, ,

. , 2008.
.
.
, , .
, 2008.
'
. .
.
.
.
1 2009



http://www.ceid.upatras.gr/tca-lab/nikolos en/Arch-book.hun
IOJV .

, ,

1
1.1 (1.1 )

, (clock cycles)
, . 1.1.1
.
1.1.1

, 1500
, 2000 , 1000 I 500

, ,

. :
= (1500* 1 +2000*2+1000*3+500 5)/(1500+2000+] 000+500) = 11.000/5000= 2,2

1.2 (1.2 )
, %
2 GHz 2,5 GHz .
.
, 2 1.=1,2 ..2=1,6 .
;

TOW / .
,
0 .
, 2 2 . :
= ( ) ( ,)
( =
= ( ) ( , ) /
( |) = ( ) (I,2 ) /2 GHz =
= ( ) (1,2 ) / (2* 9 sec) =
= ( ) (1,2 0,5x10' sec) = ( ) 0,6* '9 sec.
T 2 = ( ) ( 2)

( 2) =
= ( ) ( 2) /
( 2) =
= ( )

(1,6 ) /2,5 GHz =

= ( ) (1,6 ) / (2,5 10*' sec) =

= ( ) (1,6 * 0,4* 1 (9 sec) = ( ) 0,64 10'" see.
, * 2.
.

 - , .

1.3(1.3 )
30 %

10%
.
,
,
, . .
;

.
:
'

> ^ ^ ^

* = 0,3 I
TsraVTOwv = 0, t
1 = 0,6*

(1.3.1)

,
:
, = ( I .) + iimpimaov + I .

(1.3.2)

, :
1 8 = 1 + (18icci4mW'4) + 1

(1.3.3)

(1.3.1), (1.3.2) (1.3.3) :

= (0,3* /2) + 0,1 + 0,6 * = 0,15+ 0,1 * + 0 , 6 - 0 , 8 5 *

4 = 0,3 ' + (0,1 /4) + 0,6 = 0,3* + 0,025 + , = 0,925

: ,
.

' , .
(30%)
' (10%).
: ()
, <
.
Amdahl.
1.4 (1.4 )
1 2 , ) 5ns. , 1.4.1.
I 2. 30 ,
2 20 .
"ton
1.4.2 .
,
. H
' .
1.4.1

10

0
2

 - , .

1.4.2

. }>::.,
III ill
U ,

10

KM)

10

1.4.1
. ! .4,1

.
mm
/, ,, .

, ,,(,),
, ,( ). ,
/ . , :

= { ^ [ ( , ( . ) + ./( )] ,) ( )
/..

S

= {

[(,.() ] + ] [(,.(. ) *!,}}

( )

,,()
" " 1. .4.1,
5

[(, (.)

I wn 2.

.^"!01:!!

1
^ [ ( , ( ) , =
-
= ( ) 11 + KJ?E a (KME) + ,-() + ( ()
+ () ) =
= 4 600 + ? 300 + 7 10 + 10 100 + 10 * 10 =
= 2400+2100+70+1000+100 = 5670
,( )
i

i
" "
" "
1.4. L :
,( ) =
= ( ); ( )

, 1 2. :
2
^ (, ) x , =
5

( ), ( (I
) , =
5

= {^
( ), , } (
1=1
)) =
= ( 600 + 2 300 + 3 10 + 3 100 + 5 10) - ( ) = 1580 (
).

 - , .

5670 +- 1580 ( )

.

! '2 30 20 , :
( 1) = (5670 + 1580 30) ( ) =
= 53.070 5ns = 265.350 ns = 265,35
( 2 ) = (5670 + 1580 20) ( ) =
= 37.270 5ns = 186.350 us = 186,35 lis

2, .
1.5 (1.5 )
,
=0,9

20

. Stis.

1.4.1 1.4.
1.4.2
1.4. ,
.
,
.

. 1.4.1
.
1.4.1

.

H K.MF. ,

0 20+1 21 ,
" , , .
'
, ~ ( ) +
[( ) + (
)] * .
[( ) (
) +
( ) ( )
)]
. = 4 + 1 I +! ( 1 -)21 = 4+1 0,9+( 1 -Q,9)*21
= 7
- 7 + 2 1+'2 (1 -) 21
= 7+2x0,9 +2(1-0,9)*21 = 13
XEEr = 7 +3 1, +3*( 1 -)21
= 7 +3x0,9 +3(1-0,9)*21 = 16
4 = 10 +3 1+3( -)21
= 10 +3x0,9 +3(1-0,9) 2 = 19
X E E e = 10 +5* 1+5*(1-)21
= 10 +5x0,9 +5(1-0,9)21 - 25

, :
== (600 EE +300,,,+ 10 + 100><+ 10* EE, *5 ns =
(60()7+300 13+ 10x16+100x19+ )25) 5 ns =
= (4200+3900+160+1900+250) 5 ns = 10.410x5 ns =52.050 ns ===52,05 ps.

 - , .

1.6 (1.6 )
1 2 ,
, ?

5 usee 2,5 usee , 2 50 usee.
, 2

1.6.1 1,6.2.
.
. .
1.6.1

,


4
1

10

1
1
7

3
1.6.2

300
10
. 00

50 nsec,
50/5= 10 1 50/2,5=- 20 , 2,
, (.)

., (KM)
i .

10

( ) 1 :
3

(1)= { ^ [ ( , . ( )
rO

+ ,{ )] (
( I) =

= [(4+2* 10)300+(4+3 10) 10+(10+5 10) 100] 5 ns =

= [7200+340+6000] 5 ns ==67,700 ns
( 2) 2 :
2,
(2)= { ^ ( ( . ( ) + ,( )] )} * (
1=1
(2) =
== |;{4+220)3)0+(4+320) 10+(10+520) 1()] 2,5 ns =
= [13200+640+11000] 2,5 ns =62.100 ns.
2
1, 2
.

.
1.7
' ,
97% 5 usee.
60 usee, :
20 ).
5 usee, , ,
. ,
!VI .
,
7.1.
1,7.2. .

 - , .

11

1.7.1

10

10

1.7.2

600

300

100

40

. 1.7.1
.


.
,


,
20+1 21 .
,
60 usee 12 ,
" , .

12

, = ( ) +
( )
[( ) (
) +
( ) (
)] +
( )
) (
)

4+1 [ 1 +(I -)21 ] + 0 12 - 4+1 [0,97 1 +(1 -0,97)21 ]

-- 5,6 .
- 7+1 [ 1 (1-)21 ] 1 12 - 7+1 [0,97* 1+(1-0,97)21] +
1 1 2 -- 20,6 .
X EE,-

10+3 [ t +(1 -) 21 ] + 0 12 10+3 [0,97 1 +(1 -0,97)21 ]

14,8 .

= 0 + 3 [ 1 + (1-)21,] + 2 12 = 10+3[0,97 1.+(1-0,97)21]

+ 2 12 = 38,8 .

, :
= (600 + 3 0 0 + 100 , + 4 0 * ) *5 ns =
(600x5,6 +300x20,6 + 100 14,8 + 40x38,8) 5 ns = 12.572 5 ns =62.860 n s - 62,86 ps.

2.1 (2.1 )

BCD
.

BCD .

. 999.
BCD 3 * 4= 12 , = flog? 9991
= 10 . 20%
BCD .
. 4*
BCD . 4><
BCD 10* . 10*
11210* I . 10*
4* BCD I log?. 10* I =
[ (logiolO*)/( logio2

I /0,3 1 ,

4*>/0,3~.
I /0,3 1 BCD 4* - /0,31
100

= ((4 - /0,3)//0,3'1)* 100 = ((4//0,3-1) 100 =<(4/(/0,3)-1) 100

= (4 0,3 - ) 100 = (1,2 -1) 100 = 20%.

14

2.2 (2.2 )
. BCD
( 8423) 2
.
. ,
, BCD.

. * BCD
842 , . B C D :

(8 4 2 1)>0:; (8 4 2 1) x 1

) 0 1 0

0 1 ) 0

0 I 0 )

- 244

BCD

0 0 )

10 0 0

1 0 ) 0

488

BCD

(8 4 2 1 > .10

' 2.
:

(8 4 2 1)*10 2

0 0 10

0 111

0 10 0

0 10 0

111 0

10 0 0

( 8 4 2 1 )-< 1

(8 4 2 1)* 10
274

BCD

BCD

9,
.

1
10 BCD . ( BCD

.) :
:

0 100

1110

+ i

-1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 00

1000
J0 00

548 BCD

15

9 6.
6
6
10, .,
:

**
0 10 0

1 I 10

10 0 0

+ 1 10
0 10 1

0 10 0

1 000

-> 548 BCD

(8 4 2 ,!)>= 2 (8 4 2 1 )>'-' 1

(8 4 2 1)* 10

0 0 1 )

0 0 10

10 0 1

0 100

010 1

0 0 10

229

BCD

-> 452 #229*2=458

BCD , I,
too BCD , 8 " 1
1x10, 2 16 10,
6 BCD
1.
:

0 10 0

0 10 1

0 10 0

0 10 1

0 0 10
+ 110
10 00

458

BCD

: .
BCD 9

* BCD 6.
BCD
1 BCD
6.

6 BCD , ,
BCD .
. , ,
BCD
4 , 4 * > , 0,

16

4 , , BCD .

.
:
BCD 9
" BCD 6,
BCD
1
6.
,
.
314 BCD.

|"'
.-,
>/1 .

0' ,
^

! >| !
11(100

(8421) 10
0000

, .

1001I1010

0000

0001

00111010

""

0010

0111010

0000

0000

~(
0000

0000

0001
00,1

0001

111010
1001
001,1

1010
1010

.10
>

1001
0011.
+ 110
1001

, ;

OOD

0000
0000

0111
I! !

0001

+11

>'
I 1,11
, "

0000
0000

>/1 ',

*
10

)7?
+4 1.0

!
i '

19 "
-

1)01

1000

011!

Tcf
"~

010

17

2.3 (2.3 )
. BCD (
8421) 2
.
. BCD
.

. ,' BCD
8421 .
BCD :

(8 4 2 I) I 1

(8 4 2 ) 10

0 1. 1 0

10 0 0

68

BCD

0 0 11

0 100

~34

BCD

'
2.

(8 4 2 I) 101 (8 4 2 1) 1 "

0 10 1

10 0 0

0 0 10

1 100

-> 58

BCD

9, .
. .
59 - 5 )1 + 9 10 = 5 10 +9. , 5, , 10
8, , 2
5.
1
0 3.

* BCD 1 BCD
3. :

(8 4 2 I) "1

(8 4 2 1) 10

I 1

10 0 0

) 0 1 0

1 1 ) 0

->58

BCD

- 1 1
00 1 0

10 0 1

29

BCD

. 2 . , 2 BCD ,
BCD , BCD ,
,
.
) .
.
, , .

BCD .

(8421) -

(842 ) 101

(8421) 10

BCD

0001

1001

519

0010

1000

1100

41

4 1

0010

0101

1001

0001

0010

1 100

I
()

259
1

41
0001

0010

1001

0000

1001

0100

129
1

41
0000

0110

0100

0000

0011.

0010

0000

0001

1001

32

4 1

64

0000

0001

0000

0000

1011

16
0

4 1

0000

0000

1000

0000

0000

0100

0000

0000

0010

0000

0000

0001

0000

0000

0000

1
()

BCD 519 1000000111 (2) .

19

20

2.4 (2.4 )

,
.

. .

< 2" ,

|| s 2 ' \ 2,
- > 0

(2.4.1)

-- 2 - - 2" + < 0

(2,4.2)

(2,4.1) (2.4,2) = mod2"

(2.4.3)

t o
2. , ( 3.1,1,1
, , . ). , () x y
2
(2,4,1) (2.4.2).
= mod 2
= mod 2"~ (x + y) mod 2" ~ (x mod 2* +y mod 2V) mod 2V= ( +-Y) mod 2V
y (, +) mod 2 ,
t o +.
:
,+ < 2 = +
,+ > 2

- +-2

(2.4.4)

(2.4.5)

21

( ( < 2"' jy j < 2"' (2.4.1) (2.4,2) < 2

< 2 , + < 2"'"
+1 .
2 \ (2.4.4)
(2.4.5) = +,
Ajmammmjiimskimmis
El , , || < 2
1,

- > 0

(2,4.6)

- (2 -1) - || = (2* -1) + < 0

(2.4.7)
v

(2.4,6) (2.4,7) = mod(2 -l).

x y
1.
, .
. x y 3 S
(2.4.6) (2,4.7).
x y = z mod
(2 -1),
- mod (2 -1) = ( +y) mod (2V- ,1) - ( mod (2 -1) +y mod ( - 1 ) ) mod (2 V -1) =
( +) mod (2'"-)
y (, +) rnod(2 v d),
X +.
:
+ < 2* = +
+ = f -1 - + - (2 -1).
1 2" -1 ( 1...11) 0

00 ,

,
.
.+ > 2V -I = + - (2 -1) = + - 2 +1

24

2.6 (2.6 )

IEEE 754:
. 0 10000010 1.1000000000000000000000
. 0 10000111 10010000000000000000000
. 1 1100 00 1 1000000000000000000000

(.. 9.85x10'"' ).

.
=!30, , 25.5,
0. .
= (-] ) 2 " ,27 (1. .).

= 1,75 0) = (-1

|r,

1.=1,11(2)

2- x 1,75 0) = 2 1,75,10) = 8* 1,75 (10) =!4 (1)) .

.
=435, , 255,
0. ').
= (-1) 2 " :7 { 1. .).
1001, 1.1,1001<2)
= ( f x 2 ,;,5 ' ,27 X 1,1001 (2) - 2S>< 1,1001 (2i = 2 4 *11001 ( 2 ! =2 4 25 ( ) ) =400.
.
=204, , 255,
0. . )
= (-1)"2127(1.).
, 1 .=1,1.1 (2>
= ( - ! ) ' 2 2 , '" ? i, 11(> = -2 / 7 1, 1 1(2) = -2 7 5 111 ( 2 ) = -2 ?5 7 (1)) = -2,6x10 2 3 .

25

2 . 7 (2.7 )
1 754
. ;
.

0 00000000000000000000000

I 00000000000000000000000

111. 0 1111111 1
IV.

1 ,1111111 1

0 1111111 1. 00111110100000000001000

VI. 0 0 10000000000000000000000
VI1. 0 00000000 01000000000000000000000

0 00000000 00000000000000000000000

1 00000000 00000000000000000000000

, to
0,
0. IEEE 754 .
,
, , 1.
iii.

0 11111111 00000000000000000000000

1 1111111.1 00000000000000000000000

2.55.
. ,
, , , I.
+ - .
.

0 111 1.11 00111110100000000001000

255
.
(NaN).

26

VI, 1 1
128, , 255,
0.
. )
- ( - ! ) " * 2 h ' u 1 x( 1. )
1, I .= 1,1 {2> =4,5 (10 ,
-(-1) 2 , ; s - , 3 7 xE5 ( 1 o2"2xl,5 U o ) -3( l .
VII. ) 00000000 01000000000000000000000
0,
. . )
- ) 2 ' ( , ( 0 . )

(2)" 2' ,if 'x0,25,| O) - 2"1J6x(),25(10).

2.8

200 , 32
64 3,2 .
. ,
.
LOAD R,

/ R <-

STORE A, R

/ <r R

A 0 D R 1 , R2, R.3

/ R i - R2+R3

.
;

11 LOAD R, STORE A, R . , ,
R .

27

A D D R l , R2, R3
. ,
R1, R2
R3.
. 200
, Iog;?2001 - 8 .
64
6 .
.
, .
.
, () ()
. ( .
.
,
.) ,

, .

.

31

24

23

17

, 8

2.8.1 LOAD R, STORE A, R

. I :
.

28

31

,
-

24

23

18

R2

17

12

11

R3

R1

, 8

2,8.2 A D D R l , R2, R3 .

(assembler) . ,
( ,
) ,

. STORE

A, R

ADD R E R2, R3
2.8.1 2.8.2,
. ) 2.8.3 ,
18 . LOAD R, STORE A, R, , 2 18
= 2 s = 256 .
2.9
(aligned) (1 =4 ).
C :
struct SI Jchar c; int x; short s;} example!; .
( c h a r : 8, int: 32 short: 16 )

29

( 2.9.1 .).
struct SI { int x; short s; char c;} examplel;
( 2.9.1 .), .

...000

...001

...010 I
...011
...XX100
...101

X...XX11G

...111

...1000
...1000
...1001
...1010

2.9.1

30

2,10
, 2
32 , (byte),
, +1, +2 +3,
.

Y?

32 (aligned).
, 2
' . , 2
70% ,
40% .
.
, , 13,
2.10.1.
2.10.1
,/ ', |>/,

O.IXHU.VI'IV
,7 >1 ..1! ) .

500
1000

,; t \

. : ,>> : .

I .mil, w >)\ 1
'|< .10/ . ' , |>\"

600

2000

] Y?
2.10. S.
4 , ,
,
.

31

,
,.
, .

.
- [( ) 1 +
( )*[1 + (
)] +
( ) [+ ( ,'
)] +
( )(1 + (
)] ] 4 =
= [500*[I+0] + (000)*(1+1) + (600)(1+2) + (2000)(1 + 1)] ]4 =
8.300x4 33.200 .
?, . ,
' .
,
. , 2 4
,
,
. )
2 :
] [( )*1 +
( )[1 + (
)] +
( )[ (!-0,40)(
)*1 + (0,40)*(
)2] +
( )[+ (1-0,70)(
). + (0,70) (
) 2 ] 4 , =
= [500 1 + (1000)(1 +1) + 600( 1+0,60x2* 1 + 0,4()22) +
2000( 1 + 0,3() 1 1 + 0,70 1 2)]4 =
= (500+2.000+2.280+ 5.400) 4 = 10.180x4 =
= 40.720 .

32

2, '
,
.
2 4 .
2.11

;
) (stack architecture):
PUSH A
PUSH
PUSH C
ADD
PUSH D
ADD
MUL
PUSH A
ADD
POP
) :
LOAD
ADD C
MUL A
STORE
LOAD D
ADD
STORE
) -:
LOAD Rl, A
MUL R1, D
ADD Rl, C
STORE E, Rl
LOAD R2,
ADD R2, A
ADD R2,
STORE E, R2

) -:
LOAD Rl,
L O A D R2,13
LOAD R3,
ADD R4, R2, R3

/ R4<-R2+R3

SIJB R4, R4, R1

/ R4

R4-R1

LOAD R5, D
M U L R5, R4, R5

/ R5<-R4*R5

DIV R5, R5, R)

/ R5<-R5/R1

STORE E, R5

) :

( )

PUSEI

PUSH

PUSH

C, , .

