Whati

stheHeatEngi
ne?

Anengi
neisadev i
cethatconver
tsoneform ofenergyintoanot her.Aheat
engi
neisamachinewhichchemicalener
gyofaf ueltransformedi ntot
hermal
ener
gybycombustiontoproducemechanicalwork.Heatengi nesmaybe
cl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingtotheplacewherecombust i
ont akesplace.

Ty
pesofHeatEngi
nes
Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethet
womai
nty
pesofheatengi
nes:

1.I
nter
nalCombust
ionEngi
ne
2.Ext
ernal
Combusti
onEngi
ne

1.I
nter
nalCombust
ionEngi
ne

Ift
hecombusti
onoffuel
takesplacei
nsi
detheworki
ngcy
li
nder
,theengi
nei
s
knownasanint
ernal
combustionengi
ne(I
.Cengi
ne).

Ex:
Pet
rol
Engi
ne,
Diesel
Engi
neet
c.

2.Ext
ernalCombust
ionEngi
ne

I
fthecombust
ionoffueltakespl
aceout
sidethewor
kingcy
li
nder
,theengi
ne
i
sknownasanexternalcombusti
onengi
ne( E.
Cengi
ne).

Ex:
Steam Engi
ne,
Steam Tur
bineset
c.

Di
ff
erenceBet
weenI
nter
nal
andExt
ernalCombust
ionEngi
ne
Thevari
esdif
ferencesbetweent
heinter
nal
combust
ionengi
neandt
he
ext
ernalcombusti
onengineisasfol
l
ows:
 Theinternalcombusti
onoffuel takesplaceinsi
det heworki
ngcyl
inder
.
Wher eastheexter
nalcombust i
onoff ueltakesplaceoutsi
detheworki
ng
cyli
nder.
 Thewor kingfl
uidusedintheinternalcombust i
onengineismaybePetrol
,
Diesel&Var i
oustypesofgases.Wher east heWor ki
ngfl
uidusedi
nt he
externalcombusti
onengineismay besteam.

 Thei nternal combust ionengi ner equi resl essspace.Ascompar edt othe
external combust i
onengi nei trequir eslar gespacet hant hei.cengine.
 Thecapi talcostoft hei nt
ernal combust ionengi neisr elat i
velylow.Butthe
capitalcostoft heext ernalcombust ionengi nei srelati
v elyhigh.
 Starti
ngoft hisinternalcombust ionengi nei seasy&qui ck.Ascompar edto
theext ernal combust ionengi ne, t
hest artingoft heengi ner equiresti
me.
 Inthei nternal combust ionengi ne, t
her mal effi
ciencyi shi gh.Wher easinthe
external combust i
onengi ne, thermal Eff
ici encyislow.
 Thepowerdev elopedi nani nternal combust i
onengi nei speruni tweightof
theseengi nesi shigh.Ascompar edt othepowerdev elopedi nanext er
nal
combust ionengi neisperuni twei ghtoft heseengi nesi sl ow.
 AnI nternal combust ionengi nedoesnotr equi reboilerorot hercomponent s,
thusiti slightandcompact .Wher east heext ernalcombust i
onengi nerequir
es
aboi l
erandot hercomponent st ot ransferener gy,thusi tisheav y.
 Thei nternal combust ionengi nehasanef f i
ciencyofabout35- 45%.As
compar edt otheext ernal combust i
onengi nehasanef ficiencyofabout15- 25
%.

TheFuelcostoft
heinter
nalcombusti
onengi
nei
srelat
ivel
yhi
gh.As
comparedtothefuel
costoftheext
ernal
combust
ionenginei
srel
ati
vel
ylow.

I
nter
nal
Combust
ionEngi
nes
Asthenamei mpli
esorsuggests,
the i
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes 
(bri
efl
y
wri
tt
enasI.C.Engi
ne)arethoseenginesinwhicht
hecombusti
onoffuelt
akes
pl
aceinsi
detheenginecyl
inder
.

I
not herwor
ds,the 
inter
nalcombusti
onengines aret
hoseengi
nesinwhi
ch
the 
combusti
on offuelt
akesplacei
nsidetheenginecyl
i
nderbya 
spar
k.
Thesearepetr
ol,di
eselandgasengines.

Anengi neisadevi
ce,
 
whi chbyusingthechemicalenergyofthefuel,
transf
ormsi ti
ntot
her
mal ener
gybycombustion,t
opr oducemechanicalwor
k.
Wehav eseeni nst
eam enginesthatt
hefuel
,fedintothecyli
nder,i
sinthe
form ofsteam whi
chi
salr eadyheat
edandisreadyforwor ki
nt he
 combust
ioncy
cleoft
heengi
ne.

Butint
hecaseofint
ernalcombustionengi
nes,
thecombusti
onoffuel
takes
placei
nsi
detheengi
necy l
inderbyasparkandproducesv
eryhi
gh
temperat
ureascomparedto thest
eam engi
ne.

Ty
pesofEngi
nes
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofengi
nes

1.Ext
ernal
combusti
onengi
nes
2.I
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes

Ext
ernalcombust
ionengi
nes 
–Ift
hecombust
ionoff
uel
placeout
sidet
he
enginecyl
i
nder,i
tisanext
ernal
combust
ionengi
ne.Ex:
Steam t
urbi
ne,
GasTur
bine,
Steam Tur
bineet
c.
I
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes 
–Ift
hecombust
ionf
uel
takespl
acei
nsi
det
he
engi
necy
li
nder
,iti
sani
nter
nal
combust
ionengi
ne.Ex:
Pet
rol
engi
ne,
Diesel
Engi
ne.

Ty
pesofI
nter
nalCombust
ionEngi
nes
Fol
l
owi
ngi
sthel
i
stofdi
ff
erentt
ypesofI
nter
nal
Combust
ionEngi
nes:

1.Wor
kingCy
cleEmpl
oyed
1.Two-st
rokeEngi
ne
2.Four
-st
rokeEngi
ne
2.Fuel
Used
1.Petrol
2.Diesel
3.GasEngine
4.Kerosene

3.Nat
ureof Thermody
nami
csCy
cle 
Used
1.OttoCycle
2.Diesel
Cy cl
e
 3.Dual Cy cle
4.MethodsOfCool ing
1.AirCool ing
2.Wat erCool ing
5.SpeedOfTheEngi ne
1.High- speedEngi ne
2.Medi um- speedEngi ne
3.Low- speedEngi ne
6.Fi
eldOfAppl icat i
on
1.Stationar yEngi ne
2.Automobi leEngi ne
3.Portabl eEngi ne
4.AeroEngi ne
7.MethodOfI gni ti
on
1.Spar k-i
gni t
ionEngi ne
2.Compr essi on- I
gni t
ionEngi
ne
8.Arr
angementOfTheEngi neCyli
nder
1.Horizont al Engi ne
2.VerticleEngi ne
3.Radial Engi ne
4.V-ty
peEngi ne
Par
tsofI
nter
nal
Combust
ionEngi
nes

1.Cy
li
nder

 Thecyl
inderi
smadeupofst
eeloral
umini
um all
oys.
InthisPist
onmakest
oandforamotiontodevel
oppower
.
Itwil
lwithst
andhi
ghpr
essur
eandtemperat
ure.

