D3NN1S 4

“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE CHOTA”
Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal y Ambiental

Dr. Edin Becerra Celiz Matemática II
PRÁCTICA N° 04
3.2. POWER AND SUM RULES 125
3.2 Power and Sum Rules

dy
1. =0
dx
dy
2. =0
dx
dy
3. = 9x8
dx
dy
4. = 48x11
dx
dy
5. = 14x − 4
dx
dy
6. = 18x2 + 6x
dx
√
dy 2 43x
7. = 2x−1/2 + 4x−5/3 = √ + 2
dx x x
dy 1 3 1 3√
8. = x−1/2 − x1/2 = √ − x
dx 2 2 2 x 2
9. f 0 (x) = x4 − 12x3 + 18x
10. f 0 (x) = −4x5 + 20x4 − 26x + 8
11. f (x) = 4x5 − 5x4 − 6x3

f 0 (x) = 20x4 − 20x3 − 18x2
2
12. f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − x +
x2
4
f 0 (x) = 6x2 + 6x − 1 − 3
x
13. f (x) = x2 (x2 + 5)2 = x6 + 10x4 + 25x2 ; f 0 (x) = 6x5 + 40x3 + 50x
14. f (x) = x9 + 3x8 + 3x7 + x6 ; f 0 (x) = 9x8 + 24x7 + 21x6 + 6x5

√ 4
15. f (x) = 16x + 8 x + 1; f 0 (x) = 16 + √
x
16. f (x) = 81 − x2 ; f 0 (x) = −2x
17. h(u) = 64u3 ; h0 (u) = 192u2

1 −4 1 1 8
18. p(t) = t − 4t−2 ; p0 (t) = − t−5 + 8t−3 = − 5 + 3
16 4 4t t
1 2 3 4
19. g(r) = r−1 + r−2 + r−3 + r−4 ; g 0 (r) = −r−2 − 2r−3 − 3r−4 − 4r−5 = − − 3− 4− 5
r2 r r r
126 CHAPTER 3. THE DERIVATIVE
5t4 + 8t
20. Q0 (t) =
6
21. y 0 = 6x2 . When x = −1, the slope of the tangent line is 6 and the point of tangency is
(−1, y(−1)) or (−1, −3). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y + 3 = 6(x + 1) or
y = 6x + 3.
22. y 0 = −1−(8/x2 ). When x = 2, the slope of the tangent line is −3 and the point of tangency is
(2, y(2)) or (2, 2). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 2 = −3(x − 2) or y = −3x + 8.
23. y 0 = −2x−3/2 + x−1/2 . When x = 4, the slope of the tangent line is 1/4 and the point of
tangency is (4, y(4)) or (4, 6). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 6 = (x − 4)/4 or
y = x/4 + 5.
24. y 0 = −3x2 + 12x. When x = 1, the slope of the tangent line is 9 and the point of tangency is
(1, y(1)) or (1, 5). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 5 = 9(x − 1) or y = 9x − 4.
25. y 0 = 2x − 8. The tangent is horizontal when 2x − 8 = 0 or x = 4. Since y(4) = −11, the

tangent is horizontal at (4, −11).
26. y 0 = x2 − x. The tangent is horizontal when x2 − x = 0 or x = 0, 1. Since y(0) = 0 and

y(1) = −1/6, the tangent is horizontal at (0, 0) and (1, −1/6).
27. y 0 = 3x2 − 6x − 9. The tangent is horizontal when 3x2 − 6x − 9 = 0 or x = 3, −1. Since

y(3) = −25 and y(−1) = 7, the tangent is horizontal at (3, −25) and (−1, 7).
28. y 0 = 4x3 − 12x2 . The tangent is horizontal when 4x3 − 12x2 = 0 or x = 0, 3. Since y(0) = 0
and y(3) = −27, the tangent is horizontal at (0, 0) and (3, −27).
29. y 0 = −2x, so mtan = −4 at (2, −3). Thus, the slope of the normal line is m = 1/4 and its
1 1 7
equation is y + 3 = (x − 2) or y = x − .
4 4 2
30. y 0 = 3x2 , so mtan = 3 at (1, 1). Thus, the slope of the normal line is m = −1/3 and its
1 1 4
equation is y − 1 = − (x − 1) or y = − x + .
3 3 3
31. y 0 = x2 − 4x, so mtan = 0 at (4, −32/3). Thus, tangent line is horizontal and the normal line
is vertical. Its equation is x = 4.
32. y 0 = 4x3 − 1, so mtan = −5 at (−1, 2). Thus, the slope of the normal line is m = 1/5 and its
1 1 11
equation is y − 2 = (x + 1) or y = x + .
5 5 5
dy d2 y
33. = −2x + 3; = −2
dx dx2
dy 12 d2 y
34. = 30x − √ ; = 30 + 6x−3/2
dx x dx2
dy d2 y
35. = 32x − 72; = 32
dx dx2
3.2. POWER AND SUM RULES 127
dy d2 y
36. = 10x4 + 12x2 − 12x; = 40x3 + 24x − 12
dx dx2
dy d2 y
37. = −20x−3 ; = 60x−4
dx dx2
dy d2 y
38. y = x + 8x−6 ; = 1 − 48x−7 ; = 336x−8
dx dx2
39. f 0 (x) = 24x5 + 5x4 − 3x2 ; f 00 (x) = 120x4 + 20x3 − 6x;
f 000 (x) = 480x3 + 60x2 − 6; f (4) (x) = 1440x2 + 120x
dy d2 y d3 y
40. = 4x3 + 10x−2 ; = 12x2 − 20x−3 ; = 24x + 60x−4 ;
dx dx2 dx3
d4 y d5 y
= 24 − 240x−5 ; = 1200x−6
dx4 dx5
41. f 0 (x) = 2x + 8. Solving 2x + 8 > 0 we obtain x > −4. Thus f 0 (x) > 0 or (−4, ∞). Solving
2x + 8 < 0 we obtain x < −4. Thus f 0 (x) < 0 on (−∞, −4).
42. f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x − 9 = 3(x − 3)(x + 1). Checking the sign of f 0 (x) on the intervals (−∞, −1),
(−1, 3), and(3, ∞) we find that f 0 (x) > 0 on (−∞, −1) and (3, ∞) and f 0 (x) < 0 on (−1, 3).
43. f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 24x + 20; f 00 (x) = 6x + 24. Solving 6x + 24 = 0, we obtain x = −4. Thus the
point on the graph is (−4, f (−4)) or (−4, 48).
44. f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 6x2 ; f 00 (x) = 12x2 − 12x. Solving 12x2 − 12x = 0, we obtain x = 0 and x = 1.
Since f (0) = 0 and f (1) = −1, the points on the graph are (0, 0) and (1, −1).
45. f 0 (x) = 3(x − 1)2 ; f 00 (x) = 6(x − 1). f 00 (x) > 0 for x > 1 and f 00 (x) < 0 for x < 1. Thus,
f 00 (x) > 0 on (1, ∞) and f 00 (x) < 0 on (−∞, 1).
46. f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2x; f 00 (x) = 6x + 2 = 6(x + 1/3). f 00 (x) > 0 for x > −1/3 and f 00 (x) < 0 for
x < −1/3. Thus, f 00 (x) > 0 on (−1/3, ∞) and f 00 (x) < 0 on (−∞, −1/3).
47. y 0 = −x−2 + 4x3 ; y 00 = 2x−3 + 12x2 . Substituting into the differential equation, we get:
x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = x2 (2x−3 + 12x2 ) − 2x(−x−2 + 4x3 ) − 4(x−1 + x4 )