ADD

(C + ),

PUSH D

D, (C + ),

ADD

(D + (C + )),

IV1UL

(( + + ) )

PUSH A

A, ((D + + ) * )

ADD

( + ((E) + C + ) ))

POP

= + (D + C + ) )

33

) :

LOAD

I -

ADD C

MUL

( C)

- ( + C )

STORE

~ ( + C)

LOADD

= D

ADD

- D+E = D + ( + C)

STORE

= D + ( + C)

= I) + ( + C )

) -:

LOAD Rl, A

Rl - A

MUL R 1 , D

Rl = Rl D = D

ADD R. I, C

RL - RL

STORE E, R1

= R1 = ( D) + C

+ C - ( D) +C

LOAD R2,

R2 -

ADD R2, A

R2 - R2 + A = + A

ADD R2,

R2 = R2 = + A + (( D ) + )

STORE E, R2

= A + ( D) +

E = B + A + ( D) +

35

) -:

\ I! ; \
Mi-. 1 \;;
\

LOAD R l ,

ls' !

LOAD R2,

R2 -

LOAD R.3, C

R3 = C

ADD R4, R2, R3

R4 - R2 + R.3 -= + C

SUB R4, R4, Rl

R4 - R4 - R1 - ( + C)

LOAD R5, D

R.5 = D

MUL R5, R4, R5

R5 - R4 R5 = (( + C)

DIV R5, R5, Rl

R5 = R5 / R1 = (( + C - ) D) /

STORE E, R5

- R5 -- (( + C - ) D) /

) D

= ({ + C - ) D) /
2.12
. " Y e A + B * C + B x "

.

it.

iii. 16 . - ( -) .2 -
. ,

(byte), *
(direct addressing mode), 32
16
. , .
. ,
( )
(byte)
. , ,
. ;

36

. . .
) ,
,
"infix notation" "postfix notation".
"infix notation"
, ,
"postfix notation"
, *.
,
"infix notation" "postfix notation". "postfix
notation" .
"postfix notation",
Y=A,+BxC+BxE - = + + BE* - =8*++ BE* - Y=ABC'x+BEx+
, "postfix notation", ,
Push, ,

POP. :

(
)

PUSH

PUSH

, A

PUSH C

C, B, A

MUE

BxC, A

ADD

BxC+A

PUSH

B, BxC+A

PUSH

, B, BxC+A

MUL.

ExB, BxC+A

ADD

, +B X C+A

POP

Y = t > B +BxC+A

37

.
'
32 , ,
4 .
. ,
PUSH POP 1 4 , 5 .
MUE ADD I

6*5+4

3 4

,
.

()
(byte)
,
, PUSH 5 1 .
POP 5 1 .
ADD MIJL
, 1 .
6*6+4 =40 .
. . .
: Y = A + B x C + B * E

38

I '

LOAD

MULC

ADD

-+-+

STORE

X-BxC+A

LOAD

MET,

==

ADD

= + - + ~ + BxC+A

STOREY

=++

ii.
3 1 4
, 5 .
85 --40
.
' 5
1 , 6 . 8 * 6 = 48
.
.
- .
---*

39

LOAD RL,

R1 - B

LOAD R2, C

R2--C

MUL R.2, Rl

R2-R2xRl=CxB

LOAD R3,

R3=E

MUL R l , R3

Rl=RlxR3=BxE

ADD R l , R2

R1 -=R1+R2-Bxh+ C * B

LOAD R2, A

R2--A

ADD R l, R2

R1~R1+R2= B x E + C Y B + A

STORE Y, Rl

Y ~ R 1 = E+ O B + A

B.ui.l
L O A D R, STORE

X, R.

, 4 R (
16 ) 4
. ,
6 .
A D D R l , R2 M U L R l , R,2 1
, 4 R1 4
R2, 2 '.
5 x 6 + 4 x 2 -=38 .
. Hi, 1
L O A D R, 6
1 ,
7 .
STORE , R 6
1 ,
7 .
.ADD R l , R2 M U L R l , 2
2 .
5 x 7 + 4 x 2
=43 .

40

. iii.2

- - .
TUN -

RL=B

T O A D R T B "

MUL R l , C

R.L=RD<C==B;<C

L O A D R2,

R2=B

MUL R.2,

R.2=R2xE=B x E

A D D R1, R2

R L=R.1+R.2= O B + B x E

ADD R l , A

R1 =R 1 + A = C*B+B +A

STORE Y, Rl

Y=R.i= + * +A

Y=A+BxC+BxE
B. iii.2
, L O A D R, STORE

, R M U L R,

A D D R, 1 , 4
R 4 .
,

()

6 .

ADD R l , R.2?> 1 ,
4 . R1 4
R2, 2 .
6x6+2 ==38 .
. iii.2
L O A D R, A D D R l , M U L R l , 6 1
, 7 .
STORE , R 6
1 ,
7 .
A D D R1, R2 2
.
6x7+2
=44 .

41

2.13 (2.8 )

32 , 32
. 32
8 .
;
. BR.B r l , r2, d // rl -r2=0 MH==ME[+d
. BRE d //
=+,
.

32 ,
' 5 . ' :

24

31

23

14

13

(displacement)

, 8

14
2,
11 -2 , } + 2 ' " ' - ,
fiJ^EdjV

_^

' -
, .

Mil - 2 "
+2 23 -1.

42

31

24

23

,
, 8

(displacement)

2,14 (22) )
' :
1.

ADD r l , r2

//rD

2.

ADD rl, #rn

rl+r2

// rl rl vin

3.

ADD rl, m(r2)

// rl <

rl+Mem(m+r2)

4.

ADD r l , (r2)

// rl *

rl+Mem(r2)

5.

ADD r i, (r2+r3)

// rl < rl +Mem(r2+r3)

6.

ADD r l , (iti(r2)

// rl rt + Mern(Mem(r2))

?.

ADD rl, (r2)+

// rl * rl+Mem(r2) r2 < r2+d, d

8.

ADD r l , (r2)

If r2 <-- r2-d rl < ri+Mem(r2), d

. .
.
.
H rl

Meiri(r2)

ADD r l , r 2 , ftm

II rJ

* -

r j + r2 + in, m >0

CLEAR rl

r 1 == 0

COM rl

// ! rl .

LOAD

,()

/rir;

43

ADlLi2_

/Lrl.iz.xLM

.
, , * .
. AIM) r I, r 2 , #0

/7 rl

2.

/yjwlm

ADDxLto

rl+r2+0

. rl
" . .
. CLEAR r2
ADD rl, -2, #m
3.

ACHlrLjBM)

// r2=0
// rl -

rl + r2 + m, m >0

^/il]2=:XLtMlilI!il2}

. rl
' .

r2
m .
. r2 .
CLEAR r3
ADD r3, r2, ikn

// r3 <- 0 + r2 +rn

LOAD r3, (r3)

// r3

ADD rl, r3 , #0
4.

//r3=0

ADDiLlr2L

Mem(r3)= Mem(r2+m)
//rt<

rl+r3+ 0

//_lLwlMemil2J

.
' .
.

44

. r2 .

5.

LOAD 3, (2)

II r3

Mem(r2)

ADD r l , r3 , #0

//rl<-r!+3+0

ADDjiii2r3I

/^ilwlMeisr2m

. rl
* .

2 3 .

0
.
. 2 3 .

6.

CLEAR r4

// r4=i)

ADD r4, 2 , #0

// r4<~ 0+2

ADD r4, 3 , #0

// r4< r4+r3+ 0= r2+r3

LOAD r4, (4)

II r4

Mem(r4)

ADD r l , r4 , #0

// rl

r l + r4+ 0

ADDjlJlM)

^iCD^ilMeM.MetniE2]J

. rl
, ' .
.
, 2.
,
r2.
. r2 .
LOAD r3, (r2)

II t j *

Mem(r2)

LOAD r3,(r3)

//r3

Mem(r3)

ADD r l , r3 , #0

// rl

rI. + r3 + 0

7.

ADDriJi2it

45

JlL:iil+Msi^
iiaill^fiSffiiSuiMXM

. rl
' .
. , d.
.

8.

LOAD "3, (r2)

// r3 - Mem(r2)

CLEAR r4

//r4=0

ADD r2, r4 , #d

// r2<

r2+0+d

ADD r l , r3 , #0

// r 1

r l + r3+0

ADDrL^r2L

M J l l z l ^ K m j l ^ s l < Mcmt r2}. ;u d ,.

. rl
' . -
. 2 , d.
.

CLEAR r3

// r3=0

ADD -3, r3 , #d

// CO

COMP r3

/'/' r3-- d .

0+-0+d=d

CLEAR 4

// r4-=0

ADD r.3, r4 , #1

// r3<~ + 0 + I d

ADD r2, 3 , #0

// rl*

r2 - d

LOAD i-3, (r2)

// r3 +

ADD r l , i-3 , # 0

// r l r l + r 3 + 0

Mem(r2)

3
' 3.1 (3.1 )

2.
. 10000110
.11000000
. 01111100
.
+, +, + +
,
:
1. 8
2. 16

1,
2.

10 0 0 0 1 1 0

< 1

0 11110 01

0 1 1 1 1 0 10

1 10 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 111111

= -122()

+
2

1
0 1 000000

 = - 64(10)
0,
, ,
= 01 111.100 = 124,, ,
= 01000001 = 65()
1, 8 8 ' . 2
. ' ==7,
, , ,
Kg .

1 0 0 0 0 110

+ 110 0

(1)0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

\

;=,#)= 0 =1 .
(
0, .
, .)
+ = -122 - 64 - - 186, ~2;== - 128
8
2.

0 111110 0

+ ) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

10 1J I 1 0 1

49

Y=KgKf= 1 = 1 ,
(
1, .
, .)
+ = 124 + 65 ~ 189, 2 ' 4 = 127
, 8
2.

1 0000 11 0
+ 0 1 1 ,1 1 1 0 0

(7)0 0 0 0
, \

0 0 10

, .

Y=Kg(l;'K?= 1 1 = 0 .
+ = -122 ( 0) 4424 ( , 0) = 2{10), ,

2,

11

+ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

( 0 0 0 00 1

..

- ^ ? - 1 ) 1 -- 0 .
+ = -64 llo ,+65()oj = , ,
2.

50

2. 8 16
.

, 8 .
' '-65, 5
, , , ,
1

I I 1, I 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ) 0 1 1 0

+ 1, 1 , 0 0 0 0 0 0

( ) 1 I 1 1. 1 1 1, 1 0 1 0 0 0 I 1 0

\

Y=KtfK,:;= I 1 - 0 .
+ = -122 - 64 - - 186, u)) , -2 15
16
2, .
"1.111.111101000110" 86{;)
2,

00 0 0 00 00 0 111110 0
- 0 0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
00000000 1 0

11 0 1

-|(,,5-- 0 0 - 0 .
+ 124 + 65 < 189(), , 2 - 1
, 16
2,
"0000000010111101" 189, ,

').' >!\ /,.

\ //. if/ / , /,','

51

1
a

1 1I 1i I 1 000 I i 0
+ 000000000 11 i00

=635"= 1 1 = 0 .
+ = -122( 1 o)+!24 ( , w ~ 2<), ,

2.
1

1 1 I 1 1 1, 1 1, I 1, 0

+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ) 0 0 0 f
() 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-~, 6 , 5 = I 1 = 0 ; .
+ = -64()+65() * i. > ,
2,
3.2

(byte), ( )
( ).
taw =32 . ( ), (, =,^) , (
).
, ,

.

52

= 11111 11 i0000000

= 1 i 11 11 111 1 1 1111 1000000000000000

= 10000000000000000 000000000000000
= 01110000000000000000000000000000
= 000 i 0000000000000000000000000000

2:

= 111 111 1 ! 10000000

=11111111111 i 11 111000000000000000
0=10000000000000000000000000000000

1 : +, 2" : +, 3" : +, 4 + 5" : +.

rissgiiirtg
()

= 00000000000000001111111)10000000

00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

+ 111111111111111110 0 0 0 0
(]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

= 1 , ---, = 0

. =1 ,
32 .

53

: 8+7

I 11 I I 11 1 1 1 11 I 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(7) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

=1, = 1, =0

. =1 ,
32 .
3^+

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 0

+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

=0, =1, =0

. =0 ,
.
4'1 : +
2
=11111111! 11 111 1 11111 1 110000000

1 1 1 1 1 I 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

( ) I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

=1, =0, =0

54

2 . =0 ,
32 , .
5,232!121]

1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1. 1 I 1 1 1 0 0 0 )
+ I ) 0 0 ) ) 0 0 ) )
0 3 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ) 0

- 1 , - ] , MM)
2 . =1 ,
32 .
3.3
, , (
2)
(bvle), ( ), ( ).
32 - 3 2 .

: . 1
, .2
, .1 .2 .

. .
.
;
.

;

55

. .
( ), (, . i w ) (

).

8RK. (Branch if ), BRY (Branch if ) BRM (Branch if ).

;
.

;
.

.
,
32 , .
, 4 ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.
BRK, 2 BRY,
. ,
, ( ) 8
,
16
4 . .

56

PTEKIov!5icl

Ymkryumbv

3.4
754:
=00111111111000000000000000000000,
=01001101100000100000000000000000
=11001101100000100000000000000000

+(+) (+)+,
.

=0, .
=01111111, =127 10 .
=1,11000000000000000000000
1 =0, .
,<10011011, =155(0).
= 1,00000100000000000000000
=1, .
/-10011011, =155( 0) .
7= 1,000001
. ++)
+. --- 2155 1,0000010000000000000000-2 |55 1,00000100000000000000000 =
= 2155 0,00000000000000000000000
. , 255 ,
' 754. ,
+ =2 0,00000000000000000000000 = 0
+(+) = 2127 1,11000000000000000000000 +
2 ,00000000000000000000000 =
= 2127 1 , 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +

2 127 0,00000000000000000000000 =
== 2127 1,11000000000000000000000 =

57

gjY+XH-Z
+ = 2127 1,11000000000000000000000 +2155 x 1,00000100000000000000000
, .
155-127=28
28.
2127 1,11000000000000000000000
2155 0 ,
+ = 2 155 0,00000000000000000000000 +2 155 1,00000100000000000000000=
= 2 155 ,00000100000000000000000
(+)+ = 2155 1,00000100000000000000000 - 2 IS5 1,00000100000000000000000=
= 2 155 0,00000000000000000000000 = 2*0,00000000000000000000000.
+(+)= (+)+2.
, .
.
3,5 (3.2 )

.

, ,
. , 106 .
,
, , t
, 0 .
.

t .

58

.
to
. D./
. C 0 , :
Ci. " Co 0, :>
,
C?o"= 0 . Q, I '?.

. 0
.
Co - 1 ;
0 (
3.5.!)
, C"t 0,
,
('. = 0 . I

.
~ I
2 modulo 4 ( 4 ) (
3.5. ).
0

"0

,
1

,..

"

J
1

0
,

1
.!
1

!
J.
0

0
: .
0
,,.

I
"

,.0

3.5.1 .

59

0
.
Co,
(. Q 0,
,
= 0 . Co 1

. ,

. ')
Cn~~ 1
A:i ( 3.5.2)
, 0,
. ,
( ~ 0 . ( I

. , A:s ( 3.5.2).
3.5.1 3.5.2
3.5.1 (
) 1 (2,y= 1 0
3.5.2 ( )
), 3.5.1
3.5.2 .
(t=0)
(t-1), Co-i
2--1 , (=0
0 t~l }.

60

A;,

A;,

Aj

3.5,2 .

3.5.1 3.5.2
3.5.1 (
) , 3 )=1
, 0>0 .
3.5.2 ( ) 3 . .
|, } n

C ( = i

2--1 t,
t=0 Ho, 00,

t=l Aj. 3.5.1 3.5.2 (

3.5.3).

.)< /..,. ,

,
1

"1

A,

._..]
1

,,2

,;

61

As

.(

,..,

,j

,..

0
,.

C,

3.5.3 t=0
t=l (', .

3.6 (3.3 )
64
,
.

= ^ /2...,() =
S = sv ,lsv1...sls0

. ,

: g, = a, - h,,
: , = , + / ,
,. = , ,.

62

0 :
- + ,' \
, - . (.,
64
0
16 , 3.(! 3.6.2
3,4 3.5 , ,
. , 2008),

4
(
,

3.6.1 3.6.2 )
XOR ;
XOR con
. 3.6.2 4 Mgp =0. , 2 3,
, g, i--0. I, ,.. 1.5.
i-j, . (i-j) 3.6.3, 3. 3.6.1.
, 3.6.2 4
(), ((3), (4-7) (8-11) (12-15).

3.6.1 3.6.2.
3,6,2 MGP, -0,|,2 3
, (7,
. . ...
3.6,1.

/<>. ,, . ; \1>,,< ! ,
a, b3

a, b2

63
a, b,

b,,

MsjP

>2

3,6.1 4 . Mgp
(
g,. .

64

a3 b,

<33. t>3
!

ao \,
I i

-
Mgp;,

MgPi

Mgp2

;Mgp0

a.5 pis hl;

g.i

915 pis
*

9i;>P
6 ;;,

9a Pi

MGfi,
G:>1 I ft

G3,
G,

G;,

P,

Pa

9s ft 9? P?
9* P"
, , . ,
. :
MGf\
;
C, I ; P,
'

Pj

G,

P,

Go

hj g0

ft

ho

9j PJ 9J ft 9I Pi 9> ft
, j
:
MGP0
;
Go'i ' P0
2o

P=

Coyt -C.J5
915 PIS
r

9I;'.PO CU <.)npn

>

. . ,

{1245) i :

* .

' Cl4 * Cu Ci2

i
Cj

Cf

ft, ft, C7 9? P?

(8-11)

Mi

9* Cj 93 Pn 92 Pa 9i Pi 9o Po
i i .. I .i i , , i
'.41
(()~ 3} ,
10
05 * c, C,
c? * Cj * Co

*
h,
h,
hj
. Co

(4-7)

' C;0 + Gl * Oj

CM

Si 5

3.6.2,

i
S]

5
So

.16

. Mgp ,
g,. MGP, , ,
(3,6) . , (3.7) . (i-j)

i-j,

(3.8) . c3, c 7 , cn C|5

(0-3), . (4-7), . (8-11) (12-15) .

