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Signals and Linear Systems For Students - 1
Signals and Linear Systems For Students - 1
Signals and Linear Systems For Students - 1
1. What is Signal?
A signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon.
Or
A signal is defined as any physical or virtual quantity that varies
with time or space or any other independent variable or variables.
Or
Any time varying physical phenomenon that is intended to convey
information is called as signal.
(Important three points: Signal is (i) Time varying, (ii) Physical
phenomenon and (iii) convey information)
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Odd: A continuous time signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition,
x(t) = -x(-t).
Let x(t) = t1
x(-t) = (-t)1 = -t = -x(t)
t1 is odd function.
So the resulting f(-x) is not equal to f(x) or -f(x). So, f(x) is neither even
nor odd.
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Conclusion: Since we reached the case where f (–x) ≠ f (x) and f (–x) ≠ f (x), this
function is neither even nor odd! 14
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Example 1.3.1.1 : Find the event and odd components of the signal:
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Solution: 1) Here, 2 1 T 2 4 8
T 4
2) Now, x(t ) x(t T ) 2 cos{(t / 4 8 ) 2 cos(t / 4)
So, it is periodic.
2 2
Solution: N 5.
N 5
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2
N N /2
P lim
1
N 2 N 1
N
x ( n)
2
lim
1
N N 1
N / 2
x ( n)
2
for DT
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2 /2
/ 2
2
/2
2
0 A dt 0 A t
/2
A A
2 2 /2 2 2
/ 2 Joule
/ 2
2 2
1 T
2 Finite Energy
P lim x(t ) dt P o
T 2T T 2.
1 /2 2 1 /2 2
lim
T 2T / 2
A dt lim
T 2T / 2
A dt
1 2 1 2 1 2
lim A lim A A 0 watt
T 2T 2 2 T 2T 2.
So, the signal is Energy signal.
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0 2 2
2
0 dt 0 1 dt 0 0 1 dt 0 1 dt 1t 0 0
2
1 T
P lim
2
T 2T
T
x(t ) dt
lim
1 0 2
T 2T T
0 dt
0
T 2
1 dt lim
1
T 2T
0 0
1
T 2
dt lim
T 2T
t 0
1 T
1 1 1
lim (T 0) lim T Watt
T 2T T 2T 2
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0 t3
0 0 t 2 dt 3 0
1
t 2 dt t 2 dt 0
3 3
0
T
1 2
P lim x(t ) dt
T 2T T
1 1
0 T T
2 2 2
lim t dt t dt lim 0 t dt
T 2T T 0 T 2T
0
T
1 1 t3
T
2 1 T3
lim t dt lim lim .
T
T 0 T
2T 2 T 3 2T 3
0
1 T 2 1 2
lim . .
T 2 3 2 3
1
n
2
u[n]
n
u[n]
2
n 0
u[n]
2
0
n 0
12
n 0
12
12 12 12 12 ........
N 1 N N
1
2 1
1 2 2 2
P lim u (n) lim u ( n) u (n) lim 0 1
N 1
2 N N 2 N 1 N 2 N 1
nN n N n 0 0
N 1 N (1 1 / N )
lim
1
N 0 1 lim lim
N 2 N 1 N 2 N 1 N N (2 1 / N )
(1 1 / ) (1 0) 1
For Energy: For Power:
(2 1 / ) (2 0) 2 N2
1
an 1 a 1n N 2 N1 1
N1
0 32
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4) When the magnitude of a signal becomes zero at the infinity, then the
signal is Energy signal (Fig. below).
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Quadratic Equations
Fig.
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Fig.
Fig.
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Cubic Equations
Fig.
Fig.
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Fig.7
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Fig. Fig.
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Example
The complex conjugate of 4+7i is 4 − 7i.
Example
The complex conjugate of 1 − 3i is 1+3i.
Example
The complex conjugate of −4 − 3i is −4 + 3i.
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Example:
(1 − 3i)(1 + 3i) = 1 + 3i − 3i − 9i2 = 1 + 9 = 10
Also, the result is purely a real number.
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If x(t) = 3, then x * (t ) 3* 3
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Consider a signal x(t) as shown in Fig.3(a). Fig.3(b) shows the signal of x(-t).
