l w r

en r n o ca e c n e en e o e
e dg d flush w ith th b lly t th b v ll d

e, an d s w hi h l st e e a e e e e en , c a
m ust b x t d qu l te e th r R u d f th t p
ac an e a o o n e an o e . o n o e o ,
so
th t it is b ut é i h b v th dg f th b lly Th s
a a o nc a o e e e e O e e . e e
O
p r t
ei sa d w ith
on sh rp k i f
a re d fl t fi l ;
one th R st a a n e an a e e e as
fi i h d m ust th be s r p d quit s m th N w t k
n s e en t f c a e e oo . o a e a se o
fil s e d g
,
righ t r u d th dg f b th b k d b lly
an o o n e e e o o ac an e ,
m ki g th m q i t
a n d by fili g b th c r rs f th
e u e dg r ou n n o o ne o e e e,
till th li fr m th u d r t th upp r si d s f th e dg is
’
e ne o e n e o e e e o e e a
p rf tly v urv Wh this is d e g ro u d th dg s

e ec e en c e. en on
,
o n e e e
thus r u d d d sm o th ff l l fil m rks w ith s d p p r f

o n e an o o a e a an -
a e o a
m d iu m fi
e ss giv th ribs fi l th r u gh s d p p ri g
n en e ,
e e a na o o an -
a e n ,
d th b d y f y ur fi d d l is fi ish d i th w hit “ ”
an e o o o d e n e n e e, an ca n
b put w y o t o f d ust e tc u til th

e a a k d sc ro ll e r ea dy
u ,
.
,
n e nec an ar
to go o n.
CHAP TER XX .
T H E NE CK AND S C R O LL .
‘
I he Wo o d — P r e p a r a ti o n — Ma r k i n g O u tli n e — d S h a pi n g C u tti n g o u tr — -
Ma r k i n g an
o u t th e Ne c k a n d S c r o l l — Ro u gh i n g o u t th e Vo l u te — F i n i s h i n g th e Vo l u te
— H o l lo w i n
g th e a c k o f t h e H e a d — Th e Pe B g b o x — F i n i s h i n g th e H e a d -
Th e Ne c k — Fi tti n g th e Ne c k to th e B o d y o f th e F i d d l e — u tti n g o u t th e C
C h a m b e r — Sh a pi n g th e S h o u l d e r — Te s ti n g th e F i t— Fix i n g — Th e F a l se
Fi n g e r b o a r d — Th e -
u tto n — Th e B
S h o u l d e r — F i n i s h i n g th e Ne c k a n d
’
S h ou l d er — F i n a l O pe r a ti o n s .
F I RST pr d t pr p r th m pl f th e o cee k d s r ll o e a e e a e or n ec an c o .
T his is st r d i bl ks sli ghtly w dg sh p d 10% i h s l g

o e n oc e e -
a e nc e on ,
2% i c h e s br d th d pth f th w d g thi
n oa i g fr m 2 t 1 %
,
e e O e e e, nn n o o
i h s Pl
nc e sid p r f tly s m th d v lik th
. ane one e e ec oo an e en , e e
sl bs f th b k d b lly th w ith
a or es m ll pl ac d an e , en a a an e an
T squ r squ r t th pl
-
a d si d th 2 i h ( thi k r) d g
e, a e o e an e e e -
nc or c e e e
o f th bl k Wh this is d
e oc d th squ r is quit tru
. en on e, a n e a e e e,
tk
a rdi ry c utti g
e an m rki g g u g
o na d m rk li n or a n a e, an a a ne
l g th thi k dg 1% i h s fr m th pl d sid
a on e c e Th e nc e o e an e e. en
m k th a th r si d s m th d squ t th pl d thi k dg
e e o e e oo an a re o e an e c e e
by pl i g d w t th g u g d li
an n This d o
y n w ill h v o e a e ne . on e, ou a e
a bl k 10% i h s l g b ut 2; br d
oc dg 1 % d p
nc e on ,
a o oa ,
one e e ee ,
squ r d d pl d th th r e d g l ft r u gh d y ur
a e an an e k ,
e o e e e o ,
a n o n ec
bl k is pr p r d fo w rk
oc e a e r o .
Y m y w pr
ou d t m rk a d c t t th
no e k d o ce e o a an u ou e n c an
s r ll I P l t I V is giv th utli f S t d i i s r ll
c o . n a e . en e o ne o a ra u ar us c o
co rr sp di g w i th th utli
e on f th m d l n w hi h w e o ne o e o e on c e a re
w rki I p 1 59 iv d ir ti s f h i
o
g g n
g . n
py g
a
y e are en ec on or o n an
s r ll t p p r L t tr i g f th s r ll g iv i P l t I V
c o on o a e . e a ac n O e c o en n a e .
,
or y ur w s r ll utli b g lu d
o o nt thi pl k
c o l f o n e, e e on o a n an or ea
of d (lik th p l k utli
w oo f th w h l fi dd l )
e d c t it
e an o ne O e o e e , an u
ou t i th s m w y v ry x tly s th t y h v i f t
n e a e a e e ac
,
o a ou a e, n ac ,
F ig 16 1 i thi w d
. N w ll l g n r th r r u d th li
n oo . o a a on ,
or a e o n e ne
a , a
,
a f h v lut pi r w i th
o s m ll d rill s m l l h l s t t
t e o e, e ce a a a o e ,
so ua
th f r m e f th s r ll is m rk d
o o th pl k by p rf r t d
e c o a e on e an a e o a e
v luto i Pl t I V Nw
e, as th fr t f this utli
n a e m k . o on e on o o ne a e
thr littl ee t h s t th p i ts A B C F i 161 d y h v

e no c e a e o n an ou a
gs r ll t Fi g 85
e
, , , ,
th co m pl t e m d l f m rki g th k
'
e e o e or a n e n ec an c o ,
as a .
27 0 VI O LI N M AK I NG
-
Yo u w ill r e m e m b e r tha t o n e bl k pr p r sid f th e

e o oc e a e d fo r
th e n e c k is s m o o th a n d squ a r e d h r si is l t r u h
a n d th e o t e de ef
, o
g .
st pl k utli
No w fa e n th e a n o k s rl
n e o f th e n e c and c o l on to o n e
s th
moo bl k i st
fa c e o f th e oc squ r
a a n
g tpl
h e sia ed a n d an ed de o f
th e bl k o c , a s i n Fi t ki
g . 1 61 squ r
,
a n
g t h e r pr s t
a e D ,
E ,
F , G to e e en
l k
th e b o c , a n d G F its squ r si utli just t u hi
a ed d e , th e o ne o c n
g t h e
e d ge a t th ep i ts o n fi ur
H , A, B , a s i n th e is i p r t t g e I.t m o ta n th a
it flush ith
be w but
th e e dge a t A a n d B it j st , at H m a y be u a
h l r
s a d e o w e , a s i n th e fi ur ll g ut i
e , to a o w fo r th e c t n
g :
No w w ith rki p i t rk
th e m a n
g o
-
n t u li
m a th erki e x a c o t ne ma
,
n
g
a r u h r
o
g e utsi it ith p i
o ne o d e w by
a e n c sl n ow m ean of a
squ r r
a e , m a k a c r o ss th e s th m oo bl k hr
ed e
g , G F ,
o f th e oc t ee
li s
ne p i ts
a t th e o n C A, B , x ly t s C
F i g 16 1, e a c t a t th e n o c h e , A, B ,
. . .
h s ils r ui hr
T e e w l e v e a s a g d e w e e to fix th e o u t
E H
li
F
th r si
n e o n th e o hi h is e by u s
de , w c do n e n fa te n
it st i it
i n g , a n d fa e n n g tly p si i
to e xa c th e sa m e o t o n
by ki ma ths n
g t h x tly i i
e no c e A ,
B ,
C e a c c o n c d e
ith w li s rk th e n e m ar ss ed ac o rk th e e d g e , a n d m a
utli
th e o s n e i n th e ith p i t
am e w a
y w o n an d
p il thus
en c
,
andhv utli s rk
y o u a e t w o o n e m a e d
x tly
a e ac ith r si on pp si
e e de o r o te o n e a n o th e .
B r r vi e fo e p k utli r
em o n
g t h e l aith r
n o n e f o m e e
si rkde , m a lu s r ll by hrusti
th e v o te O f th e c o t n
g
p i t thr h h
a o n ou rill h l s
g ea c o f th e d ed o e , a, a, a,
hi h i i t
w c utli by hi h
n d ca e i t o n th e o ne, w c th e
v lut op r r ti s
e of e fo a li on l ill
i n th e o u t n e m o de w
rk by littl
be m a e d s tli r
e d e n t o n th e o u n e d aw n
ith r si
on e e bl k d e o f th e oc .
pr No w bl ll i
o c e e d to c u t o u t th e o c k , fo o w n g
ut r p il li
th e o e (o r y ur r i s i h
en c ) ne of o m a k ng w t
F I G 16! —P 1a n k o u t
hi h ust h l
th e bo w sa w , w c m
-
pr ht be e d v e r v u i g to
pr v t s rk
v
I t e x c e e dm om I n i d e the m a
l i n e o f Ne c k a n d e en
g or
g g in
g
S c r o u l ‘m
u r si
o n th e n de r
-
de h rt th e m a k i n g o t e h a n th e
on e
y ll i ith
o u a r e fo o w n g w t hrki
e sa w ) ulI n ma
. n
g th e o t in e , y o u
m ust tr r a ce li
o u n d th e n e b c, d , e
,
but
, f , g,
h ,
lF i g 1 6
. 1 ,
n o t a on g
th e li ne i k
,
p k utli
i f th e l an s o ly ll
n e do e n o t e xa ct f o o w th e
sm uo th e d g e .
F nai lly , y
o u h v a e n o w ,
i n ste a d O f t h e n e c k bl k
o c
-
,
a n o utli
ne
O f th e n e c k an d s r ll sh
c o ow n by i
th e l n e b, c , d , e , f , y k , e xa c t y ,
l
lik e th e p la n ok utl hv b
in e y o u a e e e n m a k n g f o m r i r but i st n ead
Of bi e n g T,
1
i h hi k it
nc t c , h a s th e thi ss
ckn e h l bl k
O f th e w o e oc ,
and i t n s e a d o f hav n i g t h e v lut

o e mark by p r r t
ed e fo a e d h o l e s,
eac h si b de e a rs url
th e c ma rk by s ll i
ed ma t ti s n de n a o n a, a, a,
,
i n th e w o o d . r ill
Th e e w be a sli ht r i
g m a just
g n O f w o o d ou t
i
s de th e li n e m a de by th e m a rki p i t
n
g his ust
o n -
T . m n o w be
27 2 VI O LI N MA I NG : -
K A3 I T WAS AND I S.
Squ r d n d pl d th tw th r surf s With th a i d o f

a e a an e e o o e a ce . e
this tr li pr d t m rk y ur s r ll by m e s f
cen e ne t f o ce e o a o c o an o a se o
thr m d ls m d f pli bl i
ee o s ft br ss t k fro m
e
,
a e o a e z nc or o a
,
a en
s m o k w l dg d m st r vi li Th utli s F ig 162
e ac no e e a e -
o n . e o ne , .
,
ar e
t k fr m th S t di i fi ddle fr m w hi h I h v t k ll
a en o e ra u ar u s o c a e a en a
th m o d ls w ith w hi h I h v
e pr s t d m y r d rs A b i g
e c a e e en e ea e e n
,
tne fr t B th b k f th h d
on ,d C th fr t f th v lut
e ac o e ea ,
an e on O e o e .
F t t th fi
irs d f th m d l A F i g 1 62 up u d r th e
se e ne en o e o e , ,
.
, n e
r a
F I G 163 — Ne c k B l o c k m
. . ark ed fo r cu tti n g F I G 164 . . Co m m e i i ce m e n
f t o c u tti n g o ut
out (b a c k an d f r o n t Vi e w Ne c k a n d S c r o ll .
v lu t
o th f r
e t f th s r ll
on th t e i A it tl y
on o e c o ,
so a ,
as n ,
e xa c
c oi i d s w ith th
nc tr li d r w r u d th bl k
e sh we ce n e ne a n o n e oc , as o n
by th li d r w d w th fr t f th m d l A (Fi g
e ne a n o n e on o e o e .
an d th p i g i th e tr th r f At pr s t ly th
o en n n e cen e e eo . e en on e
li s A R (Fi gs 163 d 164)

ne ,
.
m rk d th bl k . t an are a e on e oc i
w ill w b f u d th t th bo tto m f A F ig 162 just r h s

no e o n a e O , .
, ea c e
th li e A F ig 1 63
ne by th m d l A F i g 1 62 y
,
. ca m rk ,
so e o e ,
.
, ou n a
th eli s D D Fig 163 N xt e t th t p f th m d l B

ne ,
'
, . . e s e o o e o e ,
F
( gi . t th t p f th e s r l l bl c
a k d m l rly m aer k o o c o o ,
an Si
.
i a
TH E NE K AN D C S C RO LL . 27 3
th e b c k f th s r ll w ith th li s E E
a o e i F ig 1 63
c o Nw e ne ,
’
,
as n . . . o
m rk th a fr t f th e s r ll s tti g th m d l C (F i g 1 62)
e on O c o ,
e n e o e . on
th e tr li
cen c i id i g w ith th t ps f th li s E E
e n e, o n c n e o O e ne
, ,
d m rk th li s F F Th s b i g d
'
Fi g 1 62 .
,
a n a
y m y e ne ,
. e e e n one, ou a
r u ghly l g t th li s D D d E E t G G
o e on a e b k de ne ,
'
an ,
'
o ,
'
on ac an
fr t on i F i g 163
,
a s B n r ful h w v r t l v pl ty f
. . e ca e ,
o e e , o ea e en o
br d th b t w
ea G d G w hi h h ul d b
e een t l st l ii i an h p rt '
,
c S o e a ea ‘
nc a a .
M hil th id
ean w f y ur e, k bl k e m rk d S i es O o n ec -
oc are a e as n
F i g 1 61 w hi h is
.
,
l rg d t Fig 1 64 th v lut (
c en a e a .
,
e o e a a a
,
Fi g 161) b i g m rk d by pu tur s i th w d
. e n a th r e nc e n e oo ,
as e e
d s rib d ; w d r w th li C C i th p siti i d i t d i ’
e c e n o a e ne n e o on n ca e n
F i g 1 64 . b th ide s d w ith fi te
,
o n o w S t d w t ,
an a ne non sa cu o n o
th li s D D d E E b r ful t t g b y d i th r f ' ’
e ne ,
an ,
e ca e no o o e on e e o
th m e ith r si d f th y
on e e t pp sit e, th r b k or e are n o o o e on e an o e on ac
d fr t m u h e r e r th f th bl k
’
an F
on F id ,
are c n a e s es o e oc
th D D )an ,
.
N w ot th bl k se e oc
upsid d w i th vi c e -
o n n e e
so th t b ut thr a a o ee
i ch s
n e b v th are a o e e E ~
b h d s w do w
en c , an a n
th eli s G G t th ne ,
’
o e
h d n ly w i g tw
ea ,
o sa n o
o r thr i h s t ee nc e a a
ti m f
e, th l st or e ea
str i a n th h d w illon e N ea FRO T B AC K
S plit ff th v lut tO e o
V ( e a ) F I G 165 . .
-
Fr on t an d b a ck of o l u te Ge o m e tr i c a l .
th li e C C tur i g th h d d w
ne
’
r h t
n n h li C C e ea o n as ou
’
, y c o s ea e ne
,
s a
t fi ish ff th r
o n tly Th w d w ill th r f r h v b
o e e n ea . e oo e e o e a e een re
m v d l o e t h li s
a on G t C t pr s t th pp r ' '
g G 0 e ne , o SO a s o e en e a ea a n ce
O f F ig 1 64 N w prith b
. . r ful i f y w o t hi g ee e a s ca e as ou ere ca c n
th e p rks f squib i
s a pl t v r p w d r m g i
o a d n a a e o e a o e a az n e, an
pr o dce e f ll s M k fr m th id s t th li s F F d
w —
as o o a e o e S e o e ne ,
’
an
E , E
’
b k d fr t th thr
,
on ac uts H H I I an d J J on
,
e ee c
,
‘
,
an ,
F i g 164 r m v th pi
.
, s utsi d th s u ts d th
e o e e r rs e ce o e e e c ,
an e co ne
l ft r u d th
e o t r v lut by th m
n e d t k
ou e r t to t o e e
,
an a e ca e no ou
by de on
yp t f t
anh li s F F d E E ar oith r si d e ne ,
’
an
,
’
on e e e .
Y m ust
ou t this p i t t h l da f d s r ll d pyo n
g , o
g c ,
e o a oo o ,
a n co
th bvi us sh p u til i th r u gh y h v g t th pir l
e o o a e n
,
n e o ,
ou a e o e S a
fr m th
o h k f th p g b t the y o f th s r ll M
e c ee o e e -
ox o e e e c o
( g 64 ) p r f t pr
F i 1 .
d i g g i g rly w i th
e ec w , d g ug s o cee n n e sa an o e
I t d s rib it w rd s f il m t xpr ss th tu l utti gs
ca n n o e c e
,
o a e o e e e ac a c n ,
su ffi it t y th m d l (w ith ut w hi h
ce o sa
g u i de
y ot e o c ,
as a e, ou ca n n o
g et ) m ust
on b r fully if r u g hly pi d
e W ca h th espir a l o co e . en e
i s r u hl o h d t pr c d to m k e th tw id s x tly
g y e w e ou , o ee a e o S e e ac
27 4; VI O L I N MA K I NG -
: AS I T WA S AND IS .
si m il r t
a th r d p rf tly tru t th
o on e an o e tr li by
,
an e ec e o e ce n e ne,
m O f th
ea n s p i g m p s F i g 165 r pr s t th g
e s r n co a s se . . e e en s e eo e
m tri e l pri ipl ca f th b k d f t f p p rly t

nc es O e ac an ro n O a ro e cu
vo lu t ; i f y e t py by y ou d h d l v
can n o ff fid dl co e e an an ,
ea e O e
m ki g fa n lu thi r y
,
or as f il r a H i g m d th e ou a re a a u e . av n a e e
li nes o f th v l t vi w d b k d f t i F ig 165 p
e o u e ,
as e e ac an ro n n .
,
er
f tl y tr i ght
ec s d p r ll l t
a th r w i th hi ls g ug s
an a a e o on e an o e
,
C se
,
o e ,
an d fi s pr le d w i th ,
fl t v l o ce e bl g p l ( g
F i 1 2
a 5 a o a
,
o r O on ane . or
t pl th o h k f th p g b s m th m ki g th m
an e e c ee s o e e -
ox oo
,
a n e
tr t th e
ue o tr li by m ’
cen f th spri g e mpne
, d ean s O e n co a ss
,
an
a dj ti g thus br d th fr m y ur m d l
n e eapy by th b w o o o e — co e o
co m p ss (F i g a N w fr m th m d l B (Fi g
. ot ,
o e o e . cu
ou t thi li p f w d lik F ig 166 by w h h t r g ul t

a n S O oo , e .
,
ic o e a e
th e tti gcu f th hi f th s r ll K (F ig 1 63 d
n o e c n o e c o ,
s . an
w hi h m u tc w b d s w ith no h rp k i f e d fil on e a S a n e an e
,
so
th t w ha i d id w ys it i pr u d d w l l gl d
en v ew e S e a s on o n ce an e -
an e
,
as i F i g 1 64
n d i ly r u d d i t th li s E E
.
,
a n n ce i o n e n o e ne
’
, as n
Fg i 1 6
.3 d t B F i g ,
1
a 6
n 2 N xt w ith
a fi —bl d d k i f
,
. . e ,
a ne a e n e
,
t t d tly f r m th r r u d r cu ou an n ea o e co n e n e
th v lut L (F i g th t i t fo ll w s e o e ,
. so a o
th m d l Pl t I V N w p th e o e on a e . o o en e
pri g m p ss s i h d g ug S n co a e
T3
1
nc ,
an a e
li r u d th si d f th v lut a ne o n e es o e o e
fr m th y f t h s r ll M ( g
F i 1 6 4 ) o e e e o e c o .
t th ut r p i t C f th li C C i o e o e o n o e ne
'
n
th s m fi gur This dg ( it “ ”
M
F I G 166 . .
— d e1 for
o ch i n o f e a e e . e e as
w r ) m ust b l ft i th subs qu t
S °r °11 °
e e e e n e e en
c his lli g f th s r ll T ki g this li

e n o e utsi d m rgi
c o . a n ne as an o e a n
t o b l ft fl t pr
e e d t his l th s r ll l tti g th li s
a , o ce e o c e e c o ,
e n e ne
w hi h cpp r p rp di ul r i Fi g 165 (b k ) A A d B B
a ea e en c a n . ac , , ,
a n , ,
i k i
S n littl t w rd s th h rt f th s r ll but k pi g
n a e o a e ea O e c o ,
ee n
th h i t l li s 0 C D D E E bs l t ly str i ght d
e or z on a ne
, , , , , ,
a o u e a an
a t right g l s t th an tr li e d x otly p r lle l w ith cen e n e, an e ac a a e
an d pp sit o th r f th s
o e on e th g r t b uti s
an o e f ,
or e e are e ea ea e o
th S t di
e i ra s r ll uar us
y d vi ti fr m c r l
o ss tr t an e a on o ,
o r ca e e ea
me t n f th s p rti l rs w ul d r d r th s r ll m r
O ,
e e a cu a o en e e c o o e
Gu r rius lik
a ne d u w rthy th -
m d l w
e, an w rki g n o e o e e a re o n
on .N w pr d t
o t t th g r v s d w
o ce e th b k f th
o cu ou e oo e o n e ac o e
s r l l d r u d th v lut (N N F i gs 163 d 164 ) this m ust

c o an a o n e o e , ,
. an
b d e by f st i g th h d f d w w rd s i t th vi
on e a en n e d ea a ce o n a n o e ce, a n
g r vi
oo
g it t n r fully t ki g t h
ou d pth ca t fr
e m th m d ,
l a n e e ,
e c , . o e o e
y ou f ll w i
a re
g B f or m m o i g nt d . p th
e o e co en c n o o SO , o en e
spri g m p ss 7 i h
n co d m rk a
g g u 1
li
3
r u
nc d th ,
an a a a e ne o n e
b k d v r t th fr t f th s r ll sim il r t th
ac an o e o e y on O e c o ,
a o e on e ou
dr e w n d th r sid s d v lut ; th e g r o ve s N N m ust be

ou e e an o e o , , ,
27 6 VI O LI N m m e : AS I T WAS AND I S.
of ri
th e dge T s d p p r th g r v s y . o w ill fi d it
an -
g o d a e e oo e ou n a o
pl a n tor ll pi
o f s d p p r r u d tha e ce o d f p h ld r an -
a e o n e en o a en o e ,
an d w rk thus w ith o yli d r f s d p p r Wh t h r u ghly a c n e o an -

a e . en o o
s d p p r d w t th h d ll v r ith brush d l d
an -
a e e ,
e e ea a o e w a an co
w t r ; this (
a e i th s f th b k d b lly ) w ill thr w
as n e ca e o e ac an e o
up y f ults d f ts o f s c r pi g t ft r w hi h it m us t be
an a
,
e ec a n ,
e c ., a e c
th r u ghly s r p d i f
o o s ry d s d p p r d w hi h
re -
c a e ,
n e ce s a ,
an re -
an -
a e e ,
c
o p r ti s m ust b g thr u g h s m tw
e a on thr ti m s B
e on e o o e o or ee e . e
m st o uti us t t lt r th h r t r f th h d
ca o n o o sp il
a e e c a ac e o e ea ,
or o
its li s by t vi i us s d p p ri g Wh this is d
ne oo c o an -
a e n . en on e,
pr d t b v l fi th dg s f th h d l l r u d th h d
o ce e o e e o
"
e e e o e ea ,
a o n e ea
an d v lut (but o t i si d th p g b
e ) xt
no d i g th b
n v l e e e -
ox ,
e en n e e e
t lio s w hi h sh ul d b v ry r f lly d x tly g ug d

ne ,
c o e e ca e u an e ac a e
r u d th
o n r rs i x i h fr m th dg s B gi t hi
e co ne s nc o e e e . e n s
b v lli g w ith th k if
e e n d fi ish it w ith e fil t m k i t
n e, an n a e o a e
e v r m vi g th fil m rks w ith fi s d p p r (but k p

en ,
e o n e e a ne an -
a e ee
th d g s f th b v l sh rp )
e e e o This d e d ip th h d i w t r
e e a . o n e, e ea n a e
f or th l st ti m e d wh a th r u ghly d y p lish it up
e, an en o o r o
w e ll w ith fi st gl ss p p r i lud i g th y f th s r ll
ne a -
a e ,
nc n e e e o e c o ,
w hi h m ust b p rf tly fl t
c A s d p p ri g th
e e ec
y i th a . s an -
a e n e e e n e
o rd i ry w y w ul d l m st i vi t bly r ult i r u d i g ff
na a o a o ne a es n o n n o
its dg s y w ill fi d i t b st t pl
e e , ou pi f s d p p r
n e o ace a e ce o an -
a e
on th b h d rub th y f th s r ll fl t up it Y ur
e en c ,
a n e e e o e c o a on . o
h d is w fi ish d d it r m i s ly th r f r fi lly t
ea no n e ,
an e a n on e e o e na o
sh p th a e k d sh ul d r b f re s tti g it up th b dy f
e n ec an o e e o e n on e o o
th vi lie F o this purp s y w ill r quir

n . or k utli o e ou e e a n ec o n e,
w hi h th u g h pr p rly us d f
c ,
o pli i g h d s ( o e p r ti e or S c n ea an o e a on
d s rib d furth r
e c e
) is us ful h r e w ll don m y,
w e e e as e ,
an so a no
b m d
e I t is r pr s t d by F ig 1 68 (
a e . P l t VI )
e e tu l en e . on a e . ac a
si d m y th r f r b
z e, an pi d i f si m il
a e e o thi l f f e e co e n ac e on a n ea o
w d
oo F r m th li
. B
( g
F i s o1 6 3 d 1 64 )
e m surne d w t h . an ea e o n e
c en tr li d m k
e nem rk t
,
a n d ist f 5 a i h s fr m
e a a a a a n ce o rs
7 ‘
nc e o
B . N w w ith e squ r d r w li r ss th f
a f th
a e k a a ne ac o e a ce o e n ec
( as t G G
a F i g s 1 6 3 d
'
,
d l yi g
. th k u tli an an a n e n ec o ne
F
( g i 16 8 P
. l t V I ) ,
t h si d f t
a e h k d s .r ll on e e o e n ec an c o ,
so
th t its l w r p i t A is
a o th li e dr w o n r ss th k on e ne a n ac o e nec , as
a b v o d its str i ght d g

e, an rr sp d s thr g h ut its l gth
a e e co e on ou o en
w ith th fl t si d f th
e k m rk
a th r u gh sh ul d r f
e o e n ec ,
a on e o o e o
th e neck it is t pr s t (N F ig ,
a s tha l t d utli e en ,
. e s an ~
an o ne
o f th tru sh ul d r (
e t 0 0 F ig
e o d t rm i d by th
e as a ,
. as e e ne e
n ec k utli (Fi g 168 P l t VI ) r m v ll w d w ll t

o ne .
,
a e . e o e a oo e ou
si d th s li s w ith fi t
e e e new d w ith fl t his l
a d ne en on sa ,
an a a c e an
pl ane
,
d sl p ff th si d s f th sh uld r till th u d r
an o e o e e o e o e e n e
surf ce pr s ts th pp r e sh w i F ig 169 This is do

a e en e a ea an c o n n . . ne
a s f ll w s N t th p i t th li F i g 1 69 (th e l w r ’
o o : D D
o e e o n on e ne . o e
,
TH E NE CK AND S CR O LL . 27 7
e dge fa c e o f the n e c
of th e k ) w h re th c tr li w hi h , e e en e n e, c
e x s r
te n d f o m th e n u t o thr u h ut its l gth d s ( t th p i t A)
g o en , en a e o n .
F r o m th e o n p i t by
A, m e an s f squ r l i d D D dr w O a a e a on
’
,
a a
ce n
(
e tr li
ne A A
’
en Opth e pri g m p ss s $ i h . d S n co a e
7 ,
7
nc
,
an
m a rk
on eac h si
d e o f A th e
’
p i ts B B d fi i h th sl p s o n ,
’
,
an n s e o e
D B D
’
B, w c m,
hi h ust be quit str ight tru
’
d b v ll e a ,
e, an ,
a o e a
thi gs pl n
,
an e .
Y w pr c
ou can d t fix y ur no k d s c r ll th b dy
o ee o o n ec an o on e o
O f th fi d d l e With th e spri g m p s s s rt i th x c t
e. n co as e a ce a n e e a
cen tr f th b lly b tw
e O th r i s f th tw f f h l s
e e e een e c an n e o e o o e ,
an d m k sm ll m rk ; i lik m
a e a r fi d d m rk th
a a n e an n e n an a e
e x t ac tr b tw cen th dg s e f th eupp r b uts t the ir

een e e e o e e o
;
br d st p rt A fl t dg l i d l g th b l ly i i di g w
oa e a . a e e a a on e e co n c n
th s tw p i ts w il l tur lly d ivid th b lly thr u gh ut its

e e o o n ,
na a e e e o o
l gth i t tw p rts d w its x t

en n o o a
,
o n e ac
c entr by this m s m rk th
e ean a e
e x tly tr l p i t f th t p dg
ac cen a o n o e o e e .
N w p th spri g c mp sse s a b ut
o o en e n o a o
th d is t 0 C (F g d m rk
’
e an ce i . an a
tw p i ts t qu l di t n s
o o n th
a e a s a ce on e
t p dg
o fr m th
e p i ty h v
e, o e o n ou a e
m rk d i th
a e tr f th t p dg ,
n e cen e o e o e e
i nth s m m e r wh
a y eu an n e as en o
w r em rki g th pl
e a th l w r n e a ce on e o e
e dg i w hi h t
e n fix th r st At c o e e .
th s p i ts m k
e e tw o n t e xt d a e o o u s, en
i g
n v rti lly d h ri
e t lly
ca an o z on a ,
thr u gh th dg
o f d w w rd se e e as ar o n a
an d in rd s th t pwa d sur f as e o an a ce F I G 169 — B

. . S h o ul d e r
a se o f an d S h a pe
O f th ibs I th h ll w thus t
e r . n fl m
e
" o o ou ,
O f Ch a m b e ac al w e
t th sh ld r t t F i g 1 69 th t th d B B g s
’
se e ou e cu as a . so a e en oe
,
a
g i t
a nst h butt l ft th e b k I f th ut
on t w id
e on e ac . e c s are no e
eno u gh t ll w th d B B t t u h th butt
o a o t th m
e en littl ’
o o c e on ,
r e cu -
e a e
w id r B e r ful h w v r t t t th m t w id th ugh
e ca e ,
o e e no o cu e oo e o ,
,
i f by i d t it sh ul d b by pl i g d w th d B B th ’
acc en o e so , an n o n e en ,
e
n ec k w il l g f r th r b k d fill up th sp b tw o a e th uts ac an e ace e een e c .
Th k d sh ul d r b i g thus h l d
e n ec an t th t p f th o e e n e on o e o o e
fi dd l th t it is q uit str i ght d m rk th t p f th i b

e , se e a e a
,
an a on e a o e r s
th li s D B d D B w ith fi m r k i g p i t O th p i t f ’ ’
e ne an a ne a n -
o n r e o n o
,
a k i f H ld i g th k i f fi m ly d p th is m rk by d r w i g
n e . o n e n e r
,
ee en a a n
th k i f d
e i t (b i g
n e r ful t t l t it slip
o wn t th b lly e n ca e n o o e on o e e
a t th d f the t) till y
en h v t quit thr u gh th ribs
O e ou ou a e ou e o e .
N w r m v th w d b t w
o e o th li
e s utti g w y qu lly
e oo e een e ne ,
c n a a e a
b lly ribs d bl k till y h v h ll w d t th h m b r

e
, ,
an oc ,
ou a e o o e ou e c a e
(i th
n s m m e r f a th r e
e st quit
an nesqu r d l a as or e e a e an C e n
K : As I T WAS AND Is .
o u t, i h d e p ll v r b i g nc x tly th sh p f th
e a o e ,
e n so e ac e a e o e
sh ul d r (Fi g
o e th t th l tt r fits quit ti ghtly i t it
. a e a e e n o .
Th u d r sur f
e n f th e sh ul d r m ust b pl
e a ce d u ti l f m o o e e an e n ro
th t (li
e nu B F i g 1 64 ) t th ne d f th ,
k (G G Fig . o e en o e n ec
’
, .
is dist a f x tly 5 5 i h s
a n ce o Th pl i g m ust h w v r
e ac
1% nc e . e an n
,
o e e ,
no t lt r th a sl t d t rm i d by th m d l (Fi g
e e an Th e e ne e o e .
e
d p th f th sh l d r w ill f
e o urs v ry w ith th h ight o f th
e ou e o co e a e e e
sid s Th b k f th sh ul d r (0 Fig 164 ) m ust b c t o
e . e ac o e o e
,
.
e u s
as t fit x tly g i st th butt
o e ac d wh thus fitte d th e
a a n e on , an
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fro t f th sh ul d r F i g 1 64 ) m ust pr j t x tly f
n o e o
ie .
o ec e ac o
an i h b v th b lly B sid s fitti g x tly th
nc a o e e k m uste . e e n e ac
,
e n ec
b e et x tly str ight t the xis f th i stru m t This is
s e ac a o a o e n en .
t ste d i thr i d p d t w a ys t
e n eesur p rf ti w hi h is
n e en en o en e e ec on , c
v ry h rd t g t Th
e a k b i g fix d i w ith ut glu : l t
o e . e n ec e n e n o e s ,
H l d th b k f th fi d dl h ri
o e act lly d l g th w ys l ve l
o e e, o z on a an en a
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e
w ith th y th t y
e e e th b k j i quit str ight fr m th
e , so a ou s e e ac o n e a o e
ris f the o hm g to th butt n e arc i f th k is str ight th e o e n ec on a ,
e
ce n tr r dg f th b k f th s r ll w ill i id w ith d
e i e o e ac o e c o co n c e an
f rm
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a co n n a on n . n ,
o e e a ,
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co i i de s d f r m s li w ith th nc an o a ne e
W fi
i pfi i t A F i g 1 69 tf
th b tt m f o n
,
.
,
a e o o o
F1 M — 17o t h k
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e n ec . e n ec a ,
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.
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11 3 01
33 9
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e ck .
e cen e e on e on o e
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e o e ti u this li
ea co n c e an con n e n e.
3 d Pr p r
r , w dg e6 i h s l g 1 br d
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oa
,
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,
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n o e
th p i t ( th sid f th w dg ) w h r th y f th s r ll
e o n on e e o e e e e e e e e O e c o
fir st t u h s it N w tur th fiddl v r d t it th dg s
o c e . o n e e o e an se on e e e
O f its th r id r p t th pr ss d if th s r ll t u h s t
o e S e e ea e o ce ,
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o n ,
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-
a e . en a e e o an n oc e a o ,
th utli h b m u tru
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as eco e n e, an en a or e e n
it is th b st f O purp s H i g s rt i d th r f r by
e e or ur o e . av n a ce a ne ,
e e o e,
th s m s th t y ur fitti g is tru pr d t glu i th

e e e an a o k n e, o ce e o e n e nec .
F ill th h m b r d s m r th butt w ith g d tr g glu

e c a e ,
a n ea e on oo s on e,
pr ss the k i h rd e nec
y w ith t h h nd d as a as ou ca n e an
,
an
j ust r pi d ly r p t y ur t sts t m k s ur
a e ea d ubly sur ; o e ,
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en
,
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a on on c a ,
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on , o ec n e a e a O oo
,
ee n a
th sh uld r is w ll pr ss d t th b tt m f th e h m b r
e o e e e e o e o o o c a e .
Apply th s r w butt f the r m p t th f

c e f th k on o e c a o e a ce o e n ec ,
AS I T WAS AND I S.
Wh e n th i is quite s fi lly t sh p th dry , pr

k w ith o ce e d na o a e e n ec
a sh rp k ifa F irst n t th butt

e . t th pr s t r ugh sh p
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e ,
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,
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,
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re n a N w pr p r -
a
g ui de w hi h is es . o e a e a e, c
r pr t d i tu l si t e e se n e n ac a z e a
F i g 1 7 2 (fr m w hi h it m y b . o c a e
pr p d by tr i g ff th t e are ac n o e ou
li d utti g it t lip n e , an c n ou on a S
f w d b u t i h thi k ) ; o oo a o
1
:1 nc c
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e n n ec us e
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.
t y f g
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e
d A f F ig 17 2 fi t v r it F
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en O . s o e
just b l w th hi f th s r ll e o e c n o e c o ,
d th d B fits v r it just an e en o e
b v th sh ul d r I t is b st a o e e o e . e
th t t th s p i ts th f rks a a e e o n e o
f th m d l (F i g 1 7 2) sh ul d o e o e . o ,
i th first st g f th utti g n e a e o e c n ,
b r ly g v r th d ; it w ill a e o o e e w oo
b su ffi i t t g t th s d i e c en o e e e a
m t rs ppr xi m t ly ri g ht d 0 e e a o a e ,
an
l v th p rf ti f th m till
s
e
s ea e e e ec on o e
k p pr h th fi i h
s
th
e
n e nec a o ac es e n s
b sid s th fili g d p li hi g k
e e , e n an o s n
w ill still furth r r d u th m e e ce e .
B f r b gi i g t sh p th e o e e nn n o a e e
sh ul d r t th t p f th o e ,
cu e o O e
butt till th dist b tw on , e a n ce e een
th hi f th s r ll d th e c n o e c o an e
t p f th butt i just 4 3 o o e on s
1
7
i h nc .
C ti u t t d th e on n e o cu ow n
k d h ul d r till th g ide nec an s o e e u
F
( gi 1 7 2 ) ju t g s v r b th . s oe o e o
k d f l fi g b rd t n ec an a se n er -
oa a
th tw p i t b v x pl i d e o o n s a o e e a n e .
N w w i th th s m ll st fl t st l p l
o e sm th th sid s f th
a e a ee ane oo e e O e
f ls fi g
a e b r d till th li w h it j i s th
n er -
oa ,
k is ly e ne e re o n e n ec on
as visibl th j i f th b k
e as b lly H vi g d this
e o n o e ac or e . a n on e ,
fi ish ff th butt m ki g it
n O e v d ir ul r
on ,
p ssibl
a n as e en an c c a as o e,
an d ri i g w l l ts n ri gh t gl ( ith r m r
e a a l ss ) fr m an e ne e o e n or e o
th dg
e f th
e b k Wh y h v sh p d th
e O e ac . k s en ou a e a e e n ec a
TH E NE CK AND S C RO LL 281
fa r p o ssibl w ith th k i f t ke g d r sp d o blite t