&

+3

g.2

Movtu'

;,2

65

Si.t I Pii

Pi

\J
Y

c.

3.6.3 . i-j.
(i-j), j=i+3.
3,6.1 ct +1 .
+1 .
, .
.
G, / ' . F' =1 ,
, . (
i .
64 ,
4 64=3 , .
0 = 3 2 , - 0

<70 = g , + />, g2 + 2 g, + , 7
\

G, = g7 + -. + (, g> + -' Pb' Ps '

66

f\

>

"Pu-PwPo-th

(-' = gi + ' + Pi ' Pi ' ;> + ' ' P<> ' Ss

A = As ' A4 ' A.J ' A :
C'3 = IS

As 14 + As ' P\4

Pis ' Pu ' A i 12

A - P\i ' ' Pw ' Ah

= + /?! Sis + ' Pis ' Sn + > ' As ' As '

2 r.i Am >

Cs = 23 + 23 22

215 ' Al2 21 + 23 ' 22 ' 21 ^20

^ = A>7 ' 26 2S 24
(

Jt,

27 + Pr, Sit

^ = Ai

2., ' S>s + 22 '

Pis ' >4

-Pw-PivPz*

-- gj, + gjo + Pv P10 ' 82 + Pu Pm 29 .2

Pis 54 ' 35 Pi2

Gk = .is + 35 ' $4 +' Ass AM ' 33 + 5 ' ' Ah ' 32

= 39' Pm ' As >,,

- J, ' A) 38

P:s Pi8 37

39 AlW All? 36

/'ill * 43 A)2 P41 Aio

('H> = 43

At J 42 + 43 42 ' 41 + 43 " 42 ' \ ' 40

= An ' 46 ' 45 44
I I ~ 4? + 42 ' 46 +' 47 ' 46 ' 45 + 4; " 41, ' 45 " 44

t'h = PM' 40 4 ' 43

G.3

51 +' 51 ' 110 4 51 ' 30 ' 4 + 41 ' 50 " 49 ' 4

'ill " 55 34 ' 43 52

67

\l

Sis

ft5

' 54

PS5

P54

fe

+ G h

Ps4 '

52

i'i4 = Pio Px si Pit

G\4 = 59

P59

A'J

' .57 +

ft

'

Py; ' Sit

A 5 = As Pf,2 'Phf Pi0

G

u = ga

Pa 8*2 + P$} Pa " Ssi +ft,:' \> 8 m

G, / ] , =0, I, 2, 3, ..., 15,

MGP,.
0
:
8: = G o +./(, <..,
gc,

= c, +/; (!;

gCj=G2

+/>-pe-c.,

+ P2-G, + P1-PrG0

P2-PrPQ-cA

gc, = Gy + />3 G, /> / - G, + P3-P2-PrG0

PyPi-PrPf

gc 15 = G i 5 + i>5 G14 + Pl5 PH G i3 + />s />4 f]} G1:, + />, />< />,
10

As " A4 ' A:s " A2 / " A ! "

+ As ' Pu As ' As : ' Ae

+

A 5 Ai - A : r A2 Ai Ao -

G,, +

Pli- A 4 A: 'As ' , A A Gn +

- ^ -(A +

+ P15 ' 14 '13

1
'
/ ) 'is '7
'G 3 ' G" +
2 ',
+t , , , 4 ,,
t G +
,, - ,, -|() ,, J 7 -
/ , <./,,
+ A s ' 4 - A j 2 A r ' A r A - ^ W l ( +
+ A s ' ,4 'As 2 - , * , > , 02 +
+ 5 4 As ,2 , ,, ' , - , Pi

2(I +

+ - , As 2 , , - -, , $ * >2 - (I +
+ As 4 - As 2 , - , - , , -, > - ^

. * 0
. (/ ' .
GP0 =

P}-P2-PrP0

GG 0 = Gj + P3 G2 + P. P, G, + P3 f] f} G0
GP,

=P,-Pi-Ps-P<

GG, = G, + P7 G(i + P7 P6. Gs + P, P(l /> G,

GP1

=Pn-Pn-P,-P*

GG2 = G,, + Pll G10 + Pn- Pi0 G9 + Pu Pl0 />, G

GFi

=P-PH-Pn-Pn

GO, = G1S + />5 G l4 + PiS />4 G 0 + f5 />/>, G l2

GG, GP, MGGP, --0, ], 2 3.

G/l = I] ;: [] 0 = 15 14 ,

- , , () 9 $ - 6

4 />, /., - /

GG 0 = G;i + /> G2 + , 2 G, + P}-P2-Pr

G0 =

= Pis + Pis 4 + As ' v?n + ' ' ?

+ ^ (,? + ) ' f + " <> + ' " *) +

+ PyP2-(g7

g6 + 7 ?5 + P? " -, " Ps " 4) +

+/ > (gi + + P i ' P i P + : ' 2 " " ) =

= 5 + |5 ' 4 + 5 4

+ 15 ' 4 ' Pi ) ' IF12 +

+ Pi s Pi4 > (, + - + ' + Pi i ' <> ' ) +

+

|5 . 'Pn ' 1 Ps te? + 7 '

+ " ' Ps + P? ' ' Ps ' P i )

+P'is ' Pn Pn ' ' " A ' " , ' Ps " 4 ' (Ps + ' 2 + ) ' / ' +
+ .3 Pi 'Pi ")

69

G/:* = 1,
,
. (76', i
.
GGt (/, =0, !, 2 3,
, ,
.
Ge 0 = GG0 + GP0 c.j
(7c, = GG, + G.F\ - GG0 +

GPrGP-c.]

Gc, = GG2 + GP2 (7(7, + GP2 GPX - GGtl GP2 GP{ G/

e.,

Cc 3 = GG, + Gf] GG 2 + Gil GP2 GG] + GP, GP, GPt GG0 +

+ GPs-GP2-GPrGP()

-c.,

GG0 Gf g, /?,,
Gc =
= ,?is + P i 5 -

8u + Pis ' P\4 ' Si:

+ A s

'

PM

'

P n ' & +'

+ P,i Pi4 ' Pn Pn ' t e n + Pis -gm +'Pn ' Pm ' Ho + Pu ' Pio ' < ',?) +
+ Pi5 ' Pi4 - P i 3 Pi2' Pi

' P<>' ft " (gi + Pi ' & + P ? ' Ps g 5 + P? " Pi,' P s

+ P i 5 ' P i 4 ' P i 3 ' P i 2 P i ' Pi " ) ' P n ' P ?

+

, 5

, 4 /'3

,2

' P s ' P < , + : ' f t + P j '

' ' * ' P s ' P y ' ft '

Pi

' 4 .5 ' P j ' P i '

"

S)

' ft +

'

'/ ,}) +

' <'

c, ;; . Gc, = c , Gc, = c 4 ,

Gc 3 ==c 5 3 .

ci$, C31, 4- (,3

GG&GP.

G&P:
gc 0 = G0 + ,
g c 1 = G 1 + / > - C 0 + />-/>0-c,
gc2 = G, + 2 G, + 2 } G0 + 2 , 0 c_,
gc 3 = Gj + P3 G;, + P S , P G I + / G P G I G 0 + 7 P, /G> c ,

67

GC, = C;4 + , - G3 + / G, / V , 2 G, + P<-PyPyPr

G0 + , - 3 2 Pr 0\

= C;5 + / G4 + , P4 - G } + P, P4 P3 G, + PS P4 P.- P, - G, +
+

PfPt-Pi-P2-PrG0+Ps-Pi-Ps-P2-PrPn-c.l

PG - Gb r Pt> - C;5 + p6 p5 G4 + P6 P5 P4 G, + p6 pS 4 ,-g2

+ , , P:, P, G, + P f P s - P f P y P i - P r G() + P5 / P, P2

P0 c ,

GC? - G, + p7 - G 6 + P0 - G 5 + p7 p6 p5 G 4 + R P ^ ^ N - G , + ,-^,-^-,

g2 +

i P, Pb P5 4 , /> -G, - , P P5 p, P, G V f; P i 0 +
- . - , 6 * 4 , / > , / > / > <:.,

5 -

- /> G,, + p:, G>4 p p - G12 f /:;5 Pl4 - />, - Pa - G,, +

, . ('; .
(
. '/>. . ,
' '"'
^ .1.
'15

,
-G
r
l]

t
s
}
-^ -, GT +
,2
/> > 7

+ P 5 G14 f

5 . fu
+ ,

,
/>, * , , P A -P 5 -G 4
+ ^ , , 7 /" / P t G5
\\ <00 ^ G : l - P r P r P r G, +
+ PIS <: Pu ,
\ 1*
!>, ,4 fn \ ->

t ' P a - P s - P 4 - P , - P j . G , +
'
g

9 6 5 4 ( 2 ^ f
, G> - P G V p , P G J - / > <.>.,

G"0 P()
P'O - ( P 3

Ps ' P.?

P> ' Pi ' PI + / P ' Pi " PI ' PO) +' ( P j ' P;> ' ' ) ' ;

cj. = , gc2 = c,,, gc, = cl5,

=;,
SPJ = 5 PP4 '"Go

gc 7 = c } 1 , gq, = e J:) ga 9 =</,,,,

gcU)=c43, gcu--c47,

gc4 = ( 9 ,
gc12=c5l,

AGs

ci 5 , ,, c 41

& OG&GP.
: pp. t p. f 7 c;itJ i ~ 0, 4, 8, 12,...56, 60
(i-j).

, + , ;

71

c,+
= & + 2 + ,+1
=

A o 3

1 + 1*1 />,, g, + 2 Pit\ ' Pi

+ > 3

" A

- & M

, ,

" 1+1

' 8 ,

P u i

' , + 1 ' Pi

+ \ ' Pi

<-7-

) 64
3.6,4,
a3

atm

at) Do

b.1

1o
:
Mgp,s
9 * h.,3

Po;

9s:i Pm
gsoP
P. . - V *
i
MGPIS
i
Gis I lP l5
SP
GP
... . .
. .. I ,
:
i
MGGP.,
GGsi "'iGP,'

g,p

9/Pv
r

MGP,
G,; J P,

GP
G,P,
,.*.
* > ,
;
MGGPj
;
GG:.: ' i<3P2

G,P,
...

..

GP,
...::

...i

MGGP,
GG,; ""jGP,

r ,

9iP392P29iPi9oP'i
2o ;
> i . . .
MGP0
G, j ; P

GJPJGJPJG.P.G.PO
30
.lilU.it

MGGP,,
I
GGpj ' iGP,.

GG- GP, GG,, GP, GG, GP, GG GP

t
GG&GP
i

Car
Cj,
s PBGMPMGHPIHGWP

i , i 4. I
G&P 1L

r
f
C C,,
Cj.
S

G, PjG,P..G,P,G
. f * . t .
! c.,
GP

'
I
I
c,
<;;,, c,

9D)P C,, 5J:> Pa 5b Pz 9i Pi 8 Po

g3 p3
3<oP Ci, 311 Psi
8p4i> G,J 9ip,s
> ,T .
.. I

* t J
(0-3)
;.
;112-15) );...
(60-63) <!| (48-51)
' ':
4
;
i
*c<a * c6,
CO * c, * c
'Cm *e
*,., ",,, c
'C, ?

'
'
Si

i
St

3.6,4 64
.

72

3.7 (3.4 )

8 ,

.
.

,
,
,
(carry-save adders ). ' , ,
,
.
, .

,
(carry-save multipliers) (
,
, . , 115).
3.7,1 8 ,

.


2 3 1 2 (
98, ).
(Cany Look-Ahead, CLA, adder) 4
5 .
3.7,1
.

:

 E-.U>>106

73

Stat.K ~ ' + 6 x /// / t a + 1.4,

, .
x

Ts,at.K = lANO + 6 t [ 1 A s m , + 2*tcu-4, tCu~4

4 ,
',,. = 1 + 6x3+ 25=29 .

3.7.1
8 ,

.

74

3,7,2 .

3.7.2 8 ,

. .

.
(
)
4 5 ,

2 x 5 - 1 0 .
6 x P/,i(.i(. = b>: 2 ~ 12 .
4 .

75

Tm.* = tAm + tfMcmy +'1 I xtfUmrry + 6><//m. +1

< = 1 + + 11 2 + 6><3 + 1 *5 = 47

, .

, , 114,

:
7} - two + tuAcarn, +2*(v-2)*i / t e J ^. + (v-1 )xtUAsum ,
TiK =1+2(8-2)*2 + (8-1 >3 = 47 .
, ,
, :
( ).
3.8 (3.5 )


.

3.8.1 3.8.2 ( 3.1.5

3.16 , , 13.
, 2008)
4 2, .
:
. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6 3.8.1 AND )
3.8.2 . AND
. , 3.8. .1
, , 3.8.2 , ,
, .
. 3.8.1
, 3.8.2
.

67

AA BO

8.
, ,

A7 8, j ]

] A-j B, ( j

J-A, 8,

HA y

AJ S,

, 8< I I

A, B 0

Ai) 8

JA, 3 Q

A,,

' / / / ,
J
*

4 ^wCiKwvjjjrjgiyv

,
3 J . I

.
, 8(,

;>

, 8

3.8.2 4
. NOT
XOR
1.

77

,

( == 0) 2 ( = 1),
3.8,2:
. NAND AND
NOT, NOT XOR
.
.
1, .
. NOT
XOR

.
3.8.3.
:, ,

.,

;,

;, A.,

()

3.8.3 4
(=4))
2 (=1).

67

3.9 (3.6 )

.
10.000 500 .
) ;
;
) )
,
60%.

. "
.
() (),
.
10.000 500 .
10.000/500= 20 ,
.
, .
,
.
. .
10.000 .
,
,
500* , 500 . 10.000 ,
,
, .

106

E-.U>>

500
= 1' log 2 (500) - 9 .
. 10.000*9 + 50* ,

=[10.0) (10,000x9 + 50< )]/( 10.'.)
>60% [10.000 -{.10.000x9 + 500* )]/( .) >. 0,6
10.000* - 90.000 500* > 6000x 10.000 - 600() - 500 > 90,000
350() > 90.000 > 90.000/3500 -25,7 > 26

3.10 (3.7 )
,
:

Q>

C,

(:

Cj

0
0

0
I

I1

j0

0
0

0
0

0
1

.?
-
?

.7

0
0

0
0
0

(,
0
1
0

0
0
1

0
1

0
1

0
0

0
)

0
0

CA

c8

G,

0
0

0
0

0
1

0
0

0
!

0
0

0
0

0
1

0
1

. ,
) .
).
.
.
,

.
.
.

67

. .

. , ,

.
( 1) .

1
.
}
|, 0 , (., (), { , & , , Q , C}, {C3, C4,C,}
p. {Co, Cs, Cio} (
) , JCi, C 2 , Cj, Cg, C}
(Mj, Mj iVLt) {Cj, C 4 , Q,} ($ ,-,) .
:
8 x (2+3+2) = 56 .
[<8*11-87)/(8* 10)]* 100=[(88-56)/80] 100=40%.
. ;
iVl.0 ,

Co, Cs Cio

C 0

C 5

1 -> ) 0

, ) 4
0

0 -> C , (2), C-?. Cg C*

C|

CA

81

C-

1 -> C

1 -> C?

C h C 2 , C-, C

C ( , C 2 , C?, Cg C<>

Ms (,
0

-> Cj, C.4

-> C j

->

.1

.1

3.11
3,11.1
( 3.60 ) : L O A D r l , (2)
[ <

(2)], STORE

r l , (r2) [ rl~>

M(r2)], ADD ,rl, r2, r3 [ri+r2

->

r3],

S U B r l , r2, r3 [rl-r2 -r3], A N D r l , r2, r3 [ r U r 2 - r3], RE rl, r2, d [ rl-r2=0

M.I.T=MII+d], .
:
., B.RNE r l , r2, d [ rE-r2A0 =+(1],
. BRM r l , r2, d [ rl -r2<0 Ml + d ] ,

82

mh

\
:

R!L_

a:

32

&;

MM

ooodot;

K p i i f t l

>>

3.11.1

. BRE r l , r2. d B R N E r l , r2, d

-2 ,
0 1, ,
, .
Brn,
BRNE r l , r2, d
( ). 3.11.2 .
B R N E r l , r2, d.

88

3.11.2 Br ( I)
BRE r l , r2 !,
BRNE rl, r2, d.

, BRE r l , r2, BRM r l , 2,

rl-r2 ,
0 I, , , ,
,
BRM rl, rl, d , 0
( ). 3.11.3
BRM r l , r 2 , <1.

84

' 3.11.3 Br ( 1)
B.R.E r l , 2 d,
BUM r l , r2, d.
3.11,3 1
. 1

0 ('+1').
3.12 (3.8 )

32 , 32


. 16 .

106

E-.U > >

3.12.1.
3.12.1

rl

LOAD r l , (:2)

M(r2)

STORE 1, (r2)

M(r2)

ADD r l , r 2 , r 3

r3 < rl + r2

SUB

r l , r2, r3

ri

r3 <- rl - r2

BRZ d

BRC d

I = M l ! -d
or:

Mil = M E

(2): 2.
: (Zero flag)
. (Carry flag)
..1

.
3.3
.

LOAD

rl,

(r2.),

STORE

rl,

(,r2),

ADD

rl,

r.2, r3

SUB r l , r2, r3, 3.3

. BRZ : .BRC
. BRZ .
(status register) .
BRC
. ,
ADD r l , r2, 3 SUB r l , r2, r3
.

86

/
, ,
, 0
, .
,
.
LOAD r l , (r2), STORE r l , (r2),
ADD r l , r2, r3 SUB r l , r2, r3
3.34, 3.38 3.40 .
BRX BRC
, 3.12.1,
. BRZ 1110000
) BRC 1 I 1.0001.

31

25

24

d
, , 7
)

(displacement)
25

BRZ: --1 1 1 0 0 0 0, B R C : - 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
3.12.1 " BRZ. ti" " BRC d" .
: , ,

).
3.3
.
2.3.2 ,
.

.

7"

E-.U

>

>

106

,
, . '
, ,
I.


( ). Mil
.
, .
. . 3.12.2
. , , .