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• Convolution
• Differentiation
• Integration …
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1 t0
u (t ) for contnuous time (CT) signal
0 t0
1 n0
u ( n) for discrite time (DT) signal
0 n0
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Properties:
(1) x(t) = u(t) + u(-t) = ?
Average = (1 + 1) / 2 = 1
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0 2 2 2
0 dt 1 dt 1 dt 1t
0 0
0 0
1 T
2
P lim x(t ) dt
T 2T T
1 0 2 T 2 T 2
lim
0 dt 1 dt lim
1
0 0 1 dt Tlim t 0
1 T
T 2T T 0 T 2T 2T
1 1 1
lim (T 0) lim T Watt
T 2T T 2T 2
RMS Power P 1/ 2 1/ 2
So, unit step signal is Power signal and its RMS Power = 1/2.
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(i) For even u(t) u(-t) and (ii) for odd u(t) -u(-t)
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(5) u(at) = u(t) Here, time scaling don’t work, but time
shifting works.
Example: u(2t-4) = ?
u(2(t-4/2) = u(t-2)
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t 0
(t )
0 t 0
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1 t 0
(t ) for contnuous time (CT) signal
0 t 0
1 n0
( n) for contnuous time (DT) signal
0 n0
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Properties:
(1)
(t )dt 1 Or
x(t )dt 1
(t )dt
lim x(t )dt lim
0 0 x(t )dt 1
(1.4.2)
(t )dt A u(t )
o
Delayed stagg version of
Impulse signal 67
(4) (t ) (t )
Unit Impulse / Impulse signals are Even signals.
1 T
2
P lim x(t ) dt
T 2T T
1 0 1 1
2
lim dt lim 2 2
T 2T 0 T 2T 2
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1 t t1
(6) Time Shifting: δ(t t1 )
0 t 0
(i) δ ( 2t) ?
1 1
Sol. : δ ( 2t) δ(t) δ(t)
2 2
(ii) δ (2t 3 ) ?
Sol. : δ (2t 3 ) δ( 2(t 3 / 2 )
1 1
δ(t 1.5 ) δ(t 1.5 )
2 2 69
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(9) Integration:
x(t ).δ(t t1)dt x(t1) constant
We can write,
x(t1).δ(t t1)dt x(t1) δ(t t1)dt
x(t1).1 x(t1)
Examples:
2t .δ(t 4)dt ?
2
(i) I 2
2
2 2
Sol. : 2t .δ(t 4)dt 2(4) .δ(t 4)dt
2 2
2 2
2
32.δ(t 4)dt 32 0 0
2
(because δ(t 4) is outside the limit)
2t .δ(t 4)dt ?
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(ii) I 2
10
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4
(iii) I 5 δ(t 5 )dt
4
Sol. : I 5 δ(t 5 )dt 0
(because δ(t 5) is outside the limit)
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(iv) I 5 δ(t 2 )dt
4
Sol. : I 5 δ(t 2 )dt 1
(because δ(t 2) is within th e limit)
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e
2t
(v) I .δ (2t 1 )dt
Sol. : I e 2t .δ (2t 1 )dt
2t
e .δ (2(t 1/ 2 )dt
2t 1
e .
2
δ(t 1/ 2 )dt
1
e
2t
. δ(t 1/ 2 )dt
2
2(1 / 2) 1
e . δ(t 1/ 2 )dt
2
1 1
e . δ(t 1/ 2 )dt
2
1
2e
(t 1/ 2 )dt
1 1
.1
2e 2e 74
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dn n d
n
(10) I x(t ). n (t t1 )dt (1) n x(t ) t t , when x(t ) t 0 or finite
dt dt 1
d2
Examples: I
cos t. 2 (t 1)dt ?
dt
d2
Sol. :
cos t. 2 (t 1)dt
dt
2
2 d
(1) . 2 (cos t ) t 1
dt
d
(1) 2 . ( sin t ) t 1
dt
1.( 2 cos t ) t 1
d
(11) x(t ) Doublet function (Odd signal)
dt
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(i) I 3 (t 1)δ(t )dt ?
5
(ii) I 3 (t 1)δ(t )dt ?
2
3 at
(iii) I
e u (t )dt ?
( 2 t )
(iv) I e δ(t 2)dt ?