2.Cy
li
nderHead

 Cyli
nderHeadisf
ittedatt
hetopofthecyl
inder
.
 Iti
smadeupofst eeloral
umini
um all
oys.
 Iti
s madebycasti
ng.
 Acopperorasbestosgasketi
sprovi
dedinbetweent
hecy
li
nderandt
he
cyl
inderheadt
omakei tai
rti
ght
.
3.Pi
ston

I ti
smadeofaluminium all
oys.
 Themainfunct
ionistotransmitf
orceexer
tedbybur
ningofchar
get
o
connect
ingr
od.

4.Pi
stonRi
ngs

 Thesear eci
rcularri
ngsmadeupofspeci alst
eelal
l
oy s.
t hesearehousedi ncircumferenti
algroovesof t
hepiston.
 Twoset sofringsarepr ovi
ded,withanupperr i
ngtopr eventleakageof
burntgasesintothelowerpor ti
on,whilel
owerr i
ngtopr eventleakageof
oili
ntotheEngineCy l
inder.
 Theyretainel
ast i
cproperti
esev enatahighertemperat ur
e.
 Theringsarepr ovi
dedwi t
hanai rt
ightseal.

5.Val
ves

 Theseareprovi
dedont hecyl
i
nderhead,
Inletval
veisusedtotakethefreshmixtur
eint
othecyl
inder
.
 Theexhaustval
veisusedtoexpel bur
ntgasesfr
om t
hecy l
i
nder
.

6.Connect
ingRod

I ti
sal inkbetweent
hepist
onandthecrankshaft
.
 Thef uncti
onofConnect
ingRodi
stotransmitthefor
cef
rom pi
stont
o
crankshaft.

7.Cr
ankshaf
t

Itismadeofspecialsteelal
loys.
 Thefunct
ionofthecrankshafti
stoconver
tther
eci
procati
ngmot
ionof
apist
onintor
otarymot i
onwi t
hthehel
pofconnect
ingrod.

8.Cr
ankcase

 Thecrankcaseismadeofcasti r
on.
Itholdsthecyli
nderandcrankshaftofanengi
ne.
Italsoservesasasump( stori
ngplace)forl
ubr
icat
ingoi
l
.
9.Fl
ywheel

I ti
sabigsol i
dwheel mount
edonacrankshaftofanICEngine.
 Themai nfuncti
onofthefl
ywheel
istomaintai
nspeedconst ant
.
I tst
oresexcessenergyduri
ngpowerandgivesoutduri
ngthe
compressi
onst roke.

Wor
kingPr
inci
pleofI
nter
nal
Combust
ionEngi
nes
InI
Cengines( i
nter
nalcombustionengi
nes)thecombust
ionoftakespl
ace
i
nsidethecyl
inder,
theref
orethether
mal ener
gyofthef
uelisdi
rectl
y
conver
tedint
omechani calwork.

theI
Cengi nehasahighert
hermaleffici
encythanthether
mal eff
ici
encyofEC
engi
nes.Ininter
nal
combustionengines,whenthe I
C engi
neiswor ki
ng
cont
inuously,
wemayconsideracy clestar
ti
ngf r
om anystrokes.

Weknowt hatwhentheengi
neret
urnsbackt
othestr
okewher
eitst
art
swe
sayt
hatonecyclehasbeencomplet
ed.TheI
Cenginehasf
ourst
epsto
compl
eteonecycleasfol
lows:

Suct
ionSt
r  
oke:I
nthi
sst
roket
hef
uel
vapour
,int
hecor
rectpr
opor
ti
on,
is
suppl
i
edt
otheengi
necy
li
nder
.

Compr
essi
onSt
roke:
 
Int
hisst
roke,
thef
uel
vapouri
scompr
essedi
nthe
engi
necy
li
nder
.

Expansi
onSt
roke:
 
Int
hisst
roke,
thef
uel
vapourbur
nbyt
he 
spar
kpl
ug 
i
s
provi
dedont hetopoft heenginecy l
i
nder.whenthefuel i
sburnedsuddenly
rai
sethepr essure,duet ot
heexpansi onofthecombust i
onproductsi
nt he
engi
necy li
nder.Ther i
seoft hepressurepushesthepistonwit
hahi ghforce
androtatesthecr ankshaft
.Thecr ankshaft
,int
urn,
drivesthemachine
connectedtoi t
.

ExhaustSt
roke:
 
Int
hisst
roke,
thebur
ntgasesar
eexhaust
edf
rom t
he
engi
necy
li
nder
,soast
omakespaceav
ail
abl
efort
hef
reshf
uel
vapour
.
 Di
ff
erenceBet
weenPet
rol
Engi
neandDi
eselEngi
ne
Themaindiff
erencebetweenapetrolengi
neandadi eselenginei
sapetr
ol
engi
nedrawsami xtur
eofpetrolandairdur
ingt
hesuct i
onst r
oke.Anda
di
eselengi
nedrawsonlyairduri
ngthesucti
onstroke.

Thepetr
ol engi
newor
ksontheOttocycl
e.I
tiseasytostar
t,l
i
ght
erand
cheaper
,Ithasahi
ghrunni
ngcostandlowmaintenancecost
.

Thedieselengi
neworksont
hediesel
cycl
e.I
tdi
ffi
cul
ttost
art
,heav
ierand
cost
li
er,I
thaslowrunni
ngcostandhi
ghmaint
enancecost
.

Thepet r
olengi
nesther
mal ef
fi
ciencyi sabout26%.Thesearehigh-
speed
enginesandusedi nli
ght-
dutyvehicles.Wheredieselengi
nest
hermal
eff
iciencyisabout40%.Thesearel ow-speedenginesandusedinheavy-
dut
y
vehicles.

Li
stofCarEngi
nePar
ts:I
tsFunct
ion
(Wi
thPict
ures)

CarEngi
nePar
tsandFunct
ionswi
thPi
ctur
es

An  engineisa machi
ne designedt oconvertonefor
m
of energy 
into 
mechani
cal energy. Heatengines 
bur
na fuel
 
to
create 
heat  
whichi
sthenusedt odo work.Theenginehastwot y
pesone
i
s theinternalcombust
ionengi ne andanotheroneistheext
ernalcombust
ion
engine.

 The i
nter
nalcombust i
onengine 
isthoseheatenginesthatburntheirfuel
i
nsidetheenginecyl
inder.
 Exter
nalcombustionengines 
arethoseheatenginethatburnstheirfuel
outsi
dethecyli
nderengine.

Theenginemostessent
ialpar
tofautomobil
eindustr
iesorwecansayt hat
theengi
neisthehear
tofanautomobile.Thefunct
ionandconstruct
ionof
eachenginepar
tsofanint
ernalcombusti
onengineareexpl
ained.Thekeyto
 t
heengi
nei
sasf
oll
ows.

1.Cy
li
nderbl
ock

Figshowsasimpl esket
chofthecyl
inderblock.It
 i
sthebasicf
rameworkf or
theengi
ne.andoneoft hemaininengineparts.
 Cyli
nderbl
ock,
cyli
nderhead
andcrankcasethesethr
eepart
sformt hefoundationandmainstati
onary
bodyoftheautomobileengi
ne.