0 . 1
.
,
, . .
0,
.
( ) I, , 0 1,
. . 11

. 0 1. !
.

.
. . ...
,

.

 E-.U > >

106

,
,
.
KJE .
.
3.12.2

.
2'

, ,
. .

. , ,
ADD, SUB STORE , rl 2 .
LOAD
2.
rl 2 ,
,
.
,
rl t"2.
2
:>
. .
. 3.2.3
2""
.
,
' , .
.

95

91

'
ADD SUB.
3'*" ( ADD SUB).
]
2 .

1, . ..
1 0 ( 3.12.4), , 2 .
.
, .

. 0 1. .
1 0 .
, 31"* .
3""
1. - 0 1

. 3.12.4
3"
.

97

93

4"' ( ADD SUB).

, ,
.
4' )
, .
. 4
.
. 3 ,
,

). , , 4"* ) I.
0
3 .
3.12.5
4' .

STORE.

/'/

pa

3* (

95

STORE),

,
rl 2 ,
2
.

3
1. ,
, "
,
STORE . 3,1,2.6

3'" .

LOAD.
3"' ( LOAD),
2

.
1, ,

. ,
. 3.12.7
3> LOAD.

96

97

98

4'"' (

>

LOAD),

41"' ,

\ ,
.
4" rl :: ,
. ,
, . 4"
0 ( 3.12.8).
) r3 ,
.
&,
. , 1, 0 1
, rl ,
,
2 . . 3.12.8 ,
4""
.
,
BRZ, BR.C.

Mov",h> .,. , ,

99

\/

V 1

100

.lot ( BR7, SRC),

.
rl r2 (
.2 ,
' . 25
tow KJE,
, to ..
, , 32 .
, ,
' 3 \ ] ,
' .
,
10, .
,. 0,
Mil ( 3.12.9). 0 (+<1.
),
r|_ ., .
. MEI+cl Mil ,
' 1.
BRZ 1.
BRC 1,
0 1
+tl . c.r

1.
,
1.
3.12.9 3.12.10
3>
BRZ BRC .
3.1.2.11
.

_<40*37(fj<a

101

W :

102

103

104

.\.:

,


.
,
.


( ..) , . ,
(
I) ' ' 0.
3.12.12 .

.

E-.U>>106

106

3.13
3.13.1
3,3.2 ( 3.60) , , . :
LOAD r!, (r2)

rl<- M(r2)
//

STORE r l , ( r 2 )
ADD rl, r2, r3
SUB rl, r2, r3

rl
,

//

AND rl, r2. r3

BRE rl, r2, d

~>

M(r2)
,

I -r2 ->r3

r I 2

r3

rt-r20 =+

SRAM.

' f
- c
5, ' uc.

*
&,
^' ) ^
to
;
0 "
3

3.13.1
:
(): , (propagation delay).


.

 E-.U > >

106

t sr (M): (contamination delay).

.
t(M): - (set-up time).
(): (hold time).

.

((1): 80 ps, UA4I1): 30 ps, ,(): 50 ps %(): 0 ps

(.)

1,(.): 6 ns, t,(K,pi>q).ME): 5 ns

'

(.)

(.): 6 ns, (^(.): 5 ns

2 1,(112-1)

t,,(FI2-l): 80 ps, tfJC(I12-l): 40 ps ( ,

)

3 1,(113-1)

(3-1): 90 ps, >.(3-1): 50 ps ( ,

).
,

(.)

, (): 90 ps, (.) 60 ps

K/uayxo .
(,.): i ns, .(..): 300 ps, (.): 50 ps ,..): 0 ps
-

(): 4 ns, t(AAM): 30 ps, ^ ( 0): 4040 ps

(. )
,.): 4 ps, ,.): 0 ps
AND
: ( 40 ps, U A N D ) : 0 ps
OR
t,:(C.)R): 40 ps, t(C)R): 0 ps

108

( )
)) .
().

. . ^ ^
.
. 3,3.2
.


,
' . , .
, ,
.
) .
,
. ,
(
) ( ) .
, ,
:
1.
, ,
2. Mil .

106

E-.U > >

. 3.13.2
..

..

3.13.2 :
.
'

KJE
0 1 -, :
1 ( KJE) =
= max{[t,t(K.E) + (.)], [ y X E ) + (..) + (.)],
[ y ' K E ) + (,) + ()]} =
= max{[50 ps + 90 ps], [50 ps + as + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 6 ns + 80 ps} =
= max{[140 ps], [6.140 ps], [6.130 ps}= 6.140 ps

110

3,13,3 : ; =+
3.13.3 .
.
(=.+1) =
= max,[[ t,( MII) + t ^ ( O R ) + .,.(.)],
fW.Mll) + U n n + W A N D ) + ,.(,)],
|4,.) + t(.(J.IF') + 1 ( ) + ,;() ^ . ) ] ,
) ") + ()+ () +1:(.)),
( ) + ) + ( ) + W E I R ) ( . ) ] } =

= max {[ 50 ps 40 ps + 90 psj,
[50 ps 80 ps 40 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps - 80 ps + 4 ns+ 80 ps

90 ps],

[50 ps + 80 ps + 4 ns + 80 ps + 80 ps],
[50 ps - 80 ps + 4 ns 90 ps + 90 ps]} =
= max {[ 180 psj, [260 ps], [4.300 ps], [4.290 psj, [4.3 10 p s ] j = 4.310 ps
T 1 =rnax ['( ),
' ( ~ + 1 ) - max [6.140 ps, 4.3) ps} = 6.140 ps.

III

, ,
:
1.

2.

MJI+d

3.13.4
.

3.13.4 :

' ( ) = .(..) + (.) =

= I n s + 80 ps = 1080 ps
3.13.5
+.

117

3.13.5 :
+<1
~( Mfi+ci) -= max{[ ,,() + () + (.,)],
[ ,() + : () + 1 | () + .{.)],
[ ,() + , () + () + ()|,
[ ,() + () + (1) - (.)],
[() + tK(AAM) + t t K (llB) + (..) + t(K:.E)]} ==
= max{[ 50 ps + 4 ns + 90 psj,
[50 ps + 4 ns + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 4 ns + 80 ps + 80 ps],
[50 ps + 4 ns + 90 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 4 ns + 90 ps + 4 ps + 80 ps]} =
= max {[ 4.140 ps], [4.220 ps}, [4.210 ps], [4.230 ps], [4.224 ps]} = 4.230 ps
T*=
=rnax[T 2 ( ), "^( iVlEEHl)]
=max{ 1080 ps, 4.230 ps] == 4.230 ps

\>>,> ' '. ,< <'< ,<>

.
BRE rl, r2, d
, ,
iV1Il+cl ( 3.13.6). 0
.

3.1,3.6 BRE:
31=1+1
"E'BRE

= max{[ t(MEI) + t, K (OR) + t ( A D D ) + (.)],

[t,t(M.EI) + t,.:(C)R) + t.(ADD) + ( 0) + ,() + (.)],
) + f . J O R ) + t llK (ADD) + ^ ( 0) + () + (.).|,
[,() + (,) + t(ADD) + . (.)|,
[U.Mfl) + U E I E ) + ()]} =
= max{(50 ps 40 ps + 40 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 40 ps + 40 ps + 4.040 ps + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 40 ps 40 ps + 4.040 ps + 90 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 80 ps + 40 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 80 ps + 80 ps]}==
= max{[220 ps], [4.340 ps], [4.350 ps], [260 ps], [210 ps]}= 4.350 ps

113

114

. ,

' :. * \

HEAD rl, (rl), ( 3. , 7)

'd = [,(.,) + (.)] = (6 ns + 90 ps) = 6.090 ps '

3.1.3,7 . LOAD.

LOAD rl, (r2), (

3.13.8)

= max [[ .) t,(I]E)),
[,,) + *() + (,)],
[(.) ^ ( . ) ] ,
[.) +- () + (.>] = max {[50 ps + 80 ps],
[50 ps + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps 80 ps + 90 ps] =
= max[[130 psj, [220 psj, [140 ps], [220 p s l j = 220 ps

E-.U

>

>

3.13.8 LOAD.
STORE r i , (r2), ( 3, .13.9)
''STORE = . ) + t [JK (Kfjuf.MA)] = (90 ps + 6 ns)= 6090 ps

3.13.9 STORE.

106

119

(&

ADD

ADD, SUB AND, ( 3.13.10)

~

= max{[t a (KAAM) +- t(UC(AAM) + () + (.)],

[,() + () + () + (.)] =
= max (JSC) ps + 4 ns + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 4 ns + 90 ps + 90 ps] =
.

= max{[4,220 ps], [4,230 ps] = 4.230 ps

3.13.10 ADD, SUB

AND.
ADD, SUB AND, ( 3.13.1 )

= max[[ .)
(.)
[(.)
[.)
[!:,,(.)

+ ()],
+ () + {,)],
+ {,)],
+ 1() + (,)],
+ () + (:,()][ =

E-.U

>

>

106

= max {[50 ps + 80 ps],

[50 ps + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 80 ps + 90 ps],
[50 ps + 80 ps + 80 ps]} =
= max{[130 ps], [220 ps], [140 ps], [220 ps], [210 ps]] = 220 ps

3.13.11 ADD, SUB

AND.

3.13.1 ,
,
. 3,13.1 ().
=6140 ps.

121

3.13.1

,
>
,
-4

ADD, SUB
AND
6.140 ps

6.140 ps

4.230 ps

4.230 ps

6090 ps

4.230 ps

4.350 ps

220 ps

LOAD

STORE

6.140 ps
4.230 ps

6.140 ps
4.230 ps

6.090 ps
220 ps

BRE

';

4.1
.


ns.
, .
=20 ns =40
, ,
> , = 0 ns, 1 ns, 2 ns 4 ns. .
.

' , > ) ,
, , /+ ns. = /(/+) - ( )/(+*). =0
- . 4.1.1 4.1.2
.=20 40 .

,
, = 0.
4.1.1 4.1.2 ,

,
(latency).

125

.
,

.
30 nsec , ,
, )
. 0
. .
, I nsec, 30+3 nsec = 31 nsec.
.
. 8
.
,
30 nsec ( ). , 0 ,
; 2,
3 , 4. ,
0 3 , 4.
4.2.1.

31 n s e c
4.2.1 .

"

, ;'"

123

31 nsec.

31*4 nsec = 124 nsec.
4.3 (4,2 )

, , , , , , 0.
, , , , , , 19 nsec, 5 nsec, 1.0 nsec, 15 nsec, 9 nsec, 5,
nsec, 8 nsec ? nsec ,
. (pipelining)
, (latency) 0
105 nsec. .
.
.
1. nsec.

.
19 nsec. ,

, .
0 .

1 nsec,
19+1 nsec = 20 nsec.

105 nsec . [j.05/20j = 5. 8
. .
19 nsec ( ). ,

124

.\ .:

, 1,
2, 3, 4 5, 4.3.1.

20 nsec
4.3.1 ,
.

20 nsec,
,
20x5 nsec = 100 nsec.

4.4

, , , , , , , , .
, , , , , , , , 1 , 3 nsec, 4 nsec, 3 nsec, 5 nsec,
3 nsec, 4 nsec, 3 nsec, 3 nsec, 5 nsec 4 nsec . " 1 nsec.
to (pipelining)

) (latency)

!) 44 nsec.
.

 " : . , <

125

(latency)

.
,
. > 3 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 3 +3 + 5 +- 4 \ 1 usee, ,
( ).
< 44 nsec,

3 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 3 +3 + 5 + 4 + * 1 usee < < 44 nsec. 3 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 3 +

4 + 3 +3 - 5 + 4 - *1 nsec < 44 nsec 37+ *1 nsec < 44 nsec.
< 44 - 37 ==7.. 7 .

, .
, 7
[44/7 J = 6.
, 6 nsec, 10 .
7 .
6 , 1.44/6] = 7.
, , , 7 nsec, 9 .
6 .
5 . 1,44/5 J = 8.
, , . 8 nsec, 7 .
5 .

126

4 0 1 44/4 j = 11 .
, 11 nsec, 4 . ] . 1 1*4 nsec = 44 nsec.
4.4. i.

11 n s e c
4.4.1 .
4.5 (4.3 )
2 .
4 , ,:, X j *.
5
,, II , , EE, .
4.5.1.
I 4.5.1

EE

lis

ns

ns

ns

ns

15

10

10

.;,

,,

10

( '

127

(pipeline) 5 , , EE, ,
. I
1 ris. 2 , ,
5 ns .
.
.
. (latency) 1 2.
.
1, 1000 , t=l, 2, 3, 4.
2. 1000 30% ,
40% 2 , 20% X j 10%
*.

. ' .

(pipeline) 5 , , , ,. 4.5.1
UK ,
, '
, . = 15+1
nsec = 16 nsec.
4.5.

! 128

) '

18 nsec
4.521 .

. (1) ;
( 1) = ( )= 16 5 = 80 nsec.

, ., EE, , 2,
TIE, , EE,
. 2,
,(2), ;
(2) = 1 5 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 5 = 40 nsec
;.(2) == 10 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 5 = 35 nsec
+(2) = 10 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 30 nsec
,,(2) = 10 + 5 + 5 + 0 + 5 = 25 nsec
. , , :
1. (,) = (40 * 1000 nsec)/[16*(4 +1000) nsec) == 40.000/16.064 = 2,49
EPC)(X2) = (35 1000 nsec)/[16*(4 +1000) nsec] = 35.000/16.064 = 2,17
( 3 ) = (30 1000 nsec)/[16-<(4 +1000) nsec]= 30.000/16.064 == 1,8?
( 4 ) = (25 1000 nsec)/[16x(4 +1000) nsec] = 25.000/16.064 = 1,56
2. (|) = [(40x0,3 + 35*0,4 +30x0,2 + 25><0,1) 1000 nsec]/[16x(4 +1000) nsec] =
= 34.500/16.064 = 2,15

Un.'tii . ,vc . a; ii ,;, , ,ai'i

; .1^;&< :

129

4 . 6 (4.4 )
. ( 4.6
) NOP
SUB r3, '7, ; .

LOAD rl, (i"2)

+2

ADD r3, 4, 5
SUB r3,

7, 6

ADD r8, 4, 9
AND :3, r4, rlt)

)
+3
+4
+5
+6
f

+7

+8

4.<> .
. ,
N O P
.

. +3
A D D r8, 4, 9,

. SUB r.3, 7. 6 NOP NOP
.
. .
'

, N O P , .
NOP ,
.
.

! 30

) '

( )
,
.

4.7
4,4
NOP,

:
- B+C
D = E-F

.
,
.

= I3+C D = B-F 4.7.1.

4.7. /

LOAD r 1, 13

/ 1, rl

LOAD r2,C

/ 2

ADD rl, r2, r.3

/ 3, r3^-rl+r2

STORE A, r3

/ 4, A<~r3

LOAD r4,

/ 5

LOAD r5, F

/ 6

SUB r4, r.5, r&

/ 7, r6"-r4~i'5

STORE D. r6

/ 8

 , / , ,<''<< emmxAomofmrnv

131

4,7.1
. 3
r2 , 2.
. 2 3 NOP, 3
rl 1,
NOP 2 3,
1 3 ,
1 3 ( 4.7,2). .3
3, 4 3,
3 4 NOP.
6,7 7,8 ( 4.7,2).

(2, 3), (3, 4), (6, 7) (7, 8) .

NOP 4,7.3,

132

smmhmtn,.'

4.7.2

LOAD rl,

LOAD r2,

/ !

NOP
NOP
ADD rl, r'2, r3
NOP
NOP

/ 3

STORE A, r3

/ 4

LOAD r4,

/ 5

LOAD r5, F

/ 6

NOP
NOP
SUB r 4 , r 5 , r 6

/ 7

NOP
NOP
STORE D, r6

4.7.3

LOAD rl,
LOAD r2,
LOAD r4,
LOAD r5, F
ADD r l , r2, r3
NOP
SUB r4, r5, r6
STORE A, r3
NOP
STORE D, r6

/ 8

'->> . r, , ,>

133

125

4.8 (4.5 )
( 4.4
.
:
= :
D = -

.
. ,
.

= B+C D = E-F
4.8.1.

4.8.1

LOAD rl,

/ | , r t < - B

LOAD r2, C

/ 2, r2-C

ADD rl, r2, r3

/ 3, r3<-rl+r2

STORE A, r3

/ 4, A<-r3

LOAD r4,

/ 5, r4-B

LOAD r,5,

/ 6, r5<-F

SUB r4, r5, r6

/ 7, r6<-r4+r5

STORE D, r6

/ 8, D-r6

,
4.4 ,

LOAD
LOAD . 4.8.1
.

NOP, 4.8.2.

 " : . , <

<<

OO
+

a.
?e

2
S

<
<

ir;

Tf

Q.

m
+

(N
+

<<

<<

<

Ui
<

ta

<

U4

<
<

U4

<

<

w
<

S"
Q
<

m
oi
V-i

rn

D
<
O
J

5i
D
Q
<

00

<f

"
D
<

11

f
S
y
C5

Uj

of

If

U_!

ffl
>

SN,

<
<

<<

<
<

135

ir"

C0

C/!

00

"

135

125

4,8.2

LOAD rl,

/ J

LOAD r2, C

/ 2

NOP
ADD rl, r2, r3

/ 3

STORE A, r3

/ 4

LOAD r 4 , E

/ 5

LOAD r5, F

/ 6

NOP
SUB "4, rS, r6

t 7

STORE D, r6

/ 8

4.82]
' NOP.

4.8.3

LOADr 1,
LOAD r2, C
LOAD r4,
LOAD , F
ADD r l , r2, 3
SUB r4, 5, 6
STORE A, r3
STORE D. r6
, ,
,
.

 " : . , <

137

4.9 (4.6 )

4.4
. :
. 0,99 0,95
.
. 25% LOAD.
.
40 ( 40 ).
. ,
. 5% BR.B.
. 1%) AMR 2% .

.

, , ,
100 ( 100 ) 100 . , , . .

( ) ( ),

.
40 .
1-0,99 = 0,01
40
, 100 0,01 100 40 - 40
,

138

1-0,95 = 0,05,
,
LOAD, 25 %
40 ,
0,05 * 0,25 100 40 = 50 .
()
.
1% ,
, 0,01x100*2=2
.
( )
. 232
, . 0.02* 10) 1 - 2 .
BRE
. 5 % BR.E,
0,05 100 2 - ) .
100 ,
100 , 100 - 40 + 50 + 2 2 +10 = 204 . 204/100 = 2,04
. 5
() 5 2,04
== 10,2 .