as e e n e, a a oo a an ra e
,
as f p ssibl th m rks f th k i f but
ar as o e, m r ; th
e a o e n e, no o e en
w ith p ir f fil s o blit r t th r sp m rks usi g fi e fl t

a a O e e a e e a a ,
n a n a
one f th or k d fi e v l n ec fo ,
th sh ul d r d
an a ne o a one r e o e an
c hi o f th e s r ll B e v l ff th ut r dg f th butt
n c o . e O e o e e e o e on
just mu h as (i f t t m c t h ) t
ash b v l f nth e d g s ac
,
o a c e e e o e e
o f th fi dd l e N w w ith s r p r s r p th
e. o k d
,
a c a e ,
c a e e n ec an
sh o uld r s m the p ssibl ft r w hi c h giv it g d

as oo as o e, a e e a oo
p lishi g w ith
o n rs s d p p r d th coa th r w ith fi
e an -
a e
,
an en an o e ne .
Nw o ll v r th fiddl ( sp i lly th si d s d dg s)
0 a o e e e e ec a e e an e e ,
w ith o s d p p r to c l
n anff y
-
d irt
a w hi h em y h
,
v e ean O an c a a
a cc u m ul t d si th l st rubbi g d h vi g s tisfi d y urs lf

a e n ce e a n ,
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th t th fi dd l is
a e l d sm eth y ca m k it y ur
as c e an an oo as ou n a e ,
o
i str m t is fi ish d i th w hit

n u
“
en dn t e be n e e, an can a o n ce va r
n si h d pr p r t ry t fi tti g it up
e e a a od pl yi g it I f it is
o n an a n on .
i n th su m m r ti m this
e b pr e d d w ith t e ca n e o ce e e a o n ce , as
de s c rib d i Ch pt r I I e but i f it is i utu m

n a ewi t r h g . n a n or n e
,
an
up y ur fi dd l i f p ssibl i d y gl ss s o i w rm r o o m
o e, o e, n a r a ca e , r n a a
till th r tur f th h o t w th r d it w ill b gr tly be fit d

e e n o e ea e ,
an e ea ne e
by this s i g i th w hit
“
I t r e m i s th r f r ly ”
e a so n n n e e . a n ,
e e o e, on
to giv e i str ti s f v rn ishi g n d bri gi g up to m l o dy

n uc on or a n a n n e
p i t
o n .
CHAP TER XX I .
TH E U
G AR NE RI US MO D E L, WI TH WHO LE TAB LE S ON AN I NS I D E
MO U LD .
C
Th e I n s id e M o u l d a n d i ts Ac c e ss o r i e s — Th e r a m pi n g B l o c k s — Th e O u tli n e
Th e Ce n tr e M on te o r S i d e s O u tli n e — Tr a c i n g th e Mo d e l — r e pa r i n g th e
-
P
Woo d Th e l o c k s Fi xi n g S h a pi n g Th e O s— Th e Lo w e r o u ts — Th e
— B— — — ’
B
Upp e r oBu ts— Th e D e th o f th e Ri b s— Th e Si d e Li n i n s — Th e
p g a ck a n d B
Be l l y — Th e f f H o l e s— Ta k i n g o u t th e M o u l d — Fi n i sh i n g th e Ri b s , Li n i n g s,
an d B B
l o c k s— Fi xi n g o n th e e l l y — Th e Ne c k a n d S c r o l l .
Th e I n s i d e M ou ld a n d i ts Ac c e s s o r i e s — Th e first thi n , as
g
r i up is
be fo e , to d e c de on l s qu tly
th e m o de , a n d c o n e ul en ,,
t h e m o d
on w hi hc y o u arei g o buil y ur fi l
n
g to d o v d d e ulA s I g a e a
. m o d
b r
o f S tr a di u a r i u s h v
e fo e , I pr t
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l t
P a e V w ith . ul
a m o Gu r rius
d of a ne ill s th t
1
It w be e e n
. a th e
co n stru ti c on of this ul is quit i r t th t
mo d e d ffe e n to a o f th e o n e
r pr s t by l t
e e en ed P a e IV rki .i h this
In wo n
g w sh ll fix
t on e w e a
o n th e ribs utsi o ul r pi bl ks ill

d e th e m o d , a n d th e c a m n g oc w be
fix ribs ith r ps fix
e d o n o u ts i d e th e w c am h l s e d i n th e o e A , B , C, D ,
E, F . k ul
To m a e a m o d o f this s rt r o fi l pr
f o m a n y dd e , o c e e d, a s
b re fo e , to tk utli
a e th e o utli b r
n e o n th e o ne oa d
( g
F i or .
o th r is
e w h vi tr s rr it p p r
e, an d a n
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o tr
a e , a n d d a w n a ce n e
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l n e d o w n th e e a c m dd e , y o u w l a e th e o utli ne O 0 0
F
( g i .1 7 ill
(I t w bs rv th t
b e o e e d l t
a o n th e P a e V O 0 O .
is ly h l utli but this

on a a f o ne
,
s tt r
d o e ill s
n ot m a e , as w b e een
furth r e on
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an ce o f a o n ch n de
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n e, d a w e ca ef li a e co n d ill h
n e , a n d you w a v e th e
( w h lo e
) utli
o ne P P P F
( g i this s L.e t i r e con d or nne
o utli n e be tr p st
a c e d O ff a n d a pl k h r
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s s
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3 nc r i si it
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n d e t h e ace f or
th e bl ksoc sh
to g O — v i z , I , J , K , L, M, N, a s
. pl t o w n i n th e a e a n d in
. th
F i g 17 5, a n d e n c u t it st r ully
o ut m o ca e f il h v
,
a nd
y ou w l a e
a mo ul r pr s t by
d a s e e en ed hi h h v r s s
F i g 1 7 5 (w c , o w e e , ho w th e
.
Th m d l e do tl i
e s an f th i
ouh pt
n es d f Pl t V
o t k
s c i th
a er an o a e . are a en n e
m i n u te st f a c si m i l e fr o m a m a gn i fi c e n t J o s e ph G u a r n e r i u s d e l Ge s u o f th e d a te
1 7 34 . th e p r o p e r ty o f M S a i n to n . I t i s o n e o f th e m o st c e l e b r a te d a n d
.
c h a r a c te r i s ti c
’
i n str u m e n ts o f th i s g r e a t m a ste r s m a k e w h i c h e x i sts .
: As I T WA S AND IS .
fr m w hi h y tr
o th sl bs th
c utli s f y b k d
ou a ce on e a e o ne o our ac an
b lly A b f r h lf utli (F ig 1 7 3)
e s e o e, a b t k a d w ill
o ne . ca n e a en ,
an
s rv th s m purp s
e e e ly it m ust b tur d v r
a e o e, th on e ne . o e on e
tr li t tr
ce n e th th r h l f f th t bl Y ur m uld
ne o a ce e o e a o e a e. o o
an d pl k utli s b i g an w om pl t th ne xt thi g t d is
e n no co e e, e ne n o o
t m k y ur r m pi g bl ks w hi h
o a e o th s m
c a d s rib d
n oc , c are e a e as e c e
i C h pt r X I V p 228
n a e ly th t th y i this i st .
,
.
m de,
on a e a re n n a n ce a
t g o utsi d th m ul d i st d f i sid
o o e e w tho s wh w n ea O n e
,
as as e ca e en e
w r e w rk i e w ith o utsi d
o m ul d
n d r pr s t d i
g an e o
,
an are e e en e n
a c tu l i t g w i th
a pr s t m ul d P l t V by th pi s
S z e o o ou r e en o on a e e
. e ce
1 t 8 A b f r th y
o .
1% i h s d p
s e o d fit g i st th
e, e are nc e ee ,
an a a n e
sid s th t th u m b rs e ,
so a e n e
w hi h i rib d h c a re n sc e on eac
r m pi g bl k i id w ith c a n oc co n c e
th s d r w th m ul d t o e a n on e o a
th p i ts pp sit w hi h th y e o n o o e c e
g i F i g 1 7 6 ( w hi h o, as n . c
w ill b fully xpl i d furth r e e a ne e
) T h s th r f r th on . e e, e e o e , ar e e
p r ti s by w hi h m ul d o e a on c a o
,
t b t k fr m d e c .
,
ca n e a en o ,
an
f th purp s f py i g or e o e o Co n
y fi d d l d by w hi h th s an e, an c o e
P l t V w r pr d u d ; on a e . e e o ce
th t i f m r d s so a y ea er are con
t t t m k Gu rius en o a e a arn e
fi dd l th y h v ly t m k e, e a e on o a e
th ir tr i gs d pl k t e ac n an an ou
li s d rib d fr m th ne as e sc e
,
o e
pl t F m this p i t I sh ll a e . ro o n a
m th t w w rki
g a s su e a e are o n
th is ul d d w rit
'
8 on n o , an e a c.
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an o av o e ea n c a e ,
wh r is r lly s h w rk is i d ti l s ll
e( e
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ash e
) t en e a I h e ca e o en ca , a
m r ly r f r m y r d rs t th
e e e e p g w h r th y w ill fi d th ea e o e a es e e e n e
s ry i f rm ti sh ul d t h v f rg tt th w rk th y
n ece s a n o a on ,
o
’
a e o o en e o e
d id b f r I m y ls r p t h t
e o e .
y f t
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f ll w i g h p t
o o n w hi h d i ff r fr m th
c n m th d s b f r
e r s, c d e o e e o e o e e
s rib d m y b pursu d w i th y m d l utli

c e
,
a e d e
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w h th r ie id e utsid Th m i p i ts i w hi h
ns e or o w
e . e a n o n n c ou r or k
w ill d i ff r b d h tt r f ul d ) ill b h sl b
( y t e m m e on w e i t e a e o o n e a
b k d th s pli d h d
ac an e ce ea .
As b e f r th first thi g ft r d i di g
o e, e th p tt r is th e n a e ec n on e a e n
THE G UAR NE RI US MO D E L . 285
i
c ho c e o f th e w ood . As w e j o in e d d be e fo e
our
,
b wac e k an lly b r
w i ll n ow ma e k th
e m in o n e e ce t bl
an d a pi a e in o n e e ce m a pi
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be e ith re
“
w o e sl b
or h l a
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tur
I f yo u . n to F i
g 7 7 , 134 . p .
,
th s u i
e e c tt n
g x l i
s a re e
p a n ed foh l t bl
r a w o e a e a n e xc e ti o n a l l
p j
br o a d, fi n e tru k is r qui
n e r hi h is
r e d, f o m w c cu t a w ed e, a s a t
g
Fi g 7 7 , o n
. ly t i w ce a sbr th t th r s rib
oad as a e e de c v ryi
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g
r
f om 2 nc e i hs thi k si
o n th e c d e to g o n th e thi si n i de Th s .
is re m a rk-
ed on th e e n d, a s i n F i g 1 7 7 , by li A th e ne . B,
w hi h is th s
c en a w n d o w n , a n d th e w e d g e 0 thus is s c u t o ff awn
up i t n o as m an y t i stripsh n , 1
1
2
i h thi k
11
1
—
5 n c c
,
a s c a n b e
r h
c u t, f o m w e n c e a r e c u t th e ri s hi h thus t h
b , w c b
ma c th e a ck
ri
i n g a n e tc , w c hi h is, . r t b uty
a
g ea ea fi l ith
i n a d d h l
e w a w o e
b k
ac .Fo r a sl b b k
a ac pl ks
th e an tru k
a r e c u t o u t o f th e n
,
a s
a t Fi
g 7 7 ,
hi h styl
w . c e utti sh s
o f c n
g o w t h e
g r a i n o f th e w o o d
ru i
nn n
g r o u n d th e b k ac s rp ti
i n e env ls hi h ll
ne o a ,
w c f o o w t h e
o utli n e o f th e fi l ithdd e , w th e c u r l s o r fig u r e o f th e w o o dru i nn n

g
ac o r ss r ri t l t
f om g h to e f inr t r qu ti y but rr r th
g ea e an t , na owe
,
a n
th pp r
ey a ea onb ks ac ou t
“
qu rt r
o n the a e
,
W h e th e r Wh o l e o r
j i h v h s sl b b b us pl r
O
o n ed I . a e c o e n th e a ack e ca e I t I S Si m e to
wo rk a n d ha s a v ry pr tty
e e t e ffe c
‘
Th e str i [ s fo r th eri s b cu t a n d
b p
c
st r
o e d, a s u
g
a e 1 3 5 ,
a n d t h e
bl koc k ust s l t
fo r th e n e c , m be e e c e d F m 17 7 _We d g e o u t f o r w h ole
of a s ll l s url th
.
ma , c o e c to m a c ,
B a ck .
and co n tr st ith
a w b k
th e ac sh ll I a su a l so
. th t
a s m e a y ou
h va e
g ot a pi e c e b lly pi
o f e ne su fi iof si
f c en t qu li
z e and a ty
( a ttribut s v ry i ult
e e d ffi c to fi n d tog e th e r k) t b lly
o m a e a e of
g o o d a co usti pr p rti s
c o e e . t
I f y o u ca n n o this fin d ,
a n d y o u
c an n o t g et su li bypp e d a
g k r
o o d fid d l e m a e k y ur b l
,
m a e o -
e l y
j i
o n e d a s de c s ri be d o n p a e 1 33, w
g hi h is u h b tt r t
c m c e e h a n to
u se a si l pi
n
g e e ce wh s r i is u h i r
o e
g a n m c w d e a t o n e e d g e o f t h e
b lly th
e a n a t th e pp sit
o o e one B r r j ti( e fo e e sl b
e
. c n
g a a a s t o o
na rro w v id e th e e xp i t ed en i r i
fo r n c e a s n g th e br th ead se t d o w n o n
p g
a e T s pr li i ri s h vi b s ttl
h e e e m na e a n
g e e n e rr e d a n d a an
g ,e d
le t us , g
etl r
n e r st rt rth
ead e , a fo i t th rg
a a n o g e k e to m a e o ur
secon d fi l d d e , a n d m a y th e su ss hi h trust tt
cce w c I a e n de d o u r
rst rts tt
fi e ffo a e n d us i a a n n ow
g .
hs
The B lo ck s — T e e a r e th e c o m m e n c e m e n o f a t fi l dd e o n a n
i si d m ul d F th m y m u t t k six littl r t gul r pi s
n e o . or e ou s a e e e c an a ece
o f fi ne
g r i d pi a nei F ig 14 1 w hi h w h
ne, as n t up dg
-
.
,
c en se on e e
W ith th r i p rp d i ul r h b h h v l l qu l ly
g e e a n t t en
)
c e a o e en c a a e a
a d pth o f 1% i h s w ith th t
e nc e sur f s f ll
e w s T wo
p o ace ,
as o o :
for th t e
p d b tt
o m bl
an ks 2
o
% i
o h s by
oc 1 t
,
w f th upp nc r e o or e e
c o rn rs 1 by 1
e d tw o f th l w r an r rs 1 by
or e Th b o tt m
; , o e co ne ,
e o
ed e of
g h m u s t b
eac squ r e to n e
e si d a d b th d s of th e , an o en o e
K AS I T WAS AND is .
to p an b o tt
bl ks m ust b squ re d t th e sid e s thus squ a re d
d om oc e a o .
Tw o si s f
h r r bl k m ust b squ r d t
de o ea c th r
co ne oc e a e o one an o e .
C t d w th t p d b tt m bl ks till th y just fit i ly
u o n e o
( an t o o oc e n ce no
t oo tig ht t o l s e ) i t th uts K d N P l t V d
or o oo n o e c an
, a e . an
Wh fitt d r ugh th l w r
,
F i g 1 7 5 m d t r e iv th m
.
,
a e o ce e e . en e ,
o e o e
h lf f th sid th t g s g i st th m uld d g lu it t th
a o e e a oe a a n e o ,
a n e o e
l w r pl t f th m ul d (g lui g th sid ly t th d )
o e a e o e o n e e on , no e en s so
as t pr s t i s e ti
o th epp r en f F i g 1 7 8 B r pr s ti g
n c on e a ea an ce o .
,
e e en n
th m ul d d C th bl k Th t p d e o ,
an e oc . e o an
b tt m bl k w h glu d m ust b r m p d o o oc s, en e , e c a e
t th m ul d by ir r m ps fr m th h l s o e o on c a o e o e
A d H Pl t V Th r r bl ks an ,
a e . e co ne oc are
m r ly fitt d t th utti gs I J L d M e e e o e c n , , ,
an
,
Pl t V d F i g 1 7 5 th l w r h l f f a e .
,
a n .
,
e o e a o
Fm 17 8 — sid f h r ugh d d glu d d t

S e c ti o n o f b l o c k
on e e o eac o e an e ,
an se
utti g s w ith ut r m ps i th s m
.
i th
fi xed m m o u ld .
n e c n o c a ,
n e a e
m r th t p d b tt m bl c ks d th w h l is th
an n e as e o tan o o o ,
a n e o e en se
t d y pr s ti g th
o r ,
pp r ef Fi g 1 7 5
en I t w ill b s
n e a ea a n ce o . . e een
th t ll pr j t just b l w th m ul d ( b l w th d tt d li
a a o ec e o e o as e o e o e ne
A F i g 1 7 8)
,
this is . t g u rd g i st th ir t b i g t so o a a a n e no e n se
quit flush w ith th l w r surf

e f th m ul d All b l w th e o e a ce o e o . e o e
l w r surf
o e f th m ul d m ust w b r m v d by tur i
ace o
g t h e o no e e o e n n e
wh l o e r v r w tti g th thus pr s t d b tt m s f th
co n ce n o e ,
e n e e en e o o o e
bl ks d pl i g th m d w w ith t th d pl till th y
oc ,
an an n e o n a oo e ane e are
e v en d pl ,
an d tru t th l w r an e a n e o e o e
surf f th m ul d
a ce o th t str ight e o ,
so a a a
e dg m v d l l v r th sur f
e o sh w s
e a o e e ace o
n o li ght d t h s thi g N w
an ca c e on n o n . o
w ith th m ul d ( ribs utli Fi g

e o or o n e, .
1 7 4 P P P P l t V ) m rk
,
th t p
,
a e . a on e o
an d b tt m f th t p o d b tt m
o o e o an o o
bl ks w h t w d h t b r m o v d
oc a oo as o e e e
t m k th
o autli ti u us t t p
e e o n e con n o a o
an d b tt m d by this m
o osm k ,
a n ean a e
th t p e d b tt m bl ks v
o an w ith o o oc e en ,
an d p rt f th a utli t K Pl t
o , e o ne
,
a s a ,
a e Fm . 179 D i a g r a m e x p l a i n i n g th e
.
-
V b i g r ful h w v r t k p c u tti n g o f th e c o r n e r b l o c k s .
. e n ca e o e e , o ee
, ,
th m quit tru
e d squ r t th b tt m e flush d dg s d
e an a e o e o o or e e e an
l w r surf c f th m ul d N w l yi g th utli
o e a e o
g i v re o . o a n e o ne a a n o e
th b l ks
e th t b f r it i i d s x tly w ith th utli
oc ,
so a , as e o e, co n c e e ac e o ne
o f th m ul d m rk w ith sh rp p i t th e x t sh p
e o ,
a utli a a o n e ac a e or o ne
o f th r rs C t w y m st f th sup rflu us w d by
e co ne . u a a o o e e o oo
( r
ca efully ) r e m vi g t h w o d r pr s t d by th sh d
o d p rtn f e o e e en e e a e a o
Fi g 1 7 9 . t i d th bl k d by utti g d w th li s A B
,
o u s e e oc ,
an c n o n e ne ,
and B 0 Ne xt w ith g u g c t w y th r m i i g w d D
,
.
,
a o e, u a a e e a n n oo
2 88 VI O LI N M A I NG -
K : As I T WAs A ND 18.
se t h l s D d E Th
i n th e o e d s f th 0 m ust b pr ss d
an . e en o e
’
s e e e
tight up g i st th glu d bl ks by pu hi g i b t w
a a n e th m e oc
,
s n n e een e
an d th r m pi g bl ks t th t p d b tt m f th l tt r
e c a n oc ,
a e 0 an o o o e a e ,
littl w dg s d hips f w d
e e e an t sur c l s dfim o oo ,
s o a s o en e a c o e an r
t t b tw
co n a c th ed s f th 0 s een d th i e r en
g lu d o e
’
an e nne or e
sur f s f th r r bl ks Th dg s f th 0 s jutti g just
ace o e co ne oc . e e e o e
’
n
b l w th l w r s r f
e o e f th m ul d (i
o e th s m w y di d
u ace o e o n e a e a as
th bl ks b l w th li
e oc A F i g 1 7 8) m ust w h
e o th glu i
e ne
, .
,
en e e s
d y b fil d d w
r
,
e fl ush
e d pl w ith th
o n l w r surf s f an an e e o e a ce o
th e m ul d o d bl ks L stly r d u t m g bl l g th
an oc . a ,
e ce o ana ea e en
th d s f th C s w hi h pr j t b y d th r rs Th xt
’
e en o e c o ec e on e co n e . e ne
o p r ti is th ut ti g t utli
e a on f th e c t r f s f th
n o o ne o e ou e ace o e
bl k s E F i g 17 9 w hi h m ust b d
oc , . i th s m w y
, th e
c e on e n e a e a as
i r f s k pi g th m quit squ r t th p l
nne ac e
,
ee n sur f ef th e a e o e an e a ce o e
m ul d bl ks d 0s utti g this f y w ill m k th ’
o ,
oc I , a n . n c n a ce ou a e e
0 s w rk i t utli by c ut ti g ’
th e o n o o ne n
th m t p i t t A i F i g 180 e o a o n ,
a s a n . .
Wh this is s f ly d rr tly m en a e an co ec a eco
p l i h d y pr d t b d d fit s e ,
o u c an o ce e o en an
th upp r d l w r b uts b gi i g e e an o e o ,
e nn n
w ith th l tt r F irst b d d fit e a e . en an
th d s w hi h fit g i st th r e en c a a n e co n er
bl ks d w hi h pr t t d w ith oc an c a re o ec e
li d th th r st f th strips nen
,
a n en e e o e
,
ft r w hi h y m ust m k th j i a e c ou a e e o n
t th b tt m This is d by t ki g a e o o . on e a n
h l r b ut ( fi tt d) s p r t ly eac ow e o as e e a a e
,
d s tti g it th m ul d m rk an ,
e n on e o ,
a
th d g th i t w h r it i e e o n e e s
i
e e
ti li
— on
gi i g gfdnfi figi fig
FI g sh n er
t u h d by th dr w d w
. l g
o l aIl i g t i o c e e cen e ne a n o n
th m ul d
e fr m this m rk by m
o s f squ r d r w li
o a ,
ea n o a a e, a a ne
ac r ss th strip
o d s rib d
e p g 233 fit th th r l w
,
as e c e on a e ,
e o e o er
b ut si m il rly d i f y ur m rki g d utti g h v b tru

o a ,
an o a n an c n a e een e
t th e
o tr li f th m uld p r f t j i w ill b th r sult
cen e ne o e o ,
a e ec o n e e e .
Th j i b i g thus m d
e o n e n d th d s o f th l o w r b uts fr d a e , an e en e e o ee
an d cl d fr m glu
ean e li t s p th sid s f th e m uld
o e, n en , e c , . oa e e o o
( r
ca e fully v i d i g th bla ks ) o d ti g
n t h b tt m bl e k oc ,
an coa n e o o oc
an d th still x p s d sur f
e s f th l w r r r bl ks d th
e o e a ce o e o e co ne oc an e
b v l t th d s f th C s w ith glu fix th l w r b uts t th

e e a e en o e
’
e, e o e o o e
m ul d by m
o s f r m ps w ith th r m pi g bl ks 6 7 d
e an o c a e c a n oc , ,
a n
8 P l t V i th s m m
a e .
,
r d p siti
n e
ya fix d h
te an n e an o on as ou e e
C s Th upp r b uts
. e xt fitt d i e pr s ly m l
o are ne e n a e ci e si i ar
m r
an n e ly th ,
otn
y d t tr ub l t
a m a k oul s j m t n ee no o e o e a c o e o a
th t p e N w
o . t d w th opr j ti g pi s f thcu o r rs n e o ec n ece o e co ne ,
a dn m k e th eam squ a r to th m ul d i F i g 1 8 0 by m e s e o ,
as n .
,
ea n
290 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : AS I T WAS AND IS .
( as cu t) w ith s m tha d s
fil ef t th ir
an d Sa n d -
p pr a e ,
to oo an o en e
i r surf
nne f y a c e s,
g t pr t
a n d,th i i das ar as ou ca n o a e se n ,
e n s e
o f th fi dd l i fi ish d
e F i lly g ri ght r u d th
e s n t id e . na
,
o o n e ou s e
o f th ribs w ith e h rp s r p r t r m v l l d irt

a Sd a c a e ,
so as o e o e a an
i qu liti s d m k th xt ri r th r u gh ly sm th w ith tw
ne a e ,
an a e e e e o o o oo o
d g r s f s d p p r ft r w hi h th ribs b i g
e ee o an -
f a
y e ,
a e c ,
e e n ,
as ar a s ou
can g f th pr s
o t fi ish
or d th y b put
e w y i e d r
en w r ,
n e ,
e ca n e a a n a a e
o r e sel wh r t f h r m s w y till th b k i r dy t g
e e ou o a
’
a e ac s ea o o on .
B k d B l ly
ac Th sl bs pr p r d f
an th b i g l l i
e — e a e a e or e se e n a n
on e pi y w ill t h
e ce , v t j i th m ou I t is h w v r vno ry a e o o n e .
,
o e e
,
e
i m p rt t th t th
o tir sl b h v
an fi a v gr i l l v r e en e a a e a ne e en a n a o e ,
no t l s t c o dg d w id
e at th th ron e is th e s e an e a e o e ,
as e ca e
i f th sl b h be t fr m a sm ll tr as It s qu tly
een cu o a a ee . co n e en
s m ti m s h pp s th t pi
o e e f w d m y b
a x ll t r ss
en a a e ce o oo a e e ce en ac o
a l l i t br d th x pti g f
s th l st i
ea h ,
w hi h is
e ce s n or e a nc o r so , c co u e
qu tly t ff I this s th utli m d l b i g pl d

en cu o . n ca e, e o ne o e e n a ce
up it th l w r b ut w ill v rh g
on , e dg (o e i th r o o e an on e e e o r, n o e
w r d s th w
o d w ill b t
,
rr w f th m d l) This m y
e oo e oo na o or e o e . a
b r m di d
e e f ll w s R u ghly tr
e e th asutli o th w o d o o a ce e o n e on e o ,
FI G . 181 .
— S tr a d i v a r i a n B l o c k .
m a
g rki gn p rt w
on hi h is th e
t rr w ed
; y an e th e a c oo n a o ou c
no w w i th ,
b w w t t littl strip fr m i sid
a o -
sa f , cu ou a e o n e on e o
0s d m ki g b th f s pl lu it w is
’
th e ,
an
g a d g n t th o ace an e
,
e e e e o e
edg w h r the rr w ss is pp r t I f
e e e s ry y
na o ne a a en . n ece s a ou can
d this
o b th si d s f th sl b ; th pi s thus dd d m t hi g
on o e o e a e ece a e a c n
ex tly i g r i
ac d b i g w ll j i d th ir pr s
n a n
,
a n w ill b e n e o ne ,
e e e n ce e
u dis r ibl u d r th v r ish sp i lly w h f rth r hidd
n ce n e n e e a n
,
e ec a en u e en
o
y th pur fli g e d by this m s y wn ill b ,
bl
a n t utili ean ou e a e o z e a
sl b f w d
a ou ti lly d th r w is d sir bl th t w ith ut
oo a co s ca an o e e e a e, a o
thi xp d i t y c uld ly
s e e enf s m ll r i tru m t i f
ou o on u se or a a e n s en ,
a t ll Y ur pl t s b i g o f th pr p r i m k
a . o a e si d e n e o e S z e, a e one e
quit pl e d s rib d p g 24 0 I f y
an e, a s e w rk i g
c e on a e . ou are o n a
sl b ( I m pr su m i g y
a as
) t
a h b k pl t w ill b
e o f n ou are ,
e ac a e e a
n ea rly v thi k ss thr u gh ut e en b m rk d tc ne c ; o o ,

so ca n e a e a on e
b t i f i t is t be “
wh l b k it w ill be l g thi ”
u o a o e ac a on n
, ,
w d
ge i F i g
e, 1 7 7 asd m ust b n t y .si d ,
an e cu awa on on e e as
th r sh w (s vi g th slips thus g t I h v s i d b f r f
e e o n a n e o , as a e a e o e
,
or
th r i b )
e d th t bl s pr p r d f
s
,
an m rki g e p g 24 0 a e e a e or a n ,
as on a e
F
( g i Y. w m rk t h utli s by
ou m s f
ca nth no a e o ne ea n o e
TH E G U AR NE RI US M O D EL . 29 1
m o de l , (
Fi g 17 3 . l t rki 0 , 0, 0,
g h P a e m a n on e -
a l f o f th e
o utli d th
ne, an tur n v r th m d l d m rki g th th r
en n o e e o e an a n e o e
( u l ss
n e
y h v wh lou ut l i m d l)
a e a T hi b i g d o e o t ne o e . s e n on e, ou
it t ou r fully y p i bly
as ca e b f r t d w (p g
as ou o ss ca n , a s e o e se o n a e
Th sh p th m d l en r hi g f th b k d b lly
a e e o e or a c n o e ac an e
w ith u v l p l d p rs a x tly b
an es f r usi g an sc r a e e ac as e o e, n
g g o e, o ,
th e r hi g m d ls 1A 2A 3A 4 A 5A P l t V w hi h
a c n o e ,
th , , , , a e .
,
c a re e
a r hi g m d l f th h r t r i sti G
c n o e s o rius p tt r w e c a ac e c ua rn e a e n e a re
w rk i g
o t nd th s m f
a , an b th b k d b lly (I t w ill
are e a e or o ac an e .
b r m m b r d th t f
e e e S t di
e ei w us d d i ff t r h i g
a or ra uar us e e e re n a c n
m d ls fo e th b k or d b lly ) Th p i ts t w hi h th
e ac an r hi g e . e o n a c e a c n
m d ls m u t fit th t bl s
o e s h by th u m b s th s h t
e a e a re S ow n e n er on e or
li s r s th
ne ac tr li d w th m ul d Wh th r gh
os e ce n e n e o n e o . en e ou
g g g
ou i is d n
g g u li r u
on e, d th d g a f th pl t
e as ne o n e e e o e a e
p rp d i ul r t th pl
e en c uf )
a o d s rib d e p g 24 1
an e s r a ce
,
as e c e on a e ,
1% f r m t h o fl t si d d wei th t h a
g gu d ve, anl pl s fi e o e an o a an e ne
d own th r u d d sur f e w ith th

o n m d ls
e Th g gu a ce
g i e o e . en a e a a n
an o th r li e i h fr m th fl t si d
ne nc d w it h k if p r
o e a e, an a n e a e
d w o th n dg ( e t f rme bvl
e so th e r h d s id ) t
as o o a e e on a c e e o
this u i f rm thi k s l l r u d ; th w ith

n o c n es v l pl a pl o n en an o a ane
,
an e
r u d th dg f th r h d surf s
o n e e e o t m lt this b v l
e a c e a ce so as o e e e
i t th r hi g y h v lr dy g t still w rk i g d
n o e a c n ou a e a ea o , o n an co r
rec ti g w ith th n m d ls N w w it h e fil s m th r u d this

o e . o a e, oo o n
o ut r m rgi f th r h d i d
e a n d m k
o
g re a v d c m lt e s e, an a e a oo e an e
it i t th r hi g d s rib d p g 24 3 This d
n o e a c n ,
as fi lly
e c e on a e . on e, na
g et t h r hi ge b
a th pl c t s x
n tly t on i i d w oith th a e e ac o co n c e e
m d ls o d y ur pl t s w ill b r d y t s r p
e
,
an o This is d
a e e ea o c a e. one
as b f r d s rib d p 24 3 s r pi g w tti g d s c r pi g
e o e e c e ,
.
,
c a n
,
e n ,
an re -
a n
u til th r qui it d gr f s m th ss d qu lity h b

n e e s e e ee o oo ne an e a as een
a tt i d N w m rk th f f h l s
a ne . o rdi g t th p tt r
a e o e a cco n o e a e n
sh w i P l t VI w hi h r pr s ts th p ir f f f h l
o n n a e .
,
c e e en e a o o es
b l gi g t th Gu r rius fi dd l w
e on n o e w m ki g a ne B th e e are n o a n . o
f f h l s d o eth ir p siti
,
an i t h b l ly e s h w o th on n e e are . o n ,
as e
p uli r h r t r f th fi dd l i qu sti i s th t th y
ec a c a ac e o e e n e on a e a re
sli gh tly d iff r t d is high r th th th r ll v ry

e en
,
a n on e e an e o e
,
a e
u gly d ubtl ss but v ry h r t risti

,
o e , d i t r sti g e Fi d c a ac e c an n e e n . n
th x t
e e tr s b tw
ac th upp r m i d d l
ce n e d l w r b uts
e e en e e ,
e, an o e o ,
an d t th m w ith li
con n ec t f rthe p 253 C ll this a ne a s se o on . . a
li ( th b lly) A B M k
ne on e
f eh o l m d l by p sti g
. a e an e o e a n a
tr i g f th upp r fi gur o f P l t VI
ac n o e t el f fv r e a e . on o a ea o en ee ,
and utti g c t th tw ff h l e s
n ou N w t this m d l
e th
o o . o se o e on e
b lly w ith th li A B th e m d l i i di g w ith th li
e e ne on o e co n c n e n e on
th b lly d tr th tw f f s d b f r ( p ’
e e ,
a n
y id
a ce e o as ou e o e .
N xt pu h t th upp r
e nc d l w r h l s f th f f
ou e
p e an o e o e o e
’
S, a s re
s cr ib d p 256 d pr c d t g ug t th b c k d b l ly
e ou .
,
a n o ee o o e ou e a an e
AS IT WAS AND Is .
to th e r quisi t thi k ss s e t d w pp 24 8 d 256

e c n e e as se o n on . an ,
pl i g r pi g d fi i hi g th dg s b f r (p
an n
,
sc a n ,
a n n s n e e e as e o e .
a ft r w h i h th
e b k w ill b r dy t b gl d
c e T kac e ea o e ue on . a e
th m ul d (r u d w hi h th
e o id s o t th y w r l ft
n c e s e a re se as e e e e on
p . d s t ti g i t t han b k i f thesi d s fit nth b k on e ac ,

se e e e e ac
i ly ; i f th y d y
n ce l ff th l w r d g s f th
e o, ou ca n c ea n o e o e e e o e
s i d s li i g se ,
d bl ks n n d pr p r th m f ,
a n th glu t oc ,
an e a e e or e e a s se
d w o p 24 9 d i m m d i t ly fit th b k d gl it
n on .
,
a n e a e on e ac an ue as
b f r d s rib d (p
e o e e I t isc t h w v r i m p ssibl th t
e . no , o e e ,
o e a
th sid s th b k m y h v hru k littl

e e or e th t th dg s
ac a a e S n a e , so a e e e
d t pp r v
o no wh a th ribs ( ea th m ul d ) e en t th en e on e o a r e se on e
b k i this s t k th ribs ff th m ul d by f r i g
ac n ca e a e e o e o o c n a
t bl k i f b tw
a e -
th gl d si d s f th bl k s
n e e d th m ul d
een e ue e o e oc an e o ,
an d r fully si g ff th i d s B sur th t th ribs

ca e ea n O e S e . e e a e are
w ll s p r t d fr m th
e e m al d b f r y slip th m ff S m
a e o e ou e o e ou e o . o e
ti m s i spit f th m st re ful s pi g ( i d p
e ,
n e o e o ca oa n v c . a
d r p f glu w ill d h r t th m ul d
o o e d th ri bs w ill sti k t
a e e o e o ,
an e c o
th m ul d t th t p i t
e o i this a s th rib m ust b r fully
a o n n ca e e e ca e
pris d ff w ith th t bl k i f b f r tt m pti g t slip th m

e o e a e -
n e e o e a e n o e
o ff th m ul d Wh lipp d ff th ribs m ust b fitt d t th

e o . en S e o ,
e e e o e
b k d glu d
ac an d s ri b d p 24 9 This de asth e xt e c e on . . on e, e n
thi g w ill b t n t th r m i i g e upp r h lv s f th to p

o cu e e a n n or e a e o e
an d b tt m bl ks o ly t sh p i th s m
o w oc y t h l wonr o a e n e a e a as e o e
h lv s w r sh pi g th m x tly
a e e e
,
t b q i t p rp
a n d i ul r e e ac so a s o e u e e en c a
t th pl
o f th fi dd l
e th pr d t put i th upp r si de
an e o e e en o ce e o n e e
li i gs This is d
n n . x tly th l w r sw r ly th t
on e e ac as e o e one e e, on a
a t th e r r bl ks h vi g ly h l f bl k t
co ne -
oc ti t y a n on a a oc o cu n o ou
m ust b v ry uti us e d gui d th k i f v ry

e ca r fully t o ,
an e e n e e ca e ,
o
a v i d plitti g th m ri ght d w i m ki g th gr v s i th
o s n e o n n a n e oo e n e
cor r bl ks t r iv th li i gs f th C s i r b o uts
ne -
oc o e ce e e n n o e
’
or nne .
Wh th s en t th r r bl ks m y b t t sh p lik
e e a r e se , e co ne -
oc a e cu o a e e
th th rs d th li i g s l l r u d b v ll d ff d pl d d
e o e ,
a n e n n a o n e e e o ,
an ane an
fil e d d w l v l w ith th t ps f th ribs ; th i si d s o f th
o n e e e o o e e n e e
rib s e th th r u ghly l ar d enith w t r a d s d p p r

o o c e an e w a e n an -
a e ,
l l w hi h O p r ti s h v b
a c d s rib d b f r fully
e a on d d a e een e c e e o e ,
an o
not r quir r p titi e Th b lly d uly fi ish d

e e e d s rib d on . e e n e
,
a s e c e on
p 260 is th se t
.
,
th ribs i th m r th r d s ib d
en on e n e ann e e e e cr e ,
and th b dy f th fi d d l is th e o m pl t d by th
o d d iti n f
e e en co e e e a o o
th p fli g e d s rib d
ur p 262 th t y h v
n ,
a s w
e c ly e on .
,
so a ou a e no on
t o rv th s r ll fit it
ca e k d pl it th fi ddl e i
e c o ,
on a n ec ,
a n a ce on e n
th m e r td w b l w ann e se o n e o .
N k a d S ec ll — A th h d w ill first b fi i h d
n cr o d th
. s e ea e n s e an en
'
s li d o t th ce k w n t pr s o t r d ly th
e n ec ,
e a re a e en co n ce ne on w i
0 he d s c r ll th utli m d l f w hi h (w hi h sh ul d b
a or o , e o ne o e o c c o e
t a c d ff p s t d
r e o l f f w d d t t) ill h f u d
,
a e on a ea o oo ,
a n ou ou w e o n
C HAP TER XX I I .
VAR NI S H I NG AND F I TTI NG U I ‘