Acy
li
nderbl
ockconsi
stsoft
hreepar
ts:

1.Thecyl
inderi
nwhichthepist
onsli
dupanddown.
2.Theportor 
openi
ngfortheval
ves.
3.Thepassagesfort
heflowofcooli
ngwat
er.
 Const
ruct
ionandwor
king:

 Thecylinderblockisusuallymadeofgr eycastiron 
oralumi ni
um andi ts
al
loys.
 Whilethecrankcasei sfi
xedt oi
tsbottom.Apartf r
om theseot herpart sli
ke
ti
minggearwat erpump, i
gnit
iondist
ri
butor,f
lywheel,
 f
uel pump  etc.
,ar eal
so
att
achedt oit.
 Passagesar epr ovi
dedinthecy l
i
nderwal l
sforthecir
culationofcool ingwater.
 Matingsurfacesoft heblockarecareful
lymachinedtopr ov i
deaper f
ect
seal
ingsur f
ace.
 Cyli
nderblockal socarr
ieslubri
cati
onoil 
tovari
ouscomponent sthrough
dri
ll
edpassagescal l
edoilgall
eri
es.

2.Cy
li
nderHead

Anothert
ypeofengi
nepart
siscy
li
nderheadi
tisj
ointbet
weent
hecy
li
nder
headandcyli
nderbl
ock.
 Const
ruct
ion:

 Iti
susual l
ymadeupof  castironandalumi ni
um  al
loy.
 Thet opofthecyli
nderiscover edbyasepar atecastpieceknowast he
cyli
nderhead.
 Thecy l
inderheadisatt
achedt othecyl
inderblockbymeansofst udsf
ixedto
theblockgasketsareusedt opr ovi
deat i
ght,l
eak-proofjointbetween 
the
headandbl ock.
 Cyli
nderheadcont ai
nsacombust i
onchamberabov eeachcy li
nder.
 Italsocontai
nsvalveguides,valveseats,port
s,coolantjacketsandthreaded
holesfor 
sparkplugs.
 I
tincorporatespassagesf orthefl
owofcool i
ngwat er
.

Appl
icat
ions:

 Thecyli
nderheadcast sintegral
l
y withcyl
inderbl
ocksalsobedonei naf ew
casesusuall
yinraci
ngcar st oobtai
nagas- ti
ght 
j
oint
.
 Thedetachable 
headt y
pesar emor eadvantagesthanintegralconst
ruct
ion.
 However,forcer
tai
n heav y
-dutyenginerequir
eshighcoolingratessuchasin
raci
ng 
carscopperalloysmaybeused.

3.Pi
stons
Pi
tonsaremostimpor
tantengi
nepar
tscomparedtoother
s.Thepi
stoni
sa
cy
li
ndri
calpl
ugthatmovesupanddowninthecyl
inder
.
 I
thelpstoconvertpr
essur
eenergyobtai
nedbythecombust
ionoffueli
nto
useful
mechanicalpowerandi
ttransf
erthi
spowertot
hecrankshaf
tthr
ough
theconnect
ingrod.

Themat
eri
alusedf
ort
hepi
stoni
smai
nly
.

 Casti
ron,
 Al
uminium al
loy
.
 Nowadaysalumini
um al
l
oysar
ewi
del
yused.I
tmaybeei
thercastorf
orged.

Thepi
stonmustpossesst
hef
oll
owi
ngqual
it
ies

 Rigi
dlyt
owi t
hstandhighpr essure
 Li
ghtinweight,
toreducet her eci
procat
ingmasst
oper
for
m athi
gherengi
ne
speed.
 Goodheatconductiv
ity.
 Lessnoisewhil
eoperating.
 Pi
stoncl
ear
ance:

Thepist
onisusual l
ysmal l
indiameterthantheboreoft
hecy l
i
nder.The
spacebetweent hecyl
inderandthecyli
nderwalli
scall
edthepist
onclearance.
Thispi
stonclearanceprovi
desaspacef oral
ayerofl
ubri
cantbet
weent he
pist
onandcy l
inderwalltoreducef
ri
ction.

Gener
all
y,pi
stoncl
ear
ancei
s

1.0.
025mm t
o0.
100mm.

Pr
opercl
ear
anceshoul
dbemai
ntai
nedbet
weent
hepi
stonandt
hecy
li
nder
wal
l.

 Iftheclearancei
stoosmal l
,ther
ewi llbealossofpowerf r
om excessi
ve
fri
ction,morewear,sei
zi
ngoft hepistoninthecyli
nder.
 Iftheclearancei
stoomuch, thepistonslapwill
resul
t.Pist
onslapmeans
suddent il
ti
ngofthecyli
nderasthepi stonmovesdowndur ingthepower
stroke.

I
tpr
ev ent
spistonsei
zureduetohight
emperat
ure.Ift
her
eisoncl
ear
ance
t
henitisnotpossi
bletoreci
procat
epi
stoni
nsi
det hecyl
i
nder
.

Funct
ionsofpi
ston:
someoft
hei
mpor
tantf
unct
ionoft
hepi
stonasf
oll
ows
  Tot ransmi
tthepowerdev el
opedbyfuelcombustiontothecrankshaf
t
throughtheconnectingr
od.
 Tof orm asealsothathi
gh-pr
essurecombustiongasesdonotescapet ot
he
crankcase.
 Pistonservesasasupportforthesmallendoftheconnecti
ngr od.
 Tosuckt hechargeandpushoutt heexhaustgases.

4.Pi
stonRi
ngs
Thepist
onri
ngsarefi
tt
edint
othegroovesofthepi
stont
omai
ntai
nagood
seal
betweenthepi
stonandthecy
li
nderwall
.

Thenumberofpist
onri
ngsusedisabout
 2to4compressi
onrings 
and 
1to2
oil
cont
rolr
ing 
wasusedbuti
nmoder ndesi
gnthenumberifr
ingsusual
ly
thr
eeoutofwhichonei
stheoil
contr
olri
ng.

Thef
unct
ionofpi
stonr
ings
1. Tof orm aseal forthehighpressur
esgasesf r
om thecombust i
onchamber
enteri
ngi ntothecrankcase.
2. Thepi stonringprov i
deseasypassageforheatfl
owf rom thepi
stoncrownto
thecy l
inderwalls.
3. Tomai ntai
nsuffici
entlubri
cati
onoiloncyli
nderwall
st hr
oughouttheenti
re
l
engt hthepi st
ont r
av el
,henceitmi
nimizesthecyl
inderwear.

Mat
eri
alf
orpi
stonr
ings:

Themat
eri
algener
all
yusedf
orpi
stonr
ingsi
s
fi
ne-
grai
nedall
oycastir
oncontai
ningsil
iconandmanganese.I
thas
good 
heatandwears 
resi
sti
ngqualit
ies.

Chr
omium plat
edri
ngsareal
sousedfort
hetopri
ng,whi
chissubj
ectedtot
he
hi
ghestworki
ngtemper
atur
esandthecor
rosi
veacti
onofthecombusti
on
pr
oducts.

5.Engi
neVal
ves
Engi
nevalv
esareessent
ialt
ocontrolt
heti
mingofair
-f
uelmi
xtur
eent
ryi
nto
thecy
li
nderandcombusti
onproductsoutoft
hecyl
inder
s.

Const
ruct
ion

 Thesear
elocat
edatt
heinl
etandoutl
etopeni
ngoftheengi
necy
li
nder
.
 Theval
vesfi
tonthev
alv
eseatsint
heircl
osedposi
ti
on.