,
,
.

13 9

4.10 (4/7 )
BRE 4,4 . , ,
4.4 , , , NOP,

SUB r5, r3, 7

// i-7<~r5-r.3

AND r4, 5, 6
ADD :6,

4, 8

LOAD r l , (r3)

BRErl,r2,8H
STORE r4, ()

//rl<e-M(r3)
// rl -r2=0 =+8,

// M(rl )<-r4

*
4,4
NOP,
, . AND r4, r5, 6
ADD r6, r4, r6 r6.
NOP, LOAD rl, (r3)
BRE rl, r2, 814 , rl r l .
NOP. BR.E
0 BR.E
, RR.E NOP.
4.10.

! 140

) '

4.10.1

SUB r5, 3, '7

AND 4, r5, rfi
NOP
NOP
ADD r6, r4, r8
LOAD r l , (r3)
NOP
NOP
BRE rl, r2, 8H
NOP
NOP
STORE r4, (rl)

NOP.
4,10.2. 4.10.3

. BRE
. ,
NOP.

"

: . , <

4.10.2

0 4 . 1 0 3

LOAD r l , (3)

L O A D RL, (R3)

A N D r4, 5, 6

A N D R4, R5, r6

S U B R5, 3, 7

NOP

BRE rl, r2, 8

B R E rL R2, 814

ADD 6, 4,

S U B rS, R3, R?

141

r6, R4, R8

NOP

ADD

S T O R E r4, ( r l )

S T O R E R4, ( r l )

4.11
4,10 -

' '

4.4 .
, LOAD rl, (r3) BRE rl, r2, 8H. , rl
rl.
NOP.
BRE
, BR.E NOP.
:

SUB r5, r3, r7

AND r4, r5, r6
ADD i-6, r4, r8

LOAD rl, (r3)

NOP

! 142

) '

BRE rl, r2, 8

NOP
NOP
STORE r4, (rl)

NOP
SUB 5, r3, r? LOAD rl, (r3) BRE rl, r2, 8H,
NOP . AND r4, 5, rf>
A DP) r6, r4, 8 BRE, NOP BRE
. 32) > :
LOAD r l , C3)
SUB r5, r3, r7
BRE rl, r2, 8
AND r4, r5, r6
ADD r6, r4, rH

STORE r4, (rl)

4.12

, 32 mrv 32 ;
: (), (),
(), ()
(). ,
,

.
4,12.1
. .
. .

mueakmwpsvmv

143

4.12.1

LOAD rO, #0

1.01

LOAD rl, #9

102

LOAD r2, #1

103

LOAD r3, (r7)

104

LOAD r4, (r8)

105

ADD r3, r4, rS

// :3+4

// M(r9) <- 5

106

STORE rS, (r9)

.107

ADD r7, r2, r7

108

ADD r8, i-2, r8

109

ADD A), r2,.r9

.10

SUB rl,r2, rl

10

BRN rl, rO, -9H

10C

END

' rO < 0

// r3 <r M(r7)

r5

' rDr0?4) =-9(6)

. NOP.
. , , .
(

BRN),

.
*

. NOP,
, 4.4 ,

NOP. BR.E
, , NOP BR.E,
NOP 4.1,2,2.

125

125

4.12,2,
NOP, (displacement) BR.N
,'-9 -11 . -11 2 .

4,12.2

100

LOAD rO, #0

101

LOAD rl, #9

102

LOAD r2, #1

103

LOAD r3, (r7)

104

LOAD r4, (r8)

105

NOP

306

NOP

107

ADD r3, r4, r5

108
109

NOP

10

STORE r.5, (r9)

1013

ADD ,r7, r2, r7

10C

A DID rS, r2, r8

101)

ADD r9, r2,r9

NOP

10

SUB rl,r2, rl

1 OF

NOP

1 10

NOP

11 1

BRN rl,r(), -111

112

NOP

1 13

NOP

114

END

, 4
. 3
4.12.2,
103 1 13, ' ,
rl r2, 9 .

 " : . , <

145

17 , 17x9
. , 1 14,
4.1,2.2 :
4+3+17 9+1 = 1 1 ,
.

, , .
LOAD. '
NOP.
LOAD t"4, (8) ADD r3, r4, 44 2.1
NOP.
. 4.12.3.
4,12.3, NOP,
(displacement) BRN -9 - .

4.12.3

100

LOAD r(), #0

101

LOAD 1, #9

102.

LOAD r2, # 1

103

LOAD r3, (r7)

104

LOAD r4, (r8)

105

NOP

106

ADD r3, r4, r5

107

STORE r5, (r9)

108

ADD r7, r2, r7

109

ADD r8, r2, r8

10

ADD 1.-9, r2,r9

1013

SUB rl, r2, rl

10C

BRN , , -A.H

10D

END

146

, 4
. 3
4.12.3,
103 10C.2 ' ,
rl 2, 9 . 8
BR.N , , ,
BRN, ,
1113 ,
, 1 10 ,
10x9 ,

BRN. ,
10.
4,12.3 :
4+3 f 10x9+2 1 4 0 0 .

4.12.2, '
, , NOP,
4,12,3

,
.
4.13
.
4.1.3
,
4.4 , (branch target buffer) (branch history) .

, < ; er . : ; < '

147

.
, . .
.
.

0500
0501

LOAD r l , #02
LOAD 2, #00

1111
1112

r2
LOAD r4, #70

1113

LOAD r5, #00

1120

INC r5

1145

BRNE r4, r5, -26

1150

BRNE rl, 2, -40

// r 4-r5i0 .=26,,

) ) .
\;
,
. 2
/. BRNE rl, r2, -40,
. ! r5
BRNE r4, r5, -26.
70 (16 ) 1 2{,,) .

,
>
0, .
11 ,
:>.
! 1
, , II .
.
BRNE 4, 5, -2614
0,
. ' .
0 1
.
, BRNE r4, :5, -26 ,

BRNE t4, r5, -26 . ,
( ) 1, ,
1145(6) .
, 1120(f(>>.

.. r

/,... >

149

, BRNE 4, r5, -26,

BRNE r4, 5, -26.
,
1
1120 .
. , ,
, 1145, 1.
4.13,1,

11.45

1120

0
0

......

...

4,13.1
BRNE r4, r5, -26
, . 1 145(|(1)
BR..NE 4, 5, -26.
. 4,13.1
1 1145,
1120
1120 1,
.

,
1120(1)).
5
.1120(. 109jio) BRNE r4, r5, -2611. 112
, 112 BRNE r4, 5, -26,

.
1120,lf().

! 50

) '

.
,
. ' .

S 145, t w .
4.13.2.

1120

0
0

4,13.2

BRNE rl, r2, -40

BRNE rl, r2, -40, 11.50(16).

1 1 150,
.
. 0 1
.
, BRNE rl, r2, -40,

BRNE rl, r2. -40. , ,
( )

, I I50(l,,)

, I 11 1(,,:.
, BRNE rl, r2, -40,
BRNE rl, r.2, -40.
,

('

151

0 1
1111(16)
.
, 1150, 1.
4.13.3.

11,45

1111

1.

4.13.3

- BRNE r4, r5, -2614. ,

, 1145<,,.
1 1145.
0, ,
,
. BRNE r4, 5, -2614.
.
, 1120,,})
.
. ,
1145, ,
4,13,4.

! 152

) '

1145

1120

1111

1
0

4213.4
110 BRNE r4, r5, -26
,
4 J 3,4.
, 112'' BRNE r4, 5, -26
,
0.
4213,5,

1145
1
I -0

1 120

1111

4.13.5
, 2'1 BRNE r l , r2, -40
,
0.
4,1 3.6.

 " : . , <

153

1145

112 0

1150

1111

4,13.6
. 2 112+2 = 226 .
6 , .
(226-6)2226 =97,3%.
4 . 1 4 (4.8 )
. . NOP
BR.E ' 4.42 ;
.
; 4.42
.

. 4.42
BRE

.

.
BRE .
BRE
NOP,

154

YrnXoyurmv

. BRB
,
BRE
Mil
.
BR.E (
, .
BRE
,
NOP.
. BRE 1
, , Mil
. ,
, .

Mil , . BRE ,
Br= 1
. , Mil.
BRE 1
NOP. Br .

,
. . BRE
.
Br . ( , 4,14,1,),

 " : . , <

155

.2

(J

>
3
"51
a
8

I S
=1 =L
-g -3
<2
j
.

pr
3:

-rf
2
-ir
w

Cs

to

5
5.1

SDRAM 64 ms,
8 .
.
133 MHz ,
, /
.

133

MHz,

1/(1331) =1/(133x10") see = 4 * 1 0 " 3 3 see - I.'133 .

8=8*2 = 8.192,
, 4x8.192 -32.768
32.768x1/133 8 32.768/133 j.isec=246.4 usoo. ,

(246,4 psec)/(64 ms) 4),00385 0,385%.

100% - 0,385% =99,615%.

5.2 (5.1 )
16 .
(.) 8.2.1, (byte)

! 58

'

5.2.1

()

SRAM 1

SRAM2

SRAM 3

4
4

SRAM4
SRAM 5

SRAM6

tu . , ,
.
(0000 I 6 )

.

2
2*2"'
2"
I i , 4. = 2*"<2 '
2'" 12
8
! 3

2'-<2

11

- 2 13

11

., .
.

. 1

: , ' ., .

 ' 158

5.2.2
; 5.7.1. .
OK SRAM1 SRA.M2 11 0 ... | 0 ., . OK SRAM3
SRAM4 12 An ...
] 0 Pis . .
SRA.M5 OK. SRAM6 2" ,
0000000000000
1111111111111.
OK SRAM , SR.AM2,
SRAM3 SRAM4 8 . OK SRAM5
SRAM6 13 An ...
| . OK s r a m 5
0000000000000 11 1111111,
OK SRAM5 .-. ro OK. S.RAM6.
11 5.2.2
.

SRAM I

11

SRAM 2

11

SRAM3

12

SRAM4

12

SRAM5

SRAM 6

15

...

0000011000000000

0000011111111!11

0000100000000000

00001 'l 11 111 II I11

000000000000

0001 L .11111111! 1
OUlOOOOOOOOOOOOO
omoimilllllll

13

0011
0 0 i l l 111
01

13

0101111! 11 U t l l l
01 1OOOOOOOOOOOOC
10111111111tti

! 160

) '

0.
11
.
, , 4 16
, , :, :
$ .
5.2.2 OK SRAM1 AwAoAtaAn
0000. OK S.RAM1
0 . OK SRAM2
141312 ( 0001. (>? OK SRAM2 1 . OK 8R.AM3 14 } 12 = 001 = 0 0 3
5RAM3 OR 2 3 . To OK SR.A.M4 ^ * 010 An = 0
* SRAM4 OR
4 5 . To OK SRAM5
' Ai4.A|jA| 2 Ai,= 0110 0111 1000 1001. EOs
5RAM5 OR 6, 7, 8 9
- . To OK SRAM6 A ^ A i p N i A u = 1010 1011
1100 1101. * SRAM6
OR 10, 11, 12 13 .
5.2.1 .
5.2.1 4 16, 8 AND
2, - OR 5.2.2. 5.2.2

OK SRAM5 : SRAM4.

OK SRAM5

OK SRAM6.
8R.AM5 SRAM6
OK SRAM5
SRAM4 SRAM5 SRAM6. ,
5.2,2,

158

' 158

, 5

,,,,,,

A, 2 A,t -,

5.2.1 28
. , , ,
EE ,,
.

1
125

A)'AiAijA,

, 5 14 13 :.

A,sA14A,jAvi

,<14: ;,

eOp

"

5.2.2 . AND OR.

.

5.2.,
,

(, 2"
).
5.2.3
.

SRAM 3
SRAM'!

12

12

SRAM 5

13

SRAM6

13

SRAM 1

11

SRAM 2

11

|5
...
, 0
0000000000000000
00001,1 1111111111

0001111:1 i l l
00I0000000000000
m i (,
OiOOdOOOOOOCHXlOO

011OOOOOOOOdOOOO
OliOONIIIlini!

01101

0110111Ttel01.il

!i

' 158

158

,
5.2.3 .
(3. . 11
. , , 4 16
, 4 , , ?
.
5.2.3 OK SRAM3 A i 4 Ai ; Ai? - 000
- 0 1. EOj SRAM3
< >R 1 .
OK SRAM4 ^ ^ ; 001 An - 0 I.
( )4 SRAM4 OR 2 3 . OK SRAM5
4\ ~ 0! , A l 2 An - 00, 01, 10
?, S.RAM.5 OR 4, 5, 7
. To OK SRAM6 | 4 - 10 2
00, 01, 10 11 0 6 S.RAM6
OR , , 10 .
SRAM1 ^ ^ ; . = 1100.
, SR.AM1 0 12 .
SRAJM2 ^ - 1101.
0 2 SRAM2 1 3 . >.2.3
.
5,2.3 4 16 6 AND
5.2.4

! 164

Ais

) '

2 An .,^

5,2.3 28
.

164

' 158

1514131211 ^,,,,,, 1514,3 A1sAmA,3 ,5)3

AttA^A^A

,.

0
0 5
-

5.2.4 AND.
..2

,
. . 2
2. , 2 4 2
8
(
)
.
, 5.2.4
.
.
5.2.4
0. . .
3
8 ^
NOR 5 | 4 . 5.2.5
5.2.4.
3 8 , .
3 AND 5.2.6.

166

5.2.4
.

SRAM5 - SRAM6

13

SRAM3 - SRAM4

12

SRAM 1

11

SRAM 2

A N3 A,2A,,
A 1B AU

t)

,? A

, 5

...

01 >00000000000000
000|111111

001000()0()00(1

001011111111 t i l l
0011000000(100000
ooiiomjltlllll

,-.,

6 5 4 3 2 10

VU

SRAM,,
EO S

SKA
EO E

SRAM 3

EO,

SRAM,,
EO,

SRAM,

EOj

SRAM,

E02
5.2.5 28
.

158

' 158

^;:,,

1 5 1 4 1 2

6 A
JJ.

15413

,.

-, -

, ,
, - 0 2

5.2.6 AND.
,
.
,

. 1 ,

2
2 . 0
( 5.2.7).
.
5.2.5 5.2.6
. ,. 2 |
.
<>. 5.2.8 5.2.9 0 1 5.2.5 5.2.6 .
3 8 .
!)
"72 10
. 0 I (. 5.2.8
5.2.9) , 5.2.10
. .

170 > '

|5

_2 }

5.2.7 .

158

' 158

5.2.5
0 (0= (!) .

SRAM 5

SRAM?

12

SRAM1

I 1

<
. .

OOdOOOlJOOOOOOOO

001! II II !11.11

010000000000000

11111111

011000000000000

011011111 0 1 1 1 1

5.2.6
1 (=1) .

SRAM6

13

|5
...

OdOOOOOOOOOOOOO

001111111111 III

SRAM4

12

SRAM2

11

010000000000000

11111111111

:ooooogoooooo

011011111I

170

A,S

,4,,;,,2

,;, ,2

,,,.,,

5 , 2 , 8 0.

AMAIJAIJ

,5

158

' 158

,3 ,;, . ;-,

'

1 0

5.2.10 .
. ,
.

170

> '

S.3
' 32
. , , 4096 { bit) , 5 12 .
18.432 ,
8 1 .

4096 ( bit)
, (4096)/8=512
. 29 .
18.432
,
(18.432 )/9 = 2048
9 . 4096
(512 8 )
. 512 (512 ) 512 9 .
2048 9
(2048 ,)/(5 1 2 )=4 8
4 1 .
5.3.1 .

174

4pxfv:icwvuap,

5.4
' 32 .
256 .
1 . 8.

1 61
, .

32
2}1 .
1 .
1
( (. 5.4.1).
1 30
, ?., ... | 0 .
; 2 4.
.
5.4.1.
2 4 1.
5.4.1
.

AjiA.,0 A W A28

30

30

30

'

30

...
....

0 0
0 0

0 0
11

0
0

0 0
'/

0 0
1 1

...

0 0

...
...

0 0
1 1

1
1

1 0

0 0

1 0

1 1 0
0
1 1 1 1

...
...

0 0
11

158

' 158

31

29-

5.4.1 .

1
4 256 to (. 5.4.2). 30 29
... ,
, 28 2 ...
.
2<>- 2 4.

176

*,

5.4.2
.

28

28

28

28

2928 2726
0 0 (} 0

0 0
0 1

1 0
1 0

I I
0 0

... | 0
...
0 0
...

1
0 0

...

11

1 1 1
0 0
I L

1 1 0

1 1 1 1

1 !
...

00

...

I I

. II
5.4.2.
4 5.4.2 2.
.,, . 5.4.1

2
. -1

158

' 158

/.,

28

2?-(

5.4.2 .
5.4.1.

! 78

) '

5.5 (5.2 )
" = 400.000 (tracks)
4 , 10000 ()

0,7 ms. (backup) ;
, /

. .

, ,
, .
(/4)-1 =(400.000/4)-!
= 99,999. ,=
(1/10000) = (60000/10000) ms = 6 ins.
,
.
:
1" - 4';> 99.999x(0,7ms + 4',, ) =
46 ins + 99.999(0,7 ms + 46 m s ) = 2,469,999,3 ms =2.469,9993 s 41,17 .
5.6 (5.3 )
.
5,6.1
. .
,;

A r,-tin i. ta '

179

5,6.1

seconds

2*10" 9

0.990000

20,1

20* 10"9

0,999900

400*10"''

0,999990

10x10""

1,000000

1'

. , :
4

T =X(ErEw)xT,

. 0=() ( 0) 4 =1 (
).
= 0,99x2* 10"* + (0,9999 - 0,99) 20 )> + (0,99999 - 0,9999)400 10> +

(1 0,99999)* 10 10": s =
= 0,99x2 '9 + 0,0099 2010" 9 + 0,00009x400x10" + 0,00001 107* HE9 s =
= (0,99x2 + 0,0099 ><20 + 0,00009x400 + 0,00001 107) '9 s =
= 102,214x10" s = 102,214 ns,
. , .
1 , :
, = 0,9999x20x1' 9 + (0,99999

0,9999)*400* 10"9 + (1

0.99999)* 10* 10"3 s =

= 0,9999 20 10"" + 0,00009*400*. 1.0"" + 0,00001 * 7* 10'* s =

= (0,9999 20 + 0,00009x400 + 0,00001 107) .10"'1 s = 120, 034* 10"9 s =120, 034 ns
2" , :
, = 0,99*2* )"9 + (0,99999

0,99)400* "9 + (1 - 0,99999)* 10* 10'J s =

= 0,99*2* 10"9 + 0,00999x400* 10'" + 0,00001 * 107* 10'9 s =

= (0,99*2 + 0,00999x400 + 0,00001 * .)7)* 10"" s = i 05,976* '9 s = 105,976 ns
, 25'" .