= 2x−1 + 12x4 + 2x−1 − 8x4 − 4x−1 − 4x4 = 0
Thus, the function satisfies x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = 0.

48. y 0 = 1 + 3x2 ; y 00 = 6x. Substituting into the differential equation, we get:
x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = x2 (6x) − 3x(1 + 3x2 ) + 3(x + x3 + 4)

= 6x3 − 3x − 9x3 + 3x + 3x3 + 12 = 12
Thus, the function satisfies x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = 12.

49. f 0 (x) = 4x − 3. Since the slope of the tangent line is 5, 4x − 3 = 5 and x = 2. Since f (2) = 8,
the point on the graph is (2, 8).
1 4
50. Writing 3x − 9y − 4 = 0 as y = x − , we see that the slope of the tangent line is 1/3. Now,
3 9
1 2
f (x) = 2x − 1 = , so x = . Since f (2/3) = −2/9, the point on the graph is (2/3, −2/9).
0
3 3
51. Since the slope of the normal line is 2, the slope of the tangent line is −1/2. Thus f 0 (x) =
2x − 1 = −1/2 and x = 1/4. Since f (1/4) = −3/16, the point on the graph is (1/4, −3/16).
3 1
52. Writing 3x − 2y + 1 = 0 as y = x + , we see that the slope of the tangent line is 3/2. Now
2 2
1 3
f 0 (x) = x − 2 = , so x = 7. Since f (7) = −7/4, the point on the graph is (7, −7/4).
2 2
53. y 0 = 3x2 + 6x − 4; y 00 = 6x + 6. The second derivative is zero when x = −1. Since y(−1) = 7
and y 0 (−1) = −7, the point on the graph is (−1, 7) and the slope of the tangent line is −7.
Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 7 = −7(x + 1) or y = −7x.
54. y 0 = 4x3 ; y 00 = 12x2 ; y 000 = 24x. The third derivative is 12 when x = 1/2. Since
y(1/2) = 1/16 and y 0 (1/2) = 1/2, the point on the graph is (1/2, 1/16) and the slope
of
1 1 1
the tangent line is 1/2. Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − = x− or
16 2 2
1 3
y = x− .
2 16
4π 3
55. V (r) = r ; S = V 0 (r) = 4πr2
3
P P R2 P 2 P P R2
56. v(r) = (R2 − r2 ) = − r . Since v 0 (r) = − r = 0, r = 0 and v(0) = .
4vl 4vl 4vl 2vl 4vl
k 2 dU k
57. U (x) = x ; F =− = − 2x = −kx
2 dx 2
m m
Given k = 30 N/m and x = , F = −(30 N/m) = −15 N
2 2
1
58. s(t) = − gt2 + v0 t + s0 ; s0 (t) = −gt + v0 ; s0 (4) = −4g + v0
2
d d2 2 d3
59. When n = 1, x = 1; when n = 2, x = 2; when n = 3, = 3 · 2 = 3!; when n = 4,
dx dx2 dx3
4 n
d d
= 4 · 3 · 2 = 4!. We can verify by induction that xn = n!:
dx4 dxn
n−1
dn n dn−1 d n dn−1 d
x = x = (nxn−1
) = n x n−1
= n(n − 1)! = n!.
dxn dxn−1 dx dxn−1 dxn−1

1 d 1 d2 1 2 d3 1
60. When n = 1, = − 2 ; when n = 2, 2
= 3
; when n = 3, 3
=
x dx x dx x x dx x
3·2 3! d4 1 4 · 3! 4!
− 4 = − 4 ; when n = 4, = = 5 . We can verify by induction that
x x dx4 x x5 x
3.3. PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES 133
(b) By inspection, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. 6
( 4
−3x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
0 2
3x2 , x > 1
-4 -2 2 4
-2
3.3 Product and Quotient Rules

dy
1. = (x2 − 7)(3x2 + 4) + (x3 + 4x + 2)(2x) = 5x4 − 9x2 + 4x − 28
dx
dy
2. = (7x + 1)(4x3 − 3x2 − 9) + (x4 − x3 − 9x)(7) = 35x4 − 24x3 − 3x2 − 126x − 9
dx
3. y = (4x1/2 + x−1 )(2x − 6x−1/3 )

dy
= (4x1/2 + x−1 )(2 + 2x−4/3 ) + (2x − 6x−1/3 )(2x−1/2 − x−2 )
dx
= 8x1/2 + 8x−5/6 + 2x−1 + 2x−7/3 + 4x1/2 − 2x−1 − 12x−5/6 + 6x−7/3
√ 4 8
= 12x1/2 − 4x−5/6 + 8x−7/3 = 12 x − √ 6
+ √3
x 5 x7
4. y = (x2 − x−2 )(x3 + x−3 )

dy
= (x2 − x−2 )(3x2 − 3x−4 ) + (x3 + x−3 )(2x + 2x−3 )
dx
= 3x4 − 3x−2 − 3 + 3x−6 + 2x4 + 2 + 2x−2 + 2x−6
1 5
= 5x4 − x−2 − 1 + 5x−6 = 5x4 − 1 − 2 + 6
x x
dy (x2 + 1)(0) − (10)(2x) 20x
5. = =− 2
dx (x2 + 1)2 (x + 1)2
dy (4x − 3)(0) − (5)(4) 20