.
P
S ta i n i r .g— Va m i shi n g— o li sh i n g— Fi tti n g th e F i n g e r b o a r d — F i x i n g th e Nu t
F i n i s h i n g th e Nu t a n d Fi n ge r b o a r d w i th th e Ne c k — F i tti n g th e e gs -
P
P
F i n i s h i n g th e e g s — F i tti n g a n d F i x i n g th e Ta i l pi n — F i tti n g th e Ta i l p i e c e - -
a n d Lo o p — S e tti n g u p th e S o u n d p o st— Th e S tr i n g s — u tti n g a n d F i tti n g -

C
th e B
r id g e — F i n i s l
E NF I N O Esr
’
Our fi d dl is fi i h d i th
U N VI O LO N .
— e n s e
“
n e
w hi t vr ih h b r fully pr p r d d w
”
e, o ur a n s as een ca e e a e ,
an e are
r d y t l y it
ea o This p r ti
a m ust on t b
. mm d till o e a on n o e co e n ce
th d f M y
e en o th b g i i g f J u t th l t st w h w
a ,
or e e nn n o ne a e a e
,
en e
can b sur e f sp ll f fi e h t w th r i w hi h t d
o a e o ne o ea e n c o o ou r
w rk o Th fi dd l m ust b
. e r fully w sh d w ith l e w t r e ca e a e c ean a e
all v r o e t r m v
,
SO
y d
asirt w hi h om y h ve u m o ul t d
e an c a a e a cc a e
th l t t u h s m ust b put (i f r quir d ) w ith s

e as o c e d p p r e d fil e e an -
a e an e,
an d th w rk e pr d t
o B g i by si i g st i i g
ca n o cee a o n ce . e n z n or a n n
th fi d d l
e ll v r bri ght y ll w
e a ow h Ie
y ,
ll v r I m e o en sa a o e
,
ean
th w h le f th b dy
o e o d th sh ul d r e d th h d th
o an k e o e ,
an e ea e n ec
w ill b l ft b i g subs qu tly v r ish d

e e ,
e n h r ft r t e en a n e as e ea e se
d ow n Th. b st t i m y b m d e e f ll w ss a nG t s m a e a e as o o : e o e
g m
a b g o pur e, as d u d ult r t d p sibl
e an d s m pur
na e a e as os e, an o e e
s
p ir i ts f w i ;o p u d up th g m
n e b g d put o it i
n t th e a o e an n o e
Spirit i phi l f tw n a thr d ys sh ki g it up w h v r

a or o or ee a ,
a n en e e
y ou t h i k f i t n fto p ssibl T h bs lut asly pur O en as o e . e a o e e
g m
u w ill b d i lv d l vi g
e l l th i m
ss o puriti s e d i ,
s l blea n a e e an n o u e
p rts t th b tt m f th phi l i th f rm f s d im t ; th
a a e o o o e a , n e o o e en e
s luti n thus f rm d w ill b q i t t p

o o o t ef m g ifi t e u e rans a r en
,
o a a n ce n
re d l r T st it by brush i g d r p
co ou . e tw t pi f n a o or o on o a e ce o
w d wh
oo ,
i f it pp rs en fi ,
y ll w l ur it is ri ght d
a ea a ne e o co o , ,
an
w ill d Th is
o . lu ti f g mb g this l ur d si i g th is
so on o a o e, co o e z n
,
pr li m i y t i ( ll it w h t y w ill ) m ust w b r fully

e n ar s a n ca a ou ,
no ,
e ca e
l id
a b gi i g w ith th h d F this purp s
on , e nn n m l e ea . or o e u se a c a e
h ir br sh f th fi t q li ty h vi g d i m t r f b ut h lf
a u o e n es ua ,
a n a a e e o a o a
an i h t fi t l ss ti t l urm s it w ill st y fr m
nc a a rs -
c a ar s s
’
co o an
’
co ou o
six t i ght shilli gs L t th brush b w ll fill d wi th st i

o e n . e e e e e a n
(but t v nor fi l l d do s pp de
) -
d l y it e q i k
an
ly d o e ,
an a on u c an
r fully ll v r m issi g
ca e a sp t w hi h it w ill b
o e ,
ss ry t n no o c e n e ce a o
VAR NI S H I NG AND F I TTI NG U P . 295
g o b c k t w rk a
q i k l
o :
y p i b l o
g i
as
g v r t h u c as o ss e , n e v er o n o e e
s m g r u d tw i
a e o putti g
n t ve r ce , n o r th r f this n on e coa o an o e ,
or
d y si ks i
e tn d if y n t u h surf w ith t tw i
a o n ce , a n ou o c a a ce I ce , o r
r t u h it ft r it is l i d
e o c a it w ill i f l lihlg tur
e t str ky
a on, n a n ou ea
an d bl t h P r ti
o c b f r t u hi g y ur fi dd l
y . ac se pl d
,
e o e o c n o e, on a an e
pl k f d l f
an o th h r m is d
ea , or it on ce tb d e a on e ca n n o e 11n on e.
Aft r d i g th s r ll g r u d th ri b s th
e o n e c o ll v r th b k ,
o o n e ,
en a o e e ac
,
th ll v r th b lly ( t f rg tti g th i id f th f f h l s )
en a o e e e n o o e n
O
e ns e o e o e
,
an d fi lly r u d th na dg b i g o f l
n brushi g r u d th
e e e s, e n ca l e u ln n o n e
e dg s t t r t u h th b k b lly
e no o e si d s This w h w ill d y
o c e ac ,
e ,
or e . as r
v ry qui kly d s
e c it is d y l y
,
an y ur first
as t f
o on as r a on o coa o
v r i h pr d i g
a n s ,
x tly th s m w y x pti g th t
o ce e n ln e ac e a e a ,
e ce n a as
it d s oe td y to
n o
y rd t b In a hurry but n ce
g ou n ee no e In a ,
ca n o
ca r ful ly b k w rd s d f r w rd s g tti g
e
,
ac a an t o a ,
e n on an e v en coa . as
thi nd m an th p s ibl s t l gg d u d r th
oo as dg s
o s i e ,
n o c o e n e e e e or n
th e
g l ans f th s r ell W ho this t eis l i d
c oh g up. th en coa a on , an e
fi dd l t d y i th li ght st h tt st d ry st su i st pl y
e o r n e e ,
o e ,
e ,
nn e a ce ou
ca n ; i th h tt st w th r it w ill t k t l st tw ty f ur
n e o e ea e a e a ea en -
o
h urs ; i p r w th r
o n if yoo h v l i d th v r ish
ea e t,
or ou a e a e a n on oo
thi k itc ,
il l t k l g r Wh it is q i t d y g v r th
w a e on e . en u e r
,
o o e e
fi d d l er fully w ith fi k i f r m vi g y bl ks dust

ca e a ne n e ,
e o n an ac , ,
h irs fli s
a
,
t t e w hi h m
,
e c
y h v . stu
,
k e c t it .
,
d l y c a a e c o ,
an a on
th r t i th s m m r t fi rst th k bi g
'
an o e coa n e a e an n e as a ,
e n ec e n
a l w y l ft b r (by w h i h it m y b h l d )
a s e a e d spik sti k c a e e ,
a n a e, c ,
o r
brush h d l b i g pu h d i t th h l m d t r
an e e n iv th s e n o e o e a e o e ce e e
t il pi (w h it is fi i sh d ) ls t h l d it by i this w y th
a -
n en n e ,
a o o o n a e
v r ish d fidd l m y b fr ly h d l d w ith ut f r f t u h

a n e e a e ee an e o ea o o c
i g th v r i h
n e d l vi g m rks w hi h is
a n s an f t lity m stea n a
,
c a a a o
str u sly t b gu rd d g i st Th fi dd l sh ul d b hu g
en ou o e a e a a n . e e o e n
up by stri g ti d ti ghtly r u d th u v r ish d

a n e k w ith o n e n a n e n ec ,
a l p i fr t t h g
oo n on il it m ust h g quit fr
o an don a na an e ee, an
so a s t t t u h y thi g Wh th s
no o o c d an t is quit n . en e eco n coa e
d y pr
r
,
d b f r t r m v v ry tr
o ce e as e o f bl ks e th ro e o e e e a ce o ac or o e
im puriti s d ft r th t g v r th e ,
an tir fi dd l w ith pi
a e a o o e e en e e a e ce
o f th v ry fi st s d p p r
e e t h rd
ne u gh t bri g ff th
an -
a e ,
n o a en o o n o e
v r ish but ju t
a n ,
t p lish th surf s th r f d r m v
so a s o o e ace e eo , an e o e
th fi e l y r f d ust w hi h l m st i f llibly w ill d h r t th

ne a e o c a o n a a e e o e
v r ish i d r y i g This d
a n n pr d t l y n . tw m r on e
,
o cee o a on o o e
coa t} (th '

third d f urth ) i e pr is ly si m il r m
an r o n a ec e a an n e .
Th e tw Se sh ul d oist f r th r d p r l ur d v r is h
o co n s o a a e ee e -
co o e a n
th th first tw
an e d it w ill b lr dy ti d th t th fl ri g
o, an e a ea no ce a e a n
y ll w f th pr li m i ry w h is b m i g t m p r d d
e o o e e na as e co n e e e an
m d ifi d by th
o e i L f w hi h it is e t v arn ss ry t y s
,
o c n o n e ce a o sa
an
y
thi g furth nr this pl G e v r i
ln hi g i this w y a ce . o on a n s n
b
n a ,
u si g d p r— l ur d v r ish f
n a ee e h tw
co o ts ti ll th fidd l
e a n or e ac o coa e e
C HAP TER XX I I .
VAR NI S H I NG AND F I TT I NG U P .
S ta i n i n g— Va r n i sh i n g— P
o l i sh i n g — Fi tti n g th e Fi n g e r b o a r d — F i x i n g th e Nu t -
F i n i s h i n g th e Nu t a n d Fi n ge r b o a r d w i th th e Ne c k — F i tti n g th e e gs -
P
F i n i s h i n g th e Pe g s— F i tti n g a n d F i x i n g th e Ta i l pi n — F i tti n g th e Ta i l p i e c e - -
a n d Lo o p — S e tti n g u p th e S o u n d p o st— Th e S tr i n g s— u tti n g a n d F i tti n g -

C
th e B
r id g e — F i n i s l
E NF I N O ES T
’
Our fi ddl is fi i h d i th
U N VI O LO N. — e n s e
“
n e
w hi t v r ish h b r fully pr p r d d w
”
e, o ur a n as een ca e e a e ,
an e are
r d y t l y it
ea o This p r ti
a m ust on tb . mm d till o e a on no e co e n ce
th d f M y
e en oth b g i i g f J u t th l t st w h w
a ,
or e e nn n o ne a e a e
,
en e
can b sur e f p ll f fi h t w th r i w hi h t d
e o a s e o n e o ea e n c o o ou r
w rk o Th fi dd l m ust b
. e r fully w sh d w ith l e w t r e ca e a e c ean a e
all v r o e t r m v
,
so a s
y d irt w hi h mo y h v e u m ul o t d e an c a a e a cc a e
th l t t u h s m ust b put (i f r quir d ) w ith s

e as o c e d p p r d fil
e e e an -
a e an e,
an d th w rk e pr d t
o B g i by si i g st i i g
ca n o ce e a on ce . e n z n or a n n
th fi d d l
e ll v r bri ght y ll w
e a who I e
y l l
,
v r I m e o en sa a o e ,
ean
th w h le f th b dy
o e o d th sh ul d r e d th h d th
o an k e o e ,
a n e ea e n ec
w ill b l ft b i g sub qu tly v r ish d

e e ,
e n h r ft r t se en a n e as e ea e se
d w o Th
n . b st t i m y b m d e e f ll w s G t s m
s a n a e a e as o o e o e
g ma b g pur
o e, as d u d ult r t d p sibl
e an d s m pur na e a e as os e, an o e e
s
p ir i ts f w i ; o p u d up th g m b
n e
g d put it o i tn th e a o e an n o e
Spirit i phi l f tw n a thr d ys h ki g it up w h v r

a or o or ee a ,
S a n en e e
y ou t h i k f i t n ft o p ssibl T h bs lut ly aspur o en as o e . e a o e e
g m
u w ill b d i lv d l vi g e l l t h i m puriti
s so s d ei s l
,
bl ea n a e e an n o u e
p rts t th b tt m f th phi l i th f rm f dim t ; th

a a e o o o e a , n e o o Se en e
s luti n thus f rm d w ill b q i t t p

o o o t fe m g ifi t e u e rans a r en
,
o a a n ce n
re d l ur T st it by brush i g d r p
co o . e tw t pi f n a o or o on o a e ce o
w d wh
oo ,
i f it pp rs en fi ,
y ll w l ur it is ri ght d a ea a n e e o co o , ,
an
w ill d Th i o . luti f g mb g s this l ur d si i g th is

so on o a o e, co o e z n
,
pr li m i y t i ( ll it w h t y w ill ) m ust w b r ful ly
e n ar s a n ca a ou ,
no ,
e ca e
l id
a b gi i g w ith th h d F thi purp s
on , e nn n m l e ea . or s o e u se a c a e
h ir brush f th fi t q li ty h vi g d i m t r f b ut h lf
a o e n es ua ,
a n a a e e o a o a
an i h t fi t l ss ti t l urm s it w ill st y fr m
nc a a rs -
c a ar s s
’
co o an
’
co ou o
six t i ght shilli gs L t th brush b w ll fill d wi th st i

o e n . e e e e e a n
(but t v r
no fi l l d d os pp d )e d-
l y it e q i k ly an d o e ,
an a on u c an
ca r fully e l l v r m issi g a sp t w hi h it w ill b

o e ,
ss ry t n no o c e n e ce a r
o
296 VI O LI N M K ING
-
A : as IT WAS AND 18 .
ha s se v en o r e i ght c o a ts, a l w a ys be i n g c a re fu l to re m o v e a n y
d ust , bl a c ks, flie s, o r o th e r i m puriti e s w hi c h m a y h a v e stu c k to
th e fi d d l e b e fo r e l a yi n g o n a co a t , a n d b e tw e e n e a c h tw o c o a ts
l e v e lli n g a n y lu m ps o r ri dg e s w ith a pi e c e o f the fi n e st s a n d
pa pe r Afte r th e se ve n th o r e i ghth c o a t, t a k e a kn i fe a n d s c ra p e
.
th e va rn ish o ff d o w n to the w o o d r o u n d th e b e v e ll e d o utli n e o f th e

s c ro ll, a n d a l o n g th e e dge s o f th e ribs w h e re th e y m e e t a t th e
c o r n e rs , a t ri ht a n gl e s to th e pl a n e o f th e i n stru m e n t T h e se
g .
li n e s m ust n o w be c o ve re d w ith bl a c k , s o tha t w h e n fi n ishe d th e

o utli n e o f th e s c r o ll (b a c k , fr o n t , a n d v o lute ) a n d th e e n d s o f th e
b o uts (a t th e c o r n e rs ) w ill be a c c e n tu a te d by a bla c k li n e ; th e
pr o p e r bla c k w ith w hi c h to d o this is’ th e o rd in a ry stic k I n di a n
i n k , w hi c h is to be h a d o f a n y a rtists c o l o ur m e r c h a n t Afte r .
this, fi n ish th e va rn ishin g by c o n tin uin g to la y o n c o a t a fte r

c o a t, a s thi n a s p o ssibl e , a n d a l w a ys ta ki n g c a r e th a t o n e c o a t
l
i s dr y , s th b r l yi
c ea n , d m oo
an e fo e th r u til
a n
g on an o e , n t h e
r quisit t
e e subst
on e an d bt i
a n ce his ill r quir
are o a n ed . T w e e
fr m t w lv
o e fi e to ts r i tur
fte e n c o a , a c c o d n g to th e n aqu lity e an d a
v r ish
o f th e w o o d a n d a n .
fi l is
Th e dd e fi ish
n ow n v r ish
ed an d it st hu up
a n ed mu be n
g
l st
fo r a t e a th
a m on ,
i f nthr
o t tw o o r e e ,
to d r
y t h o r o u
g yhl
b r fitti it up
e fo e n
g rs lly I pr r
P .e on a ,
r y e f e th e c e a m
app r v ih
e a a n c e o f th e arn spr s t st t
i n i ts u tur l
e en a e to th e nna a
m irr r lik p lis hi h is

o -
e o h w c r lly s g en e a fi l but e e n o n a n e w d d e
,
if this is sir de v r ish ust

e d th e a n ll m th r u hly
be a o w e d to d r y o o g ,
trs
a n d af e ths r ully p lish
om e m on ca e f bl os rib till
ed a s e o w de c e d,
it is s th m oo l ss O h r is t r
as
g a . t e w the ,
a f e l
a m o n o r so t h e fi d d e
m a y be fitt up is h r t r
ed as e eaf e b r i se t d o w n ; e fo e d o n
g so , h o w
v r is ll r v
e e , it we xtr
to e m o e th e e r u h ss em eki ss hi h
o g ne o r ca ne w c
w ill pr s t u l ss
be e en v r ish is
n e th e p rti ul rly p r t
a n of a a c a e fe c
de cs ripti by ippi
on , d slip n
g a fi st s p p r
o f th e tr
ne an d -
a e i n wa e
and r ubbi it qui kly v r

n
g c suro e t h eb lly f b k
a c e o f th e e ; t h e a c
i
m ay r em a n a s it is u l ss it p rti ul rly lu py
n e is a h c a m . W e n th e
v r ish v ry th r u hly
a n is e o o
g p lish it pr u th t
d y y
r , o u ca n o t o o d c e a
g l ss s th ss hi h is
a y m o o n e w s c si r
b y o mr t b ut
e c o n d e e d a g e a e a y.
d e gi n by rub i sur
b n g th e v r is r ully ith
fa c e o f th e a n h ca ef w a
ra
g ipp
d p
e d i n fin e l r pu i st
y o
-
w d e ed h vi first r pp
m c e -
o n e ,
a n
g d o e d
a fe w d or ps sur
o f o il o n th e fi l this ust
fa c e o f th e d d e ; m be d o n e
r ully
ca e f vr
a ll o e fi l h r v r ish till
th e dd e w e e a n sur is ed th e fa c e
quit s th But
e m oo . st r ul
be m o bri
ca e f v r ish
n o t to n
g o ff th e a n .
h rp t
T e n e e a th e pr ss ith o ce w pulv ri ri li
o i l a n d fin e l
y
-
e z ed T
po
till th e sur s fa c equit p lish
are rub
o fi l
ed ; n ow th e dd e
s rtly
ma v r ith
a ll o e w silk h k r hi t l
a n o ld sur
an d e c ef i l th e fa c e
is quit l ssy fi lly
e
g a ; v r
na
g p lish sur s ith
o o e t h e o e d f a c e w a fi n e
rip li by hi h ti
li n e n r a g a n d dr y T o , p lish ill
w c m e th e o w be
VARNI S H I NG AND F I TT ING U P . 297
p rfe c t d d s ly
e ,
an si l rub ith n ee l d sil k h d
on an o cc a on a w an o an
k rc hi f t pr s rv its
e e m irr r lik
o pp r e e e o -
e a ea a n ce .
F ti g p
i t — N w f ll w s th a d pt ti
n ti t y ur fi d d l
o f o o e a a on o o e o
th s fi tti gs f w hi h I h v xh stiv ly tr t d i f rm r
o e n o c a e e au e ea e n a o e
c h pt r ; d th fi rst p r ti is th fi tti g f th fi g b rd
a e an e o e a on e n o e n er -
oa .
At ti m it w
one s ry f vi li m k rs t m k th ir
e as n e ce s a or o n -
a e o a e e
o w fi gn b r d s t f th s li d b y w hi h w
n er -
oa g
our t o e o e on ,
c as a ea
l b ur but w th y m y b b g ht r dy m a d f fi t r t
a o ,
n o e a e ou ea -
e o rs -
a e
qu lity d ly r quir fi tti g t th fi dd l i h d Th ir

a ,
an on e e n o e e n an . e
d im si s thus s l d e 10% i h s l g 1 i h br d t th
en on as o ar nc e on ,
nc oa a e
t p o ,
i h t th br d d d h vi g u i f r m thi k ss
nc a e oa en , an a n an n o c ne
d w o th si d s f fi i h Th y
n e s ld pr p rly r d
e o nc . e a re o o e cu ve on
th upp r surf c but th ir rr t s m y b h ke d by

e e a e, e co ec nes a e c ec
me s o f th
an k g uid Fi g 1 7 2 ; th s c ll ps o d D t th
e n ec -
e, . e a o ,
an
,
a e
si d s f th gui d r pr t i g th e t p d b tt m f th
e o e e e e se n n o an o o o e
fi g n b rd pr p rly ur d I f y
er -
oa fi tti g fi g
o e c ve . ou are n a n er
b rd t
oa w fi ddl oit is a
y l f
net i t p g 281 w i th e, as ou e 0 11 a e ,
a f ls afi g eb d it this m ust b pris d ff w ith

n en oa r on : e e o an
o l d t bl k i f ; if y a e -
fit ti g fi g b r d t
n e w ou are n a n er -
oa o a ne
n ec k ly ont f rth i Ch pt e r XX I I I this w ill

,
as se t bo n a .
,
no e
r quir d C m m
e e by pl i g th fr t f th
. o en ce k quit an n e on o e n ec e
l r f l l glu p i l m rks
c ea o a i d t ti s f rm d by th
e, en c a ,
or n en a on o e e
pr ssur f th r m p by w hi h it h b fi d t th fi ddl
e e o e c a c as een xe o e e .
Th t
en h ight f x tly 5 i h s fr m th ribs ( t
a a e o e ac —3
1 5
- -
nc e o e no
fr m th o dg o f th e fi dd l ) m rk li
e e r ss th k e e a a ne ac o e n ec
,
w hi c h w ill b th upp r b u d ry f th fi g b o rd d e e e o n a o e n er -
a ,
an
c o s q n tl th l
e u en r b u d ry f th t eN w t k y urow e o n a o e n u . o a e o
fi g n b rdy d m k th t p (
er -
oa rr w d ) x c tly qu r
an a e e o or n a o en e a s a e
,
by m s o f th f ls squ r i th rd i ry m
ean
“
e r this a e a e n e o na an n e
d t th fi g
o n e , se b rd urv d sid d w w r d s i th h l d r
e n er -
oa ,
c e e o n a
,
n e o e ,
F i g 1 7 1 i w hi h w m d e
.
,
n f ls fi g b rd d w ith
c e a ou r a e n er -
oa ,
an a
fi ne pl m k th u d r surf
an e quit pl
a e d s m th e n e a ce e an e an oo .
N w pl a c th upp r
o d e th t li e d h w e en on e nu n e, an se e o
w e a e g tti r
g ; a str i geht d g l i
n d l g t
onh fi g r a -
e e a a on e n e ‘
b r d o u ght t xt d 131 i h b v th b lly i th e tr

oa o e en -
,
n c a o e e e n e c n e
b twe th een i ks f th f f h l s I f it d s t d
e n c th
o e o e . oe n o o so , e
l w r d f th f
o e en f th k d th u d r sur f
o e f th
a ce o e n ec an e n e a ce o e
fi g n b rd m u t b pl d w y u til this r quir d h e ig ht is

er -
oa s e an e a a n e e
a tt i da ne N w fi d th x t . tr b e tw
o th i c ks f th e
n e e ac cen e een e n o
ff h l s i t
o e h usu l w y w ithn c m p ss s e d pri k s m ll
a a o a e ,
a n c a a
m rk a Assu m i g th t th l w r
. d f th fi g n b rd is a e o e en o e n er -
oa
truly squ r t th l gth ( a sc rt i d by th f ls squ a re )

e o e en as a e a ne e a e ,
th tw e l w r r rs f th fi g b rd w ill b t
o o e co ne qu l o e n er -
oa e a an e a
d ist fro m this m rk

a n ce m p ss p d fr m this p i t a a co a o en e o o n
to o n e c o r r o f th e fin g b o rd x tly re h s th th r ls o
ne er -
a ,
e ac ac e e o e a
298 VI O LI N M A K I NG -
: AS IT WA S AND IS .
fr m th p i t
o d th fi g
e o n b rd m ust b shi ft d till thi
,
an e n er -
oa e e s
tru s tti g is bt i d O
e e n full si d fi d d l th l gth fr m
o a ne . n a -
z e e e en o
th e t li n u t this p i t (th ne bridg ) is j u t 13 i h s ; f

o o n e e s nc e o
co urs i l rg
e n s m ll m d l thi l gth w ill v ry
a a e or d a o e s en a , so o
n o t m i d if y n hv t g t it Th ou urv d l w r d f a e no o . e c e o e en o
th fi g
e b rd is l w ys h ll w d t d th dg thus
n er -
oa a a o o e ou ,
an e e e
pr s t d s h ul d b
e en e sh d thi r th th thi k ss d w
o e a a e nne an e c ne o n
th si d
e e s.
O th n dy m d fi g e b r d s f m m r this d i
rea u
a e n er -
oa o co e ce , en s
g en e r lly thi k a it m ust b r d u c d t pr ,

ps o r pr p rti s by e e ce o o e o o on
u
g g g
a i r u d nthis l w r o d t tnh thi k ss f th siod s w ith e en o e c ne o e e
th g u g i g
e a mp s s A F i g 126 d utti g t d fi i hi g
n co as e ,
.
,
a n c n ou an n s n
th h ll e i g t f th
o ow d r sur f
n j ust b y d th li thu
ou o e un e a ce e on e n e s
g g u
a d ; th i e h ll wi
g is b g u s w ith t h o k i f o d snm ll e n e n e an a a
g g u
o d fi i
e, a nh d ff tly d s m
n s thly w ith
e r u od fil n ea an oo a o n e,
(F i g . s r p r d d ap p r f
c v ri us
a d e
g s
,
a n N w sa n -
a e o a o e re e . o
w i th th t th d pl j ust pl
e oo v r e ligh tly t r ugh th
an e ane o e ,
so a s s o o e
u d r si d f th fi g b rd h r it is t t u h th f
n e e o e n er f -
oa w e e o o c e a ce o
th k its l f W r m th u d r id f th fi g b rd w l l
e n ec e . a e n e s e o e n er -
oa e
ov r l m p th t it sh ll t hill th glu d ir tly it i p t

e a a
,
s o a a n o c e e ec s u
( f b y is v ry l d w d )
on t t h or e on e co oo ,
c o a e
k w ith glu d qui kly

I_
F I G 1 82
I f
S e c tl c n 0f b l o c k
th
f th
fi g b rd th t th t p j t
a ce
on
b o
e n
e n ec
er -
oa ,
so
e
,
an
a e
c
o
ru
us
.
t u h s th
u s e d fo r c r a m p i n g o n t lm y d r w t h o ck e e nu e ou e on e n ec ,
th e F m g e r b o a r d
d r m p it i its pl
'
‘
by m an f c a n a ce ean s o
a r m pi g ir
c a d n bl k r pr s t d i s tion ,
an t F ig a oc e e en e n ec on a .
1 82 w hi h f ll w s
,
cd r m ps th o urv f th upp r surf
o an c a e c e o e e ace
o f th fi g b rd B f r putti g
e n er -
th
oa th r tw r m ps
. e o e n on e o e o c a ,
se e f th l st ti m th t th t p f th fi g b rd is l l
or e a e a e o o e n er -
oa ev e
w ith th t li e d th t th l w r
n u r r n e, an v t th a e o e co ne s are e en o e
p i t i th
o n tr f th b lly Th
n e cen t it esid t d v o e e . en se a e o r ,
cr m p d fir m ly i its pl by thr tr g r m p
a e n ace ee s on c a
Th N t is th e xt fitti g t b ppli d d fills up th

u e n e n o e a e
,
an e
i t rv l b t w
n e a th t p f th fi g
e eenb rd d th b tt m f e o o e n er -
oa an e o o o
th p g b x
e e I t is m d
-
o d fi tt d
. f ll s Tk littl
a e an e as o ow : a e a e
slip f b y b u t 1% i h s l g i h w i d
o e on a o d fii h nc e on ,
n c e, an nc
d p ee d m k,
an id d a d g sq r t
e on e s th e an on e e e ua e o on e an o er
an d sm th oot fit x tly g i ,
so t th f as f th o k d e ac a a n s e a ce o e n ec an
t p f th fi g
o o b r d ; the ith h is l d fi l g t it t th
n er -
oa en w a c e an e e o e
e xa c t thi k r quir d c th thi k

n e ss s f th sp b t w
e e e c ne s o e ace e een
th t p f th fi g
e o o b rd d th d g f th p g b
e n er -
hi h
oa an e e e o e e -
o x, w c
sp it m us t x tly fill this d

a ce e t it i its pl
ac d m rk o n e , se n a ce a n a
th l e
g th ren quir d th t p e f th fi g b e r d d t it e o o e n er -
oa ,
a n cu
w ith fi t a w ne
j t v r th
en on ri ght l g th sa
j t t us o e e en so as us o
pr j t t th d s Wh it x tly fi t t it i its p l
o ec a e en . d en e ac s
,
s e n a ce, a n
K : AS IT WA S AND I S.
th e lu di g h pt r R p irs (P
con c n V r ishi g R p irs
c a e on e a an : a n n e a
Wh this is d en d th v r ish is d y p li h it ith il one, an d e a n r ,

o s w o an
pu m i p w d r d th ce ith il d Trip li i th m w y
o e ,
an en w o an o n e sa e a
as th r t f th fi dd l w
e es v r ish d ( i d p ) N w s r p
o e e as a n e v e su ra . o c a e
off l l tr a f v r i h fr m th
a ce s od g s f th fi g b r d (b i g
a n s o e e e o e n er -
oa e n
ca r fu l i d i g
e t t n m v th v o ni h f th k) d
so n o o re o e e arn s o e nec ,
an
p li h it d th
o s t i th pu m i
an d Tri p li b f r but
e nu w ce an o as e o e ,
rub bi g it v r first w ith li p f th fi st s d

n o e a s e
o e ne an
p pr d f w d r ps a e an a e o
f il Th l st t h t o o . e a ou c o
b g iv t th t is th e en o e nu e
m ki g f th f ur littl a n o e o e
g r v s w hi h t k th oo e c a e e
stri
F I G 1 83 — Gm d e f o r m
g T h i ti f a rk mg n S e os on
S
.
. 0
S tr i n N g gr o o v e s on th e ut
th e s e be m a su r e d o u t
'
can
fr o m fi i h d fi g b rd ith m p ss s but
a n s e n er -
oa w co a e ,
Fm 1 84 —P i g
s m tim s gui d is us d (r pr s t d tu l i
- '
o e e a e o t e e e en e ac a S z e h le B r er
i n F ig w hi h is m d
. f h rd w d st l d by
c a e o a oo or ee ,
an
w hi h th c f ur p i ts e m rk d
o Wh th y o n m rk d are a e . en e are a e ,
th s littl gr v s
e e m d
e w ith v ry sm ll m u t il fil
oo e are a e a e a o se -
a e .
N xt fit th p gs
e e e .
F i tti g th P g — Th fir t thi gs r quir d f

n e e s this a e s n e e or are
b r r d fi ish r f th h l s i th p g b i w hi h th
o e an n e or e o e n e e -
o x, n c e
p gse t fit a re Th f rm r is r pr s t d t F i g 184
o . e o d e e e en e a .
,
an
con s ists f st l d w ith o a r ss h d l likee ro g i m l t ,

a c o an e e a e or
tu i g k y A h i g t p r d utt r li k n n e , ,
ea r n a a e e c e ,
e a
h s t t r B Th fi ish r is r pr s t d tc ee e -
as e ,
. e n e e e en e a
A F i g 185 d sists ,
.
,
an con
B
i m il rly f st l d S a o a ee ro
,
b ri g t p r d pi ea n a a e e e ce ,
B w hi h is fl ut d ,
c e so as
t pr s t ll r u d its A o e en a o n
ir u m f r s ri s f c c
P
e en ce a e e o
F I G 186 — F i tte r
sh rp dge s With th s . . eg .
a e . e e
y w ill pr d t m k th p g
ou fi t t Fi g 1 86 o ce e o a e e e -
e r, . .
Fm * m
185
T hi isPe g
d f
ol e
ll w T k pi
s f s li d on e as o o s : a e a ece o o
h Fu h rd m pl 2% i h s squ r
sh e r .
a d 5 6i h s a e, nc e a e, an or nc e
l g d t t f it th pi
on ,
an cu A A w hi h is i
ou o th f rm e e ce
’
,
c n e o
o f s li d bl k A h vi g t
a o oc d th hig h r u d d pi e
,
a n a on e en e o n e ec
A
'
.I this p rt (A ) t th p i t B m k
n a h l j ust l rg
’
a e o n ,
a e a o e a e
en o u gh f th thi d
or f th p rt B f th p g h l b r r
e n en o e a o e e -
o e o e
F
( g 8 )
i 1 4 t
. fit i d by turo i g th b r rn m k tan p r d
,
n n e o e ,
a e a a e e
h ol thr u gh th bl c k A A t th p i t B just l rg u gh ’
e o e o a e o n a e en o
, ,
t o r iv th
e ce fi ish r e F
( g i e up t t h
n t p f B e d o . o e o o ,
an n
furt h r so th et y ,
h t p r e d ha l B thr u
oug h A F i g 1
ave8 6 a a e o e o
'
,
. .
VARNI S H I NG A ND F I TT I NG U P .
0 18 rdi ry st l pl ir
an o na w hi h m ust l i ee l g A an e -
on ,
c e a on ,
so s just t
a pr j t i t B by m s f o o ec rr w p ss g n o ean o a na o a a e
cu t i t B t D n o th pri ipl f th p il h rp rs
a ,
on e nc e o e en c -
S a en e
i t w hi h y put th e d f p il d tur g i st
n o c ou e n o a en c an n a a n
a bl d a0 is k pt f st i
e . i t pl by th r sl b f m pl
e a n s a ce an o e a o a e,
E w hi h h l d s it f st
,
c g i st oA by m s f sa r w F w
a hi h a n ean o a c e ,
c
p ss s thr u gh th Sl b E d th bl g h o l
a e o e sl t i th
a ,
an e o on e or o n e
pl ir C i t th bl k A A m m t s th u ght w ill m k it
an e on ,
n o e oc . o en
’
o a e
l r th t i f r u gh p g b put i t B d tur d ( g i st 0)
c ea a a o e e n o ,
a n ne a a n
till it x tly fits i t th h l B it w ill ls x tly fi t i t

e ac n o e o e
,
a o e ac n o
y h l m d by
o e B th flut d ab r er f th b ri g t l F i e 185 e o e o e o n oo
th e p gi
an , , .
Y ou w th r f r
ca n n o m k th f ur h l s i
,
e e o e, t a e e o o e n e ox o
r iv th p gs tw
ece e e h si d by b gi i g th m w ith
e ,
o on eac e
,
e nn n e
a d rill d fi ishi g th m w ith th b r i g t l