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofengi
nev
alv
esasf
oll
ows,

1.Poppetval
ve
2.Sl
eevevalve
3.Rotar
yvalv
e

6.Connect
ingRod
Fi
gshowedaconnect
ingr
od.I
tisf
it
tedi
nbet
weent
hepi
stonandcr
ankshaf
t.

Themai
nfunct
ionoft
heconnecti
ngrodist
oconvertt
her
eci
procat
ingmot
ion
oft
hepi
stoni
ntother
otar
ymotionofthecr
ankshaf
t.
 I
tmustbel
i
ghtandst
rongenought
owi
thst
andst
ressandt
wist
ingf
orces.

Const
ruct
ion:

 Theconnecti
ngrodusual
lyhasI-beam cr
oss-secti
onandismadeof 
all
oy
st
eel 
of 
dural
umin bydr
opf or
ging.
 Nowadaysiti
salsocastfr
om mal l
eabl
eorspher oi
dalgr
aphi
teC.I
.
 Thesmallendoftheconnecti
ngrodhaseitherasolidey
eusedtoconnectthe
pi
stonbythepist
onpin.
 Thebigendoftheconnecti
ngrodisalwaysspliti
susedtoconnectt
hecrank
pi
nofthecrankshaft
.

7.Cr
ankshaf
ts
Thecrankshaf
tist
heengi
necomponentf
rom whi
chthepoweri
staken.I
tis
oneofthemainpowertr
ansmi
ssi
onsourcesi
nallengi
nepar
ts.
 TheCr ankshaf
tisthefi
rstpar
tofthepowertr
ansmissionsystem i
nwhichthe
reci
procati
ngmot i
onoft hepi
stonisconv
ert
edint
ot herot
atingmotionwit
h
thehelpofconnectingr
od.

Const
ruct
ion

 Thecr
ankshaf
t 
ismadeofcast
ingorf
orgi
ngofheatt
reat
edal
l
oyst
eel
andi
s
machi
ned.

Thef
rontendoft
hecr
ankshaf
tcar
ri
est
hreedev
icest
hat

 Agear t
hatdri
vesthecamshaft
,
 Thevibr
ati
ondamper  
tocontr
oltor
sional
vibr
ati
on,and
 Thefanbeltpul
ley
.Thispul
leydri
vestheengi
nefan,waterpump,
and
gener
atorwit
haV- bel
t.

Therearendoft
hecrankshaftcar
ri
es 
fl
ywheel
.Thef
lywheel
tendst
okeept
he
cr
ankshaftr
unni
ngatconstant.
 8.Cr
ankcase
Theoil
panandt helowerpar
tofthecyl
inderblockt
oget
herar
ecall
edt
he
cr
ankcase.I
tisthebott
om port
ionoft
hecy l
inderbl
ock,
inwhi
chthe
cr
ankshafti
sfit
ted.

Const
ruct
ion

 Thisisar i
gidconstructi
onmadeofgr eycasti
ronoral
uminium.Ei
theri
tcan
becasti nt
egrall
ywiththeblockorcanbecastseparat
elyandatt
achedtothe
blockwi t
hbolts.
 Thecr ankcaseisshapedsi mpl
yli
keaboxhav i
ngnobot t
om.Oilpanorsump
formst hebottom halfofthecr
ankcase.

Wor
king

 Thef uncti
onofthecrankcaseistopr ovi
desuppor tfort
hemainjournals
and beari
ng oft
hecrankshaft,r
igi
dlymai nt
aini
ngt heali
gnmentoftheiraxes
ofrotati
onundervari
ousengi neloads.
 Thecr ankcasei
ssupportedinthecr ankcasethrougha numberof
bearing 
call
edthemainbear i
ng.

9.Fl
ywheel
Thef
lywheel
usedi
na 
tr
ansmi
ssi
onsy
stem ofav
ehi
cle.
 Const
ruct
ion

 Aflywheeli
saheavysteelwheelat
tachedt
otherearendofthecr
ankshaf
t.
 Thesizeofthef
lywheeldependsuponthenumberofcyl
inder
sandthe
constr
ucti
onoftheengine.

Wor
king

 Duri
ngt hepowerst r
oke,t
heengi
netendstospeedupandduringtheother
str
okes, i
ttendstoslowdown.
 Theinerti
aoft hefl
ywheelt
endst
okeept her
unningoft
hecrankshaftata
constantspeed.Hencetheengi
nespeedismaintai
nedconst
ant.

Two-
Str
okeEngine:Part
s,Types,Worki
ngPr
inci
plewi
th
Di
agr
am [Pet
rolandDieselEngi
nes]
TwoSt
rokeEngi
nes

A t
wost r
oke engi
ne i
sat
ypeof i
nternalcombusti
onengi
ne 
whichcomplet
es
apowercy cl
ewithtwost
rokesofthe pi
ston 
dur
ingonl
yonecrankshaf
t
rev
olut
ion.

Infourstr
okeengines,ther
eisoneworki
ngst roke 
intworevol
uti
onsof
 t
he
crankshaf
t 
or 
inacycleoffourstr
okesof 
thepiston.
 Thedesir
eofone
workingstr
okeineveryrevol
uti
onofthecrankshafthasledt
ot he
developmentof 
twostrokeengine.

In1838,Barnet
t,anEngli
shman,descr
ibedthemechani
sm forsuppl
yi
nga
chargetothecyl
inderbymeansofsepar at
epumps. 
In1878,Dugal
dClerk
alsomadeal otofcontr
ibut
ioni
nthisdir
ecti
onanddescri
bedat wostr
oke
cycleknownasCl er
kCycle.
 Thet wo-strokeengineempl oysforsmal lpowersrequir
edinautocycl
es,
scooters,mot orcycl
es. 
In t
wo-strokeengines,t
hereisnosucti
onandexhaust
str
okes.Ther ear eonlytwor emainingstrokest
hecompr essi
onst r
okeand
powerst roke.Thesear eusually
 calledtheupwardstrokeanddownwar d
str
oke.Al so,insteadofv al
ves,t
her eareinl
etandexhaustport
si ntwo-
str
oke
engines.

Fr
eshchar geentersthecyl
inderattheendoftheworki
ngstr
okethr
ought
he
i
nletpor
t.Andt henburntexhaust 
gasesaref
orcedoutthr
oughthe
exhaust
 portbyafreshcharge.

Twost
rokesSpar
kIgni
ti
on(
Pet
rol
)Engi
ne.
Thepri
nci
pleoftwostr
oke 
spar
kigni
ti
onengi
nei
sshowni
nthef
igur
e.I
tst
wo
st
rokesar
easf ol
lows:

1.Upwar
dStroke
2.Downwar
dSt r
oke

Upwar
dSt
roke
Duri
ngupwardstr
oke,thepistonmov esupwardfrom thebottom dead
cent
retotopdeadcentre.Bycompr essi
ngthechargeairpet
rolmixtur
einthe
combusti
onchamberoft hecyl
inder
.Duet oupwardmov ementofthepiston,
apart
ial
vacuum i
screatedinthecrankcase.
Andanewchar geisdrawnintothecrankcaset
hroughtheuncov eredi
nlet
port
.Theexhaustportandtransf
erportarecov
eredwhent hepistonisatthe
topdeadcent
reposit
ion.Thecompr essedchar
geisigni
tedinthecombust ion
chamberbyasparkgiven bythesparkplug.