6. = =−
dx (4x − 3)2 (4x − 3)2
dy (2x − 5)(3) − (3x + 1)(2) 17

7. = =−
dx (2x − 5)2 (2x − 5)2
dy (7 − x)(−3) − (2 − 3x)(−1) 19
8. = =−
dx (7 − x)2 (7 − x)2
dy
9. y = (6x − 1)(6x − 1); = (6x − 1)(6) + (6x − 1)(6) = 12(6x − 1) = 72x − 12
dx
dy
10. y = (x4 + 5x)(x4 + 5x); = (x4 + 5x)(4x3 + 5) + (x4 + 5x)(4x3 + 5) = 8x7 + 50x4 + 50x
dx
11. f (x) = (x−1 − 4x−3 )(x3 − 5x − 1)

f 0 (x) = (x−1 − 4x−3 )(3x2 − 5) + (x3 − 5x − 1)(−x−2 + 12x−4 )
1 40 12
= 2x − 40x−3 + x−2 − 12x−4 = 2x + 2 − 3 − 4
x x x
12. f (x) = (x2 − 1)(x2 − 10x + 2x−2 )
f 0 (x) = (x2 − 1)(2x − 10 − 4x−3 ) + (x2 − 10x + 2x−2 )(2x)
= 2x3 − 10x2 − 4x−1 − 2x + 10 + 4x−3 + 2x3 − 20x2 + 4x−1
4
= 4x3 − 30x2 − 2x + 10 + 4x−3 = 4x3 − 30x2 − 2x + 10 + 3
x
(2x2 + x + 1)(2x) − (x2 )(4x + 1) x2 + 2x
13. f 0 (x) = =
(2x2 + x + 1)2 (2x2 + x + 1)2
x2 − 10x + 2
14. f (x) =
x3 − x
(x − x)(2x − 10) − (x2 − 10x + 2)(3x2 − 1)
3
−x4 + 20x3 − 7x2 + 2
f 0 (x) = =
(x3 − x)2 (x3 − x)2
15. f 0 (x) = [(x + 1)(2x + 1)](3) + (3x + 1)[(x + 1)(2) + (2x + 1)(1)] = 18x2 + 22x + 6
16. f 0 (x) = [(x2 + 1)(x3 − x)](12x3 + 2) + (3x4 + 2x − 1)[(x2 + 1)(3x2 − 1) + (x3 − x)(2x)]
= (x2 + 1)(x3 − x)(12x3 + 2) + (3x4 + 2x − 1)(x2 + 1)(3x2 − 1)
+ (2x)(3x4 + 2x − 1)(x3 − x)
(3x + 2)[(2x + 1)(1) + (x − 5)(2)] − [(2x + 1)(x − 5)](3) 6x2 + 8x − 3

17. f 0 (x) = =
(3x + 2) 2 (3x + 2)2
[(x2 + 1)(x3 + 4)](5x4 ) − (x5 )[(x2 + 1)(3x2 ) + (x3 + 4)(2x)] 2x7 + 12x6 + 20x4
18. f 0 (x) = =
[(x2 + 1)(x3 + 4)]2 (x2 + 1)2 (x3 + 4)2

(x + 3)(1) − (x + 1)(1) x+1
19. f 0 (x) = (x2 − 2x − 1) + (2x − 2)
(x + 3) 2 x+3
2x2 − 4x − 2 2x2 − 2 2x3 + 8x2 − 6x − 8
= + =
(x + 3)2 x+3 (x + 3)2

1 x+1 x+1
20. f (x) = (x + 1) (x + 1) − = (x + 1)2 − = x2 + 2x + 1 −
x+2 x+2 x+2
(x + 2)(1) − (x + 1)(1) 1 2x3
+ 10x2 + 16x + 7
f 0 (x) = 2x + 2 − = 2x + 2 − =
(x + 2) 2 (x + 2) 2 (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(1) − (x)(1) 1
21. y 0 = =−
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
When x = 1/2, the slope of the tangent line is −1/(1/2 − 1)2 or −4. The point of tangency is
(1/2, y(1/2)) or (1/2, −1). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − (−1) = −4(x − 1/2)
or y = −4x + 1.
(x2 + 1)(5) − (5x)(2x) −5x2 + 5

22. y 0 = =
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
−5(2)2 + 5
When x = 2, the slope of the tangent line is or −3/5. The point of tangency is
(22 + 1)2
3 3 16
(2, y(2)) or (2, 2). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y−2 = − (x−2) or y = − x+ .
5 5 5
23. y = (2x1/2 + x)(−2x2 + 5x − 1); y 0 = (2x1/2 + x)(−4x + 5) + (−2x2 + 5x − 1)(x−1/2 + 1)
When x = 1, the slope of the tangent line is (2+1)(−4+5)+(−2+5−1)(1+1) or 7. The point
of tangency is (1, y(1)) or (1, 6). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 6 = 7(x − 1) or
y = 7x − 1.
24. y 0 = (2x2 − 4)(3x2 + 5) + (x3 + 5x + 3)(4x)

When x = 0, the slope of the tangent line is (−4)(5) + (3)(0) or −20. The point of tangency
is (0, y(0)) or (0, −12). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y + 12 = −20(x − 0) or
y = −20x − 12.
25. y 0 = (x2 − 4)(2x) + (x2 − 6)(2x) = 4x3 − 20x

√
The tangent line is horizontal when 4x3 − 20x = 4x(x2 − 5) = 0, √or x = 0, ± 5. Given
y = (x2 − 4)(x2 − 6) we see that√for x = 0, y =√24, and for x = ± 5, y = −1. Thus, the
points on the graph are (0, 24), ( 5, −1), and (− 5, −1).
26. y = x(x2 − 2x + 1) = x3 − 2x2 + x; y 0 = 3x2 − 4x + 1 = (x − 1)(3x − 1)

The tangent is horizontal when (x − 1)(3x − 1) = 0, or x = 1, 1/3. Given y = x(x − 1)2 we
see that for x = 1, y = 0, and for x = 1/3, y = 4/27. Thus, the points on the graph are (1, 0)
and (1/3, 4/27).
(x4 + 1)(2x) − (x2 )(4x3 ) 2x − 2x5

27. y 0 = = 4
(x + 1)
4 2 (x + 1)2
The tangent is horizontal when y 0 = 0 or 2x − 2x5 = 0. Then 2x(1 − x4 ) = 0 and x = 0, ±1.
x2
Given y = 4 , we see that for x = 0, y = 0, and for x = ±1, y = 1/2. Thus, the points
x +1
on the graph are (0, 0), (1, 1/2), and (−1, 1/2).
(x2 − 6x)(0) − (1)(2x − 6) −2x + 6