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n n0
r ( n) for contnuous time (DT) signal
0 n0
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Properties:
t
(i)
u(t)dt r(t)
0 t t
LHS 0dt 1dt 1dt t [t 0] t r(t) (proved)
t
0
0 0
d
So, r(t) u(t)
dt
(ii) Unit ramp signals are neither Even nor Odd signals, i.e.,
r(t) r(-t) and r(t) -r(-t)
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(iii) Unit ramp signals are neither Energy nor Power signals.
2
E x(t ) dt
t3
0
2 2 1
0 dt t dt 3 03
0 3 0 3
T
1 2
P lim x(t ) dt
T 2T T
1
0 T
2 1 2
lim 0 dt t 2 dt lim t dt
T 2T 0 T 2T 0
T
lim
1
T 2T
t3
Tlim
1 1 3
. T 0 lim
2T 3
3
1 T3
.
T 2T 3
lim
T2
T 6
3 0
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Properties:
t
(i)
r(t)dt P(t)
t
t 0 tt 2 tt2
0 0
LH S r(t)dt 0dt tdt tdt P(t ) (proved)
2 0 2
d
So, P(t) r(t)
dt
(ii) Unit ramp signals are neither Even nor Odd signals, i.e.,
r(t) r(-t) and r(t) -r(-t)
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(iii) Unit parabolic signals are neither Energy nor Power signals.
2
E x(t ) dt
2
1 t 5
4
t2
0
2 t 1 5
0 dt dt dt 05
0 2 0 4 4 5 0 20 20
T
1 2
P lim x(t ) dt
T 2T T
1
2 T
t2 t4 1 1 t5
0 T T
1
lim 2
0 dt dt lim dt lim .
T 2T T 2T T 2T 4 5
T 0 2 0 4 0
lim
1 1 5
.
T 2T 20
T 05 lim
1 T5
.
T 2T 20
lim .
1 T4
T 2 20
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Relation among unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp and unit
parabolic signals.
d
* u (t ) (t )dt (t) u(t)
dt
d
* r(t) u(t)dt u(t) r(t)
dt
d2
(t)dt 2 (t)
dt
P(t) r(t)dt d
* r(t) P(t)
dt
d2
u(t)dt 2 u(t)
dt
d3
(t)dt 3 (t)
dt 86
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TUTORIAL-3
EEE-3105: Signals and Linear Systems
Marks: 15 Date: 03/02/2021
1. (a) What is the difference between Unit Ramp signal
and Ramp signal? (Marks:4)
(b) Sketch the wave forms of the following signals:
x(t) = r(t+2) - r(t) + r(t-1)- r(t-2) (Marks:9)
(c) What is the difference between Unit Parabolic
signal and Parabolic signal? (Marks:2)
Email: mnhaque.iu@gmail.com End Time:12 Minute
ANSWER SCRIPT SHOULD BE OF ONE PAGE
87
Unit Pulse Signal: The Unit Pulse Function is obtained from unit
step signals as:
where, the u(t + 1/2) and u(t - 1/2) are the unit step signals shifted
by 1/2 units in the time axis towards the left and right respectively.
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1 for t0
Sa(t ) (2)
sin(t )
otherwise
t
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sin(t ) 1
sin c(t ) sin(t ).
t t
Figure shows the graph of sin(t), 1/t and sin(t)/t.
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This second form is called the normalized sinc function, because the
definite integral over the entire range of x is equal to1:
sin c(t )dt 1
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(vi) Sa(t) is an Energy signal and so the energy of sinc(at) has the
value: E = [energy of Sa] / a = / a = / = 1 [if a = ]
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Similarity
Sa(t) = sin(t)/t = 1 at t = 0 sinc(t) = sin(t)/t = 1 at t = 0
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1 if t 0
sgn (t) 0 if t 0 for CT signal (*)
1 if t 0
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Examples: What is the value of the signal- (i) sgn(3), (ii) sgn(-
3), (iii) sgn(-2), (iv) sgn(0), (v) sgn(1-2) and (vi) sgn(1+x2).
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1st Part:
Here, at t = 0, the magnitude for 1st term = (0+2)/2 = 1 and for 2nd term = 1.