Downwar
dSt
roke
Assoonast hechargeisignit
edt hehotgasescompressthepistonwhich
mov esdownwar d,rot
ati
ngt hecrankshaftt
husdoingtheusefulwork.Duri
ng
thi
sstroke,theinl
etportiscov er
edbyt hepi
stonandthenewchar geis
compr essedinthecrankcase.Furtherdownwardmov ementofthepiston
uncoversfir
sttheexhaustpor tandthenthetr
ansferport
.andhencet he
exhauststartst
hroughtheexhaustpor t.

Assoonast ransferpor
tisopen,thechargethr
oughitisforcedint
othe
cyl
i
nder.Thechar gestr
ikesthedefl
ectoronthepist
oncr own,ri
sestothet
op
ofthecyl
inderandpushesoutmostoft heexhaustgases. 
Thepist
on i
snow
att
hebottom  deadcentreposi
ti
on.

Thecy l
inder
 i
scompletelyf
il
ledwithafreshcharge,al
thoughi
tissomewhat
wit
ht heexhaustgases.Thecy cl
eofeventsi
sthenr epeat
ed,t
hepist
on
makingt wostr
okesforeachr evol
uti
onofthecrankshaft.
Thefi
gureshowsapor
tdi
agr
am f
orat
wost
rokepet
rol
engi
ne.whi
chi
ssel
f-
expl
anat
ory.
Afi
gur
eshowstheshapeoft
hep-vdiagr
am f
oratwost
rokepetrolengi
ne.
Thi
sdi
agr
am i
sonlyfort
hemaincyl
inderort
opsi
deoft
hepiston. 
TwoSt
rokeCompr
essi
onI
gni
ti
on(
Diesel
)Engi
ne

Inthi
stwost r
okeengine,onl
yairi
scompr essedinsi
dethecyli
nder.andthe
fuel(
diesel
)isinj
ectedbyaninj
ectorf
it
tedintheheadoft hecyl
inder.Ther
eis
nospar kpl
uginthisengi
ne.Theremaini
ngoper ati
onsofthetwost r
oke
compressionigni
ti
onengineareexact
lythesame.ast hoseofthespar k
i
gniti
onengine.

Por
tti
mingdi
agr
am f
orat
wost
rokedi
esel
engi
ne.
 R
Thef
igur
eshowsthecy
li
nderpressur
esandtemper
atur
esact
ingonspar
k
pl
ugfort
wostr
okesandfourst
rokeengi
nes.

Adv
ant
agesofTwo-
Str
okeEngi
neOv
erFourSt
roke:

Adv
ant
ages:

 Thet
wost
rokeengi
negi
vesonewor
kingst
rokef
oreachr
evol
uti
onof
t
hecrankshaf
t.Thefour
-st
rokegiv
esoneworki
ngstrokeforev
eryt
wo
r
evol
uti
onsoft hecr
ankshaft
.Hence,
thepowerdev
elopedbytwo
 strokeengi neist wicet hatdev elopedbyf our -
str
okeengi neforthe
sameengi nespeedandcy l
inderv olume.
 Thet urningmomentont hecr ankshaf tismor eev enintwost roke
engine.Duet oonewor kingst rokef oreachr evoluti
onoft hecrankshaft
,
andsoi tneedal i
ght erflywheel i
ni t
.
 Fort hesamepower ,atwost rokeengi nei smor ecompact ,
li
ghtand
requireslessspacet hanaf our -strokeengi ne.Thusitismor esuitedfor
auto-cycle,mot orcy cl
esandscoot ers.
 At wost rokeengi nei ssi mpleri nconst ruct i
onandmechani sm.Ther eis
nov alveandv alvemechani sm i nit.Thepor t
sareeasyt odesi gnand
theyar ecov eranduncov erbyt hemov ementoft hepistonitself
.
 Ithashi ghmechani caleffi
ciencyduet ot heabsenceofcams,
crankshaf tandr ocker s,etc.,oft hev al
v es.
 Itgiveslesst orsional oscil
lations.
 Twost r
okeengi ner equiresf ewerspar epar t
sduet oitssimpledesign.
 Itcanber eversedi fitisofv alvelesst ype.
 Ther eisasav i
ngi nwor krequi redt oov ercomet hef ri
cti
onoft heinl
et
andexhaustpor t.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

I ntwost rokecy cleOt toengine,t

hef uelconsumpt ioni shigh.because
thefreshchar gei slikel
ytobewast edbyescapi ngt hrought heexhaust
port.
 Theact ual compr essionstartswhent heportsar ecompl etelyclosedby
theupwar dmov ementoft hepiston,aft
eraf ewdegr eer evolut
ionsof
thecr ankshaf ts.Thus, theactualcompressionr ati
oandhencet he
thermal ef f
iciencyoft wost r
okeengi neislesst hant hatoft hefour-
strokef orthesamedi mensions.
 Thechar gei sdi l
utedbyt heburntgasesduet oincompl etescav engi
ng.
I tgivesgr eaternoi se.
I tconsumesmor elubri
cati
ngoi l
.
 Ther earegr eat erwearandt earofmov i
ngpar ts.
 FourStrokeDi
eselCycl
eEngi
neandI
tsWor
king
[Expl
ainedwit
hP-vandT-sDi
agr
am]
Di
esel
Cycl
e

Theengi
neofheav ymot orvehicl
esmost l
yoperatesondiesel
cycleor
const
antvolumecycle.Dieselcycl
ewasi ntr
oducedbyDr.RudolphDiesel
in
1897.Di
eselcycl
ediffer
sf r
om ot t
ocycl
ei nonerespect
.Theisaddedat
const
antpressur
einsteadofconst antv
olume.

Thus,itcompr i
sest woadi
abati
cpr ocesses,oneconst antpressureheat
addi
tionpr ocess,andoneconstantvolumeheatr ejecti
onpr ocess.Diesel
cycl
eengi nesuseheav yoi
l,di
eseloili
st hemostcommon.I ndieselcycle
engi
nesonl yai
riscompressedinthecy l
indertoaahi ghpressur e,t
he
temperatureoft hi
scompressedairbecomessuf ficientl
yhight oigni
tethe
fuel
.

Dieseli
sinj
ectedi
nt hecyli
nderattheendofcompr essionst
rokewhichi t
self
i
gnitesduetothehightemper at
ureofthecompressedai r
.Thedieselengine
doesnothaveaspar kplug.Inafour-
str
oke,di
eselcyclecompressionigni
t i
on
engine,
thefourst
rokesareasf oll
ows:

Suct
ionSt
roke
 Dur
ingsuct
ionst
roke,
thepi
stonmov
esdownf
rom t
het
opdeadcent
re
 posi
ti
on.
 Airi
ssuckedi
ntothecyl
i
ndert
hroughtheopeni
nletv
alv
ewhi
chcl
osesatt
he
endofthestr
oke.
 Theexhaustv
alv
er emai
nscl
osedduri
ngthi
sstr
oke.

Compr
essi
onSt
roke
 Thepi st
onmov esupwar dsfrom thebottom deadcent
reposition.
 Inl
etandexhaustv alvesremainclosed.Theairiscompressedinthecyli
nder
witht heupwardmov ementoft hepist
on.
 Ast hecompr essi
onr at
ioint
hisengineishigh(10to20),theairisfi
nal
ly
compr essedt
oapr essureashighas40Kg/ cm2atwhi chitstemperatur
eis
ashi ghas100° C,enought oignit
ethefuel.