28. y 0 = = 2
(x2 − 6x)2 (x − 6x)2
1
The tangent is horizontal when y 0 = 0, so −2x + 6 = 0 and x = 3. Given y = we see
x2 − 6x
that for x = 3, y = −1/9. Thus, the point on the graph is (3, −1/9).
(x + 1)(1) − (x + 3)(1) −2
29. y 0 = =
(x + 1) 2 (x + 1)2
Since the slope of the tangent line is −1/8, −2/(x + 1)2 = −1/8, so x2 + 2x − 15 = 0 and
x+3
x = 3, −5. Given y = , we see that for x = 3, y = 3/2, and for x = −5, y = 1/2. Thus,
x+1
the points on the graph are (3, 3/2) and (−5, 1/2).
30. y 0 = (x + 1)(2) + (2x + 5)(1) = 4x + 7. Since the slope of the tangent line is −3, 4x + 7 = −3
and x = −5/2. Given y = (x + 1)(2x + 5), we see that for x = −5/2, y = 0. Thus, the point
on the graph is (−5/2, 0).
(x + 5)(1) − (x + 4)(1) 1
31. y 0 = = . Since the tangent line is supposed to be perpendic-
(x + 5)2 (x + 5)2
1 x+4
ular to y = −x, its slope is 1, so = 1 and x = −4, −6. Given y = , we see that
(x + 5)2 x+5
for x = −4, y = 0, and for x = −6, y = 2. Thus, the points on the graph are (−4, 0) and
(−6, 2).
(x + 1)(1) − (x)(1) 1
32. y 0 = = . Since the slope of the tangent line is supposed to be
(x + 1) 2 (x + 1)2
1 1 1 x
parallel to y = x − 1, its slope is 1/4, so = and x = 1, −3. Given y = ,
4 (x + 1)2 4 x+1
we see that for x = 1, y = 1/2, and for x = −3, y = 3/2. Thus, the points on the graph are
(1, 1/2) and (−3, 3/2).
(x2 )(1) − (k + x)(2x) −x − 2k −2 − 2k

33. f 0 (x) = = . Solving = 5, we obtain k = −21.
(x2 )2 x3 23
(x2 + 9)(2x) − (x2 + 14)(2x) −10x 1

34. f 0 (x) = = 2 ; f 0 (1) = −
(x + 9)
2 2 (x + 9)2 10
g 0 (x) = (1 + x2 )(2) + (1 + 2x)(2x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2; g 0 (1) = 10
Since f 0 (1)g 0 (1) = 1, the tangent lines are perpendicular.
35. F 0 (x) = 2[f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x)]; F 0 (1) = 2[f (1)g 0 (1) + g(1)f 0 (1)] = 2[2(2) + 6(−3)] = −28.
36. F 0 (x) = (x2 )[f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x)] + [f (x)g(x)](2x)

F 0 (1) = (12 )[f (1)g 0 (1) + g(1)f 0 (1)] + [f (1)g(1)](2 · 1) = 2(2) + 6(−3) + 2(6)(2) = 10
2[f (x)g 0 (x) − g(x)f 0 (x)] 2[f (1)g 0 (1) − g(1)f 0 (1)] 2[2(2) − 6(−3)] 11
37. F 0 (x) = ; F 0
(1) = = = .
3[f (x)]2 3[f (1)]2 3(2 )
2 3
[x − g(x)][2f 0 (x)] − [1 + 2f (x)][1 − g 0 (x)]

38. F 0 (x) =
[x − g(x)]2
[1 − g(1)][2f (1)] − [1 + 2f (1)][1 − g 0 (1)]
0
(1 − 6)[2(−3)] − [1 + 2(2)](1 − 2) 7
F 0 (1) = = =
[1 − g(1)]2 (1 − 6)2 5
39. F 0 (x) = [4x−1 + f (x)]g 0 (x) + g(x)[−4x−2 + f 0 (x)]

F 0 (1) = [4(1−1 ) + f (1)]g 0 (1) + g(1)[−4(1−2 ) + f 0 (1)] = (4 + 2)(2) + (6)(−4 − 3) = −30
g(x)[xf 0 (x) + f (x)] − [xf (x)]g 0 (x)

40. F 0 (x) =
[g(x)]2
g(1)[f (1) + f (1)] − f (1)g 0 (1)
0
6(−3 + 2) − 2(2) 5
F 0 (1) = = =−
[g(1)]2 62 18

1 −1/2
41. F (x) = (x )f (x) + f (x)
0 1/2 0
x
2

1 −1/2 1 −3/2 1 −1/2
F (x) = (x )f (x) + f (x)
00 1/2 00 0
x + f (x) − x + x f 0 (x)
2 4 2

1 −1/2 1 −3/2 1 −1/2
F (4) = (4 )f (4) + f (4)
00 1/2 00 0
·4 + f (4) − · 4 + ·4 f 0 (4)
2 4 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 15
= 2(3) + 2 − 16 − + (2) = 6 + + + =
4 32 4 2 2 2 2
42. F 0 (x) = xf 0 (x) + f (x) + xg 0 (x) + g(x)
F 00 (x) = xf 00 (x) + f 0 (x) + f 0 (x) + xg 00 (x) + g 0 (x) + g 0 (x)
= 2f 0 (x) + 2g 0 (x) + xf 00 (x) + xg 00 (x)
F (0) = 2f 0 (0) + 2g 0 (0) = 2(−1) + 2(6) = 10
00
xf 0 (x) − f (x) f 0 (x) f (x)