! 180

) '

5.7 (5.4 )
.
. h r =0,S5 t,== 9 ns.
. 4-
h 2 =0,95 t2= 12 as.

;
.

:
. ' "
4- :
T ' h , * t , + (1 - !) ( +'..*)
'* '= h3xh + (1 -

h2)Mt2ntakm)

" - ' > 0

h 2 *t 2 + (1 - 2) (+ ; ,.) - h|*t, - (1- h,)x( t] +)

>

, + (1 - h2)=<t2+(l - h 2 ) W ~ hp<p - (1- h,p<t, - (1- h,)xt ( l l d 0 i c > 0

h 2 xp + (1 - h 2 )xt 2 - h,*i, - (4- h,)xt r K 1 - h 2 )xp r t - (1- h,)xt AtlK > 0
242 + t 2 -h 2 xt 2 - hpxt, -1,+ hpxt,+[( 1 - h 2 ) - (1 - hi)Jxt (nAlM > )
t 2 - t , +( h, -h 2 )p<t ( U t i o k .>0
t 2 ~t, > - ( hi - h2 )]1,,:.
t;> -1, > ( h2 - h, )]

(t 2 -t,)/(h 2 - hi) > :

= (12-9)ns/(0,95-0,85)=3ns/0,l = 30 ns > t, lAol

30 ns.

 ' 158

158

5.8 (5.5 )
( 32
16
, 4- 64 16
.
.
( );
.
960F8 ( is,.
.
60(<,).

. 64 , 2 16 4 , 21<72' = 2.1'""' = 2' 4 .

4 , 2 4 /2' = 2 + " = 2U
. 32 ,
232 . 2'1"' .
, 16 .
,
2 jJ /2"' = 2 W
2/212 = 2)"12 = 2" .
. 9608( 16) = 1001 0000 1111 100%,.
4 , . 2 U
12 . 18
( 5,8.1),

125

125

Of IIIIII)! II , ; pfl ; I ,

00

10000011II10

83

00025

5.8,1
960F8(i
83
.
. 1'

060(6)

:
R W 0 60

W, , 0 6), R

0 3.
5.9 (5.6 )
( 256 16 :
.
.
iii.

1.6- .

.
22846, 21945, "777F12 . . iii.
. , . . iii ;

158

. 187

. .
16=24 4
,
. . 256=2'' , 8 .
:
3

228A46,i W , 21945{1{)) 7 7 7 F I 2 , H , J .

22846)

4(

21945(,)

4((1)

7772 (1

1*1(16)

. .

.
00 FF.

184

. 16- .
' 16 ,
256/16 = 16 . 16=24 , 4
. 1^16 = 4
.
:
4

22846 16) , 21945,) 777F 12{!,->).

22846(<.)

21945,,6)

77712{(1)

.
228-4-6 219-4-5
2284 2194 ,
4.
22846 21945
.
777-1-2 777P3
F1
2284 2194, , 77712

2.2846 21945.

3
7
i

 . 187

158

II


. 256 ,
,
,
, 16-
16 , 16
, .
,
, , .

5.10 (5.7 )

|
j

512 8 :

. 8- ,

.
117165,S) , I17167(f!), 445231 {g) , 575232 m , 675253 m 677335, S)
. ii. iii.
. . ii. iii
;

..

|
j

8-2* , 3
,

|!
i

! 186

) '

562=2'' , 9

. 3
:
2

.
11?165 {S) , 117167 <s) , 445231(g), 575232(S), 6?5253 (g)
677335 (g) .

1 r7165, S)

7i6(8i

1171.67(H)

716 ( g )

445231 ,

523

575232,

52.3 (S)

675253(0)

525 (s)

677335(g)

733 <8)

,. .

.
117165(g) 117167(8) ,
, . , .

.

187

.
.iii. 8- .

' 8 , 512/8 = 64 . 8=2 J , 3

.
64=2" , 6

. 3
:
3

1.

117165 8) , 117167 m , 445231 (g), 575232 w , 675253 (8) 677335 (8) .

1. ,1,71.65!8)
117167{8)
I
j

445231(g)
575232,,

675253,8,

16
16 (8,
23

23 ,

6?7335 (8)

25 ((()
33 1

f!.i.
11-716-5(*> 11-7!6-7w> (
)
.
44-523-l<g, 57-523-2(8, :
523, .

! 188

) '

67-525-3) 67-733-5(g,

.

1 17165(8), 117167(g), 445231(g), 675253(g)
677335(8) U7165 T O , 1 17167 ( 8 ) , 575232, 8) , 675253, 8) 677335 (8) .
..


. 6 512
,
.
.iii. 8-
6 8 ,
(
).
5.11 (5.8 )
.. , 7
, : 33, 17, 30, 47, 50, 35, 6, 2.6, 50,
42, 58, 50, 13, 22, 15, 4, 0, 70.

.
.
.
32 4 .
. 2- ,
32 , 2 . "FIFO".
. ,
32 4 . "LRU".

187

.
32 4 , 32/4 = 8 .
2
, 3

. 5.1
,
5.11.1

()

( - )

33

( )

01-000-01

(32, 33, 34, 35) =>"

17

00-100-01

1(16, 7, 18, 19) ==>4

30

00-111-10

(28, 29, 30, 31) => 147

47

01-011-11

(44, 45, 46, 47) => 3

50

01-100-40

,11(48, 49, 50, 51) => 4

35

0,1-000-41

004)01-10

, 11(4, 5, 6, 7) => 111

26

00-110-10

1(24, 25, 26, 27) ==>116

50

01-100-10

42

01-010-10

(40, 41,42, 43) => 2

58

01-110-10

(56, 57, 58, 59) => 116

50

01-100-10

13

00-0114)1

(12, 13, 1.4, 15) =>113

1(,...,) >
.

190

>'

22

00-101-10

1(20, 21,22, 23) = > 5

15

00-011-11

00-001-00

00-000-00

((), 1, 2, 3) => n o

70

10-001.-10

(8, 69, 70, 71) =>

,
5.1 1.2.

5.11.2

0

Mil" . : 2

(68, 69, 70, 71)

1(40, 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 )

( 12, 13, 14, 15)

(48, 49, 50, 51)

I > 5

(20, 21, 22, 23)

11/. 6

(56, 57, 58, 59)

(28, 29, 30, 31)

. 2- ,
32 .
, . 1
, 3 3 . 5.11.3
...

 . 187

5.11.3
2-

()
33
17

(
)

( )

000-4.

001-000-1

30
47
50

010-111-1
1 -001

35

010-001-1

6
26

--

50

001,-1014)
01.14)014)

42

010-101-0

0
(32, .

1
*
( 16, 17) => 0

30, 31) => 7

; 46, 1
;

!
(34, 35) =>

- 4

>

(26, 27) => 5

(42, 43) => 5

(58, 59) ~>5

(FIFO)

011-101.4)

50

001-0

13
22.

000-110-1
001.-011-0

15

000-4.11-1

000-01043

000-000-0

), 1,
>.()

70

1.004)11-0

(70, 71) => 3

(FIFO)

58

Mil' 12. ;>

> I
(22, 23) => 3

( 14, 15) => 7

t!
-

(, ... ,) -=>
.
,
5.11.4,

! 192

) '

5.11.4
2-
0

11(0, 1)

(16, 17)

(50, 51)

1(34, 35)

(4, 5)

(70, 71)

(22, 23)

(58, 59)

(42, 43)

( .12, 13)

(14, 15)

11(46, 47)

. 14 , 32
.
". ,

,
. 5.11.5 .

187

5.11,5

()

( )

( )

33

01000-01

(32, 33, 34, 35) => 140*

17

00100-01

(16, 17, 18, '

111

30

00111-10

1(28, 29, 30, 31

112

47

01011-11

1(44, 45, 46, 4 4 -

113

50

01100-10

(48, 49, 50.

114

35

01000-11

00001-10

(4, 5, 6, 7) => 145

2.6

00110-10

(24, 25, 26, 27) => 116

50

01100-10

42

01.010-10

(40. 41,42. 43) => 117

58

01110-1.0

(56, 57, 58, 59) => (LRU)

50

01100-10

13

00011-01

1(12, 13, 14, 1 5 ) = > r i 2 ( L R U )

22

00101-10

(20, 21, 22, 23) => 1.13 (LRU)

15

00011-11

00001-00

00000-00

11(0, 1, 2, 3) => (LRU)

70

10001-10

11(68, 69, 70, 71) => 146 (LRU)

1(, ... ,) => ,

,
5 J 1.6.

! 194

) '

5.11.6

(0, 1, 2, 3)

(56, 57, 58, 59)

.( 12, 13, 14, 15)

(20, 21, 22, 23)

(48, 49, 50, 51)

1(4, 5, 6, 7)

(68, 69, 70, 71)

(40, 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 )

5.12 (5.9 )
, , - .
64
( = 16 ).
.
(misses)
. =1
.

.
L.OADD, # 05FP
LOAD , # 02FP
LOOP INCR D
INCR
LOAD A, [Dj
ADD , []
STORE , []
MOVE ,
COMP , #03
3 LOOP
END

/ I
/ 2
/ 3
/ 4
/ 5
/ 6
/ 7
/ 8
/ 9
/ 10
/

 . 187

:
LOAD register, # n u m b e r :
INCR register:
LOAD register!, (registerlj: I
2
STORE register!., [register2|: 1
2
ADD registerl, (registerlj: 1
2 1.
MOVE registerl, registerl: I 2.
C O M P register, # number:

,, L O O P : loop,
. (misses)
;

. 16 300() 3FF<ie>
600 (
6FF(Ife) 300 ( i 6i 3FF(1()),
, 6
0000001 Q0Q0GI ,
7 00000011.(2)
000000()0(2) 11111111 (2) .
=,
. 4
.
64 6 -

 tvtcw

too
. 00000011--|3 m 000001 10-- ),
,
.
5 6 . 100()
, 200, i6) (misses).

,
00000011- {2) 00000110- ,. =2, 2- . 64/2=32 5
,
' ,
.
, 00000011- (2 ,
000001 - (2),
(2),
: , ,
. 2-

.
.
, . /MX),,,,, 3.,:)> 1 ()(1(>) ,
600(> 6FF ( i ft) , ,,)
. 200,1*) = 52(,
4 512/4 128 (misses).

187

5.13 (5.10 )
4 (byte) ,
( ).
8 , . 8 .
1 .
64 (Kbytes) 16
. " DRAM 8 (Kbytes) . 1,2 .
DRAM, , ,

16 .

.
KM,
! 12 , 4 4*12
. 8
,
4 4 . ,
16 - 4 = 12 .
12 ,
. 4
..,
4- 5,134,

! 198

) '

14

5.13. 4- .

4 ,
12 .. 4
64 Kbytes
16 Kbytes, 8 Kbytes
, 2 ( 5213.2).

A is

187

,4 13 ... 2

5.13.2 ;, =0, 1, 2, 3.

5.14
(byte) .
. :
13

14

2 (2 .Mbytes).
. ;
.
2 3 " (
) , , .

! 200

) '

. *
, -
. 5

, . , 2 '
. 13
.
.

.
, 14 ,
214 . 2:"
2 14 * 2 3 = 2 " = 512 .

2- .
14 ,
214 . 2-
2 , 2 14 * 2 *= 2 , J .
. 2 5 .
2 | J 2* = 2 J ) = 1 .

iii. 3- .
14 ,
214 . 3-
3 , 2 14 3 . , 2 5
. , , (2 14 3) 22
= 1536 .
. 4- .
14 ,
2 14 . 4-
4 , 2'4 * 4 ~ 2"' .
2 5 .
21" 2:' = 2U = 2 .
. ,
. ,

2 ,.

187

13

14

-~V


.
1.4 ( )
. 2 13 ,
2 | J .
ii. 2- .

13 .

14

V"
~



. 14
( )
. 2 ,
2 | J .
3- 4- ,
, 2 U .

! 202

) '

5215
32 , 13 39
4 ,.
.

. . 7235672237753(8),
7235672237754,^, 7235672264340, g) , 7235632214354 w 7721232216754 (8) .
. .

32 = 2**2 =
2 2s ,
2,5 .
4 , -- 2'~210 2U
, 12 , 1,3
, ,
39 12
, ,
39-12-27 , ,
,
.1, 2 3. ,
, 1 27/3=9 , 2 27/3=9
.3 27/3=9 .
5,15,1
7235672237753<
,
72356'72237754{->,
.

187

7235672264340 {W ,
54.5.2. , )
3.

5.15.3

7235632214354(g),
, 2, .

5,15.4

7721232216754)8).
, ( 5.1.5.3) , .

7753

2 5.15.1

204

A >'

5.15.2

187

723

.*

5215.3

! 06

) '

6754

221

772
1

zmrtiftmi

OA oEk

61

,

- 5.15,4

187

5.16
32, . 36
4 ,.
. .
.
,
. 2,56 .

' .

32 == 252* =
2 ,
25 . 4 = 2 2 *2 10 = 212 , 1,2
,
13 , .
25

. .
36 12
, 24
, . 2 24 , .
(7 )
(13 ), 7+13 = 20 , . 2" 4 (7+13) =
2*'(?+13) ~ 40 .
.
. .

. 12
. 24
. .

! 208

) '

(3,1 12
12 ,! (
5.16,1, 1, 2 2 ).

OA I , SaEk J
A-k fM*i

<?

5.16.1
, 256 12
, .
.
2 u x ( l + l3) + 2 li;: <(7+13) =
2 U * 3 4 = 2 , 3 4 = 17.408 .

187

12 ,
256 .
256 .
2 U *(1 + 13) r 256x2 u x(7+13)
= 2 a x ( l 4 + 2 5 6 * 2 0 ) = 2 u x 5 . 1 3 4 =
2 2.567 = 2.567 .
.2 ( 14
10
(
5.16.1, 14 , 2 10
12 ).
256 14
.
.
2 1 4 ( 3 ) + 2 , 0 (7+3) =
2 0 (2 4 14+20) = 249.856 = 31.232 .
14
256 .
256 .
2, |4 (1 + 13) + 2 5 6 2 ( 7 3 )
= 2 10 (2 4 <14 + 256x20) = 2 , 0 5.344 =
= 668 .
.3 10
14
(
5.16.1, 10 , 2 14
12 ).
256 10
.
.
2 ,} (+3) + 2 , 4 (7+13) ==
= 2 I 0 x(14 + 2 4 20) = 210><334 =2 7 334
=42.752 = 41,75 .

210

10
256 .
256 .
2!*"(1 + 13) + 256 2 *(7+13)
= 2">*{14 + 256*2' , *20) = 2 , 0 *81.934 =
81,934 . = 10.24 1,75 .

5.17 (5.1.1 ()
16 (.16 Mbytes)
. (byte) ,
36 4 .
. .
. .
.
(inverted page table) . . , ,
(hash function) .1=/\,++4 mod 8, 1
4, , , , , .
. ,
, (

: 156032010000, 370667171234, 043732174552
320115600022. , . ,
, :
17620000, 63551234, 46004552 06650022,
. , .

187

. 36 ,
(byte)
4 = 2 2 2 1 0 =2 12 ,
2*'/2'2 = 2.24 .
24 2 .
16 /4 = (2 4 x 2 20 )/ (2 2 *2 10 ) = I2*! 212 =
2 12 , 12 . 7 12
, 7+12=19 .

! 9*2 24 = 19*2 21 - 38 ,
.. ,
2

12

, 2U .
2'/'2'2 = 4 , , 24 . ,
7+24+4 2 .

2*(7+24+12) = 86 .

3

4 3 * 2 2

10

86x2,12 ,

43 .

.. ,
, ,
. 4 -- 2'"' , 1.2 , 4 ,
, 24 8
, , ,
156032010000 >15603201.
,.(==,+.,,.4 mod 8, t 1
4 : (1+0) mod 8 = 1, (0+6) mod 8 == 6, (2+5) mod 8 = 7 (3+1) mod 8=
==4.
4761.
.


,
>
(. 5.17.1).

, )

)2

187

.
,
, . 5,17.3, 5.17.4
5.1.7.5
.
5.17.3

11

0
1615

37066717

6355

1,560.3201.

1762

0
4761

1
I

...

5.17.4

II

37066717

6355

04373217

4600

..,

)
4761

0
3646

.2

0
1615

15603201

1762

,.,

0
i

! 214

) '

5,17,5

3646

37066717

...

1
0

4761

.2

1615

! 04373217
I

6355

Ij
0

4600

0
0

15603201

1762

32011560

0665

5.18 (5.12 )
(virtual memory)
. (TLB)
8 (CPU
cache memory) 16
32 (Kbytes) . 52 ,
36 4 ,
(Kbytes). .

.

4 = 212 , 12
0 .
52 12. , 40 , ,
(TLB).

187

36
4 = 2 12 , 12

36 - 12 = 24
, .
32 16 , (32 /16 ) == 2 == 2<2 |0 =2" . 4 , 11

52~(4+4 I) = 37 .
5.18.1 .
&

&muikmm: 52
(). 40 *
37

fiuaM

. 12

5
a m i m : 3?

..: 1 8

9 6 1 . 24

,16->1,
ra imOtomo

Smimii mwn
Mnmi

5.18.1
. :
, : , : .

 ) '

! 216

5.19
5. 18,

. 0 1 0 0 1 8 4 C O O B A 1 ( ! 6 ) I 0 1 0 0 A D 4 0 0 B F 2 < , W 0 1 0 0 1 8 4 ( 2 5 6 4 { 1 6 )

; ,
,
0EFCS08BA1 M , 0 0 0 D A 3 B F 2 ( , E , 0 A 4 5 2 9 B A 4 ( L F , ) .

5.1921 .

*-

: 52
(). 40 +.4
6: 12

5.19.1
0. .