,
a n n n d fi ish r e e o n oo an n e .
B e r ful v r this
ca e
y w ill split
o e w y th w ,
d i si
or d ou a a e oo n e
th p g be o
e plit th he d t pi s ; th p siti s f th
-
o x, r S e a o e ce e o on o e
ho l s m ust b f urs r gul t d by th m d l f th s r ll

e e, o co e, e a e e o e o e c o
,
th e o ly thi g s t n be r g r d d b i g th t th
n o h l s n e a e e n ,
a e o e o
e ithe r sid m ust b e x tly i th m idd l e d v ry x tly

e ac n e e, an e e ac
o pp o sit th r d s
e on e t r l tiv ly t
an o e
,
th ran o se e a e o on e an o e
th t th p g s
a e b tur d e sily w ith th fi g rs w ith ut
e ca n e ne a e n e o
i t rf ri g w ith
n e e n the r B r ful t b gi th h l s
on e an o . e ca e o e n e o e on
th pr p r si d s
e o th
e G d D e th l ft d th E e an on e e ,
an e
an d A th right) ; it is t u m m o f
on e th u ghtl ss no n co n or a o e
b gi r t st rt w r g (I di d this
e nne o a it m d m e on . o n ce : a e
t m ly
ex r e g ry )
e Th G an d E h l s .d th D d A eh l s an o e ,
an e an o e ,
it w ill b ti d e l o s r t g th r th th E d D
no ce ,
a r e c be e o e e an e an ,
so
ca r ful t t m m it th rr r o f m ki g th sp s
e no o co qu le e o a n e a ce an e a
d ist l l th w y p
a n ce a Wh e th h l s a m d r m v
e a u . n e o e re a e, e o e
an
y r u g h sso s l f t r u d t
neh d g s by
e t h fi e ish r w ith o fi n e e e e n e a ne
k ifn d fi ish th i id
e, an f th h l s w ith
n pi
e f fi
ns es o e o e a ece o ne
sa n d p p r r ll d up m ll
-
a e A gl o e t y w ll rr S
g d a . a n ce a an e -
a an e
p g e b -
w ill eox bl y t m sur t
nah pl c s f
e t h h l ous d o ea e e a e o e o e an
th ir r l tiv d ist c s b tt r th p g s o f xpl ti ; but

e e a e an e e e an a e e an a on
F i g 1 87 r pr s ts th
. m st usu l s tti g
e e en tu l si e th e o a e n ,
ac a z ,
e
l tt rs r pr s ti g th r sp c tiv p gs N w fit th p gs
e e e e en n e e e e e . o e e
on e by i t th p g fitt Fi g 186 till th y fit x tly

on e n o e e -
er, .
,
e e ac
i t th h l s i th p g b m d by th b r r d fi ish r
n o e o e n e e -
ox a e e o e an n e ,
Fi g 1 84s d 185 By fitti g x tly I m

an . th t th y n e ac ,
ean a e
m ust tur ti fll y but w ith ut j ki g i

n s ,th h l s thus o er n
,
n e o e
m d a d th e, an thu m b pi s f th p g m ust b v w ith

e -
e ce o e e s e e en
on e th r w h th s r ll is h l d up b f r th y i d e t
an o e en e c o e e o e e e e ,
s
,
on e p g m ust e t g i f ur th r th no th r T h o d s n f th e an an o e . e en o e
th m b pi s m ust b just
u -
ece f i h fr m th c h k f th e TU o
7
an nc o e ee o e
sc or ll Th e d s f th p gs pr j ti g b y d th o ut r f e
. e n o e e o ec n e on e e ac
3 02 VI O LI N M A -
K I NG : AS I T WA S AND 18.
o f th e pp it h k f th p g b m ust w b t ff b u t
O os e c ee o e e -
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1
o
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an
m y b p l i h d by li ki g it
a e o s d r bb i g it h r d p
e c n d d w an u n a u an o n
th e a
p tr t
ronh d s s s
e cl g T he h l
a cro sh f t f t h p g
one
’
e . e w o e S a o e e
m us t th b i ly s m th d w i th fi
en e n ce d p p r oo d h le ne sa n -
a e ,
a n a o e
d rill d thr u g h it r th
e o r th h k f th p g b a er n ea th e . c ee o e e -
ox
,
on e
sid f th thu m b pi
e o e
“
h e d f th p g Th s p r -
e ce
,
”
or a o e e . e e o e a
ti s b i g r p t d f ur ti m y ur t f p g is fitt d
on e n e ea e o e s, o se o e s e .
S m e ti m s
o is f u d th t th p g b is t sh l l t ll w
e o n a e e — ox oo a ow o a o
th p gs w i th th t i g e e ,
e s r n s
il d th m t tur si ly ; co e on e ,
o n ea
this h t d y t m sh as a en en c o s a
th h d I thi th e ea . n s c a se e
p g b x m u t i m m d i t ly e -
o s e a e
b d p d w ith his l e ee en e a c e
i t is l w ys s w ll b f r a a a e e o e
l vi g th p gs t t st h ea n e e o e eac
thus by w i d i g pi f ,
n n a e ce o
thi k D stri g r u d it i c n o n n
sid th b d r m dyi g e e o x, a n e e n
y d f t f u d I f th an e ec so o n . e
p gs w r put i j ust th y e e e n as e
th y w ul d f urs are, e o ,
o co e,
sti k d b ry sti ff t c ,
an e ve o
tur ; y m ust th r f r n ou ,
e e o e,
put th m i d tur th m e n an n e
r u d f w tim s t o n a e e so as o
m rk th m littl w h r a e a e e e
th y tur i th h ks f e n n e c ee o
th p g b Th t th s e e -
o x. en a e e
p i t rub th m w ith pi o n s e a e ce
f s p d th w ith o oa ,
an en
Wb t i g This w ill m k l en n a e
— S e tti n g f
of th e p e g s i n th e ch e ek s o th e
F I G 187
.
th m tur
s cr o ll .
l y but h l d e n e a s1 ,
o
f st
a w h s r w ed en up t pit h
c e C l w y l l tr o f th s c . ea n a a a ace o 1
o p r ti i sid
e a on d tsi d t
n h p e g b an
— fi t
wou
th d y e e e -
ox rs 1 a r
brush d th w i th ,
an slightly en m ist d F m
on e ll y g iv o en e . a ,
e
th eth u m b pi s d sh fts f th p gs g -
ece an d b b m a g ith
w o e e a oo ru
a il ghtly il d g d y ur p gs
S -
o e ra fitt d r dy t
,
an o e are e ea o r e c e 1v e
th e t i g s r n s .
I
Fi tt gi th T ni l p i T il p ei s a s l d
- v ryn w . h — r f a f w-
n are o e e e e or a e
p en ce, d v ry sily fi tt d i t th l w r bl k by
an a re e ea e n o e o e oc en
l gi g
ar th n h l lr dey th r w ith
o e th a b r r
ea F g 1 8 4 d
e e e o e ,
1 .
,
an
fi tti g thn h rt sh f t
e f th
S t il
o p i i t tha h l thus
o m d e b y a -
n n o e o e a e
V
I O LI N MA -
K I NG : AS IT WA S AND IS .
are putti g th p st i f i p n e d h ds o
a rlyn
,
l w
ys or nex e rle n ce an ne a a
d this o .
N w put o th stri g s s l ti on
g th m e
t y ur i str n
m t ,
e ec n e o o n u en
( idv p 2 0 4
e
) but. f urs d t tt m p t t s r w th m p , o co e, o no a e o c e e u
till th fi l p r ti is p rf rm d m ly
e na o e a on e o e
,
n a e
F i tti g th B i dg n This is th l st p r ti
e r e —
f ll d e a o e a on o a an
m ust b t w ith r ful r g rd t th r m rks t i d ,
d e carrIe ou ca e e a o e e a con a ne
o p g 161 F irst r fully s l t y ur bri dg th first thi g
n a e . ca e e ec o e e n
18 t sh v o ff th surf a e s f th littl “ i v rt d T w hi h
o e ace o e e n
”
e e c
“ ,
g iv s th e ki y
d e h rt sh p t th h l
ne or
“
t i th ea a e o e o e cu n e
ce n
tr Th em ust b h d d w w ith fi k i f
ls e s
t be a ve o n
.
a ne n e , so a s o
g t
usb l w th l v ls f th b k d fr t f th bridg th r
e o e e e o e ac an on o e e, o e
w is its d li t p i ts t h i thi g s
e e ca e
th h d k r hi f
o n ca c n n e an e c e
wh h w 1c t h fi d d l ) d it g ts s ipp d ff N w t k
p 1 es e e ,
a n e n e o . o a e an
ld b dg d pr p up th stri s ith it s tti it i t
.
o rl e an o
g w
g g s t h e n
,
e n a a n e
b tt o m f th fi g
o ob rd d pr t ti g th v r ish fr m i t
e n er -
oa
,
an o ec n e a n o s
f t W th i p f p p r ; this bl s y t fit th w bri d
ee I a S l o a e en a e ou o e n e
g e
e a SI e r .Th t m gs o n l y just ti h t
e s r
d u h are
t h l d
g g en e en o o o
th bri d up w ith ut pr s i g e e
it Ti t r d u
,
o e s n
d sh p
‘
on . rs e ce an a e
th f t th t w h put up e ee ,
So a en on
th fi dd l d h ld i li w ith e e, an e n a ne
th y t h f t fit l s ly d e e e, e ee c o e an
bs lut ly t th r hi g f th a o e o e a c n o e
1G . GI BBA — ui d e i
b lly 3 th
f o r c u ttm g th e
s ? mp t
a r ch n
t
g of
e i IS a 77208 1 or a n '
fi tt g f th
.
t l th
.
th e B r i d g e .
e s se n la 1n e in o e
bri dg Wh th y fi t b l t ly th y sh ul d b b ut
e . en e a so u e ,
e o e a o
1 % i c h (
n o l ss ) i t h irr thi k t
e p rts ; but th n y m l l ef c es a e ,
o
c urs
o b thi e, r t w rd s th
e tr f th fi dd l b us
nne o a e cen e o e e, e ca e
th y h v t b t w y t uit th r hi g Wh th y
e a e o e cu a a o s e a c n . en e are
fitt d m rk th ir x t utli s th v r ish w ith p i t d

e ,
a e e ac o ne on e a n a o n ,
an
s cr a
p w
ye l l tha a i h x atly b th the m th
va r n s t th e ac en ea e ,
so a e
f t t u h th b r w
ee o c d f th b lly
e a B y this
e b tt r t i
oo o e e . a e e one s
o bt i d a ne d i f it is td
an th f t w ill lip th no r ish on e e ee S on e va n .
t ri g it ff th y shi ft b ut w ith th
ea n o as t t vibr ti
e a o e con s an a on .
N w t k th m d l f th r hi g f th b i d g F i g 1 88A
o a e e o e o d
e a c n o e r e, .
,
a n
m rk th pr p r urv
a e f th e b i dg
o e t th ri g h t h i ght
c e o This r e a e e .
.
is d t rm i d by h l di g th fi ddl (s r ll t rd s y )
e e ne o n e e c o ow a ou on
a li w ith th y
ne d l k i g l g th fi g
e e e, an b rd Th oo n a on e n er -
oa . e
t p f th bri d g (w h
o o e fi ish d ) h ul d pp r t th y t
e en n e S o a ea o e e e o
b e b ut i i h b v th
a o ncd f th fi g a b rd t th G
o e e en o e n er -
oa a e ,
a littl l s t th E (O f r it m u t b d rst d thr u gh

e es a e . cou se s e un e oo o
ou t th fitti g f th bri d g th t th
e n o ld d u m m y b i d g
e lw ys e a e o r e a a
supp rts th stri g s w h th r l

o e nis b i g m i p l t d en e ea on e e n an u a e
a d wh
n th l tt r is put up f
en e a m om
a e t th f r m r m s or en e o e co e
VAR NI S H I NG AND F I T T I NG U P . 305
do w n .
) Wh en r hi g i pr p rly djust d r u d ff w ith
th e a c n s o e a e , o n o
a file ll tha r rs d e dg s o f th bri dg m ki g th e t p

e co ne an e e e, a n o
quite r u d o d thi i g it g r d u lly t th e t p fr m th

n , an nn n a a o o o e
w ist
a
(so to sp k ) f th bri d g t
eah w h l is fi ish
o d w ithe e e o e n e
fine s d—p p r ti ll it is p rf tly sm th Th i h s fo th

an a e e ec oo . e n c e r e
stri gs
n th m d w ith th m us t il fil y o us d f
are en a e e o e -
a e u e or
th e i ks i th e
n c t th d u m m y bri d g is t k
n nu ,
d w e th e w e a en o n
,
ne
o e is put up th e A is s r w e d up t
n ,
pitc h the o th e r st i gs
c e o , r n
t n e d to th e A a d y o ur fiddl e i fi ishe d
u ,
n s n .
Hi e fid i b u s, ac r i pti s c l a r i s, h i e m a gn i s a l u m n l s,
Un i pa r n em o f u i t f o r te , n e c ul l u s e r i t .
”
(F r Ta r ti n i s Tra tta to di Mu si ca , ”
’
. e tc .
[ Pa d ua ,
CHAP TE R XX I I I .
RE PA I R S .
Re m o vi n g th e B e l l y o f th e F i d d l e — r a c s i n th e a ck o r C k
e l l y — Cr a c k s i n B B
C C
Wi n gs o f f f H o l e s — r a c k e d o r n e r s — r a c k a t th e J o i n t o r U m gl u i n g o f th e C -
C
Ta b l e s — r a c k e d E d ge s , a n d B
i ts S pli t o ff th e O u tl i n e — r a c k fr o m th e C
P
r e s su r e o f th e S o u n d p o s t— Ve n e e r i n g Ne w Wo o d i n to a F i d d l e — Lo o se n i n g
-
o f th e B
e l l y f r o m th e H e a t o f th e C
h i n o r H a n d — S pl i t l oc k — S pl i c i n g th e B
H e a d o n to a Ne c k , a n d F i tti n g i t o n a F i d d l e — Va r n i sh i n g Re p a i r s
O NCL U SI O N C .
u h rdly b ri ght t m pl t pr ti l tr tis

I T w o ld a e th o co e e a ac ca ea e on e
fidd l e m ak rs t w ith ut tur i g f

-
e
’
f w m m
ar ts t th o n n or a e o en o e
c on si r ti
de a f f its m st i m p rt t br
on o h s— i
on e o o o an an c e v z .
,
Re ap irs U li m it d th u gh th
. r y t k f y ur fiddl
n e o e ca e ou a e o o e
m a y be , y rs f h rd w rk th re g by y w ill b
as ea o a o e on o ,
ou e
ex p ti lly f rtu t i f y ur i stru m t d li t

ce on a o d rvo us
na e o n en ,
e ca e an ne
i t mp r m
n e t it is s p s tir ly th r v g s f tim
e a en as d ,
e ca e en e e a a e o e an
m is f rtu w hi h i
o th us d d
ne, f r m s ss i l th
c xiste c e
n a o an an one o a a e e n
of th pr d u ti s f C r m
e o d M irc urt lik just
on o e on a an eco a e, as
p rs v ri gly th y d th t f th ir m st rs d m ke rs I f
e e e n as e o a o e a e an a .
y ur fi dd l is w h t G m ii d w uld ll m st r vi li its
o e
“
a e n er o ca a a e -
o n,
r p irs sh uld ly b truste d t g r t hi gh pri st f th fidd l

e a o on e o a ea -
e o e e
m ki g fa ulty just
n t ac d t r pri s w ,
fid th as o ou r oc o -
n ce e co n e e
w ll b i g
e f d r hil d
-
e n r l ti
o but i f y ur vi li is t
a ea c or e a on o o n no
an hist ri l i stru m t d y
o ca y urs l f fiddl m k r
n en ,
an ou are o e a e -
a e ,
am t ur a e th r w is y w ill fi d y urs lf quit p bl f

or o e e, ou n o e e ca a e o
f ll w i g th b l w giv
o o n d ir ti s f m i ist ri g t th m i r
e e o -
en ec on or n e n o e no
vi issitu d s f y ur i stru m t Al w ys r p ir
c e o oi jury n en . a e a an n ,
or
h v th i jury w h t v r it b r p ir d w ith ut m m t s
a e e n ,
a e e e, e a e
,
o a o en
’
d l y ; v ry m m
e a t b tw
e e th i d t d th e r p r ti
o en e een e a cc en an e a a on
i r s s th d m g
n c ea e e a a e
Pr i n c i pn s o b s ta se r o m e d i c i n a p a r a tu r ,
Cu m m a l a pe r l o n ga s c o n v a l u e r e m o r a s .
As a first ste p to w a r d s a d i a g n o sis y o u m ust be a bl e

To R e m o v e the B e lly of a Vi l
o i n — Th e b a c k is n e v e r re m o v e d .
a s I ha v e p o in te d o u t o n p 2 60, th e b e lly is put o n w ith m u c h .
thi n n e r glu e , a n d th e re fo re m a y be e a sily ta ke n o ff w ith a

an brittl p rti f th i stru m t Th w i g m ust b lightly

d e o on o e n en . e n e
pr s d d w
es e t p th r k littl glu tr k d i t
o n so a s o o en e c ac ,
a e e s ea e n o
it d th r k pr ss d t g th r by slippi g i
,
an e c ac littl s trip f e e o e e n n a e o
thi w d fixi g it u d r s r w put

n oo , th id n d r n e a c e on e S e, or un e
th fi g e b rd i th figur
n er -
oa as n e e .
C k d C rac Th r rs f th fi ddl fr qu tly g t

e o r n er s — e co ne o e e e en e
Split h i,
F i g 1 89 ith r (1) by th pr sur
as S own n f s m .
,
e e e es e o o e
h vy w i g ht (2) w hilst glui g th t bl s t th i d s i f i

ea e , or n e a e o e S e , n
putti g th s r w s th r rs
n on t r fully v i d d th
e c e e co ne a re no ca e a o e ey
w ill p lit i this m
S r T r m dy th d f t th xtr m
n dan n e . o e e e e ec e e e e en
f th r r m us t b pr ss d o e co ne e e e
t p th r k littl so as o o en e c ac
,
a e
g l m ust b str k d i d ue e ea e n
,
a n a
vi li s r w ppli d j u t t o n c e a e s so a s o
h l d it t g th r i Fi g 1 89 o o e e as n . .
A littl p st just th l gth f e o e en o
th d pth f th si d s b i g t e e o e e e n se
b tw th pp r d l w r e een e u e an o e
r rs t i d d u t r t co ne o a an co n e ac
th pr ssur f th vi li s r w e e e o e o n c e .
Cr a c k t J o i n t, o r a Un g lu i n g 0f
his is i t th e Ta ble s — T a n a c c de n
w hi h s m ti m s ur is c o e e o cc s, a n d
th r sult g r lly svr e e en e a of a e e e
j f ll th b k ( b lly ) ar or a e ac or e
c mi g p rt o ft thr u gh ut o n a a ,
en o o
its l gth l g th tr j i f en ,
a on e ce n e o n o
th t bl It t u fr qu tly e a e . no n e en
h pp s th t th b tt m bl k a en a e o o oc
is ls split h l f thr u g h by th a o a o e
s m m i h p but this is t d i a e s a no s
v r d till th b lly is r m v d co e e e e e o e
,
Fm — . 1 89 . h w hi h is th
Cr a c k s i n th e w i n gs first s t p t rd “ ”
of t e c e e ow a s
ff r p ir f this ki d Th b lly
h d es ’ a n d Sph t c om er ‘
a e a O n . e e
b i g m v d th l s d j i t is pr ss d p
e n re o e ,
str k f
e oo en e o n e e O en ,
a ea o
g lu ppli
e a d thr u gh ut its l e
g th ( d t th split
o r y i o en an o e c an n n
th bl k w h r this h
e oc ls su ff r d ) d th tw h lv s f
,
e e as a o e e ,
a n e o a e o
th e t bl s apr s d t g th r by m s f r m ps d th
e a re e se o e e ea n o c a an e
e d g h l d rs d s rib d i
e -
o th
e xt p r g r ph Wh th
e c e n e ne a a a . en e
w d is v ry
oo ld d te d r it w ill ft
e bo s ry t an n e ,
o en e n e ce sa o
str g th th t bl ft r su h r p ir
en en e this by glui g littl
a e a e c a e a as n e
stu d f str g w w d ( h b ut 1 i h squ r ) ll l g

s o on ne oo eac a o : nc a e a a on
th e r k t i t rv ls t b u t 1 i h % i h Th y
c ac a n e a a a o nc or 2 nc . e are
m d a f m pl
e d th
o ut r surf s h uld b i ly b v ll d
a e , an e o e a ce S o e n ce e e e
o ff ,
th S i d s glu e d to th e t bl e b i g quite fl t
e e I thi k i t a e n a . n
R E P AI RS . 309
be tt e r to d i p s w i th th s i f p ssibl but
s en e e e o e, of en t th e a
g e of
th e w o o d r d rs th ir ppli ti i m p r tiv
en e e a ca on e a e.
Cr a ck e d E dg e s , o r B i ts S p li tfi hi h
Th e e dg e w c o m th e O u tli n e
' —
p r j ts b y
o ec i s
e o n d th e S d e of a fi l th u h
dd e , o
g r t b uty
a g ea ea to
th e n si tru tm e n , a n d o f th e hi h st i p rt
g e m o pr s rv
a n c e to e e e th e
sy mme try o f th e o utli is t

n e, o f e n d a m a ge dby l lli
th e fi d d e fa n g
do w n , o r bi
e n
g f r
o ce d i t
n o or s
o u t o f a ca e to os ll it
ma fo r ,
i tl slips
l t e ti
o f i t ge t n g S plit just
o ff ut r urv s
a t th e o e c e o f th e
upp r e l rb u
an d ow e r
o ts w h e e th e e dg e s ri
o f th e
g b th
a n a re o n
,
o
i s xp s
S de e o e d, a s a t a in B F ig 1 90 b i r il ls
Th e e
g nne w l a o ,
. .
be v ry li bl
e a e to b e tr ub
o l e d by this ish p hm a , w fi ll
e n in na
y
ad jus i r hi
t n g th e o u tli n e a n d a c n g o f th e b k ac b lly
and e ; th e
k i
n fe is l
ch e , or,
pl an e lippi
S n
g littl hips
o ff e c C
as at a i n ,
’
r pr s ti sl b pl
F i g 190 0 e e e n n g a a o f m a e o r pl n e a c e d a n d o u t
.
rh
o u t, but n ot
y s p
et co o ed B th
( o i p s
n B a n d C th e i e ce
’
a a are .
not show n , th e pi s r lly hipp

e c e e a c e d b i
o ff e n r lly v ry
g g en e a e
s l
mal ) i hip us b
Th s c . m t
i itl s rh
m m ed a e y ea c e d fo r
a n d se c ured o r if it c an n ot ,
u
be fo n d th e e d g e m s t be u,
s v str i ht
ha e d a
g and l t
f a ,
an d an o th r
e l lip
sm a l s of
w o od g lu
ed on Bo th th e .
o ri gi l hip na th cw ,
or e ne
S lip h vi g b a
g l d
n it e en ue ,
m ust b fix d t th i d
M
e e o e 5 S e,
an d h ld th r eby e
A e an
dg h ld r ( p ssibly spl i t fr o m
i gg
e e -
o e 01
‘
o FI G . 190 . re -
e ttm e ce s
m trl 6 d le
This pp r tus e on o
tw )
'
o . a a a ,
w hi h c b t ca n t f strip f i h d l i
e cu ouf w o an y o nc ea n a e
m m o t is r pr t d l
en s, t A F i g 190
e ppli d t
e se n e a on e a , .
,
a e o an
u n sc o o p d sl b t C e d ppli d t th
a dga f m pl t d
,
an a e o e e e o a co e e
fi dd l t B i th s m fi gur Th h l d r its l f is i
e a n e a h s e e . e o e e n e ac ca e
l tt r d I ;
e e e d f it i pl
) d
on e en th g lu d hi p d th o s a ce on e e c ,
an e
o th r d b i g just sh rt r th th br d th f th fi ddl it is
e en e n o e an e ea o e e,
d w d w
ra nth urv d dg e f th th r i d till it is firm ly
o n e c e e o e o e s e
se t th, utli e f th fi d d l b i g thus w d g d f st i t th

o ne o e e e n e e a n o e
h l d by its w urv tur Wh th glu is d y d th

o e r o n c a e . en e e r an e
h l d r i r m v d th pl
o e s e w h r o th split w w ill b i
e , e a ce e e e as e n ~
vi ibl I f h w v r y h d l st th hip d h d t pply

s e .
,
o e e ,
ou a o e c an a o a a
ne w lip f w d th ut r surf
S o f th l tt r m ust b
oo ,
t e o e a ce o e a e e cu
an d h p d t s a f r m t th
e utli f th t bl
o con o o e o ne o e a e .
Cr a c k i n B oo k or B e l ly r e s u l ti n g f r o m P r e ss u r e of S o u n d p o s t -
.
-
T his i d m g t s a a a e o f e n fo u n d o n o l d o n , e ec a vi li s sp i lly
o n on es
of n o t v ry x ll t m k
e e ce en a e, o r w hi h h v cb i g ra tly fitte da e een no n
310 V I O L I N MAK I NG -
w ith to l o g s o u d p st Th r c ks i th se se s ge e r lly
o n a n -
o . e c a n e ca n a
o c c ur rly th w h o l l gth f the pl t
n ea d t r p ir th m
e e en o a e, an o e a e
y ou m ust pr c e d f ll w s H vi g tok ffeth b lly th as o o : a n a en o e e ,

e
full e xt t f th e c r k w ill b e m visibl
en o d it w ill b fo u d ac co e e , an e n
th t the w d t th p i t fr m w hic h th r k s m s to st rt
a oo a e o n o e c ac ee a
aw y a e ith r si d h
on w rk d thi th t b sid s m di g th
e e as o e n so a e e en n e
,
cra k th w d m ust h r b re pl d by r ful v e ri g
c ,
e oo e e e a ce ca e en e n .
Th r k m ust first b m e d d by pr ssi g it slightly p

e c ac d e n e e n O en ,
an
ru i g stre k f le r g lu e d w it i th rdi ry m an r
nn n a a o c a o n n e o na ne ,
w ith ld k i f
an thi stri p f w d ; w h y
o n e sur or n o oo en ou are e
F I G 191 — Ap p a r a tu s f o r
. . s tr e n g th e n i n g a n old ta b l e w i th a v en e e r o f n ew w o o d .
th t th glu h
a e w ll thr u gh ell l g th c r c k w ipe
as run e o a a on e a ,
a w y sup rflu us glu e
a de t th fi d dl sid t d y
o an se e e a e o r .
Wh th glu is p rf c tly d y y m y pr c d t v
en e e ri e e r
,
ou a o ee o en ee n
a pl t f w d i th f ll w i g m
a e o oo r F this purp s y
n e o o n an n e . or o e ou
w ill r quir m ul d pl t
e d pr ss r pr s t d by F i g 1 91
e a o -
a e an e e e en e . .
,
I this fi g ur e A r pr s ts m ul d pl t
n pl te f h rd w o d
e e en a o -
a e a o a o
an i h d h lf
nc thi k i t w hi h i
an a ka ra the r t o f
o r so c ,
n o c s sun ,
or ou
w hi h is s o p d th
c ppr xi m t r hi g f b k b lly
c o e e a o a e a c n o a ac or e
,
B th r f r e r pr s ts s ti d w th
e o e e tr f th m ul d
e en a ec on o n e cen e o e o
pl t Y w ill fi d th t i f y
a e . ou t it r u d sh w by th n a ou cu o n as o n e
d tt d li
o e A it w ill b mu h
n e on si r t w rk w ith but m i d
,
e c ea e o o n
an d t it w ll l r f th s
cu p d p rt 0 r pre s ts th pr ss
e c ea o e 00 0 e a . e en e e
i ts l f w hi h c o i t f
e . cl w e r pl t i o te d by the tw o
ns s s o a o a e, ,
c n nec
K : AS I T WAS AND I s.
at pl ce w h r th pr ssur f th hi is ppli d d a t
th e a e e e e e o e c n a e ,
an
th p rt on th
e sid f th
a k w h r th h d r sts w he n
e e O e . n ec e e e an e ,
pl a yi g i th th ird p siti
n n Th first f th s
e ti g n i s o on . e o e e co n n e c e
s l d m c ur t pl y rs w h
e o o c e th ppli o k w a e o us e a a n ce no n as a
c hi st
n -
this
re triv ,
a s s rv s i m r t h l d the
co n a n ce e e n a an n e o o
be lly f st d pr v t its b
a m i g u gl
an d I ith r s th
e en e co n n ue . n e e ca e e
d m g is r tifi d
a a e fo ll w s T k ec rd i ry ld t bl
e as o : a e an o na o a e
k ifn d thrusti g it i
e, an i f b ut t t k th b lly ff th n n as a o o a e e e o e
i stru m t s rt i th x t xt t f th h rm d
n en , a ce a n but b e e ac e en o e a on e, e
ca r ful t by this m s t i c r s it I f y tur t th

e no ean o n ea e . ou n o e
d ir ti s w hi h h v b
ec on g iv f g lui cg th b lly
a
y e
o een en or n on e e
,
u
w ill fi d h w th b lly b i g h l d i p siti by s r w s th e

n o , e e e n e n o on c e ,
thi glu is ppli e d w ith th bl d f t bl k i f glui g

n e a e a e o a a e -
n e
,
n a
pi e cet tim Pra d h r pr is ly s i m il rly thi i g

a e . o ce e e e ec e a ,
nn n
d w th g lu w ith w rm w t r
o n e d usi g pl ty f it
e Th a a e ,
a n n en O . e
g l u w hi h h l d s th
e b lly c v ry wh r o e ls i this p re ti e on e e e e e, n O e a on
t k s th e pl e o f th s r w s but s m re p ir rs put
a e ac eupl c e ,
o e a e on a co e
o f s r ws c e c h si d f th l s
,
one on d p rt t pr v t th e
ea e o e oo en e a ,
o e en
O p r ti e f pplyi g th
a on
g lu ofr m xt
a d i g th i juryn e e o e en n e n .
Wip ff th sup r flu us g lu
e o usu l d pply thr
e e fo r o e as a ,
an a ee or u
s r w s t th p rt glu d w hi h
c e o t k e ff w h th glu i s
e a e ,
c are a n O en e e
d y r d y ur r e p ir is c m pl t
an o a o e e .
Sp li t B l h — I t s m ti m s c c urs f o m oc c id t o r l ss
o e e o ,
r ac en r ca e e
ne ss th t w h th ribs f fidd l
,
a e b i g w rk d up
en e o a e ar e n o e on
w ith o ut ith r th b k b lly tt he d ( f i st

e e e ew
ac or e a ac a s, or n a n ce , n
m d a ribs b f r th t ble s h ve b
e fix d ) th upp r
e o e e a a een e on , e e or
l w r bl k w ill split p e rp d i ul rly thr u gh ut its d pth i

o e oc en c a o o e n
this s th split b i g p d d su ffi i y f g d glu

ca e e e n o en e ,
a n a c en c O oo e
b i g
e n i th twru n plit h lv s m ust b squ d t g th r
n, e o S a e e eez e o e e
w ith th fi g rs d c r m p d i t th t p siti w ith

e n e ,
an ir a e n o a o on an on
c r m p d tw slip s f pi th r m p b i g fix d t right
a an o . O ne
,
e c a e n e a
an gl s t th ribs
e o e .
H o w to S p li ce a H ea d u
p on a Ne ck an d fit sa m e to a F i d d l e .
— I n m a ki n g a
fi dd l g iv m d l it is g l ly t h e on a en o e , e n e ra e
c usto m t t m k th h d i no pi w ith th
o k b t
a e e ea n one e ce e n ec
,
“.
u
s p r t fr m it d spli d
e a a e t o it is h r i ft r
,
an ce
”
on o ,
as e e na e
d s rib d
e A d g i this d li te p r ti
c e . is ft r quir d
n a a n, e ca O e a on O en e e
t b p r f rm d
o e l d vi li s ; f
e it m ust b r m m b r d th t
o e on O o n or e e e e e a
( I
as h v s i d b f r ) l d
a i str
e m ts
a th ri g i l k
e o i e on O n u en e o na n ec s
al w ys t sh rta s qu t o th lt r ti i th pr s t
oo o ,
con e en n e a e a on n e e en
pit h a d r quir s t b r pl d by
c ,
n e w k suit d t e o e e a ce a ne n ec e o
m d r r quir m
o ts A d g i
e n e si m pl r p a ir it is
e en n a a n
,
as a e e ,
on e
of th m st fr qu tly r quir d
e od i m p rt t ; f e it n st tly
en e e an o an or co an
h pp s th t fr m b d h i
a en fw d a i f ri r fitti g th
o k a c o ce o oo ,
or n e o n ,
e n ec
si k f r w rd (
n s t m k th o d f th fi g
a sob rd t as o a e e en O e n e r- oa oo
R E AI R S P . 31 3
lo w ) , t w ists o i li s t
or ,
sid i ll f w hi h
r n c ne sa o on e e, n a O c c a se
n w
e k m ust b dju t d r th r th r s r t t th lu m sy
nec e a s e a e an e o o e c
e xp d i ts f v
e en ri g d r fi tti g th ri gi l
o en ee n k A d an e n e o na n ec . n
this r p ir e p r ti is p f r m d
a or o f ll
e s If y
a on er o e as o o w ou a re
fitti g n w a k t ne l d fi dd l
n ec b gi by prisi g ff th
o an o e, e n n o e
fi g
n b rd d t w i th
er -
oa an ld t bl k i f th
nu t th h d an O a e -
n e, en cu e ea
o ff th ld e k l s
O
p u
n ecd r th hi
c o d t
e uth l d k n e e c n
,
an cu e o nec
ff th fi ddl l s p sibl b v th
O e e as c o e as os e a o e e
sh ul d r Thus w h th r y ur h d is ld o e .
, e e o ea O
w
y h th h d or t A F
n ei g s ,
ou ave e ea as a , .
1 92 an d 193, P la te V or a s on
tk bl k
NO W a e a oc fo r
k pr p r
th e n e c , a n d e a e and
q r it
s ua e rib
a s d e sc e d in
pa e 269
g k
T a k e th e n e c
.
an d r pi g it t th
c am n o e
pl i sur f
a n f th bl k a ce o e oc ,
as d s ib d i p g 2 7 7
e cr e n a e ,
w i th m rk i g ap i t a n o n .
m rk thi
a u tli th s o ne on .
bl k d t it t Th
oc an cu ou . e
m t ri l y
a e h v tha s ou a e e re
fo r e to h a n d a r e th e
srl
c o l , a n d (ii ) th e ou
g h . r
n ec , u k
c is a o t 72 hi h b u
i
n c h e s l o n g, 1 2 3 i n c h de e p -
a t th e sh o de , a n d ul r
in c w de on h th e fa c e i
d o w n th e e a c c e n e O f x t tr
th e s u r fa c e 0 f W h 10h ou
y F 1 9 3 — O p e r a ti o n o f
us r tr ht l
I G . . .
m t d a w a S ai g lue, S p l l c m g h e a d o n to
m ew )
w c w hi h ill li
b e th e n e a a
' .
s
F i g 193, 195, a n d 196 .
F e a e th e . irst pr p r
1 I G 192
.
O p e r a ti o n O f
e a d to h
e ce r iv
e th e s pli c e , a s fo o w : Fi
g ll s ,
r pr s ts b s r
'
th e o f th e f o n t O f th e
-
s p l i c i n g h e a d o n to 1941 e e e n C a e
n e cmmd e m w ) ‘
p g
e b o x (b, F i g - W a fin e .
en on ith t
sa w m a ek t h e tw o c a b ,
auts
’
b
’
,
F i g 19 4 a s d e e a s th e .
, p
tt
bo o m o f th e pe g bo x , trifl e
-
a a p rh ps
e de e e , a s a t a a p r
F i g 192 (th e
. sh p rt r pr s
a de d a
,
Fi g 1 9 2 ,
e e e n ti n g th e p e g b o x ) ,
.
-
ith
an d c u t o u t w k i his l
th e sa w , n fe , a n d c e a ll th e a c, p rt
u til
F i g 194 , n
. h b r thus r is q it l
th e c a m e fo m e d u e c ean an d a e .
squ r ,
th e li s ne quit str ht
a l)
,
a
’
a r e p i e ai
g , a n d th e o n t s I) , l) , a r e
h rp
S a k i
a n d fi n e a s th e e d e O f a ist
g n fe T h e d an ce O f e e. th s
p oi ts
n r(, )
6 b
’
th r h ul
f o m o n e a nrly
o e S o d b e a s n ea as o e p ssibl
314 VI O LI N M A I NG-
K : AS I T WAS AND IS .
1 nci h but f c o urs this d p d s th br dth f th m d l