43. F 0 (x) = = − 2
x2 x x
xf 00 (x) − f 0 (x) x2 f 0 (x) − f (x)(2x) f 00 (x) 2f 0 (x) 2f (x)
F (x) =
00
2
− 4
= − +
x x x x2 x3
44. F 0 (x) = x3 f 0 (x) + f (x)(3x2 ) = x3 f 0 (x) + 3x2 f (x)
F 00 (x) = [x3 f 00 (x) + f 0 (x)(3x2 )] + [3x2 f 0 (x) + f (x)(6x)] = x3 f 00 (x) + 6x2 f 0 (x) + 6xf (x)
F 000 (x) = [x3 f 000 (x) + f 00 (x)(3x2 )] + [6x2 f 00 (x) + f 0 (x)(12x)] + [6xf 0 (x) + f (x)(6)]
= x3 f 000 (x) + 9x2 f 00 (x) + 18xf 0 (x) + 6f (x)
(x2 − 2x)(0) − 5(2x − 2) 10 − 10x
45. f 0 (x) = = 2
(x2 − 2x)2 x (x − 2)2
For f 0 (x) to be positive, we need 10 − 10x > 0 or x < 1, and x 6= 0, 2. So f 0 (x) > 0 on
(−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 1).
For f 0 (x) to be negative, we need 10 − 10x < 0 or x > 1, and x 6= 0, 2. So f 0 (x) < 0 on
(1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞).
(x + 1)(2x) − (x2 + 3)(1) x2 + 2x − 3 (x + 3)(x − 1)
46. f 0 (x) = = =
(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 (x + 1)2
For f 0 (x) to be positive, (x + 3) and (x − 1) must both be positive or both be negative, and
x 6= −1.
CASE I x+3>0 and x − 1 > 0; x > −3 and x>1
CASE II x+3<0 and x − 1 < 0; x < −3 and x<1
Thus, x > 1 or x < −3, so f 0 (x) > 0 on (−∞, −3) ∪ (1, ∞).
For f 0 (x) to be negative, one of (x + 3) or (x − 1) must be positive and the other must be
negative, and x 6= −1.
CASE I x+3>0 and x − 1 < 0; x > −3 and x<1
CASE II x+3<0 and x − 1 > 0; x < −3 and x>1
Thus, −3 < x < 1, x 6= −1, so f 0 (x) < 0 on (−3, −1) ∪ (−1, 1).
47. f 0 (x) = (−2x + 6)(4) + (4x + 7)(−2) = 10 − 16x

For f 0 (x) to be positive, we need 10 − 16x > 0 or x < 5/8, so f 0 (x) > 0 on (−∞, 5/8).
For f 0 (x) to be negative, we need 10 − 16x < 0 or x > 5/8, so f 0 (x) < 0 on (5/8, ∞).
48. f 0 (x) = (x − 2)(8x + 8) + (4x2 + 8x + 4)(1) = 8x2 + 8x − 16x − 16 + 4x2 + 8x + 4 = 12x2 − 12 =

12(x2 − 1)
For f 0 (x) to be positive, we need x2 − 1 > 0 or −1 < x < 1, so f 0 (x) > 0 on (−1, 1).
For f 0 (x) to be negative, we need x2 − 1 < 0, which is true when x < −1 or x > 1. So
f 0 (x) < 0 on (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞).
49. F (r) = km1 m2 r−2 ; F 0 (r) = −2km1 m2 r−3 ; F 0 (1/2) = −2km1 m2 (1/2)−3 = −16km1 m2
−12q1 + 6q2 x6
50. U (x) = q1 x−12 − q2 x−6 ; U 0 (x) = −12q1 x−13 + 6q2 x−7 =
x13
12q1 − 6q2 x6
F (x) = −U 0 (x) =
x13
p 12q1 − 6q2 [(2q1 /q2 )1/6 ]6 12q1 − 12q1
F 6 2q1 /q2 = F ([2q1 /q2 ]1/6 ) = = =0
[(2q1 /q2 ) ]
1/6 13 (2q1 /q2 )13/6
51. Solving for P and differentiating we obtain
RT a RT
P = − = − aV −2
V −b V2 V −b
dP −RT RT 2a
= − (−2aV −3 ) = − + 3.
dV (V − b)2 (V − b)2 V
52. Solving for q and differentiating we obtain
1 1 1 p−f
= − =
q f p fp
fp
q=
p−f
2
dq (p − f )(f ) − (f p)(1) −f 2 f
= = =−
dp (p − f )2 (p − f )2 p−f
Since we always want f , p, and q to be positive, we must have p > f . Now the presence of the
dq
negative sign in the derivative of q with respect to p guarantees that < 0, for all values of
dp
p > f . Thus, q always decreases as p increases. Since
fp f
lim q = lim = lim = f,
p→∞ p→∞ p−f p→∞ 1 − f /p
we see that image distance q approaches the focal length f as the object distance p increases.
dy
2. = 12x2 + 1 + 5 cos x
dx
dy
3. = 7 cos x − sec2 x
dx
dy
4. = −3 sin x + 5 csc2 x
dx
dy
5. = (x)(cos x) + (sin x)(1) = x cos x + sin x
dx
dy
6. y = (4x1/2 − 3x1/3 )(cos x); = (4x1/2 − 3x1/3 )(− sin x) + (cos x)(2x−1/2 − x−2/3 )
dx
= −4x1/2 sin x + 3x1/3 sin x + 2x−1/2 cos x − x−2/3 cos x
√ √ 2 cos x cos x
= −4 x sin x + 3 3 x sin x + √ − √3
x x2
dy
7. = (x3 − 2)(sec2 x) + (tan x)(3x2 ) = (x3 − 2) sec2 x + 3x2 tan x
dx
dy
8. = (cos x)(− csc2 x) + (cot x)(− sin x) = − cos x csc2 x − cos x
dx
dy
9. y = x2 sec x + sin x sec x = x2 sec x + tan x; = x2 sec x tan x + 2x sec x + sec2 x
dx
1 sin x dy
10. y = csc x tan x = · = sec x; = sec x tan x
sin x cos x dx
dy
11. y = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1; =0
dx
dy
12. y = x3 (cos x − sin x); = (x3 )(− sin x − cos x) + (cos x − sin x)(3x2 )
dx
= −x3 sin x − x3 cos x + 3x2 cos x − 3x2 sin x
13. f (x) = sin x; f 0 (x) = cos x
14. f (x) = 2 tan x sec x; f 0 (x) = (2 tan x)(sec x tan x)+(sec x)(2 sec2 x) = 2 tan2 x sec x+2 sec3 x
(x + 1)(− csc2 x) − (cot x)(1) −(x + 1) csc2 x − cot x x csc2 x + csc2 x + cot x
15. f 0 (x) = = = −
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
(1 + cos x)(2x − 6) − (x2 − 6x)(− sin x) (1 + cos x)(2x − 6) + (sin x)(x2 − 6x)
16. f 0 (x) = =
(1 + cos x) 2 (1 + cos x)2
(1 + 2 tan x)(2x) − (x2 )(2 sec2 x) 2x + 4x tan x − 2x2 sec2 x

17. f 0 (x) = =
(1 + 2 tan x)2 (1 + 2 tan x)2
(x)(cos x) − (2 + sin x)(1) x cos x − sin x − 2

18. f 0 (x) = =
x2 x2
3.4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 141
(1 + cos x)(cos x) − (sin x)(− sin x) cos x + 1 1

