Grammar

UNIT
The Passive and the Causative
9
The Passive is used when we want to stress the action rather than the person / thing that does or causes the action The Causative has a passive meaning and is used when we arrange for someone else to do something.
(the agent) or when we do not know who the agent is. When moving from active to passive, the tense does not change.
FORM USE EXAMPLES
PASSIVE FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE
have / get + object + past participle when we arrange for someone else to James is having his flat painted.
Present Simple do something for us I get my hair cut every two months.
am / is / are + past participle They clean the house. { The house is cleaned. (less formal than have)

Present Continuous
am / is / are being + past participle
Present Perfect Simple
has / have been + past participle
Past Simple
was / were + past participle
They are cleaning the house. {
They have cleaned the house. {
They cleaned the house. {
The house is being cleaned.
The house has been cleaned.
The house was cleaned.
have + agent + bare infinitive + when we arrange for someone else to
object do something for us and we mention
the agent
get + agent + to + bare infinitive + when we arrange for / persuade
object someone else to do something for
us and we mention the agent
Liz had her brother carry her suitcase.
I will have Dad pick me up.
You should get a doctor to look at your
hand.
Dan got Mike to lend him some money.
(less formal than have)

Past Continuous
was / were being + past participle They were cleaning the house. { The house was being cleaned. Notes
have / get + object + pppaaassst pppaaarrrttiticicciip
ipplle
lee can also be used when something unpleasant happens to someone.
Past Perfect Simple
The tourist had / got his passport stolen.
had been + past participle They had cleaned the house. { The house had been cleaned.

Future Simple No, I had fixed it

will be + past participle
Future Perfect Simple
will have been + past participle
be going to
be going to + be + past participle
They will clean the house. { The house will be cleaned. myself before you even
mentioned it.
Didn’t you have your
They will have cleaned the house. { The house will have been cleaned. bike fixed at that new
shop I told you about?
They are going to clean the house. { The house is going to be cleaned.

Modal
modal + be + past participle They must clean the house. { The house must be cleaned.

Semi-modal
semi-modal + be + past participle They have to clean the house. { The house has to be cleaned.

Modal Perfect
modal + have been + past participle They may have cleaned the house. { The house may have been cleaned.

With certain verbs

believe, consider, expect, know, say and
suppose
verb + to + bare infinitive
with it as a subject
It + verb + that + subject + sentence
People say he is an expert on China. { He is said to be an expert on China.
Everyone knows that the artist grew { It is known that the artist grew
up in Milan. up in Milan.

Verbs that take two objects

give, lend, offer, pay, sell, send, teach
The person or object can become the He offered the job to Sarah. / { Sarah was offered the job. /
subject of the sentence. He offered Sarah the job. The job was offered to Sarah.

Grammar Practice
Notes
1. There is no passive form of Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and A. Underline the verb in each sentence and write A (Active) or P (Passive).
Future Perfect Continuous.
1. This play was written by William Shakespeare. ...P....
2. a. We use by +aaagggeeennnt when it is important to know who does the action.
Steven Spielberg made the film. { The film was made by Steven Spielberg. 2. A fire has started in the forest about two miles from our home. ...A
....
b. We use with +aaagggeeennnt when we refer to an instrument or tool used by someone.
This key can open the box. { The box can be opened with this key. 3. Daniel was raised in Belfast, in Northern Ireland. ...P
....

3. Don’t forget the particle when using phrasal verbs in the passive. 4. All books have to be returned to the library. ...P....
Someone broke into our car last night. { Our car was broken into last night. 5. They will have finished painting the museum by September. ...A
....
4. For events that are unpleasant, unexpected or accidental, we sometimes use get + pppaaassst pppaaarrrttiticicciip
ippllle.
6. The new sports centre is going to be opened by a famous footballer. ...P....
I fell asleep in the sun and got burned. (focus on the person, not the agent)
5. For a list of irregular verbs, see page 210. 7. The game of rugby is played all over the world. ...P
....
8. The team had been training for three hours when they finally stopped for a rest. ...A
....