Wor
kingSt
rokeorPowerSt
roke
 Attheendoft hecompr essionst roke,thefuel(
di esel)i
sinjectedi nt
othehot
compr essedai rwher eitstart
sbur ni
ngmai ntai
ningt hepressur econstant.
 Atpoint4, t
hef uelsuppl yiscut-off.Theoreti
call
y ,thefuelisinjectedatthe
endoft hecompr essionst r
okeandi nject
ioncont inuedtil
lthepoi ntofcut-
off
.
 Meanwhi le,t
hepi stonmov esfrom poi nt3to4, andt hisstrokei scall
ed
constantpressur estroke.
 Inpracti
ce,thei gni
tionst ar
tsbef oretheendoft hecompr essionst r
oke.

Theoret
ical
ly,t
hepowerstrokef
rom point4.Thehotgasesnowexpand
adi
abatical
lytopoi
nt5inthecyl
inderpushingthepi
stondown.Thepist
on
fi
nal
lyreachestothebott
om deadcenter.Boththeval
vesremai
nclosed
duri
ngthest r
oke.
 ExhaustSt
roke
 Thepist
onmov esupward.Theinl
etvalv
eremainsclosedandtheexhaust
opens.
 Themaximum burntgasesescapebecauseoftheirownexpansi
on.
 Theupwardmov ementofthepist
onpushestheremai ni
nggasesoutthr
ough
theopenexhaustv
alve.Thecycl
eisthuscompleted.
Thefigshowstheval
vetimingdi
agram f
oraf our
-st
rokedi
eselcycl
eengine.
Inl
etval
veopens10°to25°inadvanceofthetopdeadcentr
eandcl oses25°
to50°aft
erthebot
tom deadcent
re.theexhaustval
veopens30°t o50°in
advanceofthebot
tom deadcent
reandcloses10°to15°aftert
het opdead
centr
e.

Fueli
nject
ionst
arts5°t
o10°befor
ethetopdeadcentr
eonthecompressi
on
str
okeandcontinuesupto15°t
o25°aft
erthetopdeadcent
rei
nworking
str
oke,dependi
nguponthespeedoft
heengine.

P-
vandT-
sDi
agr
am ofDi
eselCy
cle
Lettheenginecyl
i
ndercarr
ym kgofairatpoint1.att
hispoint
l
etP1 
  and T1  V1 
and  bethepressur
e,t
emperatureandvolumeoft
heai
r.
Foll
owingare4stagesofanidealdi
eselcy
cle.
Theidealdiesel
cycleconsist
softwoadiabat
ic,
const
antpressur
eand
constantvolumeprocesses.Thesepr
ocessesarer
epresent
edonaP-vandT-
sdiagram asshowni ntheFigur
e.

Pr
ocess1-
2(Const
antPr
essur
eHeat
ing)

Theairisheat
edatconst
antpr
essur
ef r
om i
nit
ial
temper
atur
eT1t
oa
temperatur
eT2repr
esent
edbythegraph1-
2inFig.

Theheati
scutof
fatpoi
nt2,
soi
tscal
l
edcut
offpoi
nt

Pr
ocess2-
3(Adi
abat
icExpansi
on)

Theairi
sexpandedadiabat
ical
l
yfrom t
emperatur
eT2toat
emperat
ureT3as
shownbythegraph2-3inFig.I
nthi
sprocess,
onheat
,weabsor
bedor
rej
ect
edbytheair.
Pr
ocess3-
4(Const
antVol
umeCool
i
ng)

Theairisnowcool
edatconst
antv
olumefrom t
emperat
ureT4t
oa
temperatur
eT4asshownbythegraph3-
4inthefi
gur
e.

Pr
ocess4-
1(Adi
abat
icCompr
essi
on)

Theairiscompressedadi
abat
ical
lyf
rom t
emperatureT4toatemperat
ureT1
repr
esentedbythegraph4-
1inFig.I
nthi
sprocess,noheati
sabsorbedor
rej
ectedbytheair

Weseethatt
heai
rhasbeenbroughtbackt
oit
sorigi
nal
condit
ionsof
pr
essur
e,vol
umeandtemper
ature,
thuscompl
eti
ngthecycl
e.

Weknowt
hat
,

Wor
kdone=Heatsuppl
i
ed–Heatr
eject
ed

∴Ai
rst
andar
def
fi
ci
ency
Nowl
etcompr
essi
onr
ati
o,

Cut
-of
frat
io,

Expansi
onr
ati
o,

Weknowf
orconst
antpr
essur
eheat
ingpr
ocess(
1-2)
,

Si
mil
arl
y,i
nadi
abat
iccompr
essi
onpr
ocess(
2-3)
Andi
nadi
abat
iccompr
essi
onpr
ocess(
4-1)
,

Subst
it
uti
ngt
hev
alueofT1i
nequat
ions(
iv)and(
v)

And

Nowsubst
it
uti
ngt
hev
aluesofT1,
T2andT3i
nequat
ion(
ii
i)
,

Not
e:
Theef
fi
ciencyofthei
dealdi
eselcy
clei
slowert
hanofot
tocy
cle,
fort
hesame
compr
essionrat
io.
 Thedieselcy
cleeff
ici
encyincr
easeswi
thdecreasesincut-
offand
appr
oachesmaxi mum (equalt
oottocy
cleef
fi
ciency)thancut-
offi
szer
o,i
.e,
p=1.

Four-
str
okeOt
to-
cycl
eSpar
k-I
gni
ti
onEngi
newi
th
[P-
vandT-sDi
agram]
FourSt
rokeOt
tocy
cleEngi
ne

Themoder npet
rol(gasoli
ne)enginesoper
ateonotto(const
antvol
ume)cycle.
Thiscycl
ewasintroducedbyaGer mansci
enti
stott
oin1876,alt
houghitwas
descri
bedbyaFrenchsci ent
istBeandeRochesin1862.Inafour
-st
rokeott
o-
cycl
espark-i
gni
ti
onengi ne,t
hefourstr
okesareasfoll
ows:

Suct
ionst
roke
 Duri
ngsucti
onst roke,thepist
onismoveddownwar dbythecr
ankshaf
t,which
i
srevol
vedeitherbyt hemoment um oft
heflywheel
orbythepowergenerated
bytheel
ectr
icst art
ingmot or.
 Theinl
etval
ver emai nsopenandtheexhaustval
veiscl
osedduri
ngthi
sst r
oke.
 Thedownwar dmov ementoft hepi
stonsucksair-
fuel
mixt
urei
nthecyl
inder
fr
om thecarburet
tor 
throughtheopeninl
etval
ve.
 Herethefueli
spetrolmi xedwit
hair
,brokenupintoamist
,andpar
ti
all
y
vapor
izedinthecarburettor
.

