Experment Name : To construct a square wave generator

Objectives :The main objectives of this experiment are –

(i).how to construct a square wave generator using op-amp based electronic circuit

(ii).to design square wave generator

(iii).to describe the working of square wave generator

(iv).to know the frequency of oscillation of a square wave generator

Theory:
A waveform generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a standard wave. There are two types of op-amp based waveform generators −

• Square wave generator

• Triangular wave generator

Square Wave Generator

A square wave generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a square wave. The operational amplifier based square waveform generator is a simple circuit that is widely used in
function generators. The circuit for Square wave generator is designed using 741 op amp.

Square Wave Generator Circuit Diagram

To design the square wave generator, we need a capacitor, resistor, operational amplifier, and power supply. The capacitor and resistor are connected to the
inverting terminal of the operational amplifier and the resistors R 1 and R2 are connected to the non-inverting terminal of the operational amplifier. One capacitor is
connected to the inverting terminal of an op-amp with one pin connected to ground, a resistor for charging and discharging of the capacitor is also connected to the
inverting terminal to output. One voltage divider is designed using two resistors & is connected to output and ground at the non-inverting pin.
The circuit diagram of a op-amp based square wave generator is shown in the following figure

Observe that in the circuit diagram shown above, the resistor R1 is connected between the inverting input terminal of the op-amp and its output of op-amp. So, the
resistor R1 is used in the negative feedback. Similarly, the resistor R2R2 is connected between the noninverting input terminal of the op-amp and its output. So, the
resistor R2 is used in the positive feedback path.
A capacitor C is connected between the inverting input terminal of the op-amp and ground. So, the voltage across capacitor C will be the input voltage at this
inverting terminal of op-amp. Similarly, a resistor R3 is connected between the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp and ground. So, the voltage across
resistor R3will be the input voltage at this non-inverting terminal of the op-amp.
Working of Square Wave Generator Using Op-Amp 741

The operation of a square wave generator is explained below −

• Assume, there is no charge stored in the capacitor initially. Then, the voltage present at the inverting terminal of the op-amp is zero volts. But, there is some offset voltage
at non-inverting terminal of op-amp. Due to this, the value present at the output of above circuit will be +Vsat.
• Now, the capacitor C starts charging through a resistor R1. The value present at the output of the above circuit will change to −Vsat, when the voltage across the capacitor
C reaches just greater than the voltage (positive value) across resistor R3.
• The capacitor C starts discharging through a resistor R1, when the output of above circuit is −Vsat. The value present at the output of above circuit will change to +Vsat
when the voltage across capacitor C reaches just less than (more negative) the voltage (negative value) across resistor R3.
Thus, the circuit shown in the above diagram will produce a square wave at the output as shown in the following figure −

1.

From the above figure we can observe that the output of square wave generator will have one of the two values: +Vsat and −Vsat. So, the output remains at one value for some duration
and then transitions to another value and remains there for some duration. In this way, it continues.

Design a circuit using 741 op-amp which generate square wave of 50 Hz.
Let’s C = 1 uF

If we consider the condition of T = 2RC, then R2 = 1.16R3.

Let, R3 = 10 k-ohm

Then, R2 = 1.16 x 10k-ohm

R2 = 11.6k-ohm

We know that

Therefore,

From above calculation we find the value of every components

R1, R3 = 10k-ohm

R2 = 11.6k-ohm

C1 = 1 uF

Advantages
The advantages of the square wave generator are

• Simple
• Easy to maintenance
• Cheap

Procedure:

For Sine Wave Generation:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1.

2. Give +12V, -12V and ground to circuit from power supply
3. Observe the output on the CRO.
4. Calculate theoretical and practical output signal frequency and compare them.

For Square and Triangular Wave Generation:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2.

2. Observe square wave at Vo’ and Triangular wave at Vo” as shown in figure 3.
3. Plot the waveforms on the graph sheet.
4. Calculate the frequency theoretically and compare them with the practical one.

Expected Waveforms:

Fig - 3.

Precaution :

According to my lab assignment manual...

Result & Discussion :

This part is your observations...

Designed and verified the waveforms of waveform Generator using IC741.

Outcome:

After conducting this experiment, students are able to design and generate sine, square and triangular waveforms using IC741.