19. f 0 (x) = = =
(1 + cos x) 2 (1 + cos x)2 1 + cos x
(1 + sec x)(− csc x cot x) − (1 + csc x)(sec x tan x)
20. f 0 (x) =
(1 + sec x)2
− csc x cot x − csc x − sec x tan x − sec2 x
2
=
(1 + sec x)2
21. f 0 (x) = (x4 sin x)(sec2 x) + (tan x)[(x4 )(cos x) + (sin x)(4x3 )][t]
= x4 sin x sec2 x + x4 sin x + 4x3 sin x tan x
(x cos x)(cos x) − (1 + sin x)[(x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(1)]
22. f 0 (x) =
(x cos x)2
x cos2 x + x sin x − cos x + x sin2 x − sin x cos x x + x sin x − cos x − sin x cos x
= =
x cos x
2 2 x2 cos2 x
√
23. f 0 (x) = − sin x. When x = π/3, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π/3) = − sin π/3 = − 3/2.
The point of √ tangency is (π/3, f (π/3))
√ or (π/3,√ 1/2). Hence, an equation of the tangent line
1 3 π 3 π 3+3
is y − = − x− or y = − x+ .
2 2 3 2 6
24. f 0 (x) = sec2 x. When x = π, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π) = sec2 π = 1. The point of
tangency is (π, f (π)) or (π, 0). Hence, an equation of the tangent line is y − 0 = 1(x − π) or
y = x − π.
25. f 0 (x) = sec x tan x. When x = π/6, the slope of the tangent line √ is f (π/6) = sec(π/6)
0
tan(π/6) = 2/3. The point √ of tangency is (π/6, f (π/6)) or√(π/6, 2 3/3). Hence, an equation
2 3 2 π 2 6 3−π
of the tangent line is y − = (x − ) or y = x − .
3 3 6 3 9
26. f 0 (x) = − csc x cot x. When x = π/2, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π/2) = − csc(π/2)
cot(π/2) = 0. The point of tangency is (π/2, f (π/2)) or (π/2, 1). Hence, an equation of the
tangent line is y − 1 = 0(x − π/2) or y = 1.
27. The tangent is horizontal when f 0 (x) = 0. f 0 (x) = 1 − 2 sin x = 0; sin x = 1/2; therefore
x = π/6, 5π/6 in [0, 2π].
28. The tangent is horizontal when f 0 (x) = 0:
(2 − cos x)(cos x) − (sin x)(sin x) 2 cos x − cos2 x − sin2 x 2 cos x − 1

f 0 (x) = = = =0
(2 − cos x)2 (2 − cos x)2 (2 − cos x)2
1
Therefore 2 cos x = 1; cos x = , and x = π/3, 5π/3 in [0, 2π].
2
29. The tangent is horizontal when f 0 (x) = 0:
(x + cos x)(0) − (1)(1 − sin x) sin x − 1
f 0 (x) = = =0
(x + cos x)2 (x + cos x)2
Therefore sin x = 1, and x = π/2 in [0, 2π].
30. The tangent is horizontal when f 0 (x) = 0. f 0 (x) = cos x − sin x = 0; sin x = cos x; tan x = 1;
therefore x = π/4, 5π/4 in [0, 2π].
31. f 0 (x) = cos x. When x = 4π/3, the slope of the tangent line is f √
0
(4π/3) = cos 4π/3 = −1/2.
Thus, the slope of the normal
√ line at (4π/3, f (4π/3)) or √ 3/2) is 2. The equation of
(4π/3, −

3 4π 16π + 3 3
the normal line is y + =2 x− or y = 2x − .
2 3 6
32. f 0 (x) = 2 tan x sec2 x. When x = π/4, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π/4) = 2 tan(π/4)
sec2 (π/4) = 4. Thus, the slope of the normal line at (π/4, f (π/4)) or (π/4, 1) is −1/4. The
1 π 1 π + 16
equation of the normal line is y − 1 = − x− or y = − x + .
4 4 4 16
33. f 0 (x) = cos x − x sin x. When x = π, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π) = cos π − π sin π =
−1. Thus, the slope of the normal line at (π, f (π)) or (π, −π) is 1. The equation of the normal
line is y + π = 1(x − π) or y = x − 2π.
1 + sin x − x cos x
34. f 0 (x) = . When x = π/2, the slope of the tangent line is f 0 (π/2) =
(1 + sin x)2
1 + sin(π/2) − (π/2) cos(π/2) 1
= . Thus, the slope of the normal line at (π/2, f (π/2)) or
[1 + sin(π/2)]2 2
(π/2, π/4) is −2. The equation of the normal line is y −π/4 = −2(x−π/2) or y = −2x+5π/4.
35. f (x) = sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

f 0 (x) = 2[(sin x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(cos x)] = 2(cos2 x − sin2 x) = 2 cos 2x
x 1 + cos x 1 1 1
36. f (x) = cos2 = = + cos x; f 0 (x) = − sin x
2 2 2 2 2
37. f 0 (x) = x cos x + sin x; f 00 (x) = [x(− sin x) + cos x] + cos x = −x sin x + 2 cos x
38. f 0 (x) = 3 − [(x2 )(− sin x) + (cos x)(2x)] = 3 + x2 sin x − 2x cos x

f 00 (x) = [(x2 )(cos x) + (sin x)(2x)] − [(2x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(2)] = x2 cos x + 4x sin x − 2 cos x
(x)(cos x) − (sin x)(1) cos x sin x

39. f 0 (x) = 2
= − 2
x x x
(x)(− sin x) − (cos x)(1) (x2 )(cos x) − (sin x)(2x) sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x
f (x) =
00
− =− − +
x2 x4 x x2 x3
(1 + cos x)(0) − (1)(− sin x) sin x
40. f 0 (x) = =
(1 + cos x) 2 (1 + cos x)2
(1 + cos x)2 (cos x) − (sin x)[(1 + cos x)(− sin x) + (1 + cos x)(− sin x)]
f 00 (x) =
(1 + cos x)4
(cos x)(1 + cos x)2 + 2(sin2 x)(1 + cos x) cos x + cos2 x + 2 sin2 x
= =
(1 + cos x)4 (1 + cos x)3
41. f 0 (x) = − csc x cot x

f 00 (x) = (− csc x)(− csc2 x) + (cot x)(csc x cot x) = csc3 x + csc x cot2 x
3.4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 143
42. f 0 (x) = sec2 x = (sec x)(sec x)

f 00 (x) = (sec x)(sec x tan x) + (sec x)(sec x tan x) = 2 sec2 x tan x
1
43. y 0 = C1 (− sin x) + C2 cos x − [(x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(1)]
2
1 1
= −C1 sin x + C2 cos x + x sin x − cos x
2 2
1 1
y = −C1 cos x + C2 (− sin x) + [(x)(cos x) + (sin x)(1)] − (− sin x)
00
2 2
1
= −C1 cos x − C2 sin x + x cos x + sin x
2
Substituting into the differential equation,
1 1
(−C1 cos x − C2 sin x + x cos x + sin x) + (C1 cos x + C2 sin x − x cos x) = sin x.
2 2
44. y = C1 x−1/2 cos x + C2 x−1/2 sin x