Compr
essi
onst
roke
 Duringt hecompr essi onstroke,thepistonmov esupwar d, t
huscompr essi
ng
thechar ge.
 Igni
tionandcompr essionalsotakepl aceduringt hisstr
oke.
 Theheatpr oducedbyt hecompr essionper f
ormsl i
keami xtur
eofai rand
petrolinsidet hecy li
nder .
 Heatcausespet rol easiertoburn,whilethecompr essi
onpushesi tintocloser
combi nat i
onwi tht heai r
.
 Themi xtureundercompr essionisignit
ionbyt hespar kpr oducedby  aspark
plug, 
andt hecombust i
onisabouthal f-
compl etedwhent hepistonisatt op
dead-cent re.
 Botht hei nletval
v esandexhaustv alvescloseddur ingthecompr essionstroke.

Wor
kingpowerofexpansi
onst
roke
 Theexpansionofthegasesduet
ot heheatofcombust
ionexer
tsapressur
e
i
nt hecyl
i
nderandpi st
on.
 Underthi
simpulse,t
hepist
onmov esdownwardthusdi
ngusefulwor
k.Both
theval
vesremaincloseddur
ingt
hisstr
oke.

Exhaustst
roke
 Duri
ngt hi
sstroke,t
heinletv
alver
emainsclosedandanexhaustvalveopens.
 Thegreaterpartoftheburngasesescapesofthei
rownexpansion.
 Thepistonmov esupwardpushestheremaininggasesoutoftheopen
exhaustwall
.
 Onlyasmal lquant
it
yofexhaustgasesremainsinthecl
earancespacewhich
wil
ldil
utethefreshincomingchar
ge.

Thus,inthi
stypeofengine,four-
str
okesoft hepi st
onisrequi
redtocompl ete
thecycleandthefour-
str
okemakest wor evol
utionsofthecrankshaft.The
processesarerepeat
edov erandov eragaininrunningtheengine.each
alt
ernati
verevol
uti
onofthecr ankshaftasonepowerst roke.
 TheVal
veTi
mingDi
agr
am ofa4St
rokeOt
toCy
cleEngi
ne
Inthisengine,t
heinl
etv al
veopensduri
ngthesucti
onstrokeandtheexhaust
val
v eopensdur i
ngtheexhauststr
oke.Theexactmovementatwhi cheachof
thev al
vesopensandcl osedwithr
efer
encetotheposit
ionofpist
onandcr ank
canbeshowngr aphical
lyi
nadiagram.Thisdi
agram i
sknownasav al
ve
ti
mi ngdiagram.

Theor et
ical
ly
,theinl
etvalveopensexactlyatthebegi
nni
ngoft hesuct i
on
strokeandclosedatt heendofthestroke.Boththeval
vesr emainclosed
duringcompr essi
onandpowerst rokes.Theexhaustval
veopensexact l
yat
thebeginningofexhauststrokeandclosedatt heendofthestroke.the
theoreti
calvalv
etimingdiagram f
oraf our-
str
okeOttocycleengine.

Openi
ngandCl
osi
ngofVal
veDur
ing4St
rokes
Theopeni
ngandcl
osi
ngofvalvewit
href
erencet
otheposi
ti
onofpi
stonand
cr
ankshaf
tdur
ingt
hefourst
rokesar
edescri
bedasfol
l
ows:

1.Sucti
onSt r
oke: 
Thei nletval
veopens.Thepistonst ar
tstomov edownwar d
fr
om topdeadcent r
e( TDC)posi
ti
onandr eachest obott
om deadcent r
e(BDC)
posi
ti
on.Af reshchar geofair
-f
uelmixtur
eenter sthecyl
inder
.Theexhaust
val
veremainscl osed.
2.Compr essi
onSt roke: 
Boththeval
vesremaincl osed.Thepist
onstartsto
moveupwar df r
om B. D.C,t
huscompressingthechar geunti
li
treachesthe
 T.D.C.
3.Wor ki
ngSt roke: 
Boththev alv
esclosed.Sparki
ngtakesplacef
rom t
hespark
plugwi t
hignitesthecompr essedcharge.Thepist
onmov esdownwar df
rom
T.D.Candr eachest oB.D.C.
4.ExhaustSt r
oke:  
Theexhaustst r
okeopens.Thepistonmov esf
rom B.D.
C.and
reachestoT. D.C.thusrushingouttheburntgasesfrom t
hecyl
inder
.Theinl
et
valveremainscl osed.

Inact
ualpract
ice,
theabovecycl
eissli
ghtlymodif
ied.Theexactmoment sof
openi
ngandclosingtheval
veswithref
erencetothepist
onandcr ankshaftare
showninthefi
gure.Thi
sdiagr
am isknownast heactualval
veti
mi ngdiagram.

I
nletv
alv
eandExhaustVal
ves
I
nletVal
ve
Theinletvalvestar
tsopening10°to30°befor
eT.D.C.asmeasur
edindegrees
ofcrankshaftrotat
ion.Itr
emainsopenduri
ng180°ofthenormalsucti
on
str
okeand, inaddit
ion,30°to40°oreven60°aft
erB.D.C.
,att
hebeginni
ngof
thecompr essionstroke.

Thereasonforopeni
ngtheinl
etval
vebef
or et
hestar
tsofsuct
ionstr
okeis
thatt
hevalv
ei smadetoopenandcloseverysl
owly,
andthi
stimingof
openi
ngthev al
veisper
mitedtoopensuf
fici
entl
ydur
ingt
hesuctionstr
oke.
Thevalv
esarearrangedtoopenandcloseslowlytoprovidesi
lentoperat
ion
underhi
gh-
speedconditi
ons.Thecolumnofchar geintheinl
etpipesrequi
res
tobeaccel
erat
edbef or
ethesucti
onstrokestar
ts,sothatsuff
ici
entcharge
mayentert
hecy l
i
nderduringthesucti
onstr
oke.

Wor
kingofI
nletVal
ve
Asthepi st
onmov esdownwarddur i
ngt hesucti
onstroke,thepressur
e
decreasesinsi
dethecyli
nderwhichcausest hegasestor ushi
nandf i
llup
spaceabov ethepist
on.Thepist
onsreachatt heendoft hestrokebeforea
compl et
echargehast i
metoenterthroughthesmal l
inletval
veopening.

Ther
ef orepressurei
nthecombust i
onspacewil
lstil
lbebelowat
mospheri
c,
andthegaseswi l
lbemov i
nginthedir
ecti
onofthemot i
onofthepi
stonwit
h
hi
ghv eloci
ty.Ift
heinl
etvalv
eisclosedatthi
spointsothatnomorechar
ge
ent
ers, l
esschargewill
remaininthecyli
nder
.

Thus,thei
nletval
vei
smadet oremainopenuntilt
hepi stonr eachesapointi
n
i
tsnextstr
okeatwhicht
hepr essur
einthecyl
inderequal sthepr essure
outsi
de.Al
so, t
heact
ual
closi
ngpointofthevalvecoincideswi tht hepoi
nt
whenthemot ionoft
her
ushingchargewouldreversethedi rection.

Ti
mingDat
aofTheI
nletVal
ve
Thef igureshowstimingdataoftheinl
etv
alvef
orapopularengine.I
nthis
engine, t
heinl
etvalvestart
stoopen5°befor
etopdeadcentre.Thispr
e-
admi ssionall
owsthev alv
et obeopendur
ing5°oft
heexhaustst r
oke(the
precedingstroke)
.
I
tremainsopenduri
ngthe180°ofthenormalsuct
ionstr
oke,andaddi
ti
on,
dur
ing44°ofthebegi
nningofthecompressi
onstr
oke.Thisgi
vesatot
alinl
et
val
veopeni
ngof229°ofcrankshaf
trot
ati
on.

