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6 ZD YRg 1 M VNJ ZJW E5 TM EG
6 ZD YRg 1 M VNJ ZJW E5 TM EG
6 ZD YRg 1 M VNJ ZJW E5 TM EG
Photosynthesis
Short Questions
Answer: (i) Green plants are able to build up complex energy rich molecules of
carbohydrates which are further used for different metabolic activities of cells.
(ii) Non-green plants such as saprophytes and parasites use the food prepared by green
plants during photosynthesis as a source of their own nutrition.
(iii) Animals eat green plants or eat animals that feed on green plants.
Question 5: A leaf is a food factory. Explain.
Answer: The leaves of green plants are specially developed for the purpose of
synthesizing food. The leaf anatomy is best suited for collecting the raw materials. The leaf
absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere through its stomatal openings. It gets water from the
stem. The chloroplasts are the actual sites of photosynthetic reactions-light and dark
reactions which result in the formation of glucose. Hence, the ability to collect raw
materials and to carry on chemical reactions to synthesize food, it is called as the food
factory of the plant.
Answer: Green leaves are thin and broad so that they can receive more light and can
photosynthesize more efficiently.
Answer: Chloroplast contains chlorophyll which is used to trap the solar energy from the
sunlight which falls on the leaf. This energy is used during photolysis to split the water
molecule into hydrogen and oxygen.
Question 8: Which tissues and cells are mainly concerned with photosynthesis ?
Answer: The tissues and cells which contain chloroplasts are mainly the palisade
parenchyma and spongy mesophyll cells of a green leaf.
Question 9: Why is photosynthesis important in nature ?
Answer: The body of all living organisms both plants and animals is dependent on the
food that has been synthesized in a green cell by photosynthesis. The purification of the
atmosphere whereby the volume of CO2 remains fairly constant due to the photosynthetic
activity of green plants. Oxygen is given out by green plants.
Question 10: How do non-green plants such as fungi and bacteria obtain their
nourishment ?
Answer: Non-green plants such as fungi and bacteria obtain their nourishment from
decaying organic matter in their environment, which comes from dead animals and plants.
Thus they are dependent on photosynthesis.
Answer: Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis is a waste for the plant, so, it is released
into air and is used by living organisms in respiration.
Answer: The splitting of water molecule into two component ions by light is known as
photolysis of water.
(Photo = Light, lysis = Breaking).
H2 ———> H+ + OH–
Question 13: Oxygen given out during photosynthesis comes from water. Explain this
statement.
Answer: During the process of photolysis under light reaction the water molecule split up
to release H+ and OH– ions. These OH– react to liberate oxygen. Thus we can say that
oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from water.
Question 14: How is the rate of photosynthesis affected when a green plant gets green
light ?
Answer: The rate of photosynthesis decreases and finally stops when the green plant gets
green light because green light is not absorbed but reflected back by the plant.
Question 15: Why is it not possible to demonstrate respiration in a green plant kept in the
sunlight ?
Answer: When a plant is kept in sunlight, CO2 released by respiration gets used by
photosynthesis to synthesize food. So no carbon dioxide is liberated, and respiration
cannot be demonstrated.
Question 16: Explain why transpiration and photosynthesis are interlinked during the day.
Answer: During the day, the chloroplast in the guard cells are able to carry on
photosynthesis, so the osmotic pressure in the cell sap of the guard cells is high and water
enters the guard cells which lead to an opening of the stomatal aperture. Thus stomatal
transpiration can take and CO2 can also enter the green leaf to enable photosynthesis to
take place. So, during day time photosynthesis and stomatal transpiration occurs
simultaneously.
Question 18: Name the molecules which are called assimilatory power ? Why are they
called so ?
Answer: ATP and NADPH2 are called assimilatory power. They are called so, because they
provide the energy requirement for CO2 assimilation during dark reaction of
photosynthesis.