So, the output = 1 - 1 = 0 at t = 0 (According to Gibb’s phenomenon).
2nd Part:
Here, at t = 0, the magnitude for 1st term = (0+1)/2 = 1/2 and for 2nd term =
(0+1)/2. So, the output =1/2–1/2=0 at t=0 (According to Gibb’s phenomenon).
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d
(ii) sgn( t ) 2 (t )
dt
d d
We have, sgn (t) 2u(t) 1 Or, sgn (t) 2 u(t) 0
dt dt
d
Or, sgn (t) 2δ(t) (Proved)
dt
t
if t 0
(iii) sgn (t) t
0 if t 0
Examples: (i) sgn(3) = ?, (ii) sgn(-3) = ? and (ii) sgn(0) = ?
3 3 3 3
Solutions: (i) sgn ( 3 ) 1. (ii) sgn ( 3 ) 1
3 3 3 3
0 0
(iii) sgn ( 0 ) undefined . So, sgn ( 0 ) 0 (by definition)
0 0 106
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d
(iv) t sgn( t ) for t 0
dt
t
sgn(t) for t 0
t
Or , t. sgn (t) t
d d
Or , t.sgn( t ) t
dt dt
d
Or , 1. sgn( t ) t
dt
d
Or , sgn( t ) t (Proved)
dt 107
Or, -1= - 1
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Problems:
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110
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1 1 0 N
2
sgn[ n] sgn[ n] sgn[ n]
2 2
lim
N ( 2 N 1) n N n 1 n 0
1 1 N
2
2
lim sgn[ n ] 0 sgn[ n]
N ( 2 N 1) n N n 0
lim
1
N N lim 1
.2 N
N ( 2 N 1) N N (2 1 / N )
2 2 2
lim 1 Watt
N (2 1 / N ) ( 2 1 / ) 2
111
112
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113
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117
where, z = eT.
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121
122
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123
z a 2 b2
The angle produce by the point can be calculated as
b
tan 1
a
For argument the range is - < < . The argument is defined as
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z (1) 2 (4) 2 1 16 17
As the complex number lies in the 4th quadrant
of the Argand diagram, so
4
Arg ( z ) tan 1 1.325 rad
1
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A 1, 0.9
j n
y[n] 1 1.1 e n 4
A 1, 1.1
129
j n
y[n] 1 0.9 n
e 4
A 1, 0.9
j n
y[n] 1 1.1 e n 4
A 1, 1.1
130
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1 1n cos( .5 / 4) j sin( .5 / 4)
0.707 j.0.707
0 .707
Arg ( z ) tan 1
0.707
2.356 rad 131
T T
A t
t
x(t ) A rect 2 2 (*)
T
0 Otherwise
132
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133
134
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135
136
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1 1
dt t 1 / 2 1 (Finite)
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 dt
2 1/ 2
1 / 2 1 / 2
2 2
137
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t
tri(t ) 21
1
Example-2: Write down the Equation for the signal below:
t
tri(t ) 91
3
t
tri(t ) 31
5
142
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Problem-1: Find the Energy and Power of the given triangular signal.
For time 0 to 1, tri(t) = mt + c
tri(t) = (1).t + c
tri(t) = t + c
Putting (t, tri(t)) = (0, 0),
0=0+c
Or, c = 0
tri(t) = t + 0 = t
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1.5 Systems
Definition of System: The meaningful interconnection of physical devices
and components is called as System. The systems may be continuous-time
system and discrete-time systems (Fig.a).
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We can relate i(t) to the rate of change with tome of the voltage
across the capacitor:
dvc(t )
i(t ) C (1.5.2)
dt
Equating the right-hand sides of Eq.(1.5.1) and (1.5.2) we get
dvc(t ) 1 1
vc(t ) vs (t ) (1.5.2)
dt RC RC
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Or, equivalently,
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149
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153
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156
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160
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162
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x(t 1) t0 2)
3)
Coefficient should be constant,
Any added/subtracted term in the
system relationship (except i/p
Solution: Here, apparently condition: and o/p) must be constant or zero.
x(t 2) t -3
Example-17: y (t ) x(t ) -3 t 2
x(t 2) t2
Solution: This is a Split system. Since the coefficients in split
system are not constant but time-depended, so the system is
Time Variant System.
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