ExhaustVal
ve

Theexhaustv al
vestartsopening30°t o60°beforeB.D.C.,remainsopen
duri
ng180°oft henormal exhauststroke,andinadditi
on, 8°t
o10°orev en25°
aft
erT.D.C.atthebeginni
ngoft hesuct i
onstroke.Thereasonf oropeni
ngthe
exhaustvalv
ebef or
ethest ar
toft heexhauststrokeisthatthegaseshav ean
outl
etforexpansiontobegintor ushoftheirownpr essure.

Thisremovesthegreat
erpartofthegasesreducingt
heamountoft heworkto
bedonebyt hepist
ononi t
sretur
nst r
oke.Thisr
educti
oncompensatesthe
wasteduetotheearlyr
eleaseofgases.Duringt
henextoutwardstr
oke,the
remaini
nggasesareforcedoutthroughtheopenexhaustval
ve.Thi
scausesa
sli
ghtcompressi
onofthegasesaheadoft hepiston.

Wor
kingofExhaustVal
ve
WhenitreachestoT.D.
C.posi
ti
ons,
therewil
lbeacertai
namountof
compressedexhaustgasesi
nthecl
earancespace.I
ftheexhaustval
veis
cl
osedatthispoi
nt,t
hisamountoft
heexhaustgaseswillr
emaininthe
cyl
i
nder.

Thus,
theex
haustv
alv
eiscl
osedal
i
ttl
eaf
ter
,theendoft
heexhaustst
roke.I
t
 mayr
esul
tindrawingtheexhaustgasesbackint
othecy
li
nder
.Butt
his
dr
awi
ngbackispreventedbytwoconditi
ons,

1.Gasesundercompr essi
onexceedt hepr essur
einthemani foldandwil
l
continuetoflowoutbecauseoft hisdiff
erenceinpressure.
2.Thispiston,whil
eatthetopoft hestroke,movesbutv eryli
ttl
efor10°t
o15°
mov ement softhecrankshaf
t.Thisdoesnotmat er
ial
lyincr
easet he
combust ionspaceasshowni nf i
g.

Thecrankarmisinaposi t
ionasatA,foracertai
nnumberofdegreessay15°
mov ementofthecrankshaft,
thepi
stonwillmoveupwardforaconsi
derabl
e
di
stance.Whenthecr ankarmsareasatB,forthesame15°turni
ngofthe
cr
ankshaft,
thedist
ancemov edbythepist
onwi l
lbel
ess.

Whent hecrankarmsareasatC, forthesame15°turning, t

her
eisv eryl
it
tl
e
upwardmov ementoft hepist
on.Itcanbeseenthatbetweencer tainpoi
nts
ther
eispracti
callynomotionofthepistontr
aveli
nther egioni
scal l
edthe
rockofthepiston.Wit
hintheregi
onusually
,theexhaustv al
veisclosedafter
topdeadcent r
e.

Ti
mingDat
aofTheExhaustVal
ve
Shownt i
mingdataoftheexhaustvalv
ef orapopularengi
ne.Inthi
sengine,
theexhaustval
veopens47°beforebottom beadcentre.t
hispre-
rel
ease
causesthevalv
etobeopendur i
ngt helast47°
ofthepowerst r
oke.

I
tremainsopenduri
ngthe180°oft
henormalexhaustst
roke,
andinaddit
ion,
dur
ing12°ofthebegi
nningoft
hesuct
ionst
roke.Thi
sgivesatot
alexhaust
v
alv
eopeni
ngof239°ofcr
ankshaf
trot
ati
on.

Pr
essur
e-Vol
ume(
p-v
)Di
agr
am ofFour
-st
rokeOt
tocy
cleEngi
ne

TheidealOtt
ocycl
econsist
softwoconstantv
olumeandtwor ever
sibl
e
adi
abaticori
sent
ropi
cprocessesasshownon PV  T-
and  S 
diagrams.

Lettheenginecyl
indercont
ainsm kgofai
ratpoi
nt1.Att
hispoi
nt,
letp1,
T1,
andV1bet hepressure,
temperat
ureandvol
umeofair.

1.Pr
ocess4-
1(const
antv
olumeheat
ing)

Theai
risheat
edatconst
antv
olumef
rom t
emper
atur
eT4t
oT1.

Heatabsor
bedbyt
hedur
ingt
Iisapr
ocess,

2.Pr
ocess1-
2(Adi
abat
icori
sent
ropi
cexpansi
on)

Theai
risexpandedrever
sibl
yandadi
abati
cal
l
yfrom i
nit
ial
temper
atur
eT1to
atemperat
ureT2.I
nt hi
sprocess,
noheati
saddedorrej
ectedbyt
heair.

3.
 Pr
ocess2-
3(const
antv
olumecool
ing)

Theai
riscool
edatconst
antv
olumef
rom t
emper
atur
eT2t
otemper
atur
eT3.

Heatr
eject
edbyt
heai
rdur
ingt
hispr
ocess.

4.Pr
ocess3-
4(Adi
abat
icori
sent
ropi
ccompr
essi
on)

Theairiscompressedadiabat
ical
lyfrom t
emper at
ureT3t oatemperatureT4.
I
nt hi
sprocess,noheati
saddedorr ej
ect
edbyt heair.Theai
rhasbeen
broughtbacktoit
sorigi
nalcondit
ionsofpressure,vol
umeandt emperature.

Wor
kdone=Heatsuppl
i
ed–Heatr
eject
ed
Ai
rst
andar
dEf
fi
ciency
,

Consi
deradi
abat
icexpansi
on1-
2

Wher
e,r=Expansi
onr
ati
o

Consi
deradi
abat
iccompr
essi
on2-
3

Wher
er=Compr
essi
onr
ati
o

Fr
om equat
ion(
2)and(
3)
Si
ncet
her
ightsi
dei
sthesame,

I
nter
changi
ngt
erms

Subst
it
uti
ngt
hev
alueofT2/
T3i
nequat
ion1

Not
e
Iti
stobenotedthati
nt het
heoreti
cal
 p- 
vdi
agram,ever
ycorneri
sshar
pwhich
repr
esent
stheopeningandclosingoftheval
veinstant
aneousl
y.Al
so,
the
sucti
onandexhausttakepl
aceatatmosphericpressur
e.

Theopeni ngandclosingoft heval

vecannottakepl aceinstantaneousl
ybut
takesomet ime,bywhi cheverycorneri
nt p-
he  v 
diagram willberound,as
shownint heactual
 p-v di
agram.Also,t
hesuctiont akesplaceatapr essur
e
sli
ghtl
ylowerthant heat mospheri
cpressureduetot heresistanceoftheinl
et
valv
eoft heenteri
ngchar ge.
Theexhaustt akespl
aceatapr essureslightl
yhigherthantheatmospheric
pressureduet other
esistanceoft heexhaustv alv
etot heexhaustgases.This
givesanar ea, i
ntheform ofasmal ll
oop, andindi
cateswhatiscall
edthe
pumpi nglossoft heengine.Thisar eaistreatedasnegativeandhence
subt r
act
edf rom theareaoft helargerloopwhi chistreat
edaspositi
ve,givi
ng
ust henetwor kdoneduringthecy cle.