−3/2 −3/2
x x
y 0 = C1 (x−1/2 )(− sin x) + (cos x) − + C2 (x−1/2 )(cos x) + (sin x) −
2 2

1 1
= −C1 x−1/2 sin x + x−3/2 cos x + C2 x−1/2 cos x − x−3/2 sin x
2 2
1
= x−1/2 (C2 cos x − C1 sin x) − x−3/2 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
2
1
y = (x
00 −1/2
)(−C2 sin x − C1 cos x) + (C2 cos x − C1 sin x) − x−3/2
2

1 3
− (x−3/2 )(−C1 sin x + C2 cos x) + (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) − x−5/2
2 2
1 1
= −C2 x−1/2 sin x − C1 x−1/2 cos x − C2 x−3/2 cos x + C1 x−3/2 sin x
2 2
1 1 3 3
+ C1 x −3/2
sin x − C2 x −3/2
cos x + C1 x −5/2
cos x + C2 x−5/2 sin x
2 2 4 4
3
= −C2 x −1/2
sin x − C1 x −1/2
cos x − C2 x −3/2
cos x + C1 x −3/2
sin x + C1 x−5/2 cos x
4
3
+ C2 x −5/2
sin x
4
Substituting into the differential equation,

3
x2 −C2 x−1/2 sin x − C1 x−1/2 cos x − C2 x−3/2 cos x + C1 x−3/2 sin x + C1 x−5/2 cos x
4

3 1
+ C2 x−5/2 sin x + x x−1/2 (C2 cos x − C1 sin x) − x−3/2 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
4 2

1
+ x2 − (C1 x−1/2 cos x + C2 x−1/2 sin x)
4
3
= −C2 x3/2 sin x − C1 x3/2 cos x − C2 x1/2 cos x + C1 x1/2 sin x + C1 x−1/2 cos x
4
3 1 1
+ C2 x−1/2 sin x + C2 x1/2 cos x − C1 x1/2 sin x − C1 x−1/2 cos x − C2 x−1/2 sin x
4 2 2
1 1
+ C1 x3/2 cos x + C2 x3/2 sin x − C1 x−1/2 cos x − C2 x−1/2 sin x
4 4
= (−C2 x sin x + C2 x sin x) + (−C1 x cos x + C1 x3/2 cos x)
3/2 3/2 3/2
+ (−C2 x1/2 cos x + C2 x1/2 cos x) + (C1 x1/2 sin x − C1 x1/2 sin x)

3 1 1
+ C1 x−1/2 cos x − C1 x−1/2 cos x − C1 x−1/2 cos x
4 2 4

3 1 1
+ C2 x−1/2 sin x − C2 x−1/2 sin x − C2 x−1/2 sin x = 0.
4 2 4

ds ds π
45. From s = 40 cot θ we obtain = −40 csc2 θ. When θ = π/3 radians = −40 csc2 =
dθ dθ θ=π/3 3
2
2 160
−40 √ = − ft. The rate of change is negative because the length of the shadow
3 3
decreases as θ increases.
1
46. (a) From P Q = 10 sin θ and QR = 10 cos θ we find A(θ) = (10 sin θ)(10 cos θ) = 50 sin θ cos θ.
2
(b) A0 (θ) = (50 sin θ)(− sin θ) + (cos θ)(50 cos θ) = 50(cos2 θ − sin2 θ) = 50 cos 2θ
(c)
50 30
π π
2 2
-50 -30
dA
= 50 cos 2θ A = 50 sin θ cos θ
dθ
A is increasing while A0 > 0 (on [0, π/4]) and decreasing while A0 < 0 (on [π/4, π/2]).
(d) From the second graph in part (c) we see that the area of the graph is greatest when
θ = π/4.
47. (a) We observe by successive differentiation that since:
sin x → cos x → − sin x → − cos x → sin x → cos x → . . .
dn dn
Both n
sin x = sin x and cos x = cos x when n is a multiple of 4;
dx dxn
dn
cos x = sin x for n = 4k + 3, k some integer ≥ 0;
dxn
dn
sin x = cos x for n = 4k + 1, k some integer ≥ 0.
dxn
ππ
22
53.
2
–π π
-1
-2
Not differentiable at x = kπ for k an integer.
54.
10
Not differentiable at x = 0.
55. (a)
40
20
-1 1
dF −70(0.2)(0.2 cos θ − sin θ) −2.8 cos θ + 14 sin θ

(b) = =
dθ (0.2 sin θ + cos θ)2 (0.2 sin θ + cos θ)2
(c) Solving −2.8 cos θ + 14 sin θ = 0 we obtain tan θ = 0.2 and θ ≈ 0.1974 radians.
(d) F (0.1974) ≈ 13.7281
(e) The minimum force required to pull the sled is about 13.73 pounds when θ is about
0.1974 radians or 11.3◦ .
3.5 Chain Rule