187

. 0100184C00BA 1(16).
10 0100184C00 (16) (40 )

,
.
, 0, , , ,
. .
,
. ,
, '
,
.
11 00010111010 ,
,
. 0 . ,
, ,

00010111010
37 :
0 0000 0010 0000 0000 0011 0000 1001 1000 0000 ( 0020030980, 6) )
5.19.2
.
. 0100AD4C00BF2 (Uii .
10 0100A.D4CCM3(j). (40 )
,
,
. , 1
0! \! )1 ( , (., ) .
. , , . ,

 tvtcw

: 52
; () 40

12

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4

0100184000

QFF008

0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0020030981)

'24

UTTOAoati

fsua&im .

r)

5.19.2
,

..
11 00010111111 ,
, 0
. . 0 . ,
,
0
000101111.1 1 37
:
0 0000 0010 0000 0001 0101 101.0 1001 1000 0000 ( 002.015980 , |() )

 . 187

5.19-3
.

. 52
(): 40

5 . 12

37 ,

1
1
0
..

0
0
0

24

Of '008

Q000A3

.
5<;&

i >

5.19.3

. 01.00184(356134(1>),
5.19.4
.
.

220

: 52
()' 40 *
3?

: 12
8

: 16x8

oiooiiUcoo

1
1
1

OIOOAD4COO

0100184CS6

0
0
0

0
0
1
0
1
0
1

0010030580
00201SA980
002003098

0~

~ _

fi yriQAorira

5iiodo
""y

5.19.4

5.20 (5.13 )
(virtual memory)
. (TLB)
8
(CPU cache memory). 52 ,
36 4
(Kbytes). .

.
.
. 4 16 .
. 8 16 .

187

- . , =1
,
.
-
,
. .
4 == 212 , 12
.
, 14 16 , 4
, , .
4 (Kbytes) ,1,6
. 4 = 4><2'0
/2 4 = 2*=256 .
8
,
12
, .
0. ,
,
. 36
4 , = 2 ' ' , 24 . 5.20,1

.

 tvtcw

6
!]: 52
\f\/\"Vf. 40

- *

6: 12

40 6uo6mi:i
7 ' '

: 24

. 24

J
?

'24

>24

16

/ ;'

6?

. 5.20.1
(.1 16 , 4
.
8 (Kbytes) 16
8 ./16 = 2' , 2
/2 4 = 2* = 512 . , 9 ,
13 .
12
.
. 272 = 2' = 25
., 8 12 ,
.

187

5.20.2
.

^
*

.-: 52
SAiixit; ()' 40 -*- *

5. 52

5,20.2
24 . '
, ,
, .
5.21 (5.. 14 )
(virtual memory)
, (TLB)
8
(CPU cache memory) . 14
52 36
4 (Kbytes). 1.6 16 ..
.
5.21.1.

224

>'

.
,
.
: A000BC124C83A, AOOOBC124C341, 00000001120

(miss)
.

A000BC124C

F24AB0

0
0
0

0
.0

"
0
1
1
0
0

F24AB0
F24A80

8
2

(830-83)
Mtl{34CKS4F)

re umWuria

(

5.21.1

. 52 ,
4 ,
(2 s2 )/(4 ,) = 2 S: '/2' J = 240 . , , 40 , ,
12 . (2 J " )/(4 ) = 2 J '72 U = 2 24 .
24 . ,

, ,. 16 16 ,
12 4
, 4
4

 . 187

, . 5.21.2 _1. ,
, 2 5.21,2,
.
5.21.2
.

Aoymr'i : 52
(): 40 * ,

40

'
1

A000BC124C

FZ4AB0

0
0
0

j 4

y n
6
_2: 24

, 4 : 16x8

0
0
1
1

0
0

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F24A80

(833)
24{]-24

0
0

<r

: 12

-24

/
5.21.2 (-):
. 2.
(830-83) F24AB0830- F24A13083.F.
.1. A000BC 124(383, 40
, , A000BC124C, , .
.

! 226

) '

i,
" .
. 12 , 83, , , .
3 3. 1 4
(8) J (8)
3 .
( 8). 2
3. (
240),
.
.2, A000BC124C341 40
, A0G0BC124C, .
,
.
12 , 34(|, ,
,
. , , 4, 4.
_ 1 4 ,
1 4 . .
4 .
_ 2
4
. 4
,
.
240340- 24034
4 _1
5.21,3.

187

|}0
; 52
(): 40
40

1|
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

: 40
A000BC124C

F24A80

: _ _

i*4

:_2: 24

1:4 . *: 16x8

0
0
0
1
1
0
0

: 12

FZ4AB0
F24AB0

8
3

(830-83)

Mn(340-34F)

_ .1 .

[Q utietAosiia

tWyxou

emn/
5,21.3
(321. 00000001J 201, 40
000000011 6 ) , , .
,
A 0 0 0 8 C 124(1 0,
(., ).
. , ,
.
.
,
,
.

5.21.4. ,
00343.

328

.4/ < > >

; 5?
6 ( 40 *
4

40
1

A0008CI24C

6 12

'I

0
1
1
a

4
4

_2:24
00343

,,, , , 16x8
(200-20) j
2

F24ABO
F24A80

9
3

(830-83)
Mfl(340-34F)

ui'6AOini!

&

''..'

5.21.4

R
\6->1
, j

. 11 rivm , , tu: . , (poA.oyum,

nsoc

,. , D a u y o r v , , , , , , , , , . wa,l si.aS.cs)

(3. II .,, ,. ) ..see , , , .0;; ,

; . : ::> <) r.ivur.

(,,:

. :
0,2 (10+ 0+ 5)+0,3 {2 0 +10+5)+,4*(30+1 +5)+0,! (60+10+5) = 41 nsec.
: 4 /41 nsec =
= 97,56 /.
.
6.2
8 , ,
(slave) (master) 2034 12 nsec,
30% 19 nsec, 40*4 28 nsec 10%
62 nsec. 5 nscc.
.
,
. , () 5 nsec
. (wait states
.
. 14 ,
, 10 nsec .

. . 5 nsec 5 nsec, .
/ 62 nsec,

, . 1.3 . :
( )/(( 1 + 3)*5 nsec) = (8*")/70 / = 114,28x4 0''
/ = 114,28 /.
. . 20% 4 , 30%
5 , 4054 7 , 10% 14 .

-3>

231

0,2x4 + 0,3x5 + 0,4*7 + 0,1 >' 1.4 = 6,5 :
(8 ) /(6,5*5 nsec) = 8/(6,5 5* ' 9 ) / =
= 246,153 /.
. :
0,2(12+10+5)+0,3 (19 +10+5)+0,4(28+0+5)+0,(62+10+5) = 40,5 nsec.
: 8 240,5 nsec =
=- 197,53 /.
.
6.3 (6,2 )
I GHz. ,
, 1.000
. / 500
.
/ .
. /
(polling).
/ 10 .
, / 500
, 500 .
. /
.
1.300
.
. .

I GHz 1* '9 = 1 usee.

. / 1.0 , 500 1000 /, /
: 1 Qx50Qx 1.000* 1 '9 .

 ) '

! 232

/ 500 ,
500/60 . / 500/60 500 1

10'" .

/:
(10x500* 1.000 1 "9) + (5(30/60<500>' 1 '9) =
= 5.000.000* 10" 9 +4.166* 10"9 5 10"3 =
- 0,5 10"2

0,5% /.
. / 500
1,300
,
/:
500/60* 1.300 1 * 10'9 = 10,833,3 "9 =
= 0,001 '2 .
* 0,001%
/.
.

/ .
6.4 ((>,3 )
5.000.100
, 100 / .

/ 6.

/
4 (KBytes). , ., (Direct
Memory Access, DMA).
2000 .
-

yjato }-

233

4 / (
), )
100 /
1 GHz.
.
: 2
10.

, ,
100

.
5.000.000 , , (5.000.000 )* [(6 )/ J *[(! nsec (/( )]
= 30.000.000 nsec = 30 msec.

, 2.000
1 , , 2.000 1 nsec = 2 psee.

4 4 /, :
, = (4 )/(4 ) = (4x2"V(4>3 0 6 ) = 2 1 /) 6 = 1024/10" = 1,024 msec.
4 100 /, :
2 = (4 )/( 100 ) =
= (4x2"V(IOOx 106) = 4096/) 8 = 0,040 msec.
:
2 psec + 1,024 msec + 0,040 msec = 0,002 msec + 1,024 msec + 0,040 msec = 1,066
msec.
100
100x1,066 msec = 106,6 msec.

234

100 53)003)00 .
30 msec + 106,6 msec
= 136,6 msec.
6.5
6.4

(
).
6,4
,
0,80 ( , hit ratio)
6.4.

,
100 ,
,
.
5,000.000 . (5.000.000 ) [(6 )/]
*[(! 5)/ ] = 30.000,000 usee = 30 msec.
,
, 2.000 ,
, , 2,000 1 usee = 2.000* 10'* sec = 2 (isec.
20%
, '
. 100 / :

<

235

- 100 [0,8 (4 )/(100 , ) +

(1-0,8)

((4 )/(4 ) +
(4 )/( 100 ))] =100 [(4 )/( 100 ) +
0,2(4 .)/(4 )) = 100[(4 2*)/( 100 10&) + 0,2*(4 2 10 )/(4 6) ] =
= 100*[0,040 msec + 0,2( 1,024 msec)] =
= 100[0,040 msec +- 0,20 msec)] = 100 0,24 msec = 24 msec.

' 6.4.
30 msec +2 psec + 2.4 msec
= 54 msec.

6.6
-
100 MHz 64 .
. .
60 nsec. 8- .
DRAM
(row address) 512 .
, 64 * .
-,
.
. , ,
8 .
. , ,
4 .
. .

! 236

) '

100 MHz, 1/(100 MHz) = 1/(100x10* sec) = 10"s sec =10 ns.
64 , .
DRA.M

(row address) 512 , 64
. .
, , 60 nsec,
* . .
.
64
"
, ) 64 :
= 1 + 1 , + 60 ns
+7 =
= 10 ns + 10 ns + 60 ns +7 10 ns = 150 ns

:

] = (64 )/( 1.50 ns) = 0,42666 109 =

- 426,66 10 =
= 426,66

* , raoc
4 . , ,

. 64 :

 < -

237

17 = 1 + 1. + 60 ns
+3 +
1 + 1 + 4

=
= 10 ns + 10 ns + 60 ns +3 10 ns +10 ns + 10 ns +4* 10 ns = 170 ns

JVE> -

:
?= (64 )/(170 ns) = 0,37647 10 =
= 376,47 106 =
= 376,47 .
.
" , 8

. 3 64 :
Tj = 1 + I + 60 ns
+7*( 1 + 1 +
) =
=10 ns + 10 ns + 60 ns +7*(10 ns +10 ns + 10 ns) = 290 ns
-
:
3= (64 )/ (290 ns) = 0,22068 * tif =
= 220,68 106 =
= 220,68 .

238

6.7 (6.4 )
200 MHz
1 (MBytes). 8
. .
4 .
-
, 500 (cycles)
4
80 .
,
(KM 15);
. (.) (interrupt) .
4
.
;
.
,
,
;
: 1. = 1.000 1 = 1.000.000

200 MHz,
1/(200* 6) 0,5* 10'" sec - 5* '9 sec = 5 nsec.
500 , 250 ,

250
.

8 , 4 :
4,, = (4 )/(8 ) = 0,5* 10 =
' = 500,000 nsec

<>, no, ,,</< // /-, , . ,< ,,,

239

.
4 , . 500
( ) 4
80 ( 6.7.1).
:
-,,,., = (500+80) = 580*5 nsec = 2900 nsec
" 500 , , , 250 ,
4 , . 250 250*5 nsec
= 1250 nsec, 4 500.000 nsec,
0 500.000 nsec 1250 nsec = 498.750 nsec = 99.750 .
1 , :
,.* = ( 4 ) [( ) +
( 4 )] =
= (I/4)*[(500 )+(80 )]*5 nsec
= 262.144x580x5 nsec = 760.217.600 nsec = 760,217 msec.

! 240

) '

1250

]?250
400 nsec

<*

mm*
A nsec

12S0~j | 1250
nsec 400 nsec

A nsec

6.7.1 , (interrupt)
4 .

* . ,. 4
1
. 250
80
4 , . 0
, 4 ,
( 6.7,2),

 < -

Ml

1250
nsec 40 D

nsec

nsec
400

241

I I 12501
400 nsec

6.7.2
.

. 4
80 ,

, . * * 5 nsec
500.000 nsec 4
,
.

! 242

) '

1 :
, = [( )+
( 4 . )]+ ( 4 -1) x
[( 4
) + (
)] + (
) =
= 2.505 n S ec +R0x5 nsec + (/4 -1) x (500.000 nsec+80*5 nsec) +
250 5 nsec =
= ! ,250 nsec 400 nsec + 262.143* (500,000 nsec + 400 nsec) +E250 nsec =
= 1,650 nsec + 13 176,3572* 106 nsec + 1,250 nsec =
= 0,001.650x 1.06 usee + 131,176,3572* H)6 nsec +0,00 1 2 5 0 x 106 nsec =
= (0,001650 + 131.176,3572 +0,00l250)x 1()6 nsec =
= 131.176,3601 xHf usee
= 13 176,3601 msec
"
.
6.7.1 , ,

2*250x5 usee. ,

4
. .
. 0
4
tow 2x250*5 nsec.
4/(() ) <
2*250*5 nsec
4/(2 *250*5 nsec) < (
)

 <

243

( ) >
(4 0")/(2500) =
1.600.000 = 1,6 .
1 ,,
, , 1,61. .
. (. .
4
:
.4,, = (4 )/(1,61 ) s 2.484 nsec

. = [( )+
( 4 )] ( 4 -1) *
[( 4
) + (
) |+ (
) =
= 250x5 usee + 80*5 nsec. + (1/4 4p<f2,484 nsec + 80*5 nsec]+
250*5 nsec =
= 1250 nsec + 400 nsec + 262.143x[2.484 nsec + 400 nsec]+ 1250 nsec =
= 756.023.312 nsec s 756,023 msec.
. = 1,61 > 1,6
, ,
,
6.8
(sectors) 512 , 1024
5 ms.
/
, 1 1024
, :
. 5
. 20 .
.
.

! 244

) '

.
.

, tVtPM,
:
= ( ) +
( )/(> )=
= 5 ins + (.512 )/
/ :
* = ( )/(
) =
= ( 512 )/ =
= (*512 )/(5 ms + (*512 )/)
= 1/((5 rns)/(K'<5 12 ) + 1/)

(6.8.1)

(
) (5 )/(-<512 ),
/ . ,
(5 nis)/(K x 5l2 ) ,
.
. 5
* = i/((5 ms)/(K*512 ,) + 1/(5 )) =
= 1/(5/(*5 12) + 1/5000) ms =
= [1/{5/(*5!2) + 1/5000)]/1000

 <

245

PK=f(ic)

6,8.1 / t o 5 .
. 20
* = 1/((5 msy(Kx512 ) + 1/(20 )) =
= 1/(5/(512) + 1/20.000) ms =
= [/(5/(512) + 1/20.000)]/1000 .

246

>'

p = f M

6.8.2 / to 20 .
6.8.1 6.8.2
/ .
6.8.1, MPM 1/MPM
. 6.8.1 6.8.2
, , ,
. .
6.9
(sectors) 512 , 512
, , 5 ms 20 .
32 .

24?

6.9.1. , (2**512
) ,
20 . .
6.9.1
[

'

51.2

,,<

...,,
.

2*512 <//,

2
3

4*512

8*512

58
32

16*512 :

.(

1,8

32*51.2

_
8

_ _1

\,>/: ,

/,..

* 2 UIT

/ . _ .

128*512 #,.,>!(. .,
256x512

512*512

,.

1,0
6

3,5
2,

1,1

, <512,
.
, . 6,9.1
,
. 32 ,
(100*32 )/,
1IX.
. :
= ( )*[( )+
(2""5< 512)/(0 ) =

|
|

= [((100*32 )/) / (2**512 )>[( )+

(2**512 )/( )] =

! 248

) '

= ((10032*2 2<) )/)/(2 512 )!

(25 ms + (2**512 )/(20* 6 ) ) =
= (( 1 ()():<32 220)/) / (2**512))]*(5

ms +(2*512)/(20* 6) s) =

= ((100 32-<2 20 )/) / (2 -<512)](5 ms + 1000x(2"x512)/(20xl0 6 )ms) =

= (( 32230)/) / (2"512)](5 +(2**512)/(2 3)) ms
6.9.1 32
. ~6, ,
26><512 == 2 f 'x2 9 = 21S . 32 .

,={)
3 50
300 ...

ISO

100

..

6.9.1

6.10
2, 2*0
, 4 (2 platters), 16,000 , (sectors'
52 , 5.400 rpm
J 2 ins. 1 , 2 32 ,
, , = 0,9.
.

<

249

. ] 2
.
. 2 (I/O maximum
transfer rate) 3 G /,
2 4 ,
I 2
.

250 G , 4 (2 platters), 16.000 . (sectors) 512 , 25)'2).)/4 =

25()2 28 . (250*2 )/16.000 =
4,194.304 (4.194,304 )/(512 ) = 8.192 ,
. ,
T a I 4,
,
2 ,
(sector) .
4 12 ms , 1 = 12 ms.
4,
.
,= (60 * 1000)2(5400 2) = 5,55 ms.
. 4"= ,+2" 12 ms +5,55 ms =
17,5 ms.
2
,
. ,,,,


. 2 :
2 = * + (1-)( + ( )

250

, [1,

2 , ,) = 0.
2 ~ (1 - )*
' ,
3 /

, ,
4 , == + 3 + Tit
( 8.192 ,
, =" (60 1.000),/ (2 5.400 8.192) ms ~ 0,00068 ms.
4 = (60 1.000) / 5.400 ms = 11,11 ms
= , + , + ", = 12 ins + 0,00068 ms + 11,11 ms = 23,11068 ms
2 :
2 = ; ( 1 ) = (1- 0,9) 23,11068 ms -=0,1 23,11068 ins = 2,311 ms.