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UNIT 9 Grammar

B. Circle the correct answers. E. Complete the text below with a suitable passive form of the verbs given.

1. James was upset because he had accused / had been accused of cheating on his history test.
2. The new website has set up / has been set up so now we can add some links. The International Children’s Games is a sporting event for children.
3. Does the money have to be paid back / have to pay back immediately? Young people aged 12 to 15 from various countries in the world

4. George considers / is considered to be so talented that everyone thinks / is thought he’ll be famous one day. (1) ............a
..r..e...i.n..v.i.t
..e..d........ (invite) to take part each year. The games
first took place in 1968 and they (2) .......w
...e..r.e...o
..r..g..a..n..i.z..e..d....... (organize)
5. I wonder who will choose / will be chosen as the head of the student council.
by Metod Klemenc, a sports instructor from Slovenia. He believed that
6. You really ought to inform / ought to be informed the police about the accident.
relationships between countries (3) .....c..o..u
..l.d
....b..e...i.m
...p..r.o
...v.e..d
.......
7. I don’t suppose / am not supposed Ethan will help me fix my car, will he? (could improve) by bringing young people of different nationalities
8. I heard the plane was crashed / crashed in Italy. together to compete in a variety of sporting events. Since 1968, this
event (4) ..........h..a..s
...b
..e
..e..n
...h
..e
..l.d ...... (hold) every year in various locations
C. Complete the texts with the words below. around the world.

1. will be • has been • is being Though medals (5) .............a..r..e...g..i.v.e..n .......... (give) to all the winners
of the events, the games are not just about competing. The event gives
I read in the local newspaper that the old train station ............h
..a
...s...b..e..e..n .......... sold. Apparently, it
young people a chance to meet and form friendships with teens from
..............i.s...b
..e..i.n..g
................ turned into a museum. It ................w
..i.l.l..b
..e ........... opening soon.
other parts of the world.
2. has to be • is • has been

Mallie’s Sports Grill and Bar in Michigan is famous for its huge burgers, which include a 4.5-kilo Monster Burger.
Recently, an 8.5-kilo burger .............h
..a
...s...b..e..e..n.............. added to the menu. This ....................i.s .............. thought F. Complete the dialogues with a suitable causative form, using the words below.

to be the world’s largest burger and .............h..a..s

...t..o...b
..e ......... ordered a day before you visit the restaurant. redecorate / all the rooms make / clothes colour / hair put in / air conditioning take / photograph

3. had been • are being • can be 1. Jessica: Emma always dresses so smartly.

Sometimes when old buildings .............a

...r.e...b..e..i.n..g.............. renovated, unusual items ...............c
..a
..n
....b..e........... found. Chloe: That’s because she .................h..a..s.../..g..e..t.s...h..e..r..c..l.o..t.h..e..s...m
...a..d..e....................for her.
A man in Belgium recently came across 300,000 euros in an old bank that he was renovating. The man gave the money, 2. Harry: It’s so hot in my flat in the summer.
which .............h
..a
..d
....b..e..e..n .........lying in the building for a number of years, back to the bank.
Rachel: You should ...........h
...a..v.e.../...g..e..t...a..i.r..c..o
..n
..d
...i.t..io
...n..i.n..g...p..u
..t...i.n
............ .

4. are • will have to be • is going to be 3. Katie: Have you sent off your passport application?
According to the plans, a new theme park .........i.s
...g
...o..i.n..g...t..o...b..e....... built outside the town. Lewis: No, but I .a
..m
.....h..a..v.i.n
..g
..../..a..m
....g
..e
..t..t..i.n..g...m
...y...p..h..o..t..o..g
..r..a..p..h...t..a..k..e.n
.. later today.
Some local people ...................a..r.e ............ upset about the project because a lot of
4. Olivia: Tia looks different, doesn’t she?
trees .........w
..i.l.l..h
..a
...v.e...t..o...b..e.......cut down before the building work can begin.
Grace: Yes, she must ............h..a..v..e...h..a..d.../...g..o..t...h..e..r..h
...a..i.r..c..o
..l.o
..u
...r.e..d............. .
D. Complete the text below with a suitable passive form of the verbs given. 5. Dylan: Wow! What a great flat!
Brian: Thanks. We ........g..o..t.../..h
...a..d...a
..l.l..t..h
..e...r..o..o..m
...s
...r..e..d..e..c..o..r.a
..t
..e
..d....... before we moved in.