, O e e en on e ea o e o e
O f th e s r ll Wh this h m b r i fi ish d s m th d l
c o . en c a e s n e oo an c e an ,
y ou pr e d t
c an pr p r t
och k (B
e F i go 1 9 2 1e93 a d 1 96)
e e n ec ,
s .
, ,
a n
w ith th i l plu g F i g 195 t fit i t this h m b r T k

e con ca ,
.
,
o n o c a e . a e
th br d th b t w
e ea th si d s f th p g b e een t F i g 1 94
e e o e e -
ox a a ,
a
'
,
.
,
w ith p ir f m p ss s m sur this br d th
a a O co a rul e
,d ea e ea on a e ,
an
d ivi d it x tly by h l f ( th t if th br d th w
e e ac a
a i h y so a e ea as nc ,
ou
h v y ur m p s s p
a e o coi h) M rk ff this d ist
as e o en
1
3; nc . a o a n ce
I b Fi g 1 95
)
’
,
h sid f th li e
.
,
on F i g 195 w hi h p
eac e O e n a a ,
'
.
, c re re
s ts th f
en f th e k bl k b f r th plu g is t N w
a ce O e n ec oc e o e e cu . o
t k th br dth t b F ig 1 94 d m rk ff h l f f it
a e e ea a .
,
an a O a o ,
c c
’
F i g 1 95 . h sid f th li
,
on eac F i g 1 95 ed t ki g th
o e ne a a
'
,
.
,
an a n e
p i ts I
o n d b ) Fi g 195 a g ui d s d r w
c, a n
’ '
c, th sur f
. f ,
s e ,
a on e a ce o
F i g 1 95 th li s d
. dd e N w ne t w y w ith e an his l d ’
e
’
. o cu a a a c e an
pl l l th p rts f f
ane a utsid th li d d F i g 195 d
e a
’
o e e nes e,
’
e
'
,
.
,
a n
g o onsh vi g d fittia
g till
n th plu F
g( g i
an 1 9 5) x tl
n
y fits i t e . e ac n o
th h m b r (F ig 194 ) f t e c a e . as
d l s ll r u d i F ig an c o e a o n ,
a s n s .
at a
193 a n d 196 AND N B , th e . . .
ist r d a n c e f o m b to c , F ig 1 92 , .
is rly as p ssi
n ea as o ble 4 %
i hs sh ul r b i
nc e
,
th e o d e e n
g i n
r u h st t
th e o g sp i l r a e E ec a ca e .
ust t k m this
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fitti th t nli
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h e ne a a
’
,
F g .
is
1 93 a n d 196, x tly in a n e a c
r i ht li
5
F I G 194 — B a s e o f p e g
st a ith
g ne w tr th e c e n e
.
box pr epar e d to r I d e
g r t
d O f th e f on O f th e
s r ll
S p h c e o n to n B Ck
c o
‘
th r is
A, F i g 193 (o e w e, h ea d .
o f cours he , th e ill ead w str i htn o t be k

a
g t is
o n th e n e c
) W h e n h .
b xt thi is
h a s e e n d o n e , th e n e lu n
g pl i t o
g b r
e th e u
g n to t h e cha m e ,
w hi h is
c ll s rk
d o n e a s fo o w : M a li
o n th e si d e o f B , F i
g 1 9 2 ,
a n e ,
.
hr
w e e th e p i t i s
o n r h s it
6, F g 194 a n d 196, e a c e o n . a s a t c, F i
g .
1 93 T his is k
. push
to n o w h o w fa r to plu i t br
th e g n o th e c h a m e ;
h it is lu
fo r w e n g lu ts
e d th e g lubri t
e ac th r is
as a can , a n d e e
g r te a r pu h
d an
g e O it
f s i n
g thus plitti
t o o far, an d S n
g o ff t h e
h k
c e e s o f th es r l c o llu si s b tt
. plu
No w g e th e d e a n d o o m o f th e g
a n d th ei si n h b r push
d e O f th e c a m e , a n d plu i its pl th e g n to a ce
,
w ipi n
gs p rflu s l
O ff u e ou r pi
g ti ht i t its pl
u e and c a m n
g i t g n o a ce
by r pi ir s
m e a n s o f tw o c a m n
g r pi bl ks f
on an d c am n
g oc f,
’
hi h ust
F i g 1 93, w c m
. pr t t by rk sur s
be o ec ed co fa c e g g ; a n d'
b t r sur s
e w e e n th e c o k si s s r ll ust ls
fa c e a n d th e d e o f th e c o m a o
be put slips pp r of pr t t
a e to v r sh
o ec s r ll
th e a ni o f th e c o .
i il rly pl
Sm a th r r pi
a ce an o e rc am i h r pi b ks
n
g i on w t c am n
g l oc at
ri ht
g lsan
g e fir t p ir
to th e s bl ks b i sh
a , t h e oc e n
g a p e d a n d se t
As I T WAS AND 13 .
li ine ,
F i ghi h giv s y th pr p r
1 92,
w . t f th sh ul d r
c e ou e o e se o e o e
bs a p t this li
e. Re e a th th r si d d th r fully ne on e o e e
,
an en ca e
w ith t a fin e w
enon d t th d pl t w y l l th wsa d an oo e an e cu a a a e oo
b l w th s li s
e o N w p i g th
e e ne m p ss s . i h fr m the o O en n e co a e nc ,
o
p i t h ( th n t li ) Fig 1 96
o n on th li
e u
( wh r it isne
,
.
,
on e ne a a
'
e e
c r ss d by b s t ff i h
o e h si d f h th li
e bbO nc on eac e o on e ne
’
,
w hi h ill giv us th p i ts f f Ag i p i g th
c w e m e o n
’
. a n o en n e co
p ss s i
a e t ff d i nsi m il r m
.
,
s e r m rk tw p i ts
o ,
an n a a anne a o o n ,
gg fr m
'
,
t h p i ot e t h li h h
e d o n t by m s on e ne
’
,
a n con n ec ean
o f fi a li e th p i ts f d g
ne n d f d g F i g 196
e o n an ,
an
’
an
’
,
. .
Th s l st tw li s g iv th
e e a rr t pr p rti s f th
o ne k e e co ec o o on o e n ec
rea dy t fi ish This is d e by utti g w y l l th w d

o n . on c n a a a e oo
r pr s t d by th sh d d p rts i i F ig 196 w ith k i f d

e e en e e a e a
'
,
.
,
a n e an
c his l d th
e ,
w ithan k if h
g y l r u
en d i g th k d a n e r ou o n n e n ec an
sh l d r t th ppr xi m t sh p f th fi ish d
ou e o e a k d o a e a e O e n e nec an
sh ul d r but l vi g ple ty f w d t
o e ,
t w y
ea d fi ishn n o oo o cu a a an n
w h th en k is t e th fi dd l ; ls
n ec b v ry r ful ise on e e a o, e e ca e n
c utti g l g l s t th li s f g f g o t t bri g t th
n a on c o e o e ne ,
’ ’
,
n o n ou e
c urls f th w d w ith th k if I f this d s u f tu t ly

o e oo e n e . oe n or na e
h pp y m ust t
a en ,
g lu
ou b k t h c hip thus pul l d a t on ce e ac e e ou ,
an d wh d y m pl t th
en p r ti r , c o e e e O e a on .
N w fi i h th p g b
o by utti g t w ith k i f
n s e d s m ll
e -
ox c n ou n e an a
c his l ll th p rt f th plu g j (F i g 196) w hi h fills it up Thi

e a e a o e . c . s
is t g r o t xt a t lr d y d ea by th d ri
e l l h l s enb v a ea one e o e a o e
m ti d but th thus h y m b d w d m ust b r f lly

en one , e one -
co e oo e ca e u
c hi ll d d pi k d t
se e an t m k p rf t d l ly
c e ou so as o a e a e ec an c ea n
pr p rti d p g b
o o sh
one t d F i g 194 ( d d s ri b d i
e -
o x, a s ow n a ,
. an e c e n
p g a e Th littl w i gs j F ig 192 l ft b v th e urv e n , ,

.
,
e a o e e c e
o f th p g b e by this p r ti m ust b r fully h is ll d

e -
ox o e a on e ca e c e e
d ow nt th ld w do F i g 194 e d th w h l
O f th i t ri r
oo c, .
,
an e o e O e n e o
an d fr t f th w b s
on f th p g b x thus m d b i g
o e ne a e o e e -
o a e e n
n ea tly fi ish d w ith fil th h d d kn e fi i h d r dy a e, e ea an n ec are n s e ea
t o t th
se fi ddl D uri g th w h l f th p r ti
on e e. f n e o e O e o e a on o
fi ishi g th p g b th b k f th s r ll h u ld b h l d
n n e e -
o x, e ac o e c o S o e e
fir m ly g i st th d g f th b h pr t t d w i th m y f ld s
a a n e e e o e en c , o ec e an o
O f l th to pr v t i j ury t th v r ish i f it is
c o e en l d fiddl n o e a n an O e, o r
t th
o r i g i f it is
e ca w v n a ne one .
Ho w to se t the Hea d an d Ne ck up o n the B o dy of the F i d d le .
fi l is
I f th e dd e w th h m b r t r i th k m us t
a ne on e, e c a e o e ce ve e n ec
be c u t a s d e s rib d i p 27 7 ; i f h w v r it is ld fi d d l
c e n .
,
o e e ,
an o e
t w hi h fitti w k th r m i s f th l d
o
y g c ou are n a ne n ec ,
e e a n O e O
sh uld r m ust be t w y t r iv th w B gi by t ki g
o e cu a a o e ce e e ne . e n a n
a fi t ne w d t d w th sh ul d r l s t th butt
en on sa ,
an cu o n e o e c o e o e on,
a l m st s f o th sid s ; th
a m k th r c t t right gl
ar as e e en a e an o e u a an es
to this fr m th fr t f th sh ul d r S
on e t l v
o ly e on o e o e ,
O as o ea e on
RE P A I R S . 317
th e b s f th ri gi l sh ul d r sti ki g i th h m b r i
a e o e o na o e c n n e c a e n
w hi h it w fi tt d This r t t sp k m ust b
”
c as e . t t oo ,
so o ea ,
e cu ou
i n s m ll hips h l d i g th fi dd l by th
a c ,
i t b tw o y ur n e e e w a s e een o
k e s w ith its b k t w r d s y ur l f
n e ,
d r fully hippi g
ac o a o se
,
an ca e c n
o t th
u r t f th l d h uld r w i th s m ll his l t ppi g i t
e oo o e O S o e a a c e
,
a n
w ith a h m m r till th w h l a f th h m b r is l r d t m
e e o e o e c a e c ea e ou ,
a
i s i th n d iti f th
e h m b r fi ish d i p 27 8 Gr t
con on o e c a e n e n . . ea
ca r m ust b
e tk ot t hip w y pi s f th b lly f
e a en n o c a a e ce O e e o
th fi ddl w ith th first f w hips f thi

e e p r ti e id t e c O s o e a on ,
an acc en
w hi h m y bc o bvi t d by m ki g tw
a e lit tl uts b t w a e th a n o e c e een e
ro t of th l d sh ul d r
o d th
e O d g s f th b lly i t w hi h it
o e an e e e o e e n o c
ha s b le t een .
Wh th h m b r h b en c t
e s d s rib d i
c a p 27 8e as ee n u
,
a e c e n .
,
o r
h s b
a l d
een t b v th b s f th sh ul d r m ust b
c ean e ou as a o e, e a e o e o e e
c r e fully
a t t fi t l s ly i t cu it r gul ti g th utti g w hi h
o c o e n o
,
e a n e c n ,
c
is d w ith
on e pl d hi l by th a h m b r d m ki g
ane an c se , e c a e ,
an a n
th sl p e qu l b th sid s by m s f th f ls squ r Th
o e e a on o e ean o e a e a e . e
b s f th sh uld r m ust b t w y w h fi t t d till fr m th

a e O e o e e cu a a en e
,
o e
ib ( t th dg f th fi d d l ) t th t th li bb ’
r s no e e t e o e e o e nu o e ne ,
F i g 196) th d ist
. is x tly 5 f i h I utti g w y
e a n ce e ac
3
1 1? o an nc . n c n a a
th b s gr t r m ust b t k
e a e
,
t t split pi
ea ca s f th
e e a en no o e ce o e
sid s th r fe d this is bvi t d by l w ys w tti g th

e eo an ds f o a e a a e n e en o
th gr i b f r
e utti g it d w rki g g i st th br d dg
a n e o e c n ,
an o n a a n e oa e e
o f th b h Th b k f th sh ul d r m ust b t t fi t l s ly
e en c . e ac o e o e e cu o c o e
a
g i st
a n th butt d t h be s m ust b onc t t ,
fi t ant h e a e e so u o e
c h m b r th t h ldi g th fi dd l h ri t lly t th y th
a e ,
a o n e e o z on a o e e e, e
f o t f th sh ul d r pr j ts just
r n o e f o i h b v th b lly e o ec O an nc a o e e e ,
an d b x tly v ll r sse e ac
i f i e h b
en v b tha t ac o o an nc a o e, o a
h d h F i g 1 96 Th pr p r s t b k
an
’
,
. f th . k is tt i d e o e e ac o e n ec a a ne
wh str ight d g p rp di l rly l i d l g th li '

en a a -
e e e en cu a a a on e ne a a ,
F i g s 1 23 d 196 is ju t % f
. ani h b v th b lly b t w th ,
s
1
7 o an nc a o e e e e een e
n ci ks f th ff h l s N w fi d th x t
o e tr b t w
o e . th o n e e ac ce n e e een e
f f h l s i th o e rd i ry w y w ith m p ss s d m k s m ll
n e o n a a ,
co a e ,
an a e a a
p i t A str ight d g m t i id w ith this p i t w ith th

o n . . a -
e e us co n c e, o n , e
b se f th li
a o t F i g 196
e d w ith th
ne a a tr ridg f th
’
a c, .
,
a n e ce n e e o e
s r ll d F i g 193 i f it d this th
c o , . k is t str i ght l oe s ,
e n ec se a a so ,
pl w d
a ce a
g fl t s r fe d put t
e onh fi d d l w i t
a h th a k u a ce , a n e e e n ec
i n p siti (it sh ul d fit ti gh t u gh t b bl t rry th

o on o en o o e a e o ca e
fi ddl b ut by it w ith ut h ifti g

e a o mi g t) si d w ys
,
o s n o r co n ou e a on
th t bl e p shi g it t th w dg till th
a e, u
“
n
y f th s c r ll o e e e e e e ) e o
t u h s th i li d surf
o c e f th w dg
e nc t w hi h p i t o n th
ne a ce o e e e, a c o n e
i li d surf c m k m rk N w t r th fi dd l v r
nc ne a e a e a a . o u n e e o e ,
so a s
t r p t th pr
o e ss d i f th th r y t u h s th i li d
ea e o ce ,
a n e o e e e o c e e nc ne
surf t th s m m rk th
a ce a k is t str i ght O th fiddl
e a e a ,
e n ec se a n e e.
T his suppl m e t l t st is o t so c e rt i e s th n first s m tim e s
a e n a n a e ,
as o e
5 18 VI O LI N M A K I NG : -
As IT WAS AND Is .
a s r ll m y h v
c o y sh rta r th th th ra B e t
e on e e
w th e o e an e o e . ee n e
c hi b F i g l 92 d th t p f th butt
n , ,
. th e d ist ,
an sh uld e o O e on , a n ce o
b j ust 4 1 f i h tho u gh this w ill s m ti m s v ry slightly

,
’
e 1 ;r O an nc , o e e a
w ith th m d l e o e .
All th se c d iti s h vi g b e ee bs rv d fi ish th j i t w i th

on on a n n o e e ,
n e o n
a fi e fil e glu b th sh ul d r h m b r
n ,
d butt
e qui kly d
o o e ,
c a e ,
a n on c an
pl ti full y an d r m p th e
en k i
,
its pl w ith c a ir n ec n a ce an
‘
on,
pr t ti g th butt w ith c r m pi g bl k s
o ec n e usu l B f r on a n oc ,
as a . e o e
th glu s ts
e d b fo r th
e r m p is fix d
e ,
a n fi ll th t th e e e c a e
,
s ee na y a e
k is t str ight b th b o v t sts d t sid th w h l a e a e e
h fix d t d y w h th p r ti b i g m pl t d w
n ec se ,
a n se a e e o e
w en e o r en , e O e a on e n co e e ,
e a re
r dy t put th fi g b rd d s rib d i p g 297

ea o on e n e r- oa ,
as e c e n a e .
V i hi g R ep i
ar n s — I t st d s t r sn th t th
g r t
a r s. t an o ea on a e ea ar
a n d s r t o f su ec ssful r p iri g is t
e l th f t f
cce e a n o c o n ce a e ac o
a r p ir h vi g t k pl
e a t ll ;
a d th w y i
n w hi h
a en ll a ce a a an e a n c a
tr m y b
a ce ff c tu lly hi dd
a is by s i ti fi
e e d e rtisti c a en c en c an a
va r ishi gn n .
W w ill supp o s th t
e k h be fitt d t e rigi l a a new n ec as en e o an o na
h d d t i th fidd l
ea an d s rib d b v ; th
se n bj t t b t
e e, as e c e a o e e O ec o e a
t i d is t
a ne l th f t f its b i g
o con ce a w k by v r ish e ac o e n a ne nec so a n
i g a d C l uri g th
n n w w o o d t r d r it i d i ti guish bl
n e ne oo as o en e n s n a e
fr m th o l d t w hi h i t is tt h d
e O d t r pl
,
o th ri gi l c a ac e ,
a n o e a ce e o na
v r ish w hi h m us t
a n ,
ss ri ly h v b c s d p p r d ff th n e ce a a e een an -
a e e o e
O ld d i m m d i t ly
w oo tigu us t th j i eI th a e s f , con o o e o n . n e ca e o a
n e w k this il l b t th b tt th t p f th ri bs d r u d
n ec ,
w e a e u on , e o o e ,
an o n
th h i f th r ll Th w k b i g fi ish d d fi tt d i
e c n o e sc o . e ne n ec e n n e an e n
th m e r th t I h v d s rib d m m
an n e by just w hi g v r
a a e e c e ,
co e n ce as n o e
th w w
e ne d w ith a sli ght st i t d rk
oo it littl b f r a n o a en a e e o e va r
h ishi g Thi st i m y b o m p s d f s ffr

n . s bur t u m b r
a n a e c o e o a on or n e
d iss lv d i w t r
o e f s ffr n d bur t m b r m ix d (w hi h
a e , or o a on an n u e e c
is b tt r) but it m us t b
e e t d d ppli d t t e con co c e an a e so as no o
m a k th fi d d le k l k ith r t y l l w t br w Th
e e n ec oo e e oo e o o r oo o n . en
t k a rdi ry pirit v r i h m p s d f h ll d iss lv d i

e an o na S a n s ,
co o e o s e ac o e n
s pirits f w i d v r ish ll v r th
o n e, w w d an d h r a n a o e e ne oo an w e e
th rigi l v r ish h b
e o na r m v d ; tw li ght ts f this
a n as een e o e o co a o
w ill b u ffi i t N w t k d rk r spirit v r is h (t h t l d
e s c en . o a e a a e a n a so
r dy m d by M ssrs J R
ea a dCe f W r d ur S tr t u d r e . . ea an o o a o ee ,
n e
Vi li V r i h d w hi h is w ll tru t d
”
th m
e na f e o o n a n s
,
an c a e -
co n s c e
sh ll v r ish l ur d w i th v g t bl pigm t d t m p r d
e ac a n ,
c o o e a e e a e en ,
an e e e
w ith t d r r g m w ill d v ry w ll ) d v r ish w ll

a en e e u , t o e e an a n e ,
so a s o
d p ee i en l ur th h ul d r f th
n co o k d th hi f e s o e O e n ew nec an e c n o
th l d s r ll w ith th
e O w w c o d dj t t it Y w ill w e ne oo a a cen o ou no
w t lit tl p w d r d d r g s bl d d li ttl bur t u m b r

an a e o e e a on
’
oo an a e n e ,
mi i th s
x n c rd i g t th sh d r quir d by the
e e ac o f n o e a e e e r e St o
.th fi d le w ith th sh ll
e v r ish I f th fidd l is d i t
,
e e ac a n . e e re n on e,
c o n cl u s to n .
t sk is fi ish d
My a n e .
I t i s w ith g ui r g r t th t I l y da w n m y p e f
en s l ne e e a a o n
,
or a
h v g thr u g h i m y m i d th v ri us pr ss s f fiddl
a e one o n n e a o o ce e o e
m ki g i p
“ ’ ”
a d n m d m y fidd l
,
an
g th d ad e es o er a a n
,
e ee an
abs rbi g i t re st w hi h f m tt h s its l f to a ll thin gs

o n n e c or e a ac e e
co n n ec te d w i th
Thi s sm a l l , sw ee t thi n g ,
D e vi se d i n l o v e a n d fa s h i o n e d c u n n i n g l y
”
O f w o o d a n d str i n gs ,
ha s m a de
g r l vi gm ly e vlir th m in ti m e f th e o p e r
o a i o n s n o e e nu o t
w hi h ll its w d r us p w rs i t b i g
c ca on o o e n o e n .
U til h h n pursu d th t e as ca i m gi e th f s i e e ar n o on e n a n e a c na
ti on f i o li m ki g th th us d p i s th e pl y r v r
O v
— n -
a n ,
e o an a n a e ne e
dr m s ea f th th us d t o u h s th u i iti t d y e v r
O
,
e o an c e e n n a e e e n e
a ppr i t s th xquisit w rk O f th i t ri r w hi h
ec a e , e e ys e o e n e o c no e e ,
s v th s f th m k r d r p ir r v r w ill b privil g d
a e o e o e a e an e a e ,
e e e e e
to Th s
se e . th thi g s w hi h m k th
e e a re Luthi r l o v the e n c a e e e e
w rk of his h d s o i f it w r his w
an hil d ,
as e e o n c .
Y rs g (it is s i d ) th r liv d i Br m
ea a o w tc h m k e
a e e e n e en a a a r,
wh s f m o e w u iv rs l f his w t h s w th m st p rf t
a e as n e a , or a c e e re e o e ec
in th w o rl d e N uld d is v r th s c r t f his p o
. O on e co co e e e e o r
e mi c n en At l st h si k
e. d d di d ad th s e c r t w e c en e an e ,
an e e as
rv ld f
e ea e ll his w t h s t pp
,
or d
a by — h h d a c e s e e one on e e a
w r u g ht o littl f his w S ul i t
a eh ti m pi
O d wh o n o n o ea c e e ce, a n en
h d e i d — th y d i d ls !
e e e a o
S O it is w ith th F i ddl m k r his w h l s ul is put i to e e -

a e : o e o n
his w rk b t his w rk d s t d i w ith hi m it liv s d ivi ly

o u o oe n o e e
,
ne
sw t till sh r ld g ru bl s it w y till l g ft r h i
ee , m ee — O a e c e a a ,
on a e s
g d
r an h i l d c g r d hil d r
ren s h ’
v liv d t th ir
an ll tt cd en a e e ou e a o e
thr s r y rs d t i bliss ful ig r

ee co e ea an f th ir
”
sto en , n no a n ce o e a n ce r
“
w ho de fi dd le s m a .
en G tl r
e R e a d e , a u p la i s ir d e v o u s r e v o i r : g e me iv r ste n ow.
Le t m e l a y d o w n th e g o o e l to ta e th e go ge , s quil-
k up u an d fo r a
p
s a c e le t m e e s m e a g a n th e o r u
o n O f th e o em i s luti pr bl
Gi ve n : a {Le e of Mi not: -
Ma k e : a f ibul a
Q u a n tz Ira n b ur r l a te rm 2 i 1 t i tl e z Va n na , ,
'
,
Q u a i n t m e n u i1 b a l m l a gi o i a r l i ra , , ,
Wa tts r m m ut a te l e gn o i n g um bo m al l s .
TO A CH I LD VI RT UO SL .
(Re p r i n te d f r o m The Lu te , S e pte m be r
CH I L D , w h en to -
n i gh t alo n e u po n th e s ta g e
Wi th ti n y h a n d s y o u w o k e th e f e v
’
r i sh ch o r d s
I n s tr ea m s o f h a r m o n y w h i c h m i gh t a ss u a ge
P a s si o n , p a i n , l o n gi n g , o u t o f r e a ch o f w o rds ;
Wh e n (e v ’
n a s Am p h i o n i n th e oldti m e pl a y e d ,
D g d e a d shi p s
r a w in w h i c h fr a u gh t w i th b e in g se e m e d )
Yo u w i e ld e d th e d e ft h o w m y l if e w a s s ta y e d ,
An d I sa t tr a n ce d , a n d , a s I l i ste n e d , d r ea m e d .
I se e you n ow as th e n , c h il d - li k e a n d fa i r ,
Lo s t i n th e cl o u d s o f
ha rm o n y y o u m a d e,
Wh il s t th e li gh t str ea m in g fr o m y o u r su n n y h a i r
R e v e a l e d th e di m pl e b y i ts l u r k i n g sh a d e
An d th e s o f t c a d e n c e o f th e th e m e y o u b r e a th e d
We l l m i gh t h a v e m a d e th e to rtu r e d so u l f o r ge t !
Ra is i n g li v i n g m e m o r i e s w h i c h w r e a th e d
sw e e t
Wi th ga r l an d s n e w th e a sh es o f R e gr e t .
I sa w y o u w h e n s o m e o th e r s tr o n g e r h a n d
I m p r i s o n s th a t w h i c h l a te l y spe d th e b o w ;
An d th i s e r e y e t th e r u n n i n g o f life s s a n d
’
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An d th e n — w h e n bo w a n d cro u de
a s i d e, a re la i d
An d c h il d r e n s h a n d s w a k e f r e sh th o s e e c h o e s b r i gh t,
’
Wil l y o u r e m e m be r y o u r l if e s m o rn in g ti d e ,
’
-
Will m e m o r y b e a r y o u b a c k , d e a r , to to -
n i gh t f
En v o r
Ch il d th u s I d r e a m e d ; a n d
, su d d e n l y I w ok e,
R o us e d b y th e th u n d e r s o f a p p l a u se w h i ch brok e
Fr o m a ll w h o h e a r d y o u — Ah l i n th e To be .
-
Will pr a i se d e li gh t y o u e v n a s n o w , m a m z e
' ’
‘
ED . HE RO N AL L E N
-
.
: AS I T w a s AND IS .
sm e ll i n
g l e b ik
e n z o i n w h e n bu n e d i t i s s o l r
u bl e i n a l co h o l a n d m o s t
o il san d r en
p n etu ti .
(i ) M a dd e r i s a c o l o o b ta n e d f o m th e ur p e e e d o o t s o i
f t h e R u b i a r l r
ti n c to r u m , a s h ru
b g o w n p n c i pa l y i n H o l a n d r ri
Th e r o o are l l . ts
it
l f e d in c o be Ot r
o r No e m b e , th e b o w n e p d e m s i s v r
e m o e d by a r i r i r v
pr o c e s s ca e d
“
ll
r o ba ge ,
”
a n d th e nne p a i s cu t n o s m a ll
p e c ei s r rt i t i
an d
p a c k e d o ff to th e c o u n es w h e e it is
g tri
r o n d n o a fin e
p o w d e r u i t r
fo r u s e .
(j ) L o gw o o d 1s th e d a k r ed h e a r t w o o d o f th e m r a to x lo n
y
-
ca m p e ck i a n u m , a tr
e e w h c h g o w s i n M e i c o a n d Ce n i r
a l Am e ca x tr ri .
r
Th e s a pw o o d a n d b a k a r e pe e l e d o ff, a n d th e h e a r w o o d i s m po te d t -
i r
in b le s il t l r
Th e c o o u di s so e s e a d ly i n bo li n g w a e
. lv r i i tr .
()70 B r az i l w ood i s ob a n ed f om a ti p r v ri
o u s s e c i e s o f O ce s a ai n a
h
g r i
o w n g in B ra z l T h e be s i i
s . h t t
a t o f th e Coe s a l i n a e cli i n a ta o r
p
r
P e n a m b u c o w o o d , w h ic h i s m ch e d fo r m a k i n g u us v l
i o i n bo w s .
r y ll i
Th e d a k e o w sh r e d h e a w o o d i s th e
-
rt
a l a b e pa v u l rt
-
.
()I C i n n a ba r
(o r Ve m i i o n ) A n or e r l
o f m e c u ry , f r
oun d . i n
c r t
y s al s , m a sse s , a n d
p o w de C h r p .i l
e m c a ly i t I S b s l h u r e o f m e c u iu t r r
y .
( )
m 0 7 i m en t, a c o m bi n a ti o n o f a s e n i c w
'
h u
p h r it s l r
u , o f a b ill a n t r i
y e l l
o w co u r k n ow n a s k n
g
’
s y e ll o w i .
( n ) E l em i i s a f a r a n t
g r r i
e s n o b ta n e d c h e y f o m th e Am r i s i ifl r y
e l em ife r a of E
gyp ( w h e n ce i t a t rriv
e s w r a pp e d i n c a n e o r
p a m l
v
l e a e s ), a n d f r o m th e E l a p h r i u m e l e m ifer u m o f M e xi c o I t is .
ll t
co ec e d o n c e a da y f o m n c s on s r
m a d e i n th e b a i ii
in w a m rk r
t r
w ea he , a n d
p u t i n o ca sk s I t i s a t fi stt of a n d s c k y , bu t
. r s t ti
b e co m e s i n m e ha d an d b ti e I t is r a ll rittl
i n gr e e n s h y e l o w , . usu y i -
l
se m it
ra n s a en
-
p m r t
a ss e s w h d a k s e ak s in h e m ,
it w h r c h so f e n tr t i t
w h e n h e d i n th e h a n d l .
( a ) An i m é, o r h a d co pa l , i s th e r
e s n w h ch e d es f o m th e r i i xu r
H y m en w a co u r ba r i l , a n a i e o f S o h Am e ca A gu m o b a i n e d fr o m tv ut ri . t
th e Va ter i a I n d i ca , k n o w n a s gu m a n m , i s e y lik e e c o pa l
( y
on i é vr tru l
lu
m o r e so bl e i n a l c o h o l ), w th w h c h is f e en l
y ic o n f s e d i n i it r qu t u
co m me r ce .
(p ) Cap a l t h r
is a n am e i d is r i m i t l
giv
y t ven ra us g u m e n c na e o an o s,
es p i lly
ec a th t k iam é () T
n ow n h b st as M i
an
p l o . e e , or e x ca n co a ,
is bt i d fr m
o a ne
p i f o H y m a bs t it is
ec e s l s b t i o d en aea , u a o o a ne
f r m Afri
o I di M d g ca , r d B r il I t rriv i r u d
n a, a a a sca ,
an az . a es n o n ,
t st l
a e d url es s l m y ll m s
, o o e ss, it i r dily fu i bl d
e on -
e ow a se s s ea s e an
i fl m m bl
n a d th u gh
a l y l igh tl y
e, an l ub l i
o l h l on d il f s so e n a co o an o o
turp ti en tu l ly i t i r d i ly w h it h b f u d I
n e na ra ,
s ea so en as een se . n
h rda g m it
n e ss , a s a r k s xt tu m b ,
r I t i an i ly lu b l i ne o a e . s ea s so e n
o il s f pik o d r s m ry e d th
an ddi t i
o se f ith r f t h
a , ant e a on o e e o e se o
l h l p m t
a co o its s l ub il ity I t i l s lubl i i l f turp ti
ro o es o . s a so o e n o o en ne
w hi h h c b xp d t th i ( i d p
as een e o se o e a r s e .
a
«
()
q G m t g thu y i l d
ra d b y th
a can h ru b A t ls
g l t e
g t /
e e s s ra a us ra a ca n o
it u i p qu h iti h fl k
o cc rs n O a l y p rti ll y s lu bl
e w s w t r it
a e s, o n a a o e 1n a e
g row s h i fl y i P
c r i e d A in M i r e s a d m an t f r m s a no ,
an co es o us o
Sm y d C
rn a a nt ti p l on s an n o e .
P
A P E ND I X . 325
() r f
O il l
oa ven d er i s o b a n e d b y ti di il i n
g st l
fl o w e o f rs
l a v e n de r
t
w i h w a e ; th e tr a v ri y u
et se d c h e fl i y i
fo r v a r n s h e i s ca e d O il o f s ll
s pi t r
k e , a n d i s o b a i n e d f o m th e La va n d u la la tifo lia , o r sp i ca .
( s ) Cyp r i a n t u r p en ti n e i s t t v ri ty yi
h a a e e ld e d b y t h e P i s ta ci a
le n ti scu s . i ri r
I t i s n fe o to th e Ve n c e i tur t p e n in e .
()t G u m l a c i s th e p o d c r ut of an i s (
n ec t th e Co ccu s la cc a i ) w h ch
iv t i
l e s o n th e w gs o f a o s v ri u tr u (
e e s s c h as B u tea , F i cu s , Cr o ton , e tc
i l
w h c h i t gr a d u a l y c o e r v s i w th a r u t i
e si n o s coa i n g w h c h c o n a i nt s
th e i r i
d e a d b o d e s, e ggs, a n d a p urp lui tt r h t
le c o o r n g m a e w i ch h e y
rt
sec e e . r t i
Th e e ggs ge m i n a e i n s d e th e e s n o r i us v r r
c o e i n g d a w n fr o m
th e tr i t s
e e s b y th e pa r e n t n se c , a n d th e i n ec ts e a t h e r w a y t i t ru h o gh
t u
a n d c o n i n e to b i d u l up ti r i
th e c o a n g o f e s n (o r gu m l ac ), w c h hi
t b
o f en e co m e s a s thi ck a s h a l f a n i n ch , be n i g y h o n e co m be d by th e
b i u
d e a d o d e s o f s c cee di n g ge n e r a i o n t s Wh e n w e l c o v e e d, th e w g
l . r t i s
are
g t r
a h e e d by n a tl v e s a n d s k tr i
o a e d a n d k n e a de d i n h o t w a e , w h c h
o e a
p r ti i v
o n d s so l e s th e co l o ur i n
g tt r
m a e ,
pur
an d ifi e s trh e m a ss f o m
b
th e d e a d o di e s o f th e n se c s i t t i t rs
I t i s h e n pu t n o c o a e b a g a n d
. s
lt r
m e e d b e fo e a fi r e ti it ll ooz es ou t o e v r ti k s c s on w h c i h ri s it d e an d
r l t ll t r u ti
fo m s s h e l l a c w h a fa s h o gh th e s c k s i s ca l e d e a l a c , a n d
-
l t r -
p l a te o r t a bl e t l a c -
i
S .t ck la c is -
t t i s u
h e w g j t y
s t as h t r
e a r e ga h e e d ,
i
s h ppe d w it i uriti
h a ll m p es t i
Th a w h c h i s s h a k e n to th e gr o n d
. u
fro m h e t tr
’
i
e e s by w n d , e tc , is ll t co e c e d, a n d ca
. ll e d se e d la cis It
-
.
Of v ri u
a o s sh a d e s o f c o l o ur r ,
l r r
f o m c e a o a n ge to O pa qu iv r ur e l e co lo -
.
r i lly r
I t c o m e s p i n c pa t tr i
f o m S o u h Ea s e n A s a , a n d i s i m po te d a t
-
r
rt
th e a e o f a bo ut t u ll
o n s a n n a y.
()u S l
a n d a r a ch (s o ca l e d -
) i rittl
s a b tr
e , y e ll o w 1sh , r r i a n s a e n t es n
p
r r i r x
1m p o r te d f o m No th Afr c a , w h e e i t e u d e s f o m th e b a k o f th e r r
Ca l l i tr i s qu a d r i v a l v i s lu l t r ti t
I t i s m o r e s o b e in O i l o f u pe n n e h a n
.
l l
a co h o , a n d i n e c e ss x r e n d e r s th e v i t
a r n sh s o f ritt
an d b le Tr u e .
r u i r
sa n da r a c h i s go t f o m th e c o m m o n j n p e , a n d i s th e sa m e a s j n pe u i r
g u m (a i d e p 1 7 5, No e . t
()v A m b e r i s th e fo s s li g um, r lp o b ab
y o fxi t i ru t
a n e t n c c o n fe o s ree,
u
fo n d ge n e a l r ly u ti it l
i n c o n j n c o n w h c o a , i n l u m ps or e a s O f a t r
y e ll ow or O a
p qu e cour
l o I tur ri tly
. b n s b
g h , r t r rit l
a n d is a he b t e .
t
I t m e l s a t 550 Fa h
°
r u i
I t i s fo n d pr n c i pa lly r
o n th e s h o e s o f th e
ti
B a l c , ca s t up t r t
b y th e s e a , ga h e e d i n n e s , a n d d u g up I t i s a l so
. .
i
so m e t m e s fo n d u n th e e a s t c o a s t O f E n
o
g l an d rti y lu l
I t i s.
p a a ll s o b e
l tt l
i n a l co h o , a n d o a ll y i n c h o r o fo r m .
( i
w ) Asp h a l t i s a k n d o f bi tu i m n ous
p i t cti
h ,
i y r
O b a n e d ch e fl f om
i t
Tr i n d a d , h o u gh it u
i s a l so fo n d i n m a n y o h e p a t r rts l
o f th e w o r d .
i il l i r r i u l
An a r t fic a a sp h a t i s o bta n e d f o m th e e s d e e ft i n th e e o t rtr
a f te r v l ti
th e e o u o n o f c o a ga s l -
r b it
I t e se m l e s p c h , b u t d o e s n o t
.
so i l r i l lu
th e fi n ge s ; i t i s spa r n g y so b l e i n a c o h o , l l but r m o e so i n
O il o f tur ti t
p e n n e ,
e h e r , a n d n atp h h a .
()
as C —
u m a r a bi c is O bt a i n e d fr o m th e A c a c i a a r a bi ca a n d c am ,
t tv rt ri
bo h n a i e s O f No h Af ca a n d E a s te r n A s a , w h e n c e i t i s i m po e d i rt
r
to u s f o m B a r ba r y a n d T k e y ur I t a e s in c o o
. v ri l ur r
f om s aw tr
y e ll o w to d e e p r e d .
326 VI O LI N MA I N G -
K : as IT was AND 1s .
Ca m bo gc i s th e gu m es n O f th e Ca m bo gi a g u ttifer a o f th e r i
Ea st I n d e s i t i
I t i s a h c k y e o w Ju c e , w h i c h e a c h e s u s i n p pe s ,
. ll i r i
r
cy lin d e s , a n d m a ss e s , o f w h c h th e tw o f o r m e a r e th e
p est T h e i r ur .
t
be s co m e s f o m S a m r i .
() y
z M r r h i s th e r i
e s n o f th e B a l sa m o d en d r o n m y r r ha , a n a e tiv
i
o f Ar a b a a n d Ab y s s n i a I t e ud e s f o m th e i
e e i n th c k y e o w
. x r tr i ll
r i r
d o ps , w h c h h a d e n a n d d a r e n o n e po su r e to th e a i r I t e a ch es k x . r
t r u
i n e a s a n d l m ps, a r y n g fr o m y e ll o w to e dd sh b r o w n v It i r i -
.
r tt y
i s b i l e a n d w a x , w h a ba l s a m c s m e l , a n d a n a r o m a i c a n d it i l t
bitt r t t e as e.
( ) p p
a 0 0 o n a a: i s O b a i n e d b
a y p u n c tu r i n
g t h e t
o o s o f th e P a s r t
tim a ca op op o n a x , a k i n d o f pa s n i p , n d i ge n o u s to S o u h e n E u r o pe r i t r .
x
E c e p t a s a pe r f u m e , h s g u m i s n o t n o w m u c h u s e d t i .
( )
b b C op a i ba
(o r Co a m a
p ) 1s th e
'
o l a i e O i l flo w i n g fr o m ees of v tl tr
th e sp e c i e s Cop a ifer a gr o w n g i n o i ca l
p S o h A m e r ca I t i s i tr ut i .
p ir i l
n c pa l y u
se d a s a m e d ci n e i .
AP P E ND I X B
TH E P R E S ER ‘ A r I U N O F TH E I NS TR U M E NT
‘
.
M ANY an d v ri a ugg ti m d t
ou s are th e d th s d uti es on s a e o, an e es
im p d p
o se m t ur
u on w it h
,
a vi t k pi g th i fiddl i g d
a e s, a ew o ee n e r es n oo
d pl yi g rd r rt i th t i li i t
t
con d i ti on an Al th gh i t i
a n o e . ou s ce a n a a v o n s
wh o d t t k
o es nor f d d v ryth i g d iv t th
a e ca e O ,
an o e e n co n uc e o e
we lf r f h i vi li
a e o ,
s v r xp t t m k
o n ,
can
g n ed p fe m r e ec o a e a oo er o r e ,
m y f th p r ti
an O e t d
o e i a th b k
on s rid i l
se ow n d n e oo s are cu ou s an
u n n e c e s sa ry h f , i t su c ,
th or
p r ti m
n s a n ce, m d d b y as e ac ce r eco en e
O tt f r bb i g th tri g f m
o, O u n t t b ri d g
e s w it h
n s
p i ro f n u o e, a ec e O
s i lk m i t d ith lm d il b f r putti g th i t um t y
o s en e w a on O ,
e o e n e n s r en aw a ,
a ft r pl yi g
e a it n d r bb i g t h m d y g i
on ,
an i th l i
u n
g e r a a n w a n en ra
b f r
e o g i
e a u i a n
g i t I t i l
s n
y h p l . t x p t s a w a r f s o e e ss o e ec ow n e s o n ew
fi dd l t p y th t
es o t t ti t b r
a a a i trum t th t t h y
en on o an n ew ns en s a e
b t es o w up th i l r dy di l pid t d d ti m
on e r a ea r m t pi a f a e an e wo -
n a s er e c es o
Cr m e on a
p rt l y, b a t h y d t
e c a u se i d r t h m e t h it d
o no co n s e e w or ,
an
p ar tl y b u t h
e cay l ik t
se t h e m l k i g el d d
o se e rvi m r k d e oo n O an se ce -
a e .
It w ou ld b g r t b e a t f t ea
g t ioon if m o t ur u u l d
ure en er a on s a a e s w o
p r rv
e se t h ire fied d l i n ewll t h i p ri ti es
p i k n d p a e r s ne s c an s an
b eau ty d th i bj t m y b b t i d by f l l i g d dh ri g
,
an s O ec a e O a ne o ow n an a e n
t th f l l
o e i g r l
o ow n u es .
Th vi l i e h ul d l t
o n sb i g pl y d
o ,
a b d u t d fr
er e n f r m ll a e on ,
e s e ee o a
i m pu i ti r d es um l t d r i d t ith
an a cc u a f t il k h
e d os n us , w a so s an
k erc hi f f e r i d u t if ll d t r m i i
,
or os n s , hit a l y r ow e o e a n n a w e a e ,
is pa t t h ok th c vi b ec ti f t h e b l l y t ra y t
on sh i g f i t O e e , o sa n o n o s
328 VI O LI N MAKI NG :
-
As 11: WA S AND I S.
th e u
d po t i s a l so qu e
so n -
s
r a gh t u p, a n d h a t th e n e ck h a s it st i t
n o t su n k fo r w a r d a li l e , as i t so m e m es w ill w h e n a n e w n eck tt ti
h as be e n se t o n th e n s r u m e n t, o r th e fi dd l e h as n o t l o n g l e ft th e i t
m ak e
’
rs
h a n ds Th is w ll a l so o m e i m e s h a ppe n w h e n a fi d d le i s
. i s t
su d d e n l y ca r r e d f o m a wa m i r
i n o a c o d e m pe a r e , th e gl e r t l t r tu u
t
be i n g by hi s m ea n l o o e n e d , a s a bo e m e n t o n e d s Th s b ec o m e s v i . i s
a p p a r e n t by th e s n s a
g pp e a in
g to o h gh tri
a b o v e th e fi n e r bo a d ,
g r i -
r
s
a n d c o n e qu e n ly a n a w k w ar dn e t
be i n g e pe e n c e d w h e n pla y i n g ss x ri
i n th e h gh s h f i i ts
Wh e n h i s h a ppe n , th e o n y h i n g to d o i s to
. t s l t
h a v e a n e w n e c k pu t o n by a go o d w o r k m a n so m e pl a e s ge t o e yr vr
i ult
th e d ffic y y b l ow e n ri
g t h e b d ge ri
,
b u t h s i s a t i
l w a s a da n
y g e ous r
an d u ti t r x i t
n sa s fa c o y e
p e d e n (vi de p S e e h t
a t th e b e ll
y h as .
no t b m u gl d th l ft f th t il pi
ec o e n ue on i m ti m
e e th o e a -
ece , a s s so e es e
c a s e c o n se qu t p th h t f th h i en u on th e igh t f th
ea O e c n , or on e r o e
sh ul d r
o hi he ,
m ti m s r
w c l t fr m so h t he d pl yi g i th
e e su s o a o an a n n e
thi rd d h igh r p i ti s B y t ppi g th fi ddl l igh tl y u d th