" , , / 2 = 17,5/2,311 = 7,57.
. 4 = 42 1 0

,0

( 2 2 ) / 2 =

(4'2 ,0 )/512 -

8 . 4

, 8
.
:

= ( ) + ( 8 )

= 1.7,5
ms. :
= 17,5 ms + (860 000)/(5.400*8.92) ms = 17,5 ms + , ms =17,511 ms
2 4 :
= *( 4 2) +
(1 -E)x[( + 4 , 2) =
=

( 4 2) +
(l-E)x[( )

</*.' - ,.,.>,<>

25 I

,
=23,11068 ms.
.2 (8x4 )/(3 (3 ) s + (1 - 0,9) 23,11068 ins =
= (8*42 1 0 .)/(3 10* ) s + 0,1 23,1.1068 ms =
= (8*4x2' )/(3 10' ) ms + 2,311068 ms =
= 0,109 ms + 2,311068 ms = 2,42 ms.

&

7.1 (7.1 )
" , " "
., "
.
;

,
. . 7 3 .
. . .
, ,, ,
, , .
.., .
.

7.2 (7.2 )
7.2.1 to
, . *

.
.
.
.
.
. .

2 54

. .
.
. I. ,
.2. .
. . 1, .2, , .2.

*
it.
-*

-"

JL
*
-

7.2.1 .

,

.
.
.

, , , ( 7.2.2).

. 2
.
, ] . 3 .

-..m,.;>-

; 3

t 2

JL

7.2.2
, ,

. >, , .

. 2.

, , , ( 7.2.3).
, . .
I <> . .;
.

! 256

) '

_
*

V*

....

L __..

....

1
!

7,2,3 H
. ,
, 3
, .
.
, , , ( 7.2.4). |
. 2
.
, . ? ,
.

 -.

*
*

. m ,. ;> -

257

*
*

7,2.4
, , (
.
3 , .
.2.

, , ( 7.2.5). , ,
.
2 ,
, . t:>+l
, . -,
, .

 tvtcw

 -..m,.;>-

259

ii.

, 7.2.4 7.2.5.
7.2.2 7.2.3
.
. , ,

, 7.2.2 7.2.4.
7.3 (7.3 )
(superscalar)
4, / (/)
, (..)
4 . (
7.3.1)
.
.
(in-order) .
.
(out-of-order) .

Load rl, aO
Load r2, b()
Mul r3, rl, r2

/r3<-rl *r2

Load r4, eO
Add r5, r3, r4
Store rS, dO
Load r6, al
Load r7, bl
Mul r8, r6, r?

/r5^-r3+r4

! 260

) '

Load r9, C 1
Add rl0, r8, r9
Store rlO, dl
Load rl i, a2
Load rl 2, b2

Mul rl3, rl 1, rl2

Load r!4, c2
Add rl5, rl3, rl4
Store rl 5, d2
7.3.1

A AM

1
2

1J

,
,
, *
* . ' - .
.
, .
.
(in-order) .

 -. . m ,. ;> - 266

1
Load rl. at)

2
Load r2, bO

3
Mulr3,rl,r2

4
Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r2, bO*

Mul r3, rl, r2*

Load r4, cO

Store r5, dO

Mul r3, rl, r2

Load r4, cO

Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r6, al

Load r4, cO

Add r5, r3, r4

Store r5, dO

Load rl, b 1

Mul r3, 1, 2 Load r2, bO. ,
Load i"2, bi) ,
Mul r3, !, 2
.

5
Add r5, r3, r4*

6
Add r5, r3, r4*

7
Add r5, r3, r l

8
Store r5, dO

Store rS, dO

Store r5, dO

Store r5, dO*

Load r6, al *

Load r6, al

Load r6, al

Load r6, a I

Load r7, hi

Load r7, b 1

Load r7, bl

Load r7, b 1

Mul r8, r6, r7

9
Load r6, al

1(1
Load r7, v bl;

11
Mul r8. r6, r7

12
Add rlO, r8, r9*

Load r7, b 1 *

Mul r8, r6, r7*

Load r9, c 1

Store rlO, dl

Mul r8, r6, r7

Load r9, c 1

Add rlO, r8, r9*

Loadr11, a2

Load r9, cl

Add r 10, r8, r9

Store rlO, dl

Load r 12, b2

! 262

)'

13
Add r 10, 8, :9*

) 14
Add r 10, r8, r9*

15
Addf 10,r8,i9 '

16
Store rlO, dl... ",

Store r 10, til

Store rlO, dl

Store rl0, dl *

Load r 11, a2 *

Load rl 1, a2

Load r! 1, a2

Load rl 1, a2

Load rl2, b2

Load rl 2, b2

Load r!2, b2

Load r 12, b2

Mul rl3, rl 1, rl2

1'7
Load rl I a2

19
20
18
Load r12,
. . . :Mnl r!3, rl.l,.rI2. 1 - Add rl 5, rl 3, rl4*

Load ri 2, b2*

Mul r 13, r 11, rl2*

Load r!4, c2-

Mul r 13, r 11, r!2

Load rl4, c2

Add rl5, rl 3, rl4*

I,oad r 14, c2

Add rl 5, rl3, r!4

Store rl5, d2

21
Add rl 5, rl 3, r 14*

22
Add : 15, r 13, rl 4*

23
Add.rl5,r!3,r!4-

Store rl5, d2

Store r!5, d2

Store rl 5, d2*

Store r15, d2

24
StoretlS, d2

Load r i, a0

Load r2, b0

Load r4, cO

263

Mul r3, rl, r2

4
5

6
Add r5, r3, r4

7
8

Store r5, dO

Load i:6, al

10

l.,oacl r7, bl

11

Load r9, c 1

Mul r8, r6, r7

12

13
14
Add r 10, r8, r9

15
16

Store rlO, dl

17

Load rl I, a 2

18

Load r l 2 , b2

19

Load r l 4 , c2

Mul r!3, r l l , r 12

20

21
22
23

::::: :

Add rl 5, rl 3, r i 4
Store rl 5, (12

,
(out-of-order) .

! 264

1
Load rl, aO

) '

2
. Load r2, bO

3
Mul r3, rl, r2

.
4
Add r5, r3, r4*

Load c2, bO*

Mul r3, rl, r2*

Load r4, cO

Store r5, dO*

Mul r3, rl, r2*

Load r4, cO'

Add rS, r3, r4*

Load r6, al

Load r4, cO*

Add r5, r3, r4*

Store r5, d()**

I ,oad r7, b I *

5
Add r5, r3, r4*

6
Add r5, r3, r4*

7
Add rS,x>, r4

Store r5, dO*

Store r5, dO*

8
Store r5, dO

Store r5, dO*

Load rl, b 1

Mul r8, r6, rl

9
Load r9, c 1

10
Add rlO, r8, r9*

11
Add rlO, r8, r9*

12
Add rlt), r8, P)

Add r 10, r8, r9*

Store rl0. dl*

Store r 10, d 1 *

Store rlO, dl*

Store rlO, dl**

Load r l 1, a2

Load rl 1, a2*

Load rl2, b2*

: Load'r 12, b2

13
Store rlO, dl

14
Load rl4, c2

15
Add rl 5, rl 3, rl4*

16
Add r 15, rl3, rl4*

Add r 15, rl3,rl4*

Store rl 5, d2*

Store rl5, d2*

Store rl 5, d2**
Mul rl3, rl 1, rl2

 -. . m ,. ;> -

17
Add rl5.rl3.rl 4

265

18
Store r!5, d2

Store rl 5, d2*

Load r1,a0

Load r2, bO

Load r4, cO

Load r6, a 1

Load r7, bl

A AM

Mul r3, r l , r 2

6
Add r5, r3, r4

7
8

Store r5, dO

Load r9, el

10

Load rl 1, a2

11

Load r 12, b2

12

Mul r8, r6, r7

Add rlO, r8, r9

13

Store rlO, dl

14

Load rl4, c2

Mul rl3, rl 1, rl2

15
16
Add rl5, rl3, r 14

17
18

Store r15, d2

! 266

) '

7.4
7.3 / (/)
' .

,
,
, *
* . ' .
, .
.
(in-order) .

Load rl", aO

Load r2, bO

Mul r3, r l , r2

Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r2, bO*

Mul r3, rI, r2*

Load r4, cO

Store r5, dO

Mul r3, rl, r2

Load r4, cO

Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r6, al

Load r4, cO

Add r5, r3, r4

Store r5, dO

Load r7, bl

Add r5, r3, r4*

Add r5, r3, r4*

Add r5, r3, r4

Store r5, dO

Store r5, dO

Store r5, dO

Store r5, dO*

Load r6, al

Load r6, a 1

Load r6, a 1

Load r6, a 1

Load r7, hi*

Load r7, b 1

Load r7, bl

Load r7, bl

Mul r8, r6, r7

 -. . m ,. ;> -

267

9
Load.r7, hi

10
Mul 8. r6, *7

11
Add r 10, r8,r9*

12
Add rlO, r8, r9*

Mul r8, r6, 7*

Load r9, C l

Store 10, dl

Store rlO, dl

Load r9, cl

Add r 10, r8,r9*

Load rl 1, a2

Load rl 1, a2

Add r 10, r8, 9

Store rlO, dl

Load rl2, b2

Load r 12, b2

13
Add r 10, r8, r9*

14
Add rl0, rS, r9

15
Store rlO.dl

16
Load r 12. b2

Store rlO, dl

Store rlO, dl*

Load rl 1. .i2

Mul rl3, rl I, rl2*

Load rl 1, a2

Load rl 1, a2

Load rl2, b2*

Load rl4, c2

Load rl2, b2

Load rl2, b2

Mul rl3, rl 1, rl2

Add r!5, rl3, r 14

17
Mulrl3.rll.rl2

) 18
Add rl5, rl 3, rl4*

19
Add r 15, rl 3, r 14*

20
Add rl5, rl3, rl4*

Load r 14, c2

Store r 15, d2

Store r 15, d2

Store rl5, d2

21
Add r 15, r13, rl4

22
Store r 15, d2

Add rl5, rl.3, rl4*

Store rl 5, d2

Store rl5, d2*

! 268

) '

Load rl, aO

Load -2, bO

Load t. cO

A AM

Mul r \ rl, r2

4
5

6
7
5

Add r5. r3, r4

Store r5, dO
Load r6, al
1 oad r7, bl

10

Load r9, c!

Mul r8, r6, r7

11
12
13
14

Add rlO, r8, r9

15

Store rlO, dl
Load rl 1, a2

16

Load rl 2, b2

17

Load r 14, c2

Mul rl 3, rl 1, rl2

18
19
20
21
22

Add r 15, rl3, rl4

Store rl5, d2

)/ (/) * ,
7.3

 -. . m ,. ;> -

269

|5.
(out-of-order) .

I
Loadarl, aO

2
Load r2, hO

3
Mul i-3. rI, 12

) 4
Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r2, bO*

Mul r3, rl, r2*

Load r4, eO

Store r5, dO*

Mul r3, rl, r'2*

Load 14,cO*

Add r5, r3. r4*

Loada1

Load r4, eO*

Add r5, r3. r4*

Store r5, dO*

1 oad r7, bl*

5
Add r5, r3, r4*

6
Add r5, r3, r4*

7
Add r5, r3,it

8
Store I|H dO

Store r5, dO*

Store r5, dO*

Store r5, dO*

Mul rS. r6, r7

Load r7, b 1

9
Load r), e l

10
Add r 10, r8, r9*

11
Add rl 0, r8, r9*

12
Add rlO, r8, r9

Add rlO, r8, r9*

Store rlO, dl*

StorerlO, dl*

StorerlO, dl*

StorerlO, dl*

Load rl L,'a2 ''

Load rl a2*

Load r!2. b2*

Load r12, b2

! 270

) '

13

14

15

16

Store r 1.0, cil.

Load r 1.4, c2

Add rl.5, rl 3, r l 4 *

Add r 15, rl.3, rl.4*

Add rl 5, ii.3, rl4*

Store rlS, d2*

Store r l 5 , d 2 *

I
j

Store rl5, d2*

.Mulrl3,rll,rI2 '

17
Add rl5, rl 3r!4

18
Storer 15, d2 . .

'

Store rl 5, (12*

7.3,
, . .
. .

 -. . m ,. ;> -

Load r I, a0

Load r2, bO

Load r4, cO

Load r6. al

Load r7, bl

271

Mul i:3, rl, r2

6
Add r5, r3, r4

7
8

Store r5, dO

Load r9, c 1,

10

Load rl I,, a2

11

Load r l 2 , b2

Mul r8, r6, r7

Add rlO, r8, 9

12
13

Store rlO, dl

14

Load r 14, c2

Mul r 13, rl 1, r 12

15
16
Add rl5, rl3, rl4

1.7
18

Store rl 5, d2

7.5
7.3 / (/) "
'
.

272

,4>:

Ymkuyimoiv

,
. ,
. ] , *
. * . , ., ' . .
. (3 ,/ , , .
. o n e
( m i n d e r ) .

Load rl, aO

Mul 1-3, r l , r2

Add r>, r.3, r4*

Add r.3, :3, r4*

1 uad r4, cO

Store r5. dO

Store i-5, dO

Mul ), rl. -2

Add r5. n , r4*

Load r<>, a l

Load rO, al

Load r 1, cO

Store 13. dO

Load r7, h 1

...id r . hi

Load r2, bO
1:

Add r.5.. r.3, '!>

Add 5, )"3, r4

Store r5, dO

Load r7, bl

Shire r5. do

Su.rc o . dO*

Load r6, a I

Mul rS, r6, r7*

Load rO, a!

I .oad , a I

Load r7, bl*

Load rO, c!

Load r7, bl

Load r'7, hi

Mul r8, r6, r7

Add riO, r8, rO

 yia itm;f>/k.<hi<t.aot,: /';^ -:::/': .> /.! :,>

10

11

12

Add -10, r, r9*

Add rl0, rS, r9*

Add rlO. in. r9*

r9, C 1

Store rl0, dl

Store rlO, dl

5)tore rlO. dl

Add rlO, rS, r9*

Load i l l , a2

Load rl i, a2

1 oad rl 1. a2

Store rlO, dl

Load rl 2, 02

I oad

L.oad 1-12, H2

M u l

rX,

L o a d

jr6,

r7

1-12, h 2

13

14

15

Add

r l O ,

oS,

r 9

Store

r i d ,

d l

! Pad" r 1

a 2

Vliil rl.L 1 1, r)2*

1 .oad r 1 4 . e2

2,

h2

16
M u l

rl 3, r l l . rl2

Store i ll), d l *

L o a d r l

Load r 1 1,a2

Load rl 2, h2*

Load rl l, e2

Add rl5, rl3, rl4*

Load rl2, b2

Mul rl3, r11, t-12

Add 115, rl3, rl4

Store rl5, tl2

17

1.

IS

19

20

Add rl 5, rl 3, r!4*

Add rl5, r 13, rl4*

Add 115, rl3. r 14*

Add rl 5, rl3, rl4

Store rl 5, d2

Store rl5, d2

Store 115, d2

Si ore rl.5, 02 *

21
Store rL5, d2

! 274

) '

Load rl, a()

Load r2, bO

Load r4, cO

AA

Mul r3, rl, r2

3
4
5
6

Add r5, r3, r4

Store r5, dO
Load r6, a 1

Load r7, bl

Load r9, el

Mul r8, r6, r7

10
11
12
13

Add rlO, r8, r9

14

Store rlO, dl
Load rl 1, a2

15

Load rl2, b2

16

Load rl4, e2

Mul r 13, rl 1, r 12

17
18
19
20
21

Add rl5, rl3, rl4

Store r 15, d2

 -..m,.;>-

275

/ ' (/)
, 7.3 7.4.
.
(out-of-order) .

Load r l , aO

Mttl r3, r l , r2

Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r2, b(l

Load r4, c()

Store r5, dO*

Mul r3, r l , r2*

Add r5, r3, r4*

Load r6, al

Load r4, eO*

Store r5, dO*

Load r7. bl

Add r5, r3, r4*

Add r5, r3, r4*

Add r5, r3, r4

Store r5, dO*

Store r5, dO*

Store r5, dO*

7
Store r5, dO

Mul r8, r6, r7

*>

10

Load r9, c l

Add rlO, r8, t9*

Add rlO, r8, r9*

Add r 10. r 8 , r 9

Add rlO, r8, r9*

Store rlO, d l *

Store r 10, d l *

StorerlO, d l *

StorerlO, d l *
Load rl 1. a2

1 .oad r'12, b2

11

! 276

) '

13

12
Store * 10, d l

- Load r 14, c2 " '

Add rl5, rl3, rl4*

14

15

Add rl5, rl3, r l 4 *

Add rl5, rl3, rl4*

Store r!5, d2*

Store rl5, d2*

Store rlS, d2*

.Mu!rl:3, rl l , : r I 2 ' \

16

17

.Add rl.3, rl3, r l 4 . ,

,Storerl5 ) d2V , -"V'

Store rl 5, d2*

(I 7,3,
, , .
.

Load rl, aO
L.oad r2, bO

Load t4, cO

Load r6, a!
Load r7, b 1

A AM

277

Mul t*3, rl, r2

4
5
Add r5, r3, r4

6
7

Store r.5, dO

Load t9, cl
Load r l l , a2

Load rl2, b2

Mul r8, r6, r7

10
Add rlO, r8, r9

11
12

Store rlO, dl

13

Load rl4, c2

Mul rl3, rl 1, r 12

14

Add r 15, rl 3, r!4

16
17

Store rl5, d2

7.6 (7.4 )
(VL1W)
, ,

.
:

278

) '

I
1

''

LOAD R4 < []
'

LOAD R9

M[W]

Rl

R2 * R6

Rl

R4 * Rl

R?

R5 + R8

R3 <- R2 +R5
RIO
R4

R3 *R7
R5 + R4

R9 < R6 + R4
STORE M[Y]

R4

STORE M[X] <r- RIO

) .

.
.

.

-..m,.;>-

t-;

! 280

) '

7.7

, ,
.
,
LOAD R4 - []
Rl

R2 * R6

R7

R5 + R8

RIO < R3 *R7

R9 <-- R6 + R4
R3

R2 +R.5

STORE (]

R3

fEVlME,


.

 -..m,.;>-

281

4
*

2
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1

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fg

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so
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ai

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6

i4

Q
'o
C

-c

oi

&

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CA

1
S

<1

a
s.

g
-

-3

<
4

:t

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, ,
(, , RISC, CISC)
-
(pipelining)
( , , , )
-
(superscalar) (VLIW)
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http://www.ceid.upatras.grftca-lab/nikolos_en/Arch-book.htm

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'i'ail^infoiaginurclf-is. c o m

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