Answer: Blackman (1905) established the law of limiting factor in connection with photo-
synthesis. According to this law when a process is conditioned to its rapidity by a number
of separate factors, the rate of process is limited by the pace of the lowest factor, i.e., the
factor which is present in minimum amount.
Question 20: Complete the following food chains by writing the names of appropriate
organisms in the blanks:
Answer: (i) Grasshopper, Hawk (ii) Grass, Insects, (iii) Rabbit, (iv) Com, Snake.
Question 21: On a bright sunny day water weeds growing in an aquarium were actively
giving off bubbles of.gas. Use this information to answer questions that follow :
(i) Name the process occurring in the water weed that has resulted in evolution of these
bubbles.
(ii) Of what gas do these bubbles consist ?
(iii) Briefly describe the reactions occurring in the leaves of the water weeds leading to the
evolution of these bubbles.
(iv) Give an overall balanced chemical equation to represent the process named in (i)
above.
Answer:
(i) Photosynthesis.
(ii) Oxygen.
(iii) The process that takes place first in the photolysis of water is H+ and OH- ions with
the help of energy from sunlight. The hydroxyl ions combine to form hydrogen peroxide
2OH —> H2O2 which decompose to give molecular oxygen, i.e.,
2H2O2 ——> 2H2O + O2
(iv)
Answer: A destarched plant has no starch present in the leaves and a leaf remains
yellowish-brown when tested with iodine during a starch test.
A plant can be destarched by keeping it in the dark for two or three days, so that the
leaves are free from stored starch.
Question 23: Using the destarched plant describe step by step how would you proceed to
prove that in the absence of light the leaf cannot manufacture starch ?
Answer:
(i) In a dark room a leaf on the destarched plant is covered on either side with strips of
black paper which is kept in place by paper clips or cellophane tape.
(ii) Now the potted plant is kept in light.
(iii) After a few hours, the leaf is detached from the plant and the black strips are
removed.
(iv) Then the leaf is boiled in water for 2-3 minutes and then boiled in alcohol to remove
the green chlorophyll.
(v) The leaf is then washed in water and tested with iodine.
(vi) The region of the leaf that was under the black strip turns yellowish-brown showing
that no starch was made, while the rest of the leaf turns bluish-black showing the starch
was made in the presence of light.
Question 24: A healthy croton plant bearing variegated leaves was kept in a dark
cupboard to destarch it after which it was placed in sunlight for a few hours. One of the
leaves was then plucked and an outline of the leaf marking the green and the non-green
regions was drawn. The leaf was then tested for starch. Using the above information,
answer the following questions :
Answer:
1. The leaf is boiled with alcohol over a water bath till it becomes colourless.
2. It is rinsed with hot water to remove alcohol and spread it on a white tile.
3. Pour iodine solution on it. The portion covered with black paper remains colourless
while rest of the leaf turn blue black.
Question 26: A potted plant was taken in order to prove a factor necessary for
photosynthesis. The potted plant was kept in the dark for 24 hours. One of the leaves was
covered with black paper in the centre. The potted plant was then placed in sunlight for a
few hours.
Answer:
(i) That light is necessary for photosynthesis.
(ii) To remove all starch from the leaves of the plant.
(iii) (1) To kill the cells.
(2) To destroy the chlorophyll.
(iv)
Answer: Take a destarched plant. Insert one of its leaves in a conical flask, which contains
potassium hydroxide. Leave it in the sunlight. After a few hours, test this and any other
leaf of this plant for starch. The leaf which was exposed to the atmospheric air becomes
blue black, and the one in the flask containing KOH does not become blue black after
iodine test. The experiment showing that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
Question 28: List the events taking place in the photo-chemical phase of Photosynthesis.
Question 29: If you are planning an experiment to show the effect of light on
photosynthesis :
(1) Will you select white light or green light ? Justify your answer.
(2) Why would you select a destarched plant ?
Answer:
(1) I will select white light because photosynthesis is maximum in white light while it is
minimum in green light as green light is reflected by green plants.