L IS
THE ACROPOL G.
Englliissh Today Read the dialogues. Complete the comments with a suitable expression.

MUSEUM given the choice • we’ve got it covered • it can’t be helped • easier said than done

The Acropolis Museum in Athens (1) ............i.s...b..e..l.i.e.v..e..d.............. 1. Oh well, .......i.t..c..a..n..’.t...b..e...h..e..lp..e..d........ .

Oh no! There goes the bus. Now I’ll have
(believe) to be one of the most important museums in the world. to wait 20 minutes for the next one!
Since it opened in June 2009, the museum (2) ......h..a
..s
...b
...e.e
..n
....v.i.s
..i.t..e..d.........
(visit) by more than a million people. On the first floor of the museum, 2. Good luck! That’s ...e..a..s..i.e..r...s..a..id....t..h..a..n...d..o..n..e... !
many interesting household objects, such as cooking pots, jewellery
I’ve got to persuade Mum to
let me go on the camping trip.
boxes and children’s toys (3) ..........a..r.e
...d
...is
...p..l.a..y..e..d ...... (display).
These objects (4) .............w..e..r.e
...u
..s
...e.d......... (use) by the people
of ancient Athens in their daily lives. In the galleries on the third
3. This year we are starting French at school. ........G...iv..e..n...t..h..e..c..h..o..i.c..e ..... , I’d
floor is the Parthenon exhibition, where a video about its history rather study German, actually.
(5) ...........c..a..n
...b
..e
...s
...e.e
..n........ (can see). To attract more
visitors, educational programmes, lectures and special 4. What do we still need for the party? Music? No, ......w..e..’v..e...g..o..t...it...c..o..v..e.r..e..d..... .
events (6) ..........a..r.e
...a
..r..r.a
...n..g..e..d ....... (arrange) at the
Paul’s agreed to be the DJ.
museum throughout the year.

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UNIT 9 Grammar

H. Complete the sentences with a suitable causative form, using the words given. J. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1. “Were you brought up in Canada?” 11. You ....... a photographer take pictures of the

Celebrities sometimes make surprising demands!

“No, I .......up in the USA.” wedding.
a. grew a. need have
b. was grown b. should have got

It has been said that:

c. have grown c. ought to have
d. have been grown d. must get

2. “Is the pipe still leaking?” 12. “Why didn’t Michael come to the meeting?”
1. Tom Cruise once .........h
...a..d.../...g..o..t...a...m
...e..a..l..d
..e
..l.i.v..e..r.e..d ....... (a meal / deliver) from a London “No, Dad ........ yesterday.” “Well, he ....... about it.”
restaurant by private jet to his hotel in Italy! a. has it repaired a. wasn’t informing
b. had it repaired b. hadn’t informed
c. has repaired it c. hadn’t been informed
d. would repair it d. wasn’t being informed
2. Mariah Carey once ........g..o..t...a...f.a
...m
...o..u..s
...c
..h
..e
..f...t..o...c..o..o..k.../ .... (a famous chef / cook)
had a famous chef cook 3. “Everything is ready apart from the barbecue.” 13. The president is expected........ an important
her a meal in her hotel room. She even ..h
..a
...d...h..i.m
....t
..e..a
..c..h
.../...g..o..t...h
..i.m
....t
..o
...t
..e
..a
..c
..h
.... “Don’t worry. Dad ........ ” announcement later today.
(him / teach) her how to make the dish. a. has had it covered a. that he makes
b. is covering it b. be making
c. has covered it c. to be made
d. has got it covered d. to make

3. Jennifer Lopez always .....h

..a
...s...t..h..e...h..o..t..e..l..s..t..a..f.f...d..e..c..o..r..a..t..e../ .... (the hotel staff / 4. When are the results ....... ? 14. You’d better slow down or you ....... by the police.
gets the hotel staff to decorate a. announcing a. are stopping
decorate) all her rooms in white, including the flowers!
b. be announced b. will be stopping
c. going to be announced c. will get stopped
d. announce d. have been stopped