an e os on . a n e e ro n e
edg e s, y ti
an
g y f t h
co n i d ri
n
p ti en cb m i m
o m d i t l y s e sc on e co es e a e
a pp r at b yent h u d I f b y y e m i so h n t h . u d p t f l l an sc a n ce e so n -
os a s
d ow n th fi d d l g t u gl
,
or e d t y e f th e b l
s k r n l l l t
ue h a an o e oc s, e ax a e
stri g t n ;
s a i t i b tt
o n ce r t p t p i t h th s t m e
p r rye d i tur b
o u u w e e o a s a n ce
O f th i tru m e t th
ns i d th
en t ri k th d l t i
u s o cc a s o n e t i ,
an o s e e e er ou s s ra n
o th r i p t p th b l ly
e w se u u on e e .
I h id ave rl tsa t f r p ir g t l g b t
,
n eve e a w an th o e a o oo on ,
u ,
on e
o th r h d d t b t
e an ,
i o no t h v y u fi d dl t i ke oo an x ou s d b ut ; o a e o r e n ere
‘
a o
r m m b th t w i th th h m ubj t m pu ti i th v ry l t
e e er a as e u an s ec a ta on s e e as
r rt t b t i d h ll th r m di
e so o e r e w enh p l a o ith th e re e es ar e o e e ss , s o w e
fi dd l T t ak
e . ff th b l ly i
O me o t i th i g d t m dd l
e e s a os se r o u s n ,
an o e e
w ith th b e p tar, t h or d r
sc o o t il l ; t h
ou r f r v e r w oo ,
w o se s e e o e, ne e
su ff r y ur fi d dl t
e o d g th e
p r t io un l v
er ry toh r e se o e a on s un e ss e e o e
m h
ea n s f il d as r h th b l ly t k ff x pt i th
a e ,
n e ve ave fe e a en o e ce n e c a se o
a b d a k l
cr a c i g f ,
bl k ( d
a o o se n n th i t m y b di p s do a oc an e ve n en a e s en e
w ith m ti m l i t t i
so
[ i d e p 30 7 ] es v th e, b t .
g h l f o r un e ss e o s na e as n e ss o
th t e t ll y th i m
on e e s i i t l m pl i t t rt i g
ou ere s so e se r o u s n ern a co a n o ur n
y u
o d rl
r i g a O t h n m .
p ri i p l n v r h if
e t b
sa ut t h e b r id g n c e, n e e s a o e e
an d d p t y r l f (irr i ti bl
so u n -
os i th t d
ou se y t d es s h e as s e en en c o o so w en
th t e gon e w g) o es fi d ll ur onh m tt r t m
co n h i h
g p ri e a t f s c a e s o so e -
es o
th t f l th i
e ar o h m y u tru t ith th
er e, w o ll b i g f y r
ou ca n s w e we -
e n O ou
i stru m
n t en .
B y tt d i g t t h a en th i g g d fiddl
n o e se b k p t i p rf t n s a oo e ca n e e n e ec
o rd r f e i d fi it l gth f tim Th b v di ti m y
or an n e n e en o e . e a o e r ec on s a
d r t b il y m i t d f d dy b t ”
se e m t th o e r ea e o e u n n e c e ssa r n u e an a , u as a
m tt a f f t th p i t I h v
er O ac , t d w e t bo n tt d d t
s ugh t
a e se o n o e a en e o o
no t t r qui r o tti g d
e t ll b t
e se n i ti ti ly b rv d by
ow n a a ,
u are ns nc ve O se e
an y fi d dl r w h r l ly
e h ip h i
o fi d d l
ea
( l s I )
w ar s fi ddl r l s
y s e as a a a e a wa s
d oes l t r
so o n e r By tt ti t th b v m ti d p
or a e . a en on o e a o e -
en on e ar
ti lcu a r s, y u i t u m o t i k r p t i
ns r g d t m p r en d t s d y
e n oo e e an o n e , an ou
a r e sa v d th wf l p e f fi t l s fi d dl
e a u ex p i i
e n se O
g rs -
c a s e re a r n .
APP ENO I x 32 9
AP P E ND I X C .
TH E B I B LI O GR AP H Y O F TH E VI O LI N .
TH E fo l o w g l i n ca t
vi li
a l o gu e t I k w of wo rk s on th e o n ca n n o ,
no ,
p rt
e e n d to yth i g l ik m p l t
an b t I t h i k I m j u tifi d i
n e co e e n ess , u n a s e n
i t t i t i th l rg t l i t h ith rt publi h d f rk s
sa y n g ha s e a es s e o s e ,
o wo
e x l iv ly d v t d t th h i t ry th ry
c us e e o e tru ti o f d e s o , eo ,
co n s c on O ,
an
mi ll
sc e t d w ith th Vi l i I t i m t b i g m r
a n ea co n n e c e ,
e o n . a s a e n no o e
th an tr s ri pt f th
a an t l g c f my i l i li br ry l ib r ry
O e ca a o ue o v o n -
a ,
a a
w hi h f c m y r p t I h
,
o r so g e d g d eai th r ti ms as xp ,
a ve ru e n e e e n or e e n se
t m k
o a m pl t
e a s co p i bl d I h l l
e e as t m it g t f v
o ssu e, a n s a es ee a r ea a o r
if yan f m y rO d w h k f ea
y r k t
e r s, i l d d i th o n ow o an w o s no n c u e n e
f llo i g l i t il l d m
ow n s t f th ir titl t
,
w se n th t I m y e a no e o e e, e c .
,
s o a a ,
w ith thi v l u bl h l p till furth r m p l t t h i bi bl i gr ph y I

s a a e e , s e co e e s o a .
h v a rr g d th ti tl i h r l gi l rd i pr f r
e a an e e es t n c on o o ca o er n e e e n ce o
a l ph b ti l f a e I thi k th f rm r i th m r i t r ti g r
ca ,
or n
g e o e s e o e n e es n a ran e
m t f tud t f th lit tur f th i li

en or s en s o d I h e p l d er a e o e v o n ,
an ave a ce
th uth r m i
e a o s i d x f th m
’
na es t i d i t h i d th
n an n e o e na es con a n e n s an e
f llo i g pp d i i fr t f th i d x t th i v l um
ow n a en ces n th t y on o e n e o s o e , so a an
a uth r o k m yb f u d t
’
s w or w it h ut
a eri ly k i g th
o n a o n ce, o n e ce ssa n ow n e
d t th r f
a e e r h i g th r ugh th h l li t S
eo , or se a c f urth r t
n o e w o e s . O as e o
a id m y r d i t h irea r h I h v d i vid d th pri i p l

er s n e se a tri c ,
a e e e nc a co u n es
fr m o th r
on e pl h i h u f rtu t l y
an o e ,
h a m my an w c n o n a e s ow s e
p ov rty e r g d thas v i li elit r tur

ar f s m f th e ti oI n -
e a e o so e O e na on s .
h v b
a e b li g d by
ee n o t f p e t xl d m g
,
w an t l O s a ce , o e c u e a az
i
ne ar I O es,
e xtr t f m th rac s ro k p t t op i fi ti e d m
w or y th r s, a en s ec ca o n s, an an o e
m tt a er s t d ith th i li
co n n ec e hi h m u t w ly h v e v o n w c s n e c e ssa r i a e
i t r t d th
n e es e h m h th i g o se r w t om f t r d t su c n s co n ce n : a so e u u e a e,
h ow e v r I pr p t m b dy ll t h i
e ,
o o se m pl t o lyti l
e o a e se n a co e e an a ca
bib li gr p h y f th vi li i th f rm f
o a o p r t v l um I th
e o n n e o o a se a a e o e . n e
m tim I p
ean t my r d
e, w ith th
r e se n f ll i g t l gu h i h ea er s e o ow n ca a o e, w c
h as b h ith rt j l
e en ly gu rd d fr m pryi g y
e o ea ou s d hi h a e o n e e s, a n w c
co m p ri th titl s
se s f m y e r k v r b f
e r r f orr d t i any wo s ne e e o e e e e o n an
w rk o th i trum
on t e ns en .
E NG L I S H WO RK S
I . H AMI LTO N, J A H a m l Ca e c h i s m fo r th e V o n
. . Lo n d o n , it on s
’
t i li .
n d R Co ck s (fl Co
. . 12m o Th e fif th e di o n a pp e a r e d i n
. . . ti
184 8 Th e fif e e n h e d i o n . h a s a n a pp e n d t
by J o h n t ti ix
i
B sh o p , a n d a pp e a r e d a b o u t 1883 .
2 F fir l s , F r am go i s J o s ep h
‘ '
B o g a p h c a l No c e o f N c o l o P a ga n i n . i r i ti i i .
l
Fo l o w e d by a n a n a si s o f h i s c o m po s o n s, a n d p ec e d e d ly iti r
by a sk e c h O f th e h i s o o f th e t
o li n T a n l a e d by t ry vi . r s t
We l n g o n G e n se y Lo n d o n , n d : S ch o tt do Co 8v o
li t ur . . . . .
( V i d e No .
330 VI O LI N MA -
K I NG : As I T WAS AND IS .
3 M O YEI K H I ATP E I A ; o r
.
-
a Fi d d l e th e b e s t D oc o tr . Lo n d o n ,
1 77 5 K e a r s l e y .
4 J O USSE, J
. Th e o y r an d Pra c ti ce Of th e V ol i i n . Lo n do n ,
18 1 1 .
5 . M ACD O NALD , J o hn E pl a n a o y O f th e P i n c pl e s
. A Tr e a t i se x tr r i
co n s i n
g t h et tuti
P a c c e a n d Th e o
y O f t h e V r ti
o l o n c e ll o r i .
Lo n d o n , 181 1 Ap p en di x 1815 F o li o . . .
6 ANO N M O U S
. Y
Th e La y O f th e P o o F i d d l e , a P a o d y o n th e La y
. r r r
o f th e La s M in s e W h n o e s a n d ill u s a t o n s : by a n
t tr l it . t tr i
a dm r e O f Wa l e i r Sco t Lo n d o n , 1814 Cr o s by tr t 8v o . . .
7 M ACD O NALD , J o hn
. A Tr e a s e o n th e H a m o n c S y s e m ,. ti r i t
r i
a i s n g f r o m th e br a o n s O f th e a l i u o d vi ti
s on s of s n
g s, q t ivi i tri
e tc , e tc i
Gi v n g a n e a sy a n d fa m li a a da p a t o n o f th e w h o l e
. . i r t i
r
to th e p u po s e s o f c o m po s i o n a n d o f n s m e n al m s c, a n d it i tru t u i
r
m o r e p a ti c u a l y to th e p a c i c e o f th e lr ol n , en o , olo n r t vi i t r vi
l
ce l o , a n d d o u b e b a s s , o n a ll th e s r n gs i n e el y co m -
p a ss O f ti vr
t i t
h e s e n s r u m e n s b y e e y p a c ca l m o d e O f e e c t o n , e tc vr r ti x uti .
Lo n d o n , 1822 P r i n te d f o r th e Au th o r F o li o
. . .
8 I M B E RT D E LAP H ALI z Q U E , G
. S o m e Ac co n O f th e Ce l e b a te d
‘
. u t r
i
V o l i n i s N c o l o P a ga n n t i Tr a n a e d f o m th e Fr e n c h o f i i . sl t r
G I d e L , w i h a d d o n a l n o te s
. . . t
Lo n d o n , 1830 Ch a pp e l l , iti .
e tc La r ge 8VO (a r a n sl a t o n o f NO
. . t i .
9 ANO N M O U S
. Y
P r a c ti c a l R u e s f o r pr o d u c n g H a r m o n i c No e s o n
. l i t
th e Vi o l i n , e tc
’
B u r y S t E d m n d s a n d Lo n d o n , 1831 . . u
Cr a m er .
10 O TT O , J a co b Au gu s tu s
. Tr e a se o n th e Co n s tr u c t o n , P r e s e a . ti i rv
ti
o n , R e a i r s, a n d I m pr o v e m e n
p o f th e Vi o l 1n a n d a ll h o w t
i t
n s r u m e n s,
g t t t
o e her w i th a D s se a oni rt ti
on th e m o st
kr r t
E m i n e n t M a e s , po i n ti n g o u t th e su e s m a r k s b y w h c h a i
g en u n e n s i i tr
u m en t m a
y b e d i g ti
s n ui sh e d T r a n sl a e d f o m . t r
r t t i
th e Ge m a n , w i h n o e s a n d a ddi t o n s by Th o m a s F a r d e l e y ,
p r f r
o e sso f l g g L d
O L d
an L gm ua e s, ee s . on on : on ans Le e d s
.
J C . 1833
r o ss , L rg 8 ( i d N 1 6 t . a e vo . V e o .
,
o w h ic h i t i s
g t
r eal y i f ri r ) ( T n l ti e f N o . ran s a on O O .
ll . D U B O U RG, G g Th Vi l i
eo r B i g e. e o n . e n an a cco u n t Of th at
l d i g i tru m
ea n t d it m t m i t p f
n s en an s os e n en ro e s s o r s, f r om i ts
ear l i t d t t th p
es t ti m
a i l di g h i t
e o e r e se n e, nc u n n s to am a t r
eu s,
an ec d t t L d
o e s, e c .1836 H y C lb on on , : . o urn . S m a ll 8v o .
S eco n d E d i ti on . Lo n d o n , 1837 : H y Co l bu r n S m a 8v o . . ll .
Th i r d E d i ti o n . Lo n d o n , n d R Co ck s .S m a ll 8v o
. . . .
F ou r th E d i ti o n . v
R e i s e d a n d c o n s d e r a bl y e n a r ge d , 1852 i l
F ifth E d i ti o n Ne w l y e v se d a n d e n a r ge d by J o h n B s h o p, o f
. r i l i
t
Ch e l e n h a m , 187 8 : R Co ck s 8VO . . .
12 M AC K I NT O S H ,
. R e m a k s o n th e Co n s c o n o f, a n d r tru ti
il
M a te r a s e m pl o y e d i n , th e M a n u fa c r e o f V o l n s D u b i n , tu i i . l
1837 : 8v o P a m p h l e t .
l 3 ANO NY M O U S
. Th e H a n d b o o k O f th e V o l n , i ts Th e o y a n d
. i i r
: AS I T WAS AND Is .
i
V o li n i s ts and th e V i lio n . I I I Th e V . i o li n an d i ts H i sto r y .
Lo n d o n , 1869 : R B e n tl ey . . 8v o .
23 D AVI D S O N, P e ter
. Th e V i o i n . iti
A co n c se e po s o n o f th e ge n e r a l l . i x
p r i n c i l e s o f co n s
p tru r ti l
c ti o n , th e o e r i ll r
ca l y a n d
p a c t ca
y e a te d ,
t
i n c l u di n g th e m po ta n i r tr vr t
e se a r c h e s o f S a a t a n d a n e i o m e
p
o f th e liv t
e s o f th e m o s e m i n e n t r t ti l
A ti s s , a n d a n a l ph a be c a
t
li s o f v o l n m a e s i i kr Illu tr t it lit
s
-
a ed w i vi tt
h h o gr a ph c gn e e ,
.
an d n um e o s ru
w o o dc ut s Gl a s go w P o r teo u s Lo n d o n . .
P i tm a n . i ur r
E d n b gh , Ab e d e e n , e tc , 187 1 S m a l l 8v c . . .
S eco n d E d i ti o n
Th i r d E di ti o n
F o u r th E d i ti o n Th e Vi o li n . I ts c o n s c on h e o e t ca l y a n d . tru ti t r i l
p ac r ti
ca l l y t t
r e a e d , e tc , e tc L o n do n : E P
. i t m an E d n bu r h ,
.
g . . i
Gl a sgo w , D u n d e e , 1881 S m a ll 8v o . .
24 RE AD E , Ch a r l es
. A Lo s A r t R e i e d
. t
C e m o n a Vi o l n s a n d vv . r i
Va n i s h r Fo ur
l e e s d e sc p t e o f h o s e e x h ibi e d i n
. tt r ri iv t t
l
187 3 (s i c, S h o u d b e 187 2) a t th e S o u h K e n s n g to n M u se u m , t i
a l so g n
g tivi
h e d a ta fo r
p o du c n
g th e r u e v a n i sh e s s e d r i t r u
by th e gr e a Cr e m o n a m a k e s t R e p r i n te d f o m th e P a l l r . r
M a l l Ga z e tte by Ge o ge H M M u n z , B i r c h fie l d G o c e s e , r . . t . lu tr
187 3 : J o lm B e l l o w s La r ge 8VO P a m p h l e t . .
25 B AR NARD , Ch a r l e s
. Ca m i l a , a Ta l e o f a V o l i n B e i n g th e a
. l st i . rti
l i fe o f Ca m i l l a U r so . Lo r i n g 8v o . .
26 FETI S , F r a n go i s J o s ep h
. B o gr a ph ca l No t c e o f N100 10 P a ga n n
. i i i i i .
i l i
W th a n a n a y s s o f h i s c o m po si o n s a n d a S k e tc h o f th e ti
t
h i s o r y O f th e ol n by F J F e s vi i \Vi th p o r r a an d . . ti . t it
w o o d e n gr a n
g s L vi
o n d o n , S e co n d E. d i ti o n o f No 2, n d . . .
S ch o tt (E Co 8v o ( a n sl a ti o n o f NO . tr .
27 C O F F E I E, Ch a r l es
. Th e Vi o n A c o n d e n s e d h s o r y o f th e
. li . it
v i o n , i ts li p r ti
e f e c o n a n d i ts fa m o s m a k e r s I m p o r a n ce o f u . t
r t rr t il
.
b i d g e a n d s o u n d p o s a a n ge m e n P h a d e l phi a ,
-
.
1 87 6 : C An d r é (is Co . 8v o P a m ph e . lt .
27a S M I TH , H P
. Th e Co n s u c ti o n o f th e V i o l n
. . G e s f u ll tr i . iv
a n d c o m pl e e D t ir i
e c t o n s, by th e a i d O f w h c h a n y Am a e u r i t
i
M e c h a n c ca n co n s t c a pe fe c V o li n ru t S y a c u se , r t i . r
n d
(
.1 8 .7 7 ) J R o blee . .
28 S CH EB E K , D r E d m u n d
. . Th e V o l n M a n fa c e i n I ta l y a n d
. i i u tur .
i ts Ge r m a n O g n ri i
A n h s o ca l s k e c h .T an s a ed f om i t ri t r lt . r
th e Ge r m a n by Wa l e r E La w s o n R e p i n e d f o m Th e t . . r t r
M u si ca l S ta n d a r d Lo n d o n , 187 7 : W R e ev es . La ge 8v o . . r
P a m ph l e t ( a n sl a i o n o f NO tr t .
29 P H I P S O N, D r Th o m a s La m b
. . . B o gr a ph ca l S k e tc h e s an d An e c . i i
t
d o e s o f Ce l e b a e d V o li n i s rt
Lo n d o n , 187 7 : R B en tle y i ts . . .
8v o .
30 [F O TH E RGI LL, J ess i e ]

. Th e F r st Vi o i n . A no e Lo n d o n , i l . vl .
187 8 : B B en tl e y 3 o s , 8v o
. . vl . .
31 FRE D E RI C , H en r i e tta
. Th e En c h a n e d Vi o li n . A co m e dy i n t .
tw o a c ts , f o r m a l e c h a r a c e s Lo n d o n , 187 9 Wa sh bo u/r n e tr . .
APP END I X . 333
B R O AD H O U S E , J o hn Fa c s a o es Vi o lin o l d a n d n e w
. t b ut Fi d dl . s .
ri
R e p n te d f o m Th e M u s i ca l S ta n d a r d r Lo n d o n , n d (1879) . . .
W R eev es 8v o P a m ph e
. . lt .
S ec o n d E d i ti on , e n l a r ge d , n d ib . . .
P O RTE R, Th o m a s H O W to Ch o o s e a V o n . W h d r ect o n s i li . it i i
f o r k e e pi n g th e n s u m e n t i n o d e a n d fo r e p a i tr n
g an d r r r iri
i r
m p o v i n g fa l ty ns u m e n ts u i tr
Lo n d o n , m d F . . . .
P i tm a n 8v o P a m ph e t
. l .
CO U RVO I S I E R , K a r l Th e T e c h n c s o f V o l n p a y n g
. Edi te d i i i -
l i .
an d tr
a n s a te d b y H l
E K r e h b e , O f th e Ci n c n n a Co l e ge . . il i ti l .
Lo n d o n , n d W R e ev es 8VO (t a n sla o n o f No
. . . . r ti .
14 9 3 v i d e a ls o No .
Y
ANO N M O U S Th e S n g u l a L fe a n d S
. s n g Ad e n i r es o f r i urpri i v tu
J o s e p h Th o m p so n , k n o w n by th e n a m e o f Fi d d e r Th o m ps o n , l
o f H a fa x , e tc liWa k e fi e d , n d W Ni ch o ls o n
. l . . . .
16m O (v i d e n o e , p 2
t .
Y
ANO N M O US Th e B l n d F d d e
. B y th e a h o o f We ei i lr . ut r
H u n c h i e , e tc E d n b gh , n d . R eli gi o u s Tr a ct i ur . .
S o ci ety of S co tl an d 12m o . .
TH O MAS , B er tha Th e V o n P a y e . A No e Lo n d o n , 1880 i li l r . vl .
R B en tley
. 3 o , 8v o . v ls . .
[N I CH O L SO N, J
] D e s gn a n d P a n s fo r th e Co n s i s c o n an d l tru ti
Ar r a n ge m e n o f th e Ne w t
Mo de V o i n Lo n d o n , 1880 : l il .
H K Le w i s , i mp
. . r iLa ge fo l o . .
H ART, Geo r ge i i us rs
Th e V o l n , i ts F a m o
. Mak e an d he r t i
ttr
Imi a o s t uWi h n m e r o s w o o d e n g a n g f o m ph o o
u r vi s r
. t
g p r ks
a h s o f th e w o r tr iv iu u r riu
O f S ad a r s ,
G a n e s , A m a , an d
ti
t r
o he s . r
Lo n do n , 187 5 : D u la u (E S cho tt La ge po 4 to , . st
l s x v
s m a l p o t 8v o , pp xi a n d 352 . . .
r tl r
S econ d E d i ti o n , g e a y e n l a ge d , 1884 .
vi
P op u l a r E d i ti o n , 1880, pp a n d 310 . . .
GE MUND E R, Ge o r ge r r
Ge o ge Ge m ii n d e r s P r o g e ss i n V o li n
’
. i
M a k n g W th n e e s n g fa c s c o n c e n n g th e a r t a n d i ts
i i i t r ti .t r i
c riti r t ri
c s i n ge n e a l r
A s o a , Ne w Yo k , 1881 P u bli sh e d by
. .
the Au th o r 8v o . .
[H Y
O NE M AN, il
Th tr
e V o i n : H O W to M a s e i t B y a
pro .
l
fe s si o n a l p a y e r r ’
E d i to o f K o h l er s R ep o s i to r y. E di n b gh :
' ’
ur
E K 6h l e r
. Lo n d o n , J a r r o l d , n d
. 8v 0 Si x o r . . .
v
se e n e d y pu i
o n s a lr ea d iti b l sh e d .
HA ; G g
RT Th Vi li
eo r d it e Mu i. With s v r l e o n an s s c . e e a
g r
en v d p rtr ita st l f
e m i t i li iot h s t y l
a s on ee O e n en v o n s s, w o e s e
b th i o l i
p y g d i n m p i ti m y b r
a
g r d dn an n co os on a e e a e as
rp e t tiv L d 1881 D l f S h tt L g
r e se n a e . on on , u au c: c o . ar e
p t 4 tos m l l p t 8 o, s a os vo .
M C
I TC H E L L , H H W t H ld Vi li d B O o o a o n an o w
With i tr ti i b i g n s L d F i t E d i ti
uc 18 ons n ow n . on on , rs on ,
S eco n d E d i ti o n , 1882 : F P i tm a n 8v o P a m p h l e t . . .
R E AD E Ch a r l es
, J a c k O f a ll T r a d e s A m a t e r O f fa c
. . t tr o m a n ce .
K : AS I T WAS AND I S.
Lo n do n , 1882 : Ch a tto do Wi n d u s .
(Th e b i gro a ph
y of J F
. .
Lo tt ; p vi de a
g e
H E R O N ALLEN, E d w a r d
-
p sc l a Fi d i c u la r u m No l Th e. O u u . . .
r
An c e s t y O f th e V o i n il
B e n g a d sc o u s e d e l v e e d a t th e . i i r i r
r ’
vr
F e e m a so n s Ta e n , o n F r i d a y , J u n e 2n d , 1 882, to th e
tt
S e e O f O dd Vo l u m e s Pa I Th e r
g i n o f th e V o n . rt . Oi i li .
Pa rt
I I Th e We l sh C w h . Lo n d o n , 1882 P n e d fo r th e r t . . ri t
t r
A u h o by M i tc h e l l d I I u gh es 8v 0 P a m p h e t (v i d e n o e , 1 :
. l t
p 2 9
.
,
a n d n o te
p .
CH ANO T, Ge o r g es H o d ge s v C l i a n o t . Cr i t c i s m s a n d R e m a k . . i r s
on r
th e G e a t V o l i n Ca s e , M a r c h 1882 i
Lo n d o n , 1882 .
M i tch e ll (E H u gh es La r ge 8v o P a m ph l e . t .
E NGE L , Ca r l r
R e s e a c h e s i n o th e E a r l y H s to y O f th e V i o l i n
. t i r
Fa m y il
Lo n d o n , 1883 : No v e l la , E w er , (it Co
. 8v o (vi d e .
1
n o te p ,
.
F LE M I NG , J a m es 11 1 O ld V ol n s a n d hei Ma er i i t r k s .
I n c l u d i n g s o m e e fe r e n c e s to h o s e o f m o d e n r m e s , W I th t r ti
i
fa c s m i l e s o f ti c k e s, s o u n d h o l e s , e tc t
Lo n d o n , 1883 -
. .
L Up co tt Gi ll
. .
H ER O N A LLE N, E d w a r d
-
D e F i d i c u li s p u sc u u m I I . H o d g e s O l .
a ga i n s t Cl i a n o t B e i n g th e h s o y o f a c e l e b r a e d ca se ,
. itr t
c o l l e c te d f r o m th e n e w s a e r s a n d f o m
p p p e s o n a l O bse r a i o n r r vt
a n d a n n o ta te d P a r t I B i o g r a ph i c a . P a t I I Th e Ca u s e . l . r .
o f Ac t o n i
P a r I I I Th e Tr i a
. t
P a r I V Th e p i n on s
. l . t . O i
o f th e P r e s s L o n d o n , 1 883 . P r n te d f o r th e Au th o by . i r
M i tch e ll d H u gh es 8v o P a m ph l e t
:
. .
F ERR I S , Ge o r ge J S k e tc h e s O f Gr e a t P i a n s ts a n d G e a
. i r t
i li t
V o n i s s , B i o gr a ph c a a n d A n e c d o a l , w h a c c o u n t o f th e i l t it
il
V o i n a n d E a r l y V o l n i s s Lo n d o n , 1884 : W R e e v es 8v or i i t . . .
Na ta — I h a v e h e a d e d th e a b o v e l i st w i th tw o w o r k s (No s 1 a n d 2) w h o s e .
d a te s o f pu b li ca ti o n I h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e to a sc e r ta i n NO S 3, 6, 30, 31, 35, 36, . .
37 , a n d 4 4 I h a v e i n s e r te d (th o u gh u n c o n n e c te d w i th th e h i sto r y , th e o r y , o r
o f th e v i o l i n ) , a s l i k e l y to b e o f i n te r e st to th o se su fli c i e n tl y c o n c e rn e d
‘
p r a c ti c e
w i th th e i n str u m e n t to m a k e th e m ta k e a n i n te r e st i n a n y l i te r a tu r e O f th e v i o li n .
I n e x c l u d i n g a l l m e r e i n str u c ti o n b o o k s I d o u b te d f o r so m e ti m e w h e th e r to
i n se r t th e w o r k s o f C
h r i sto ph e r S i m ps o n : (i ) “
Th e D i v i s i o n Vi o l i s t ; o r , a n
P
I n tr o d u c ti o n to th e l a y i n g u po n a Gr o u n d ( Lo n d o n , 1659 : I V Go d bi d , f o li o ) ,
P
.
“
a n d (ii ) Th e D i v i si o n Vi o l ; o r , th e Ar t o f l a y i n g e x te mp o r e u po n a Gr o u n d
(Lo n d o n , 1667 H B r om e , f o li o ) so I h a v e c o m pr o m i se d b y n o ti n g t h e m h e r e
C
. .
(No 4 4) I o u gh t,
“
H a v i n g m e n ti o n e d
’
h ar les B ead e s J a c k O f a ll Tr a d e s
C
.
p e r h a p
, s to h a v e n o te d th e a n o n
y m o u s n o v e l h a r l e s A u c h e s te r (L o n d o n ,
1 87 9 : Ch a p m a n 4 H a l l ) , w h i c h i s sa i d to b e a b i o gr a ph y o f H e r r J o a c h i m ,
‘
a l l th e c h a r a c te r s i n th e b o o k b e i n g i n te n d e d to r e pr e se n t w e l l k n o w n m u si c a l -
c e l e b r i ti e s (M e n d e l sso h n , S te r n d a l e B
e n n e tt, Sa i n to n , M o sc h e l e s , F e r d D a v i d ,
-
.
th o u gh th e p o r tr a i ts a r e so m e w h a t i n d i sti n c t .
I TALI AN WO R K S .
50A . Z ANNE IT I , Ga sp ar o
'
. I l Sco la r
di G Z p e r i m pe r a r e
o, . . a su o n ar e
di vi i
ol n o ed a ltri s tr o m e n ti M a n , 164 5 . il .
K AS I T WAS AND IS .
62 LO MB ARD I NI , P a o lo
.
Ce n n su l a ce l e b e sc o a C e m o n ese d e gl i
. i l r ul r
s tr o m e n ti a d a c o , n o n c h e su i l a o i e s r
a fa m g i a d e l vr ull i l
s o m m o An o n o S t a di a r t i
C e m o n a , 187 2 : Ti p o gr afia r v i . r
d a l l a Noce La ge 8v o . r .
63 R I NAL D I , B en e d e tto Gi ofl r ed o
. Cl a s ca F a b b c a z o n e di Vi o i n
-
’
. si ri i l i
in P em o n e i t
T i n , 187 3 : Ri n a ld i . ur
La ge 8v o P a m ph l e t . r .
64 VALD RI GH I , L u i gi F r an ces co D u n a r pa e di u n V o n o e Vi o l o n
.
’
. i li
l
ce l o
g il i t
a d a D G
n al i
a (M ti
eo e n e M o d e na, . l . us E st s ) .
187 8 3 Tip M o n e ti e M a m i a s 8v o . .
65 VALD R I GH I , L u i gi F r a/n cesco L

. e i a M o d e n e se a n ca e m o d e n a . iut r ti r
c o n Ca a o go di Li u ta r i tl M o d e n a , 187 8 : To s ch i 8v o . . .
66 CO NS I LI , D
. 11 P o ggi a V o n o , i n e n z o n e m ecc a n i ca -
i li v i
r v tt t i
b e e a a a ppl c a ta a 1 V o n o : b e i ce n n i sull a u tili ta ta i li rv
di e s a o s s tt
o i l r a ppo o d e l a r e i n I a l a n o e Te d e sco rt t t i .
B o l o gn a , 187 9 : Tip so c Az z o qu i d i La r ge 8v o Th r ee . . . .
p a m ph l e s O f 12 pp t
e a ch , bo u n d o e th e , o n e i n I ta i a n ,
g . t r l
r
o n e i n F e n c h , a n d o n e in Ge r m a n .
67 VALD RI GH I , Lu i gi F r a n ces co
. M u s u r gi an a No 4 [ 1 V o on . . . il
c e lli sta To n e lli e o su r
M a i a I ll m n a a co s a e d o ga n s ta
’
r u i t ri t r i
l i
d e ll e c a r ss e d i ca pi n e l S ec o o XVI I I r
M o d e n a , 1880 : l .
G T Vi n c en z i e Nep
. . La ge 8v o P a m ph le . r t .
68 VALD R I GH I , Lu i gi F r a n c esco
. M u su r gi a n a No 9 S t m e n . . . ru ti
a d a co R n fo z a r i r ti
M o d e n a , 1881 : Tip ogr afi a Lega l e, .
La r ge 8v o P a e m phl t .
69 WALD EN, E D w or z a k
. 11 V o l n o o ssi a An a li
. v on . i i si de l su o
M e cca n m o is
Na p e s , 1883 : F F u r chei m
. l . .
69A VALD R I GH I , Lu i gi F r an c esco