(2) I will select destarched plant so I Can demonstrate the synthesis of starch through
iodine test.
Give Reasons
Question 1: All life on earth Would come to an end if there were no green plants.
Answer: Green plants manufacture food during the process of photosynthesis and give out
oxygen a life supporting gas for all organisms.
Answer: This process produces food and releases oxygen, both of which are necessary to
maintain life on earth.
Answer: The chlorophyll traps solar energy and converts it into chemical energy.
Answer: The chlorophyll traps solar energy and converts it into chemical energy.
Differentiate
Answer:
(i) It fakes place in the presence of light. It does not require light.
(iii) Its products are ATP and NADPH2. Its products are organic compounds.
Answer:
Chloroplast Chlorophyll
Answer:
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
(i) They can produce their own food. They cannot prepare their own food.
Answer:
(i) 1. Cuticle
2. Upper Epidermis
3. Palisade tissue/chioroplast
4. Xylem
5. Stomata
(ii) One vein has been shown.
(iii) Xylem – helps in the conduction of water.
Stomata – through which exchange of gases takes place.
Question 2:
Answer:
(i) Chloroplast.
(ii) 1. Granum
2. Stroma.
3. Thylakoids.
(iii) Photosynthesis.
(iv) Photosynthesis is the process by which living plant cells, containing chlorophyll,
produce food substances (glucose and starch), from carbon dioxide and water, by using
light energy. Plants release oxygen as a waste product during photosynthesis.
(v) Photosynthesis is the source of energy food and oxygen.
Answer:
Answer:
(i) The object of this experiment is to show that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
(ii) The special condition inside the flask is that there is no CO2 in the air as it has been
absorbed by the KOH.
(iii) KOH or NaOH pellets.
(iv) Leaf A will be yellowish-white. Leaf B and Leaf C will turn blue-black.
Question 5: The figure below represents an experiment set up to study a physiological
process in plants:
Answer:
Question 7: A well watered healthy potted plant with variegated leaves was kept in
darkness for about 24 hours. It was then set up as shown in the diagram and exposed to
light for about 12 hours. At the end of this time leaf X and leaf Y were tested for starch.
Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Why was the plant initially kept in darkness for 24 hours?
(ii) What is the function of sodium hydroxide solution in the flask?
(iii) Select the correct leaf from the five available choices shown in the diagram as A, B, C,
D and E. Rewrite the correct answer for the filling in the appropriate letter from the
questions that follow:
Question 8: Select the correct answer out of the available choices given under each
question.
(i) From the graph it seems likely that the rate of bubbling per minute at 50 cm., would
have been :
(a) 2-0 (b) 2-5 (c) 3-0 (d) 3-5 (e) 4-0
(ii) The gas produced by the plant during the experiment was :
(a) Air (b) Oxygen (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen (e) Hydrogen
(iv) If ice cubes were added to the water, the rate of bubble formation would :
(a) Remain the same.
(b) Increase because more water is added.
(c) Decreases because the temperature drops.
(d) Decreases because water freezes.
(e) Cannot tell from the information given.
(v) If some sodium bicarbonate is added to the water the rate of bubble formation:
(a) Increases because more respiration occurs.
(b) Increases because more photosynthesis occurs.
(c) Increases because the gas becotne less soluble.
(d) Decreases because carbon dioxide acts as a limiting factor.
(e) Decreases because respiration decreases.
Answer: (i) 3-5, (ii) Oxygen, (iii) Water, (iv) Decreases because the temperature drops,
(v) Increases because photosynthesis increases.
Question 9:
(i)
(iii) (a) I will select white light because photosynthesis is maximum in white light while it is
minimum in green light as green light is reflected by green plants.
(b) I will select destarched plant so I can demonstrate the synthesis of starch through
iodine test.
Answer:
Question 2: Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram of the apparatus you would set up to
show that oxygen is given out during photosynthesis.