5. “Can’t we take out a loan at the bank?” 15. “Is your project for school ready?”
4. Justin Timberlake ...........g
...e..t.s
....s..o..m
...e..o
..n
..e
...t
..o
...w
...i.p..e.../ ....... (someone / wipe)
has someone wipe “That’s easier ...... than done!” “Yes. I ....... my sister to help me with it.”
the door handles of his room with antiseptic every two hours, in order to keep a. to say a. did
them clean. b. saying b. was
c. says c. got
d. said d. had

5. Katy Perry always ...h

...a..s...t..h..e...h..o..t..e..l..m
...a
..n
...a..g..e..r..r..e..s..e..r.v..e.../ ... (the hotel manager / 6. You must ...... the book that he lost. 16. My teacher couldn’t believe the drawing had been
gets the hotel manager to reserve done ....... crayons and not paints.
reserve) the presidential suite. She .........g..e..t..s...t..h..e...c..h..e..f..t
..o
...p
...r.o..v..i.d..e.../ ....... (the chef / a. get Luke to replace
has the chef provide b. have replaced by Luke a. by
provide) organic fruit and vegetables.
c. get Luke replaced b. from
d. to have Luke replace c. with
d. to
7. “Is there a phone in our new apartment?”
“No. But, by the time we move in, it ........ ” 17. “Has this part of town changed much?”
a. going to be put in “Yes. There........to be a huge park here.”
I. Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, b. have been putting in a. used
including the word given. c. will have been put in b. has used
d. will be putting in c. is used
1. The last time Amy went to the dentist was three years ago. CHECKED d. was used
8. My little sister ........ tomorrow.
Amy has .n..o
..t...h
..a
..d
....h..e..r..t
..e..e..t..h...c..h..e..c..k..e..d ...................................................................... for three years.
a. is having cut her hair 18. I suppose the accident could ..... by the bad
2. We know that many health problems are caused by smoking. KNOWN weather.
b. will have cut her hair
Smoking .i.s...k..n..o..w
..n
....t..o...c..a..u..s..e ....................................................................... many health problems. c. will her hair have cut a. being caused
d. is having her hair cut b. been caused
3. Andrew is organizing our camping trip, not David. BEING c. have caused
Our camping trip .i.s...b..e..i.n..g...o..r.g
...a..n..i.z..e..d...b..y ................................................................ Andrew, not David. 9. Besides fruit and vegetables, flowers ....... at the d. have been caused
farmers’ market.
4. Lewis talked his parents into buying him an iPod. GOT 19. It is believed that ........in the next few years.
a. sell usually
Lewis .g..o..t...h..i.s
...p
..a
...r.e..n..t..s...t..o...b
..u
..y................................................................................. him an iPod. b. usually being sold a. to rise food prices
5. It’s possible that an employee at the bank stole the money. MAY c. are usually sold b. to be risen food prices
d. usually are selling c. food prices will be risen
The money .m
...a
..y
...h
..a
...v.e...b..e..e..n...s
..t..o
..l.e..n
...b
..y........................................................... an employee at the bank.
d. food prices will rise
6. Viewers can watch the winning film on Channel 3 tomorrow night. SHOWN 10. All foreign students ........ a written test in English.
a. require to take 20. The rules ....... to all the participants.
The winning film .i.s...b..e..i.n..g
...s
..h
...o..w
..n
.../...w
..i.l.l..b
..e...s
..h
..o
...w..n .......................................... on Channel 3 tomorrow night.
b. are required to take a. clear explained
7. People thought Dan was an expert on literature. SUPPOSED c. require to have taken b. clearly explaining
Dan w
...a..s
...s
..u
...p..p..o..s
..e..d
...t
..o
....b..e ...........................................................................an expert on literature. d. are required taking c. clear were explained
d. were clearly explained
8. We spent the whole day yesterday interviewing students. INTERVIEWED
Students w
...e..r.e...b..e..i.n..g
...i.n
..t
..e..r..v.i.e
..w
...e..d ......................................................................... all day yesterday.

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