. No m o c h e li u r go gr a fi a , . an ti ca e
m o de n a o r ssi
a c l e n co di F a bb r ca o di S t m e n i i t ri ru t a r m o n c i, i
e tc M o d e n a , 1884 : S o ci e ta Tip ogr afia
. .
Nata — I t i s fa c t n o t w i th o u t a c e r ta i n si gn i fi ca n ce th a t so fe w bo o k s sh o u l d
a
h a v e rea c h e d th i s c o un tr y f r o m th a t to w hi c h th e i n stru m e n t o w es i ts i n v en ti o n
a n d h i gh e st d e v e l o p m e n t I t m a y be th a t I a m pa r ti c u l a r l y poo r i n th e
.
I ta l i a n li te ra tu r e o f th e su b j e ct .
FR EN H C WO R K S .
R O US S EAU , J ea n . ité d
l a V o e qu i c o n e n , U n e D i e r
Tr a e il ti t ss
t ti
a o n C u r i e u s e s u r s o n o r i g n e , U n e D em o n str a ti o n
‘
g n a le i é ér
d e s o n M a n c h e , e tc P a i s, 1687 Ch r B a lla r d
. 8v o r . . .
LE B LANC, H u be r t é
D fe n s e d e l a ba ss e d e Vi o e c o n t e l e s
. l r
tr r
En e p i s e s d u V i o l o n e t l e s p e e n s o n du V o o n ce e rt i s il ll .
t
Am s e r d a m , 1 7 4 0 : P M or ti e r 16m o . . .
TI B R AS S O N, A D sse a o n H s o r e su r la i rt ti
Vi e e i t iqu ll .
r
P a i s, 17 4 1 .
D O M ENJ O U D , J e a n B a p ti s te D e l a p f e n c e de s v i s a u x c h e l e s
. ré ér vi l
p ou l r
es n s m i tru
e n ts d e m u s e ; e t u n e ss a su r l a m a n e e iqu i ir
d e c h a n ge
’
r
l A m i l a e n te n da n t o u d te n d a n t to e s l e s
- -
é ut
r
co d e s a l a fo i l s a n s d r u i e l ha r m o n ie
’
ét r
ce q u i do n n e l e u t i
PPEND I X
A . 33?
’
d es m a n c h e s d u n e fo m e n o v e e , b e a c o p r c o m m o de : u ll u u plus
q u e le s a n c e n s P i
a i s , 17 57 .T h i b o us t 8 vor . .
B RI J O N, E R R éfle xi o n s s u r l a m u s i qu e e t l a
vr i ir
’
a e m a n e e d e l e x é c u te r le V o lo n P a r i s , 17 63 4to sur i . .
LECLAI R J e a n M a r i e Ta bl a t e d a e d u V o o n , j u g e pa r
. ur i é l il é
. r
f e u M l e Cl a i l a in é et e l a v er i ta b l e
’
P a s , 17 66 r 8v o . ri . .
E YM AR , A M An e c d o te s V o tt 3 r c d sur i i péé é
de qu lqu s
e e r é fl e xi o n s
’
l e xpr e ssi o n e n m s q e sur M la n ui u i .
,
n d
. . Z en o 8v o . .
B AU D , e t GO S S E C, F r a n go i s J o sep h O bse a o n s su r . rv ti
r stru ts
l e s c o d e s a in u iqu
m en t de m s e ta n d e B o y a qu e d e u
i ui i u l ttr
So e , s v d n e e
’
it y it u
e d u c o e n Go s s e c a u c oy e n B a d, d a
ra p rt
po it y
d u c ti l ’
r
o e n Go ss ec a l I n sti tu t Na on a s u r l e s c o d es
i it xri vr l
d e s o e d u c o y e n B a u d , e t d e 1 e t a t d u p r o c es e ba d o
’
-
’
ti l r l t
i I n sti tu t Na o n a r pp r r l
e a if 3 cc a o t Ve sa i l e s, 1803 . .
P D P i er r es
. . 8v o . .
S I B I RE , L Abbé
’
La Ch e l o n o m i e , o u l o P a f a t L th e
. P a r i s, r i u ir .
c h ez l Au teu r e t M i ll e t
’
1806 . 8v o . .
S econ d E d i ti o n B ss e s, 1823 : W
. ru l
e i s s en br u ch 8v o . .
F AY O LLE , F r a n go i s ti s
No c e s u r Co e l , Ta t n , P u gn a n i
. r li ri i ,
Ga v i n i e s , e t V o Pa ,
i tti ris
1810 E D en tu . 12m o (v i d e . . .
No .
CH ANO T, F r a n go i s I n s t t de F a n ce
. ti u
A c a d em e R o a e d e s r . yl i
B ea ux
A ts r
R a pp o fa i t a 1 A c a d m e d e s B e a
. rt A ts
’
é i ux r
é
d a n s l a S a n ce d u 3 A r l 1819 a u n o m d e l a S e c o n d e vi ti
iu
M u s q e su r l e s n o e a in s u m en uv ux
de m s e
( o o n s, tr ts u iqu vi l
t vi l
a l o s, ll )
o o n c e e s e t c o n t e ba s s e s , s r
v a n t l a fa c tu e b e v e e -
ui r r té
d e M Ch a n o t, O fli c i e r a u Co ps d u G n e m a
. m e, n s é r é i riti i ér
au Mon eu r it P a s, 1819 . ri
4 tq, 4 pp . .
S AVART, F eli x M m o r e su r l a Co n s
. é i c t o n d e s I n st m en s a tru i ru t
r
C o d e s e t a Ar c h e Su t
d u Ra p o t q u i e n a é té fa t
. ivi pr i
a u x deu x
A c a d em i e s d e s S c e n c e s e t d e s B e a Ar s P a s, i ux t . ri
n d. . R o r et 8v o . .
B AI LLO T , P i er r e F r a n go te M a r i e d e S a l es No t c e J B V o i, . i sur . . i tt
n é e n 1 7 7 5 a F o n a n e t o e n Pi m o n , m o t a Lo n d e s l s t é t rt r
r
3 M a s , 1824 P a s, 1825 . 8v 0 ri . .
I M B E RT D E L AP H AL EQ UE , G No ce l e ce e e ti sur l br
il it
V o o n s e N P a ga n n i i
P a i s, 1830: Gu y o t 8v o (v i d e NO
. . r . .
F AY O LLE , F r a n go i s P a ga n i n e t B e r i o t ; o u A i s a u x J e u n e s
. i v
it ti
Ar t s e s qu i s e d e s n e n t a l e n se i gn e m e n t d u V o o n P a s,
’
il . ri
1831 M Lego u es t . 8v o P a m ph l e t . .
A ND ER S , G E N co l o P a ga n n , sa Vi e , sa i i i
r
P e so n n e 3 e t e e mo qu lqu s
su r so n s e c e P a i , 1831 : ts rt . rs
D e la u n a y 12m o . .
MAU GI N, J C ul
M a n e du L h i e , c o n e n a n t 1 ut r t °
tr ti
la co n s u c o n i n e e et e e téri ur xtéri ur
e des I n s m en tru 3 ts
r t tl
a ch e , e s
q u e V o o n , A o s , B a se s e t Co n i l s lt esb a sse str
; 2 °
13
tru ti
co n s c o n d e l a gu i ta r r e 3 5
°
(
’
t
si c ) l a co n fec i o n d e l Ar c h e t .
O uvr r é
a ge o n d e fig u es P a s , 1834 : Ro r et r ri l 2m o . . .
22
D ES M AR AI S , Cyp r i e n Ar ch o l o g e d u V o l o n. é
D es c r pti o n d u n i i . i ’
V i o l o n H i s to r i qu e e t M o n u m e n ta P a r i s , 1836 : D en tu d l .
S ap i a La r ge 8v o P a m ph e t
. l .
S T G E O R GE a n d LE U VE N, I I
. Le L th e r d e V i e n n e , o p er a u i
c o m i u e e n 1 a c te
q P a r i s , 1836 . .
D E L H AS S E , F el i x J o s ep h H e n r i Vi e u x te m p s . E r r a tu m d e l a .
B i o gr a ph i e Un i e r s e l l e d e s M u si c i e n s v p a r M F etis . .
l
B r u s s e s , 184 4 : Wo u ter s La r ge 8v o P a m ph l e t . .
F ETI S F r a n go i s J o s ep h
, No ti c e B i o gr a p h i qu e s u r Ni c o o P a ga
. l
i
n in , s u i v i d e l A n a l y se d e s e s O u v a e s c t
’
g p r c d d un e r éé é ’
q i
e s u s s e d e l h i s to i r e d u V o l o n
’
P a i s , 1851 : S ch aen en ber ger i . r .
La r ge 8v o (v i d e No s 2 a n d .
B E NE D I T , G C Si v o r i E xtr a i t d u S em a p h o r e d u 7
. .
M a r s , 1854 M a r s e i l l e s , 1854 : B a r la ti er F ei s s a t La ge
.
-
. r
8v o P a m ph l e t .
M I E L, E d m d F r a n co i s An to i n e M a r i e
. No c e H i s o ri qu e su r . ti t
J B Vi o tti
. .
( E tr a t de l
. a B i x i
o r a hie
g p U n i e r se l e de v l
M F J F eti s , T I L , p
. . . P a r i s , 1856 : E v e r a t
. . .
F O U R GE AU D , Al ex a n d r e Le s V o l o n s d e D a l a y r a c. P a i s, 1856 i . r
J Le cl e r c
. La r ge 8v o P a m ph l e t
. .
[Y O US S O U P O W
(or J O USO UP O F ,
) P r i n ce
]’ L u th o m o n o gr a h i e
p
H i s to r i qu e e t R a i s o n n e é
E s sa s u r l H i s to i r e d u Vi o l o n e t
. i
s u r l e s o u v r a ge s d e s An c i e n s L h e s C l ebr e s d u te m ps d e ut i r é
l a R e n a i s sa n c e , pa r n u Am a te u Fr a n k fo r t S / M , 1856 r . .
Ch J u g e l
. La r ge 8VO . .
F ET I S , F r a n go i s J o s ep h A n to n e S tr a d v a r . i
L u th e r C é l é b r e , i i . i
c o n n u so u s l e n o m d e S tr a d i a r i u s , p r c d d e R e c h e r c h e s v éé é
iq
H i s to r u e s e t Cr i ti qu e s s u r 1 o r gin e e t l e s tr a n sfo r m a ti o n s
’
i
d e s I n s tr u m e n ts a a r c h e t e t s u i v i d An a l y s e S Th é o r i q u e s s u r
’
,
l Ar c lI e t e t s u r F r a n go i s To u r te , A u te u r d e s e s d e r n i e s
’
r
p r
e fe c ti o n n e m e n s P t
a r i s , 1 856 3 Vu i l la u m e
. L ar e
g 8v o .
v i d e NO
( .
D ES F O S S EZ , A H e n r V i e ma W s k i
V
1 Edu ca t o n i . . i .
é
I I P r e m i er e s to u r n e s a r ti s ti qu e s e n R u s s i e , e n Al l e m a gn e ,
.
e n B e l gi qu e , e t e n H o l l a n d e I I I P a r a l l el e e n tr e P a ga n i n i e t . .
Wi e n i a w sk i I V Co n c l u s o n , 1e P a s se, l e P r ese n t, e t l A v e n i r
. . i ’
.
i
E squ s s e La H a y e , 1856 : B el i nf a n te
. La r ge 8v o P a m p h l e . t .
M AI LAND , E u gen e i i
B b l o th equ e d e s P r o fe s s i o n s I n d u s t i e l le s e t
. r
l éi
A gr i c o e s S r e G , No 1 7 D c o u e te d e s An c i e n s V e r n s
. . . . é vr i
é
I ta l i e n s, e m pl o y s po u r l e s n s tr u m e n ts a Co r d e s e t a Ar c h e t i .
P a r i s , 1 859 : E L a c r o i x 8v o . . .
S e c o n d E d i ti o n P a r i s , 187 4 : E La cr o i x
. 8v o . . .
S AU Z AY , E u gen e A Mon s e . I n g es i ur r
H a y d n , M o z a r t, B e e . t
h o v e n , Etu d e s u r l e Q a o u tu r
P a s , 1861 : ch ez tAu teu r ri
’
. .
La r ge 8v o .
B U R B UR E , Léon d e r
R e c h e c h e s s u r l e s F a c tu e s d e Cl a e c i n s e t
. r v
t i
l e s Lu h e r s d An v e r s d e p i s l e X V I s ec l e ju squ a u X I X
’ " ’
u ‘
i .
ri
P a s , 1863 8v o . .
: As IT WAS AND IS .
1 14 . FLE UR Y, J u les (CH AM P FLEU R Y ) Le V o o n d e F a i en ce D es si n s . il .
e n co l e u ur p ar M E m i e R e n a d d e l a m a n u ta c tu r e da . l r
vr s ux rt
S e e , ea fo e s , pa r M J Ad e i n e -
P a s , 1877 : E . . l . ri .
D en tu 8v o Ed i t o n d e G a n d L x e
. . i r u .
S Ra ppo t I n a l Aca d é m i e Na ti cm a l e
’
r
i
d e R e m s d a n s sa s a n c e p b q e d u 3 A o u t, 187 6, s u r l e s é u li u
Vi o l o n s d e M Em l e M e n e ss o n , L th e a R e m s . i R e m s, u ir i . i
1877 , S e co n d E d i ti on , Gep y .
1 16 . VI D AL, An to i n e Le s V e l e s C o p o a o n s d e P a r s
. La il r r ti i .
l
Ch a pe l e S t J u li e n d e s M e n e str i e r s e t l e s M e n e str i e r s d e
.
Pa is rP a r s, 187 8 : Qu a/n ti n
. i 4 to ( A re
p n o f Ch a s
p . . ri t .
I V I o f P a l t I I o f No 113, i e , Vo l I , p 289 to e n d ,
-
. . . . . . . .
a n d Vo l I I
pp 1 5 1
.
,
w i h . P l a e s 4 7, . 52 ,
53 t t .
1 17 . TH O I NAN, E r n es t ( i d e No v
Lo u s C o n s a n n , R o i d e s . i t ti
i v
V o l o n s , a e c n u fa c s m l e d e b e e d e m a i e j o u e u r i i rvt tr
d i n str u m e n ts d e l a Vi l e d e P a i s
’
P a i s , 187 8 B a um l r r .
1 18 . P LAS SI AR D , J A D e s Co d e s H a r m o n es e n r iqu
g é é
n ra l et
p c i a e m en d s é l
e c e ll e d e s i n s u m e n s a Ar c h e t s tr t t .
P a r is , 880 : T i
1 h b o u v i lle La/m y
— M i e co ,
1880 : C h a ss el . r urt .
8v c .
1 19 . H U ET, F eli x E d e . tu sur

l e s di fi é r e n te s Ec o l e d e V o o n d e p i s
‘
s il u
r li ’
Co e l ju squ a B a i o ll t ’
P r c d e d u n e a m e n su r a t d e
’
. éé é x l r
ur i tru t
j o e de s n s m e n s a a ch e t a u XVI I s ec le Ch a lo n s °
r i .
sur r Ma n e , 1880 : F Tho u i lle La ge 8v c

-
. . r .
120 . GREVI LLE , H en r y U I 1 V o o n R s se . 2 o P a s, 1880, il u . v ls . ri

Ten th E d i ti on : E P l a n 8v o . . .
l 21 . CO B MO N, an d GRANGE, E Le V o l o n d e P é r e i
i
D m a n ch e P ec e e n o s a c e s , e tc
. i R e p s e n e po u l a tr i t . ré
té r
p r ir
e m e e fo i s a P a i s s u r l e Th ea e d e s F o l e s D a m a r es tr ir tiqu
l o 31 O c o b e , 1854 t rP a s , 1881 Tr es s e La ge 8v o . ri . r .
122 . CO P P EE, F r a n coi s Le L h e r d e C e m o n e . W h e p an a o y ut i r . it x l t r

ts i t ri
No e , H s o ca l , B i o g a ph ca l , e tc , by A p h o n se M a e te r i . l ri t .
Lo n do n , 1880 : D u l a u (f: 00 12m 0 . .
123 . S I MO U TB E, N E A u x Am a e s d u V o o n t ur il .
H s o i t riqu
e , Co n s uc o n , R pa a on e t Co n setr ti a on de é r ti rv ti
ce t I n stru
m en 3 316 , 1883 : G A B o nf a n ti n i t . 8v o . . . .
No te .
— No . 7O th e o l d e s t w o r k o n b o w i n str u m e n ts k n o w n , a n d l i k e No 7 1
18 .
i s o f v e r y gr e a t r a r i ty No s a n d 122 b e i n g d r a m a ti c w o r k s , a n d Nos 93
.
, .
111 , 1 14 , a n d 120 b e i n g r o m a n ce s h a v e , pe r h a ps , t o s e r i o u s pl a c e i n th i s
bi b l i o gra ph y , b u t I i n s e r t th e m a s lik e l y to b e o f m I e r est to m y r e a d e r s .
GERMAN WO RK S .
124 R E I CH ARD T , J o ha n n F r i edr i ch

. e be di e Pfli ch te n d e s R i pi e n . U r
V o n s en i li i t
B e n u n d Le pz g, 17 7 6 G J D eck e r
. rli i i . . .
125 [TAU B ER , Ca r l c o m ]
. e be m e i n e V o li n e (a po e m ) Vi e n n a , U r i .
17 80 : J E d l/i/n . .
A P P END I X . 34 1
1 26 TA RTI NI , Gi u s ep p e B e f a n M a gd a e n Lo m ba r di n i Ha n o e r ,
. . ri l . v
17 86 V e No
( i d . .
1 27 I I I L LER , J o ha n n Ad a m
. A n w e s n g z u m Vi o l in Sp1e l e n fu r . iu
u
S c h l e n u n d z u m S e l bs n e r r c h te , e tc Le pz g, n d tu t i . i i . .
n d H a r te l
( 1 7 9 2 ) B r e i tk o
pf u .
1 28 B AGATE LLA, An ton i o

. Ue be d e n B a u d e r V o n e , B a c h e , . r i li r ts
il l
V o o n c e l , u n d V o o n s T a n s a o n o f No , 53 by J O H il . r l ti . . .
Sc h a m u
Le pz g, n d . K u h n el i i
8v o . . . .
129 OTTO , J a co b Au gu s tu s
. Ue be d e n B a u u n d di e E h a u n g . r r lt
i
d e r Ge ge u n d a l e B o ge n n s t m e n e Ne b s t e i n e Ue b e l r i ru t . r r
s ch t i d e r v o r z ii gli c h ste n K ii n stl e r u n d d e r s i c h e s e n rt
i
K e n n z e c h e n h e A b e e n H a e u n d Le z g, 181 7 8v o i r r r it . ll ip i . .
130 O r r o , J a co b Au gu s tu s
.
' '
Ue b e d e n B a u d e r B o ge n n s m e n e . r i tru t
u n d ii b e r d i e Ar b e e n d e r v o r z ii gl i c h ste n I n s m en en it tru t
r
m a c h e , z u r B e e h u n g f u r M si e l r
Ne b s An d e u n g z u r u kr . t tu
r tu
E h a l n g d e r V o n e i n gu e m Z s a n d e i li
J e n a , 1828 t ut .
B ra n S eco n d E d i ti o n o f No 129
. . .
131 WETTE NGEL, Gu s ta v Ad o lp h Ne e S c h a

. a z der K u u s e u n d . ur upl t t
H a n d w e e : B a n d 37 rk Vo l l stan d i ge s h e o e i s c h pr a k ti .
'
t rt -
sc h e s , a u f d e m G u n d sa z e d e r Ak s ik b e gr ii n d e te s , e tc ;r t ut .
L e h b c h d e r An fer u g un
g u n d R e pa a a ll e rti
n och je z t r tur r t
g e b r al u c h li c h e n
'
G a n
g e n v on ttu
a e n sc h e n u n d d e u s c h e n it li i t
i
Ge ge n , e tc M i t se c h z e h n l i th o gr a ph i r te n Ta fc hi
. I m en a , . l u
1828 : B F Vo i gt V e No
( i d . . . .
132 I I AR R YS , Geo r g
. P a ga n i n i n se i n e m R e se w a ge n u n d Z m m e ,
. i i i r
i n se n e n i
e d se l i e n S t n d e n , i n
g rg e se l sc h a f i c h e n Z k e l n , u l tl ir
u n d s e n e n Co n c e r te n i Au s d e m R e i se j o u n a l v o n 0 H . r . .
B r u 1830 : F Vi e w eg
n sw ck i l 2m o
, . . .
133 . S C H UTZ , F r i ed r i ch Ca r l J u li u s Le b e n , Ch a a k e , u n d K n s . r tr u t
N P a ga n n s , e n e S k z z e
.
’
i i
I l m e n a , 1830 : Vo i gt i 8v o i . u . .
134 . Y
S C H O TT K , J u li u s M a x P a ga n n i s L e b e n a n d Tr e ib e n a l s
’
. i
K ii n stl e r u n d a l s M e n sc h , m i t u n pa r th e n sc h e r B e r ii c k s i c h
ti gu n g d e r M e n n ge n se n e i u
A n h an ge r u n d Ge gn e r i r .
P r a g, 1830 : J G Ca l v e 8v o . . . .
135 . V I NE LA, Lu d o lf P a ga n i n i s Le b e n u n d Ch a r a k e n a c h S c h o k y
’
. tr tt
d a r ge ste l l t H a m b u g, n d 8v o .
(A c o n d e n sa o n o f No r . . . ti .
1 34 Z .
136 . B AC H M AI N, O tto Th e o e s c h p a k sc h e s .H an d b c h r ti d es r ti u
Ge i ge n b a u e s , o d e r i
A n w e su n g ta l e n sc h e , u n d d e u c h e i i i ts
i
V o l i n e n , B a s c h e n , V o l o n c e l o s, V o l o n rt z u i l
e f e t ge n , i s vr ri
e tc , f ii r Ge
ge n m ach e
. i r
u n d a e d e e n ge n , w e l c h e d a sll i j i
Ge sc h aft d e s e be n e l e n e n w o l e n
'
r l r r
M i t 4 Ta fe n Abbil l . l
u
d n ge n Q u e d i n b g u n d Le pz g, 1835 G B a ss e
. l ur i i . .
137 . B I O W, H en r i O l e B u l , e n e bi o gr a h i s c h e S z z e
. l i p
H a m b ur g, ki .
1838 : J 0 S Wi tt . . . .
138 . S P O H R , Lo u i s
’
L o s S p o h s S e b s b o g a ph e
. ui Ca s e l a n d r l t i r i . s
ti
Got n ge n , 1860 : H Wi ega n d dc 00 8v o . . .
A B E LE , H y a ci n th D i e V o li n e I h r e Ge sc h i c h e u n d i h r B a n
. i . t .
34 2 VI O LI N M AK I NG : -
AS I T WA S AND IS .
Na c h Q u e l l e n d a rge st e l l t (M i t l i th o gr a p h i r te n Abbil d u n ge n
m u s ik a l is c h e n B e i l a ge N e u b e r , A D , 1864
u n d e in e r
) g / . .
A P r e ch te r
. S m a l l 8v 0 . .
v r
Z w e i te e r m e h te u n d e b e s s e r te A u fl a ge I b 187 4 : i b vr 8v o . . . .
14 0 S CH UB E RT, F
. L D i e Vi o li n e I h r We s e n , h r e . i
B e d e u tu n g u n d B e h a n d l u n g a l s S o l o un d ch e s e Or tr
I n st u m e n t r Le pz i g, 1865 : JlI er se bu r ger
. i
8v o . .
14 1 D I EH L , Ni co la u s Lo u i s D i e G e i ge n m a c h e r d e r A e n I a l e n i
. . lt t i
sch e n Sch u e l i
E n e U e b e r s i c h t a l e be k a n n te n a l e n i c h e n
. lr it i s
i
Ge ge n m a c h e r d e r a l te n S ch e , Ch a r a k te r i sti c h e ul i rr
t t
A r b e i e n , g e r e u e A b b i l d u n ge n v o n d e n h e r v o r r a g e n d s e n t
u ri
n te r
h n e n ge b a u c h e n Z e tte n i n d e n I n str u m e n e n , n e b st t l t
i rv r
e ne o a u s ge h e n d e n A b h a n d u n
g ii b e r de n sp n
g d e r l Ur ru
i
Ge ge H a m b u r g, F i r s t E d i ti o n
.
3 S e c o n d E di ti o n ,
1866
Th i r d E d i ti o n , 187 7 J F Ri ch ter , 12m o . . . .
14 2 W ETTE NGE L, Gu s ta v Ad o lp h
. G A W s , w e il V o n b o ge n
’
. . . . i li
m a c h e r s z u M a k n e u k r c h e n , Le h bu c h d e r Ge r g e n und i r i
B o ge n m a c h e r k u n s t o d e r th e o r e sc h p r a k s c h e An w e i su n g ti -
ti
z u r A n fe u
g g n rti
u n d Re a r a u
p d e r v e s c h e d e n e n Ar e n t r r i t
Ge i ge n u n d B o ge n , e tc M i t e n e m A a s e n th a l te n d 10 . i tl
F o li o Ta f e l n We i m a , 1869 : E F Vo i gt (Ne w E d o n
. r . . . iti
o f No .
14 3 WAS I E LE WS K I , J o s ep h Wi lh e lm v o n
. D ie V o i n e u n d h r e '
. il i
Me s er it Le p z g, 1869 : B r e i t/
. co
pf i i
u n d H a r tel L a
g e . r
8v o S eco n d E d i ti o n , i b , 1883
. . .
144 C O URVO I S I E R , Ca r l D i e G n d a ge d e r V o l i n Te c h n k
. . Fr a n ru l i -
i . k
r
fo t, s/ M , 187 3 8v o (v i d e No
. . .
145 S CH E B E K , D r E d m u n d
. D e r Ge ge n b a u i n I ta l e n u n d se n
. . i i i
d e sc h e ut rs
p ng r U ru
E n e h s to s c h e Sk z z e P ra
g .
,
1 8 7 4 i i ri i .
B o h e m i a Ac ti en Ges e l ls ch af t
-
La r ge 8v o (v i d e No
-
. .
146 WAS I E LE WS K I , J o sep h Wi lh e l m c o n

. D i e V i o l i n e i m X VI I . .
r r
J a h h u n d e t u n d d i e A n f an ge d e r I n s tr u m e n ta l c o m po si
'
tion B o n n , 187 4 : M Co h e n
. 8v o . . .
1 47 B I TT E R , H e r m a n n
. D i e V o l a A l ta I h e Ge s c h i c h e , ih e
. i . r t r
t
B e de u u n g u n d d i e P n c i p e n h r e s B a u e s H e d e l be g, ri i i . i r
187 6 : G Wei ss 4 to . . .
S eco n d E di ti o n D i e Ge s c h i c h te d e r V o a A ta u n d d i e G n d
. il l ru
s atz e hr es B au es i Z w e i te e r m e h r te un d e b e s se te
. v vr r
A u fl a ge M i t 5 i n d e n Te xt ge d r u c k te n u n d 2 Ta fe l n Ah
.
b il d n ge n u L e pz g, 1 87 7 J J We ber
. i i8v o (v i d e No . . . .
14 7 a NI E D E R H E I TM ANN, F r i e d r i ch
. D i e M e i s te r d e r Ge i ge n b a u k n st . u
t li
i n I a e n u n d Ty o l V i e n n a , : F S ch r e i ber r
H a m bu g
. . . r
Au g Cr a n z , 187 6
. 1 2m 0 . . .
148 NI E D E R H E I T M ANN, F r i e d r i ch C e m o n a E n e Ch a a k e s k d e r
.
. r . i r t ri ti
t i
I a li e n sc h e n Ge ge n b a u e u n d i h e I n s u m e n e i Le i p r rr tr t .
z i g, 187 7 : Car l M e r s e bu/ r er

g 8 vo . .
14 9 O O UEVO I S I E R , Ca/r l
. D i e V o l n e c h n ik . Co l n , 187 8 : P J i i t -
. . .
To n g sr 8v o (v i d e No
. .
: As I T WAs AND Is
u se
g i i
a m ont d f t h fli i tl
v o l n i s s,
y l l k w t h an o o se su c en we no n o a ve
h d t h ir xi t
a e rd d i e y f t h b t m u i
s e n ce s l b k r eco e n an o e es s ca oo s of
rfr
e e A th r g
e n ce . t d iffi l ty h i h I h h d t n u t
n o e r ea cu w c ave a o e co n er
h bas th i m t
een th t h r d l y y m i i v d t d
e c r cu s a n ce a a an us c s e er a e , so
th t ia m j ri ty f
n ait i i m p ibl t gi th d t f p bli
a o o case s s o ss e o ve e a e o u ca
ti onf vi l i h l l i t i t b f d i m t l g
o a o n sc oo un e ss s o e ou n n so e ca a o ue
ra i so n n é, or in so m e r e fe r e n c e w or k , su c h as th e B i o gr a ph i e
U i n v e r se ll
d e s M u si c i e n s e t B ibl o gr a p h e G n a e d e l a m u s
e e i i é ér l iqu
”
of M i
F é ti s (P a r s , 1860 to 1865, 2n d E d u S u ppl em e n e t Co m
. . t
p le m en , Pa t s, ri o r th e B ib l i o r a hi c M u s c a l e d e l a F a n c e
g p i r
’
e t d e l E tr a n ge r (P a r i s , 1822, Ni o r e t
g ) W h e re b
y e fe e n c e to . r r
l
s u c h b o o k s , I h a v e b e e n a b e to d a e a m éth o d e , I h a v e d o n e so , a n d a ll t
u
s ch a s I v
h a e b e e n a b l e to d a e I h a e p a c e d i n c h o n o o g c a t v l r l i l
r r
o de t ti
in th e fi r s s e c o n o f h s c a a l o gu e ; a ll s u c h a s I h a v e b e e n t i t
u l
n a b e to d a e I t v l
h a e p a c e d a l ph a b e ti ca lly i n th e se c o n d s e c o n ti
t h ere of i l v i
F n a l y I h a e n c l u d e d n o b o o k s, o r s e s, o f s u d e s o r
. t t i
x i
e e r c s e s (f o r i u r t t t v
h e y a r e , o f c o u s e , n n m e a bl e ), h a i s to s a y , I h a e r
l
o n y n a m ed l i ’
vi li
x l tr r
o n s c h o o s i n w h c h th e e a m p e s a r e i n e s e se d
p
it l t il t i i t t
w h e te r p r e s s a n d l u s r a t o n s , b e n g , i n po i n
-
lt o f f ac , c o m
p e e
ir ti q iti i
d e c o n s fo r th e a c u i s o n o f tech n i qu e u po n th e v o l i n , (pr e
su m a bly i ) tr
w th o u t a m a s e t i li t Th us h s s O f m éth o d es b e co m e s
.
p l u
r a c ti c a l y a s t pp l em en ix t i
o Ap e n d
p C ,
and m
g h t b e h e a d e d “
A .
i li i i
B b o gr a p h y o f Wo r k s o n th e Te c h n qu e o f th e V o l i n , a n d a s
”
su ch it t
m i ghi t b e sa d h a t No s 1, 4 , 5, 7 , 9, 13, 14 , 18, 34, 4 1, 4 3, .
i
5 0A, 52, 69, 7 0, 7 4 , 7 5, 124 , 14 4, 14 9, i n App e n d x s ul h o d be
i l t t r t i l
h e r e n c l u d e d 3 b u t I p a c e d h e m h e e b e ca u se h e y a r e pr i n c pa l y
p r i t i t i
n ed it v r
n s r u c t o n s, w uih e y f e w mr s rc a l e xa m
p l e s ,
w h e e a s h e e
v i ri i ll u i x l i
w e h a e w o r k s w h c h a r e p n c pa y m s ca l e a m p e s to w h c h th e
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h a e n o t d i v d e d th e fo l o w n g w o k s n d e th e h ea d O f h e r a r o s
na ti iti
ona l es
S E CTI ON I .
VI O LI N S CH O O LS I N O RD E R O F D ATE .
NB — E x c c t w h e r e o th e r w i se m en ti o n e d , th e si z e of th e f o ll o w i n g w o r k s
. .
p
is a lw a y s u n d e r s to o d to b e m u si c si z e -
.
1 . Ger l e , H . Mu s i
Te u sc h (s i c ) a u f d i e I n s u m e n t d i e G o s e n
ca tr rs
u mn d
( )
si c k l e y n e n G e y ge n a u c h La u tte n , e tc N ii r n b e r g, .
1 53 2 S e co n d E d i ti o n , 154 6
. .
2 S i mp so n , C
. Th e D i i si o n V i o l i s t, o r a n i n t o d u c o n to th e
. v r ti
l
p y g p
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p a ts L r
o n do n , t r .
1 659 : W Go d bi d F 01 .
t . .
3 S i mp s o n , C
. Th e D i v s o n V o , o r th e Ar t o f P l a y n g ex
. ii il i
tem p o r e u po n a g o u n d , d d e d n o h r e e pa s S eco n d r ivi i t t rt .
E d i ti o n o f No 2 Lo n d o n 1667 : H B r o m e Fo l
. . , . . .
PPEND I X 345 A .
Gem in i an i , F . A t f P l y i g th V i li
r L dO o17 40 a n e o n . on n , .
Gem i n i am i , F . Th E t i r N d C m pl t T t r f
e th
n e ew an o e e u o or e
i li
V o n , co n t i i g th si t d b t m th d f l r i g
a n n e ea es an es e o s or ea n n
t bt
o o a in a
p r fi i y Lo d d (1800) J P
c en c t . on on ,
n . . . r es on .
6 . Mo z a r t L , . Ve r h i r g ii dli h Vi li h l A u g b rg
su c e ne r n c en o n sc u e. s u ,
1 7 56 .
7 . An o n y m o u s Th e Co m p e e T o fo r th e V o li n , c o n ta n i n g
. lt ut r i i
th e es b t
a n d ea e st I n s c o n s f o r Le a n e s to o b a n a si tru ti r r ti
r
P o fi c i e n c , e tc Lo n d o n , n d y Th o mp s o n (2 S o n
. . . .
O bl .
M o z a r t, L Gr u n d li c h e V o n c l e A g b g, 17 7 0 : La tter ,
. i li s hu . u s ur
4 to .
ét r é
M h o d e ai so n n e d e V o o n , pa r L M o z a r t Tr a n s a e d by V il . . lt .
R oes e r
P a s , 17 7 0 B o y er
. ri . .
S e co n d E d i ti o n , P a s , 1801 Ch P l eg el ri . .
9 . Gem i n i a n i , F Th e Ar t o f P a y n g o n th e V o n , c o n a n n g
. l i i li ti i
a l l th e rule s n ec e ssa to a a n to a p e fe c o n o n th a t ry tt i r ti
Ins tru t
m e n , e tc Op I X Lo n d o n , n d S eco n d
. . . . .
E d i ti o n , 1 7 91 B r em n e r .
S a i n t S e vi n , J B
-
P n c e s de V o o n . B o d e a u , 17 7 2
. 4 to ri ip il r . x . .
Loh l ei n , G S An w e s n g z u m V o l n
. . e en m it ak sc h e niu i i spi l pr ti
B e y spi e l e n u n d z u r H e b n g m i t 24 k e n e n D u e e n u li tt
e r k l ar e t Le pz g , 1 7 7 4
'
. i i
S e con d E di ti o n , 1 7 81 Th i r d . .
E d i ti o n , 1 7 97 F Fr om m a n n O bl . . . .
B a i lleu x, A M h o d e a so n n e o . a ét
en d e a jo e da ri é p ur ppr r ur
il
V o o n , a e c l e d o gté d e c e t I n v m e n , e t l e s d iffé r e n s i stru t
a r em e n s
g do n il e s t s s c e bl e P a i s, 1 7 98t S econ d u pti r . .
E d i ti o n , 17 7 9 .
M i l a n d r e (f) M h o de fa c i e o . ét
l a V o e d Am o u r
’
P a r s, l p ur il . i
1 7 82 4 to . .
Co r r e tte , M L Ar t d e se e r fe ct o n n e
’
. lo V o o n P a r s, p i r sur il . i
1 7 83 .
Le o n e M h o d e a so n n e o ét a e d a V o o n a la Ma n ri é p ur p ss r il
do l n e iP a s , 17 83 . ri .
B o r n e t (a i n é) No u e e M th o d e d u V o o n e t d e l a M i e
. v ll é il us qu .
P a r i s , 1 7 88 .
B ed a r d , J B M h o de de V o o n , co
. . ét
e e t in e l g b e P a s, il urt t li i l . ri
1800 3 Led u c .
Ca r ti e r , J B L Ar t d u V o o n , o u D v s o n d e s c o l e , se a n t
’
. . il i ii é s rv
d e co m pl em e n t a l a M th o d e d e V o o n d u Co n s e a o e é il rv t ir .
P a s , 1801 ri .
B a i l l o t, P , B o d e, P , e t K r e u tz e r , R M h o d e d e V o o n
. . P a s, . ét il . ri
1803 3 O z i E n gl h E di o n , t a n sl a te d by J A H a m i o n
. is ti r . . lt
Lo n d o n , n d . .
H e r i n g, C T
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.
(
n ach e ne n e en, kti i r u

l
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g S t u fe n fo
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p g
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. .
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P a r s 18 17 i , .
34 6 VI O LI N M AK I NG -
: AS IT WA S AND Is .
B a i llgt, P L Ar t d a V o l o n
.
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No u v e l l e M th o d e , d e d i é e a s e s . é
E le e s v P a i s, n d
. r
I m p r i m e r i e d u Co n s er v a to i r e
. . .
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. r i
w h i c h th e p o gr e s s o f th e earn er r i s gr e a tl y fa c il i ta te d l .
Lo n d o n , n d (184 0) B S Wi lli a m s . . O bl . . . .
B a tes , J t
B a e s Co m p l e e P r e c e p to r fo r th e V i o l n , c o n a i n n g
.
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p e s e t d o u bl e s P a s ,
n d iqu l . ri . .
S ch a n en ber ger E n g s h Ed i t o n r a n sl a te d by J a s . li i t .
Cl a r k e Lo n d o n , n d : R Co o/
. cs . . . .
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. r t i
O f P l a y i n g th e V o l in i
Gla sgo w , 1846 W H a m i l to n , O b l . . .
Sp o h r , L . i li
V o n sc h u l e v o n Lo u s S po h m i t e r l au te r n d e n i r '
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V en n a, n d . i
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L o u s S p o h r s Gr a n d V o l n S ch o o f o m th e o g n a l
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r il
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Te , b y H e n y H o l m e s, th e a n s l a t o n fr o m th e Ge m a n tr i r
lr r
by F o e n c e M a sh a ll Lo n d o n , n d (187 8) B o o s ey dc Ca . . . .
Ca m p a gn o li , B v l
No u e l e M h o de d e l a M é c h a n i qu e pr o gr e s
. ét
si v e d u
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132 Lé co n s pr o gr e ss i v e s po u d e x V o o n s , e t 118 Etu d es r u il
p ou nu r V o on se u l H il
a n o ve r, n d : B a ch m a/ nn, 2 nd . .
E di ti o n Le pz g, n d . i i B r e i tk opf u n d H a r tel . . .
i i t
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Lo n d o n , n d B Co c k s (E Co
. . . .
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. . o s ét
p a e s P a r is , l tr i rti .
c h ez l Au te u r
’
n d . . .
D a vi d , F . i i
V o l n s c h l e v o n F e di n a n d D a d u Le pz g, n d r vi . i i . .
B r e i tk opf u n d H a r te l S eco n d E d i ti o n , 1 87 4
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. .
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.
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No e l o s M u s c P m e s Ed e d by D r S a i n e ;
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i ri r it t r . .
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. il No v e lla 4to
. . . . .
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. é i t ur
Co s c o m .
p l e e t tp g o r
e s s f e n fo m e d e m r ih r
o d e po u ét l e r vi ivi é
o lo n , d s
en q
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p a es rL o n do n , n d rti
(1 88 3 ) .F W C h a n a t, 4 to . . . . .
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. l r
th i s po p u a i n s m enl r tru t
Lo n d o n , n d O bl . . . .
O tto La n g l ey s Ne w V o i n T o
’
i l ut r
Lo n d o n , n d (1884 ) Ri v i ér e . . .
db H a w k es .
S E CTI ON II .
U ND ATED M ET H O D E S I N ALP H AB ETI CAL O R D EP
35 An o n y m o u s
. . Th e A r t of P l a y in g th e V i lio n w ith ut o a Ma ste r .
348 VI O L I N M A I NG :
-
K As I T WAs AN D Is .
P a tey , C A . l tr
An E e m e n a y Tr e a s e o n th e Ar t o f P a yi n g
. ti l
il
th e V o i n , w th S c a e s, e tc i Lo n d o n , n d l . . .
P r aege r , H t
E l e m e n a r y a n d P a c t ca l V o l n S c h o o l
. r i
I n h ee i i . t r
p a srt L o n do n , n d
. . .
Ri es , I I .V o n S ch o o l i li Lo n d o n n d . . .
S a n d er so n , J Th e S tu d y o f th e B o w , e tc , E e r c i se s i n F i n ge
. . x r
in g a n d B o w n g i
Lo n d o n , 11 d : La n gm a n s
. . . .
S c h a ll , O Etu d e s d e l a r c h e t e t d u d o gt , o u c i n q u a n te h u t
.
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p p ou l e o l o n P a r i s : Ch r vi . .
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. . tr ti
Wa u d , W W I n s u c o n bo o k fo r th e V o l i n , e tc Lo n d o n , i .
n d : W W
. . aud . .
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. d a te s o f th e M éth o de : i n S e c ti o n 11 m a y b e a ppr o x i m a te l y .
a s c e r ta i n e d b y r e f e r e n c e to a n y bi o g r a ph i c a l d i c ti o n a r y (su ch as F eti s o r
G r o v e ) , w h i c h w i ll gi v e u s th e ti m e a t w h i c h th e c o m po se r l i v e d No 1 i s . .
i n se r te d (p e r h a ps w i th o u t r i gh t o f e n tr ée ) a s b e i n g th e e a r l i e st i n str u c ti o n b o o k
I h a v e b e e n a b l e to fi n d f o r str i n g e d i n s tr u m e n ts No s 2 a n d 3 a ga i n , a r e . .
s c h o o l s f o r th e v i a l d a g a m b a , b u t I h a v e i n c l u d e d th e m o n a c c o u n t o f t h e i r
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e a r l i e s t v i o l i n tu to r I h a v e b e i n g a b l e to fi n d , d a te s f r o m 1654 , b u t a s i t i s
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AP P E ND I X E .
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WH E N o n e l o o k s th r o u gh th e m a gn ific e n t “
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’
C
.
B
.
B é ri o t, de, A Ca t c a m e F i d d l i n g o u t o f a a rn , 8 ”‘
B C
.
e s t Lo c a l i ti e s f o r Wo o d , 125
.
”
. a tg u t, 209
B B
.
”
e v e l l i n g th e E d ge o f th e e ll y , 260 Ca tch Cl u b, Th e , 55
B C
.
e v e ll i n g th e E d g e s o f th e S c r o ll , 27 4
.
a us e o f F a l s e n e s s i n S tr i n s 996
g ,
C
.
B B
.
e v e ll i n g th e I n s i d e Ed g e o f th e a ck , ellin i , B , 7 2 . .
24 9 Ce l l i n i , G 52
B ibl Th 33
. ., .
e, e, Ch a m pfl e u r y , 105
B i bl i g ph y f th C
. .
o ra o e Vi o l i n , 329 h a n g i n g S tr i n g s , 215
C
. .
B i n g ley , W , 65 h a n o t, G , 65, 84
C
. . . .
B i r ch , S , 4 h a n o t G Ai n e , 21
C P
. . .
B i sh op , J , 5, 20, 37 , 95, 136 h a n o t s (G A ) a te n t Vi o li n B a g , 202