Question:
1. ATP
2. Calvin Cycle
3. Free Energy
4. NADPH
5. Plastoquinone
6. Photosynthesis
7. Photosynthetic Membrane
8. Phosphorylation
9. NADP
10. Photophosphorylation
11. Carbon cycle.
Answer:
1. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a small water soluble molecule that acts as an energy
currency in cells.
2. Calvin Cycle: The biochemical reactions, initiated by Rubisco, that result in the
reduction of CO2 to a carbohydrate (also known as the photosynthetic carbon reduction
cycle).
3. Free Energy: The amount of energy in a reactions available to do work. Because most
biochemical reactions occur at a constant temperature and pressure.
4. NADPH: Reduced form of nicotinamide ademne dinucleotide phosphate, a small water
soluble molecule that acts as a hydrogen carrier in biochemical reactions.
5. Plastoquinone: A small molecule involved in electron and proton transfer in
photosynthesis.
6. Photosynthesis: The physical-chemical process by which certain chlorophyll
(containing organisms use light energy for the biosynthesis of organic molecules.
7. Photosynthetic Membrane: A bilayer of lipid molecules in which are embedded
proteins that transform light’energy into chemical free energy. (Also known as the
thylakoid membrane.)
8. Phosphorylation: The covalent attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule.
9. NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate): It is a coenzyme. During
election transfer NADP get reduced and (rom NADP + H (NADPH2).
10. Formation of ATP in the chioroplast in the presence of light is called
photophosphorylation.
11. The various processes resulting in the circulation of carbon in different forms constitute
the carbon cycle.
Question:
Answer:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Chlorophyll
3. Chloroplast
4. Water
5. Grana
6. Red
7. NADPH2
8. Glucose
9. Starch
10. Iodine
Question:
1. Name the process which is responsible for conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
that is essential to sustain the life on this earth ?
2. Name the structure where photophosphorylation takes place.
3. Form of energy which is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
4. In photosynthesis radiant energy is converted into which from ?
5. What is the percentage of CO2 in air ?
6. Organisms which cannot prepare their own food by photosynthesis.
7. The main reaction which means the breaking up of water molecules through light.
8. Which process is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms ?
9. Name only one plant, you are familiar with which has no chlorophyll.
10. Name the tissue that transports manufactured starch from the leaves to all parts of the
plant.
11. What does ATP abbreviated for ?
12. What does NADP stand for ?
13. The part of the chloroplast where the dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place.
14. Name the experiment to demonstrate the importance of light for photosynthesis.
Answer:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Chloroplast
3. Radiant energy
4. Chemical energy
5. 0.03-0.04%
6. Heterotrophs
7. Photolysis
8. Photosynthesis
9. Mushroom
10. Phloem
11. Adenosine Triphosphate
12. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
13. Stroma
14. Light screen experiment
Mention, if the following statements are True or False. If false rewrite the wrong
statement in its correct form:
Name Location
Name Function
Chloroplasts Photosynthesis.
1. Chlorophyll is present:
(a) In the grana of chloroplast (b) On the surface of chloroplast
(c) Dispersed throughout the chloroplast (d) In the stroma of chloroplast
3. Which one of the following would not be a limiting factor for photosynthesis ?
(a) Oxygen (b) Light
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Chlorophyll
7. A plant is kept in a dark cupboard for about 48 hours before conducting any experiment
on photosynthesis to:
(a) Remove starch from the plant
(b) Ensure that starch is not translocated from the leaves
(c) Remove chlorophyll from the leaf of the plant
(d) Remove starch from the experimental leaf
Column ‘II’ is a list of items related to ideas in Column ‘I’. Match the term in
Column ‘II’ with the suitable idea given in Column ‘I’.
Column I Column II
Answer: (i) (f) (ii) (d) (iii) (e) (iv) (b) (v) (a) (vi) (c) (vii) (f) (viii) (a) (ix) (b)
(x) (d) (xi) (e)