C
. . . . .
B l a c k i n g th e Ed ge s , h a n o t F , 107 , 1 14
B C
. .
l e a c h i n g S tr i n g s , 212 h a n o t s R o s i n , 199
B
. .
l o c k s , Th e , 14 7 , 234 , 285, 289, 292 Ch ap p e ll Wm , 4 3, 210

C
. . .
B on a n n i , 17 5 h a rles 7
B C
.
o tto m J o i n o f R i b s, T h e , 233, 251, 288 h a r l e s I L, 4 , 19

C
. .
B o u r d e l o t, 9 h a r l e s I V o f Lo r r a i n e , 8
B C
. . .
o u r d o n , 55 h a r l e s I X o f F r a n c e , 8, 74
C B
. . .
B o w , Th e , 56 h a r l e s th e a l d , 61
C
. .
B o w s , An c i e n t, 38 h a r tr e s , S c u l p tu r e a t, 4 6
C
. .
Ch dtea u n e uf , A bbe d e , 35
’
B ow o m p a s s e s , 224 . .
B o w , D i m e n s i o n s o f , 96 Ch a uc e r , G , 3
C P
. .
W
.
B o w , E ty m o l o gy o f , 87 h e m i ca ll y r e p a r e d o o d s, 129
C
. .
B o w , H a i r m g o r R e h a i r i n g, 99 h e s ts o f Vi o l s , 55
C
-
. .
B o w h a i r s , 96 h i n e s e , Th e , 39
C
-
. .
B o w , I n tr o d u c ti o n o f , 44 h i n o f th e S c r o ll , T h e , 27 4
C
.
B
.
B o w , M e th o d o f e n di n g the , 96 h in e s e Wa te r c o r d S tri n gs , 214

C
-
.
B o w , Th e M o d e r n , 97 h i n P a d , 201
B P C
. .
o w s, a te n t, 101 h i n R e s t, T h e , 196
B P C
. .
o w s, r i c e s o f , 95 h o i c e o f S tr i n g s , 203
B P
. .
o w s, r i m i ti v e , 87 . Ch o r d o m e te r , T h e , 200
B
.
Ch r i sti a n o w i te h , A , 40
’
o w s , T o u r te s , 9 5
P C
. . .
B o w , r o g r e s s i v e H i s to r y o f th e , 88 h r o tta , T h e , 62, 64
C
. .
B o w , S e lf h a i ri n g , 101 h u r c h R e s to r a ti o n , 30
P
-
B C
.
o xw o o d e g s , 188 i n n a b a r , 324
B C
. .
o x w o o d Vi o l i n , 5, 110 i th a r a , T h e , 59
B C
. .
r a n d e d Vi o l in s , 166 l a gge tt, T , 116

P C
. . .
B r a v o u r a la y i n g , l e a n i n g th e R i b s , e tc , 239.
B C
.
r a z il Wo o d , 324 l e r gy m e n 8
B C
. .
r e n t, M i ss , 4 l e r k e o f Cx e n f o r d e , Th e , 3
C
.
B
.
r e to n Vi o l , T h e , 65
”
. o ck a do odle d o o , 2 .
B r e w e r , A , 29 . o l l e cti o n s o f Vi o li n s , 22 .
B
.
r i d g e d Ly r e s , 59 o ll i n s , M H , 1 1 1
P
. . . .
B r o a d h o use , J , 20 o ll i n s a te n t P e g , 189
’
C
.
B
. .
r i d ge , T h e , 1 59, 30 4 o l o n i z a ti o n o f F r a n c e a n d En gl a n d , 69 .
B
.
r i d ge , D e s i g n o f th e , 161 . o l o ph o n y , 198 .
B r i d g e , F u n c ti o n s o f th e , 161. c l o u r i n g E sse n c e s , M e th o d o f , 180 .
B r i d ge , H e i g h t o f th e , 161 o m m o n T o o l s R e q u i r e d , 219
C
.
B
.
ri d g e , We i gh t o n th e , 126 o m p o n e n ts o f S tr i n g s , 209
B P C
. .
ri d g e s , a te n t, 163 o m p o s i ti o n o f P u r fli n g , 163
C
.
B
.
r o o k s Fi n g e r b o a r d , 191 o m po u n d i n g o f Va r n i s h e s ,
’
C
-
.
B r o o m a n s F i n ge r b o a r d , 191. o n c e a li n g R e p a i r s , 318
’
C
-
.
B u d di a n i , 7 3 o n c l u s i o n , 319
C P
. .
1111, 010 7 2 167 a te n t P e g , 189
2
ook e s
’
.
! 13r 6 o p a fba , 326

g?
ur . .
Bu S a m u e l , 11, 63. o p a l , 324 .
B u tto n . T h e . 281 . O p e r a ri o , J 7.
360 GENE R AL I ND EX .
Fil l i er e , Th e , 287 F o ss e gr in , Th e Ge n i us , 16
P
. .
Fi n a l l a n i n g o i th e Ta b l es , 266 . F r a g m e n ts o f S tr a d i v a r i, Ex u
Fin a l Thi ck n es se s o f th e e l l y , 257 B . W i th , 133 .
-
B
F i n ge r o a r d , T h e , 190 . F r a n c h o m m e , M 126 .
B
Fi n ge r o a r d , Th e F a l se 27 9 F r a n k i n c e n s e , 323
C
-
. .
B
,
F in ge r -
o a r d H o l d e r , T h e , 27 9 . F r e n c h l a i m s to I n v e n ti on 53 .
F i n i sh i n g th e a c k , 24 9 B F r e n c h Wo r k s o n th e Vi o l in , 336 .
B
.
Fin i sh i n g th e o d y o f th e F i ddl e , 268 F r e ts , 4 3

B
. .
F i n i s h i n g th e u tto n , 281 F r o st, H F , 18

C
.
B
. . .
F i n i s h i n g th e o r n e r s , 288 . F u n c ti o n s o f r id ge , 161 .
Fi n i s h i n g th e E d g e s o f th e Fid dl e , 268 . F u n c ti o n s o f th e H e a d a n d Ne ck , 157

Fi n i s h i n g th e H e a d 27 6 F u n c ti o n s o f th e S o u n d B a r , 153 -
P
, . .
F i n i sh i n g th e F i d d l e , 281 Fu n c ti o n s o f th e S o u n d o st, 151. -
B
.
F i n is h i n g th e I n s i d e o f th e e ll y , 259 .
F i n i s h i n g th e I n s i d e o f th e F id d l e , 251 . Gaf n r i u s, 9 1 .
F i n i s h i n g th e Nu t a n d F i n ge r o a r d , 299 B G a gl i a n o , N , 169
C
-
. . .
F i n i s h i n g th e O u tli n e , 24 1 G a l b us e r a , A , 114
P
. . . .
F i n i sh i n g th e e gs , 302 . Ga l i l e i , V , 53 . .
Fi n i sh i n g th e R e s t, 268 . C a l la y , J , 35 56, 84 , 167 .

.
F 1n i s h i n g th e Ri b s , e tc , 238 . . Ga m b o ge ,
“
F i n i s h i n g th e S i d e Li n i n gs , 230 . Ga r e l U t, 56
’
.
F 1n i s h i n g th e S o u n d B a r , 259 G a u g e s , 199, 204

C
-
. .
F i o r a v a n ti of B o l og n a , 1 7 4 G a u g i n g a l l i p e r s , 223 .
B
.
F i tti n g th e r i d ge , 304 G a n th e r o t, M a d a m e , 5
C
. .
F i tti n g th e e n tr e o u ts , 287 B Ga y J 10, 86

. . . .
F l tti n g th e F i n g e r b o a r d , 297 -
. G e i ge , 47 .
F i tti n g th e Ne c k to th e F i d d l e , 27 7 , 316 . Ge m un d e r , G , 20 . .
F i ttin g th e Nu t, 298 G e n e a l o g i e s o f th e Vi o lin a n d Cr w th , 68

P
. .
F i tti n g o f th e e g s , 188, 300 . G e o m e tr i c a l O u tli n e , 136 .
F i tti n g th e P u r fi i n g , 265 . Ge r a se n u s , N , 36 . .
F i tti n g th e R e s t, 268 . Ge r be r t, 34 44 , 4 5, 61, 62, 88 . .
F i tti n g th e R i b s , 232 G e r m a n S tr i n gs , 209

B
. .
F i tti n g th e R i b s to th e a c k , 24 9 . G e r m a n Wo r k s o n th e Vi o li n , 340 .
F i tti n g th e S 1d e Li n i n g s , 236 -
. G i a r d i n i 20, 203
, .
F i tti n g th e S o u n d B a r , 258 Gi gu e , T h e , 4 6, 47
P
-
. .
F i tti n g th e S o u n d o s t, 303 -
. G l a s s i n Va r n i s h , 17 0 .
F i tti n g th e T a il p i e c e , 303 -
. G l o u c e s te r , D u k e o f, 7.
F i tti n g th e T a i l p i n , 302 -
. C o r d ig a n i , L , 122 . .
F i tti n gs a n d A p p li a n c e s , Th e , 187 . Go ss e , E , 1 5 . .
F i tti n g 11p , 294 , 296

-
. G o s tl i n g, 54 .
F i v e s tr i n g e d Vi o l i n s , 107
-
G o n d o k , Th e , 4 1
B
.
Fix i n g th e a c k o n th e M a d e M o u l d , 292 G o u g i n g th e Ar c h in g o f th e Ta b le s , 24 1.
B
.
F i x i n g o n th e e l l y , 260 G r a n d A m a ti , T h e , 7 4 , 7 5
B
.
B
.
F i xi n g th e e l l y o n th e I n s i d e M o u l d , 292 G re e k o w s , 36
B
. .
F i xi n g th e l o c k s , 236 G r e e k Ly r e s , 58
C B
. .
F i x i n g th e e n tr e o u ts , 287 G r o o v e s r o u n d th e S c r o l l , Th e 27 4 .
B
. .
F i x i n g th e Fi n g e r o a r d , 298-
. j
Gr o s e a n , J P , 121 . . .
F i x i n g th e Nu t, 298 Gr o v e , S i r G , 14 , 55
P
. . .
F i x i n g th e e g s , 264 . G r u fl y d d a p D a v y d d a p H o w e l , 64
F i x i n g th e P u r fl i n g , 265 . G u a d a g n i n i , J B , 7 9, 169, 17 8 . . .
F i x i n g th e R e s t, 268 . G u a d a g n i n i , Lo r e n z o , 7 8 .
”
F i x i n g th e R i b s , 232 Gu a r d i a n , Th e , 1 3
B
.
B
.
Fi x i n g th e R i b s to th e a c k , 250 . G u a r n e r i u s l o c k , T h e , 289 292 . .
F i x i n g th e S i d e Li n i n g s , 237
-
. G u a r n e r i u s H e a d , T h e , 292 .
F i x i n g th e S o u n d B a r , 259 -
. G u a r n e r i u s, J o s eph , 7 8 .
F lem i n g , J . 23, 36, 51, 7 6, 130 . G u a r n e ri u s , J d e l C o st , 23, 81 . .
F l etc h e r , B e a u m o n t a n d , 11 G u a r n e r i u s M o d e l , Th e , 282.
P
.
F l e u r y , J , 105 Gu a r n e r i u s , A , 75
P
. . . . .
F o l d i n g Vi o l i n , T h e , 112 . Gu a r n e ri u s e te r 7 8
, , .
F o r d , J , 11
. . Gu e r n sey , W , 16, 23 .
'
F o r d , M i s s 54 , . G u i ta r s h a p e d Vi o l i n s, 113.
-
F o r e i gn Na m e s o f B o w I n s tr u m en ts , 12 G u m A r a b i c , 325
B
. .
Fo r ge ri e s , 14 3 . Gu m e n z o i c , 325 .
Fo r m o f f H 01 156 . G u m La c i n Va r n ish e s, 17 2, 825

G u m M a s ti c , 323
.
F o rs te r , ill i a m , 3 . .
F or ster , S A 54, 17 1
. .
Gu m T r a ga ca n th , 324 .
GENERAL I ND E X . 361
Gu m s u se d fo r Va r n i sh , 323. I ron C r a m p s , 220 .
I e o a r d , 107 .
Haan se l , J A , 108 . . . I ta l i a n W
o r k s o n th e Vi o l i n , 334 .
Ha n dl e Th e , 1 57, .
Ha i r i n g a B o w , 99 . J a c o b s (Am s te r d a m ) , 84 , 163 .
Ha i r l e s s B o w , 39 . J a c q u e , T h e R e v G , 110
B
. . .
Ha l f a c k , 133 . J a hn , 17 .
Ha l l i w e l l , J 2 . . J a n z e, Vi c o m te d e , 126
Ha n d s o m e Wo o d , 230
.
. J i g , 51 .
“
H a r l e i a n M i sc e l la n y , 4 . J o h n , Co m e , S e l l t
Ha r m o n i c O c ta v e s , 206 . B
J o i n te d o w s , 202 .
Ha r p e r s M o n th ly M a g a z i n e , 167
’
. J o n es , E 1 63
. , .
Ha r t, 23, 69, 165, 167 , 208 . J o n s o n , B e n , 56 .
H a w e i s , R e v H B , 8 129 . . . , . J o u so up of,P r i n c e , 52 .
H a w k i n s , J J , 108, 150 . . . J u ba l , 33 .
Ha w k i n s , S i r J , 6, 36 . . J u d g i n g S tr i n g s , 207 .
Ha y , 25 .
H e a d , T h e , 157 , 269 K e e pi n g S tr i n gs , 208

C
. .
H e a d , a r v e d , 165 K e m a n g e h , 40
C
. .
H e a d , M e th o d o f o p y i n g th e , 159 . K e m a n g e h A g o u z , 31, 39
’
.
H e b r e w Ly r e , T h e , 58 . K e r l i n o , J , 51 , 7 1 . .
H e b r e w s , 33 K i r c h e r , A , 210
B K
. . .
H e i gh t o f th e r id ge , i ss a r , T h e , 58 .
H e 1g h t o f th e S i d e s , 14 3, 14 5 . K l e i n Ge i ge , T h e , 4 9
-
.
H e l l , F , 106 . K l o tz F a m i l y , T h e , 7 7 14 5
K
.
.
H e r be , 88 l o tz , M , 25
'
. . .
H e r o n A ll e n , E 29, 67 K n ig h t s E n cy c l 0p ce d i a ,
’
-
C
.
“
He r v e l o ix d 54 . K n ig h t of th e B u r n i n g P e stle , The , 13
”
K
, . .
n i v e s f o r Vi o l i n M a k m
”
H e y D id d l e D i d d le , 1 .
g, 221.
-
H i gh a n d L o w r i d ge , Eff ec t o f 161
,
B . K n o ts , 214 .
H i e r o gl y ph i c s , 43 . K o l ik e r , 51 .
H i ll , A r th u r , 94 . K o s eg a r te n , J G , 4 1. . .
H i ll Wi l l i a m E bs w o r th , 84 .
Hi l l s M u te 198 , . La b e l , T h e , 251 .
H il l m e r , F , 107 . . La bo r d e , 51 .
H ip k i n s , A J , 67 La d y Vi o l i n i s te s , 12
P
. . . .
H i s to r y , i c to r i a l , 30 . a fl e u r , J , 103 . .
H i s to r i c Vi o l i n S c h o o l , An , 34 8 . La M e s s i e S tr a d , 126. .
H og a r th , G , 17 La v e n d e r O i l o f , 325
P
. . , .
H o l l o w Gl a s s S o u n d o st, 152 -
. L e a th e r Vi o l i n s , 105
B
.
H o l l o w i n g o u t th e a c k , 24 7 L e ec h J , 1 1 .
B
. , .
H o l l o w i n g o u t th e e l l y , 256. L e ge n d s 16 , .
H o lm e s 0 W , 21 , . . . Le i c e s te r , E a r l o f , 6 .
H o o d , T o m , 10 . Le n g th o f th e B a r , 153 .
Ho w e l l s Vi o l in , 110, 112
’
. L e p s i u s, 4 3 .
H u efi e r , F , 8 L E s tr a n g e , S i r R o g e r , 4
‘
’
B
. . .
Hu l l a h , J , 6, 16, 53 . . L e v e lh n g th e l o ck s a n d Ri b s,
Hu l s k a m , P , 106 . . Le v e l l i n g th e R i bs , 289 .
”
H u m or o u s Li e u te n a n t, Th e , 11 . Le Vi o l o n d e F a i e n c e , 105”
.
Li d e l , 55 .
I l Vi o l i n o , 122 ”
Li n a r o ll i , V 51, 52, 7 1.
B
.
“ in u ”
I n d e x to th e i b l i o gr a ph i e s , 357 L g a , 29
C
. .
I n d o Eur o p e a n T r i b e s, Th e , 4 5 Li n i n g h i s e l , 222
C
-
. .
fl
I n u e n c e o f th e f f H o l e s o n T o n e , 156 . Li n i n g l i p s , 225 .
fl
I n u e n ce o f L e n g th o n a S tr i n g , 204 Li q u i d R o s i n , 199
P
. .
fl
I n u e n c e o f th e S o u n d o s t o n th e T o n e , -
Li s t o f Vi o l i n S c h o o l s , 348. -
1 50 . Li v r o n , M 213 .
, .
fl
I n u e n c e o f Te n si on o n a S tr i n g , 205 . Lii ff e l g e i ge , T h e , 112 .
fl
I n u e n c e o f Th i ck n es s o n a S tr i n g , 205 . Lo g w o o d , 324 .
I n u e n c e o f We ig h t o n a S tr i n g, 205
fl . L o ll i , A , 14 . .
I n l a i d F i tti n g s , 166 . Lo m b a r d i n i S i g n o r a M a d d a l e n a , 6
, .
I n l a i d Vi o l i n s , 165 . L o o p o f T a il p i e c e Th e , 303 -
, .
I n s e c t F i d d l e r s , 16 . Lo o s e n i n g o f th e G l u e , 311 .
I n s i d e M o u l d , Th e , 282 L o r d Ch e ste rfi e ld , 3, 4
C
. .
I n te r i o r a p a c i ty o f th e Fi d d l e , 144 . Lo tt , J o h n , 84 17 0 , .
I n v e n ti o n , O rd e r o f , 7 1 . Lo w e r i n g th e Ed ge s o f th e Fi dd l e ,
3 62 GE NE RA L I ND E x .
Lo w e r i n g th e Wi n g o f th e f , 255 . U
M o n i te u r n i v e r s e l , 118 "
.
Lo w n d e s 55 . M o n ta g n a n a , D o m i n i c 7 9 .
Lo y a l O bs e r v a tor , The , 4 . fil o n ta ig n e 53 . .
”
Lu i e t Ell e , 124 . M o n te v e r d e s O r fe o 53
’
.
Lu n n , H C 14 . . . M o o r s , Th e , 4 2
Lu p o t, N , 82
.
. . M o r e ll a , M , 7 1 . .
”
L u th o m o n og i cp hi e , 52 153 . M o r ga n , B 1s h o p , 33 .
Ly r e s , An c 1e n t, 58 M o r ga n , J o h n 65
B
. . .
Ly r e s w i th r i d ge s , 59 . M o r ley , R e v C , 17 5. . .
M o z a r t, W A , 17
C
. . .
Ma c h i n e H e a d to 1 Vi o lin ,
188 . M ii ll e r , a r l , 31 .
M a c ki n to s h , 130 . M u n tz , E , 35 . .
M a d d e r , 324 . M u n tz , G H M , 19.
. . .
Ma d o x , 4 3 . M u sic a l R ev i e w , 67
M afl e i P A . 167. . M u s i c a l S ta n d a r d , 12, 15.
M u s u r gi a n a , 112
”
.
M a i l a n d , E 186 . . M u te , T h e , 1 98 .
M a k i n th e P u r fl i n g , 264 . M y r r h , 326 .
Ma n s , c u l ptu r e a t, 4 9 . My s te r i o u s M u te , Th e , 198 .
Ma n u fa c tu r e o f S tr i n gs , 210 .
Ma r a i s , 54 . Na g e l g e i g e , 109 .
Ma r i a n i, 7 3 Na 1l Vi o l i n T h e , 109
P
-
, .
M a r k i n g o i n t Th e , 221
-
, . Na p o l é o n , Lu c i e n , 36 .
M a r k i n g th e ff H o l e s , 253 . Na r r o w S l a b R e m e d y f o r , 290
,
M a r k in g th e M o d e l o f th e S c r o l l , 2 12 . Ne a p o l i ta n S tr i n g s , 209 .
M a r k i n g th e O u tli n e 290 , . Ne c k , Th e 1 57 , 27 7
, .
M a r k i n g th e O u tl i n e o f th e Ne c k a n d Ne c k a n d S c r o l l , T h e , 269, 292 .
S c r o ll , 27 0 . Ne c k , F i tti n g o f th e 14 8 , .
M a r k i n g th e P u r fl i n g , 262 . Ne c k , F u n c ti o n s o f th e , 157 .
M a i p u r g , F W 55 Ne c k G u id e , 280
P
. . , . .
M a r sto n , 63 . Ne c k , r o p o r ti o n s o f , 157 , 158 .
M a ss i n g e r , P , 13 . . Ne c k , S e tti n g o f , 157 .
Ma s s o f Ai r i n th e Vi o l i n , 137 , 14 5 Ne f e r , T h e , 4 2
P
. .
M a te r i a l s o f e gs , 187 . Ne f r u , T h e , 4 2 .
M a th e m a ti ca l l y D r a w n O u tl in e , 136 . Ne ttle sh ip , H , 34 . .
M a u g i n J C a n d M a i gn e W 131
. . , . . Ne r o , 8 .
M a up e r ti us , S B de , 1 20 . . . Ne w I n s tr u m e n ts , 19 .
M e a s u r e m e n ts o f B o w I n str u m e n ts , 126 . Ne w Ne c k , F i tti n g a , 312, 316 .
M e a s u r e m e n ts o f Ne c k a n d S c r o ll , 158 . Ne w Ne c k s o n O l d I n s tr u m e n ts , 159 .
M ed a r , 8 Ni b e l u n ge n l i e d D a s , 216
"
C
. .
,
Me di c i , d e , 53 Ni ch o l s o n D r J 102, 154
P
. . . .. .
,
M e e s o n s a te n t B a r , 154
’
. Ni e d e r h e i tm a n n , 169 .
M e r sen n u s , M 4 9, 50, 93, 210 . . Ni ss e n , G R de , 17

. . .
M e ta l Vi o li n s , 105 No f r e , T h e , 4 2
C
.
B B
.
Me th o d o f o l o u r i n g E ss e n c e s , 180 No r m a l T o n e s o f a c k a n d e l l y ,
B
.
M e th o d o f C o p y i n g f f H o l e s , 155 No r m a n a r a k , 83, 165
C
. , .
M e th o d o f o p y i n g He a d , 1 59 No tes a n d Q u e r i e s, 10
C C
. .
M e th o d o f o p y i n g O u tl i n e , 135 No tr e D a m e d e h a r tr e s , 4 6
C W
. .
M e th o d o f o v e r i n g S tr 1n gs w i th i re , Nu r s e r y R h y m e s , 1 .
213 . Nu t, Th e , 190, 298 .
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Va r n i s h , 17 9 .
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O b e c t o f P u r fl i n g , 164
P P
. .
M e th od o f r e p a r i n g R o s i n , 199 O bl o n g S te e l l a n e , 225
P
. .
M e ttr e a n Vi o l o n , 10 ”
. O c ta v e , r o d u c ti o n o f th e , 205 .
M ic a l i , 36 . O d d Vo l u m es , Th e , 29 .
M i d d l eton , 3 O il Va r n i s h ve r sus S p i ri t Va r n i s h , 176.

i n s tr e l s Ga l l e r y , E x e te r
’
a th e d r a l , 4 6. C O l d K i n g Co l e , 2 ”
.
M i r e co u 1 t M a n u f a c tu r e , T h e , 84 O l d Ne c k s , 159
P
. .
M i r e m o n t s a te n t B a r , 154
’
. O l d R e c i p e s f o r Va r n i s h , 17 3.
M o d e l , T h e , 135, 226 . O l d T e s ta m e n t Vi o l s , 33 .
o d e l o f f H o l e , 254 B
O l e u ll , 167
B C
. .
M o d e l o f S c r o ll , 269 O le u ll s
’
h i n B es t, 196.
B
.
M o d e n a , a r n a b a s d e , 90 . O m e tti , T h e , 38 .
M o d e rn I n s tr u m e n ts O p o p o n a x , 326 .
Mo l l e n h a u e r , E R 112 . . O p o r i n u s , J 53 .
364 GENE RA L I ND E X .
R i m b a ul t, D r , 55 S h a p e o f tn e Vi o l i n , R e a s o n s f o r , 1 22
'
.
B
.
R o b e r ts o n , J 110 . S h a p i n g th e l o c k s , 235, 289, 292 .
”
R o i d e s Vi o l o n s , Le , 4 9 . S h a p i n g th e Ne c k , 27 7 .
R o m a n B o w 8 , 36 S h a p in g th e Nu t, 298
C
. .
R o m a n o l o n i e s , 60 . S h a p i n g th e S o u n d B a r , 259. -
R o m a n Ly r e s , T h e , 58, 60. S h a r p e n i n g S te e l , 221 .
R o m a n S tr i n g s , 209 S h i f t, Th e 56
P P
. .
,
R o s e w o o d e g s , 188 . S h i f ti n g th e S o u n d o st, 151 -

.
R o s i n , Th e , 100, 198 . S h o ul d e r T h e 27 7
, , .
Ro si n , Ac ti o n o f , 206 S i bi r e , l A hhe , 83, 128, 14 5, 17 6, 191

’
’
. .
R o te , Th e , 62 . S id e s , T h e 14 3 , 230, 285 287

, , .
R o tta , T h e , 61 S i d e s , H e i g h t o f th e 143, 14 5
C
. , .
Ro uen a th e d r a l S c u l p tu r e a t, 90 . S i d e Li n m gs , T h e 148, 236, 289

-
, .
R o u n d i n g th e Ed ge s o f th e F id dl e , 268 . S i l k S tr i n g s , 2 14 .
R o u sse a u , J , 34 , 213 S i m o u tr e N , 20, 128, 131

C
. . , . .
R o w b y bl e , T h e , 9 . S i m p l e F o r m o f h i n r e st, 197 -
.
R u b e be , T h e , 9, 4 7 . S i mp so n , 54 , 93 .
R u b i bl e , T h e , 9 S i n c l a i r s T r i a n g u l a r Vi o li n s, 108
’
C
. .
R u fi n i , An d r e a , 209.
i
S in gl e Vi o l i n a s e , 201 .
R u gg ie r i, F , 7 7 S i z e o f f f H o l e s , 157
B
. . .
R u h lm a n n , J , . S i z i n g th e l o c k s , 24 9 .
R u l e s , M e a s u r i n g, 220. S i z i n g th e Wo o d , 17 8, 294 .
Ru ss ia , 4 1 . B
S l a b a c k , T h e , 133 .
R u s s i a n Vi o l i n s 113 , . S m o o th i n g th e S i d e s , 231 .
R o y a l Vi o li n i s ts , 3 . S on n e r a t 38 , .
S o r d i n o 50
B
, .
St l a s i u s , 4 4 , 4 5, 51 S o u n d B a r , T h e , 152, 258
C C
-
. . .
St e c i l i a , 91 S o u n d B a r l i p s , 223
C
-
. . .
S t D e n i s , S c u l p tu 1 e a t, 88 S o u n d B a r r a m p s , 224
P
-
B
. . .
S t Ge o r ge s d e
. o s c h e r v ill e , 46 . S o u n d B a r , a te n ts A tte m p te d , 154
-
.
S t G o d e h a r d o f H 1l d e s h e i m , 90 S o u n d n e s s o f th e Wo o d 131
P
. . , .
S t M a r ti a l d e L i m o g e s , 61 S o u n d o s t, T h e , 149, 303
P
-
. . .
S a ff r o n , 323 S o u n d o s t, Ex p e r i m e n ts w i th th e , 150
P
-
.
S a l e s o f Vi o l i n s , 25, 26 S o u n d o s t, F i tti n g th e , 14 9
P
-
. .
S a l o G d a , 53, 7 1 167 S o u n d o s t, F u n c ti o n s o f th e , 151

P
-
. , . .
S a n d a l Wo o d , 323 S o u r d i n e e d a l e , Vu i l l a u m e s , 194
’
-
.
K
.
S a n d a r a c h , 17 5, 325 . S o u th e n s i n gto n M u s e u m , 5, 50, 54, 55,

S a n d p a p e r i n g th e T a b l e s , 267 65, 101, 109
C
-
. .
S a n dy s a n d F o r ste r , 3 1, 66 . S pa n i sh o l o n i e s , 4 2 .
S a n ti a go d e Co m p o s te l l a , 4 6 . S p e c i a l E xh i bi ti o n o f 187 2, T h e , 51, 166 .
S a v a r t F , 108, 118, 1 53, 162, 177

, . . S p i r i t Va rn i sh , I n fe r i o r i ty o f , 17 6 .
S a va r t, F , 1 1 9, 128 S p l i c i n g a H e a d o n a Ne c k , 312
B
. . .
S a v a r t s E x p e r i m e n ts, 1 50 S p l i t l o c k , 312
’
C
. .
S c h a c h tn e r , J A , 17 . . . S p l i t o r n e r s , 308 .
S c h li c h teg r o l l, A H F , 17 . . . . S p l i t E d g e s , 309 .
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C
. .
S c h u b e r t, 18 S p o h r s h i n r e s t, 196
’
-
B B
. .
S c 0 0p i n g o u t th e
’
a c k , 247 S p o h r s F i n ge r o a r d , 191
P P
-
B
. .
i e c e , 192
’
S c o o p i n g o u t th e e l l y , 256 . S p o h r s a te n t T a il -
.
S c r a p e r s , 220 S p o o n F i ddl e , T h e , 11 2
C
-
. .
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B B
. .
S c r a p i n g th e H o l l o w m g o f th e a ck , 2 18 . S ta i n e d F i n g e r o a r d s , 191 -
.
S c r i b o m a G e n s , Th e , 35 . S ta i n i n g th e F i d d l e , 294 .
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, .
S c r o ll , T h e , 157 , 269 S ta i n e r , J , 34
C , . .
S c r o l l , M e th o d o f o py in g, 159 . S ta te l m a n n , 7 7 .
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P
. .
e a s o n i n g Wo o d , 1 29 . S te e l l a n e , 225 .
S e l f h a i r i n g B o w , 101
-
. S tep h e n s , J , 9 . .
S e n a l , 109 . S te ph e n s o n , E 22 .
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.
S e ts o f Vi o l s , 56 . S to r i o n i Lo r e n z o 82 , .
S e tti n g o f Ne c k , 1 57 S tr a d i v a ri A n to n i o , 7 7 , 114 , 129,

B B
. ,
S e tti n g u p th e r id g e , 304 S tr a d i v a r i a n l o c k s , 147 , 238, 289

P P
. .
S e tti n g u p th e S o u n d o s t, 303 S tr a di v a r i a n e g s 264

P
-
. , .
S e v e n ty a r ts o f th e Vi o h n , Th e , 125 S tr a di v a r i F r an c is c o a n d O m o b o n o , 86.
GENERAL I ND E X . 365
S tr i n gs 19, 20, 203, 304 T u n i n g F o r k s , 200.

B
, .
S tr i n g o x e s , 200 .
T u n i n g u p , 13 -
.
S tr in g G a u g e s 199 , . T u r k e y , 39 .
S tr i n g S ti c k i n g, 162
U gl
.
S tr i n g s , T e n s i o n o n th e , 126 n
g o f th e F i d d l e , 311.
u in
U gl
.
S tr i n gi n g u p th e Vi o l i n , 214 n u i n g o f th e T a b l e s , 308
U pp B
. .
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P Uh C
. . .
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’
r
P P
. . .
S tu tta f o r d s a te n t T a i l i e c e , 1 95
’
-
.
’
S tu tta f o r d s S p h e r i c a l R o s i n , 199 . Va ld r ig h i , Co u n t L F 112 . .
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”
S u r c o u c h e , 128, 133 . Va r n i s h T h e 168 , , .
“
S u r m a i l l e , 1 28, 133
"
Va r n i s h i n g, 294 .
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.
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B
. .
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.
T a b l e s o f Vi o l i n m a k e r s , 69 Ve n e e r i n g i n Ne w Wo o d 3 10
P
-
. , .
T a il i e c e , T h e , 192, 303 Ve n e ti a n T u r p e n ti n e 323

P P
-
. .
,
T a il i e c e , Lo o p o f th e , 3 03
-
. Ve r o n e se , a u l , 36 91 , .
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-
. Ve r o n e s e S tr i n g s , 209 .
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-
Vi b r a ti o n s o f S tr i n g s , 204 .
B
.
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.
, .
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T a r i s w , L , 26 . . . .
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107 , .
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B
, .
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-
.
T h e m i s to c l e s , 6 Vi o l i n , Th e , D e fi n e d , 104
C
.
B B
.
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C
.
14 2 . Vi o l i n o l l e c ti n g 22 , .
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B
. .
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-
B
.
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, .
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P
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C
, , .
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P
-
. .
,
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’
Vi o l i n S tr i n gs , 203
P B
. .
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B
.
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C
. . .
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-
. Vi o l i n T u to r s a ta l o g u e o f 34 3
, , .
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P
. ,
é
.
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-
”
, .
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10 , .
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”
, , .
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,
T r a c i n g th e O u tl i n e , 240 . Vi o l s , S e ts o f, 56 .
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P
. .
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”
21. Vi v a l d i 94 , .
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C
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’
’
. a en t T a il -
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Pi
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-
.
, ,
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P
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.
,
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, , .
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, ,
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li lstori eal , t heoreti ca l, a nd Practi cal t reati se

S C I ENC E AND ART OF VI O LI N — M AK I NG

VI O LI N M AKER S AND PLAYER S,

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F i n i sh i n g th e S id e s , Li n i n gs , and Bl o c k s, I n si d e an d O u ts i d e 230 — 239

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