dy
1. = 30(−5x)29 (−5) = 150(5x)29
dx
13
dy 42 3
2. y = (3x−1 )14 ; = 14(3x−1 )13 (−3x−2 ) = − 2
dx x x
dy
3. = 200(2x2 + x)199 (4x + 1)
dx
4
dy 10 1
4. y = (x − x −2 5
) ; = 5(x − x−2 )4 (1 + 2x−3 ) = 5+ 3 x− 2
dx x x
3.5. CHAIN RULE 147
dy
5. y = (x3 − 2x2 + 7)−4 ; = −4(x3 − 2x2 + 7)−5 (3x2 − 4x)
dx
dy
6. y = 10(x2 − 4x + 1)−1/2 ; = −5(x2 − 4x + 1)−3/2 (2x − 4)
dx
dy
7. = (3x − 1)4 [5(−2x + 9)4 (−2)] + (−2x + 9)5 [4(3x − 1)3 (3)]
dx
= −10(3x − 1)4 (−2x + 9)4 + 12(−2x + 9)5 (3x − 1)3
dy
8. = x4 [6(x2 + 1)5 (2x)] + (x2 + 1)6 (4x3 ) = 12x5 (x2 + 1)5 + 4x3 (x2 + 1)6
dx
√ √
√ dy √ √ 2 √ cos 2x
9. y = sin( 2x1/2 ); = (cos 2x)[( 2/2)x−1/2 ] = √ cos 2x = √
dx 2 x 2x
dy
10. = (sec x2 tan x2 )(2x) = 2x sec x2 tan x2
dx
2 1/2
x −1
11. y =
x2 + 1
s
−1/2 2
dy 1 x2 − 1 (x + 1)(2x) − (x2 − 1)(2x) 2x x2 + 1
= =
dx 2 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 x2 − 1
dy (5x + 2)3 (3) − (3x − 4)[3(5x + 2)2 (5)] 3(5x + 2) − 15(3x − 4) −30x + 66
12. = = =
dx (5x + 2) 6 (5x + 2) 4 (5x + 2)4
dy
13. = 10[x + (x2 − 4)3 ]9 [1 + 3(x2 − 4)2 (2x)] = 10[x + (x2 − 4)3 ]9 [1 + 6x(x2 − 4)2 ]
dx
dy −24x2 + 8
14. y = (x3 − x + 1)−8 ; = −8(x3 − x + 1)−9 (3x2 − 1) = 3
dx (x − x + 1)9
dy
15. = x[−4(x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )−5 (−x−2 − 2x−3 − 4x−4 )] + (x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )−4 (1)
dx
= (x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )−4 + 4x(x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )−5 (x−2 + 2x−3 + 4x−4 )
(x−1 + x−2 + x−3 ) + 4x−1 + 8x−2 + 16x−3 5x−1 + 9x−2 + 17x−3
= =
(x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )5 (x−1 + x−2 + x−3 )5
16. y = (2x + 1)3 (3x2 − 2x)1/2

dy 1
= (2x + 1)3 (3x2 − 2x)−1/2 (6x − 2) + (3x2 − 2x)1/2 [3(2x + 1)2 (2)]
dx 2
(2x + 1) (3x − 1)
3 p
= √ + 6(2x + 1)2 3x2 − 2x
3x2 − 2x
dy
17. = [cos(πx + 1)](π) = π cos(πx + 1)
dx
dy
18. = −2 ([− sin(−3x + 7)][−3]) = −6 sin(−3x + 7)
dx
dy
19. = (3 sin2 5x)(cos 5x)(5) = 15 sin2 5x cos 5x
dx
√ √
dy √ √ 1 −1/2 4 cos x sin x
20. y = 4 cos x ;
2 1/2
= (8 cos x)(− sin x) x =− √
dx 2 x
21. f 0 (x) = (x3 )(−3x2 sin x3 ) + (cos x3 )(3x2 ) = −3x5 sin x3 + 3x2 cos x3
(cos 6x)(cos 5x)(5) − (sin 5x)(− sin 6x)(6) 5 cos 5x cos 6x + 6 sin 5x sin 6x
22. f 0 (x) = =
cos2 6x cos2 6x
23. f 0 (x) = 10(2 + x sin 3x)9 [(x)(cos 3x)(3) + (sin 3x)(1)] = 10(2 + x sin 3x)9 (3x cos 3x + sin 3x)
(1 + sin 5x)3 [2(1 − cos 4x)(sin 4x)(4)] − (1 − cos 4x)2 [3(1 + sin 5x)2 (cos 5x)(5)]
24. f 0 (x) =
(1 + sin 5x)6
8(1 + sin 5x) (1 − cos 4x)(sin 4x) − 15(1 − cos 4x)2 (1 + sin 5x)2 (cos 5x)
3
=
(1 + sin 5x)6
8(1 − cos 4x)(sin 4x) 15(1 − cos 4x)2 (cos 5x)
= −
(1 + sin 5x)3 (1 + sin 5x)4
1 1
25. f (x) = tan x−1 ; f 0 (x) = (sec2 x−1 )(−x−2 ) = − 2
sec2
x x
10 5 5
26. f (x) = x cot 5x−2 ; f 0 (x) = (x)(− csc2 5x−2 )(−10x−3 ) + (cot 5x−2 )(1) = csc2 2 + cot 2
x2 x x
27. f 0 (x) = (sin 2x)(− sin 3x)(3) + (cos 3x)(cos 2x)(2) = 2 cos 2x cos 3x − 3 sin 2x sin 3x
28. f 0 (x) = (sin2 2x)(3 cos2 3x)(− sin 3x)(3) + (cos3 3x)(2 sin 2x)(cos 2x)(2)
= −9 sin2 2x cos2 3x sin 3x + 4 cos3 3x sin 2x cos 2x
29. f 0 (x) = 5(sec 4x + tan 2x)4 (4 sec 4x tan 4x + 2 sec2 2x)
30. f 0 (x) = 2(csc 2x)(− csc 2x cot 2x)(2) − (− csc 2x2 cot 2x2 )(4x)
= −4 csc2 2x cot 2x + 4x csc 2x2 cot 2x2
31. f 0 (x) = [cos(sin 2x)](cos 2x)(2) = 2 cos 2x cos(sin 2x)

h
x i x 1 1 x x
32. f (x) = sec cos
0 2
− sin = − sin sec2 cos
2 2 2 2 2 2

√ √ 1
33. f (x) = cos[sin(2x + 5)1/2 ]; f 0 (x) = [− sin(sin 2x + 5)](cos 2x + 5) (2x + 5)−1/2 (2)
2
√ √
sin(sin 2x + 5) cos 2x + 5
=− √
2x + 5
34. f 0 (x) = [sec2 (tan x)](sec2 x)
35. f 0 (x) = [3 sin2 (4x2 − 1)][cos(4x2 − 1)](8x) = 24x sin2 (4x2 − 1) cos(4x2 − 1)
3.5. CHAIN RULE 149
36. f 0 (x) = [sec(tan2 x4 ) tan(tan2 x4 )][2 tan x4 ](sec2 x4 )(4x3 )

= 8x3 [sec(tan2 x4 )][tan(tan2 x4 )](tan x4 )(sec2 x4 )
5
37. f 0 (x) = 6 1 + {1 + [1 + (1 + x3 )4 ]5 {5[1 + (1 + x3 )4 ]4 }[4(1 + x3 )3 ](3x2 )
5
= 360 1 + [1 + (1 + x3 )4 ]5 [1 + (1 + x3 )4 ]4 (1 + x3 )3 x2
38. f (x) = [x2 − (1 + x−1 )−4 ]2 ; f 0 (x) = 2[x2 − (1 + x−1 )−4 ][2x + 4(1 + x−1 )−5 (−x−2 )]
" −4 # " −5 #
1 4 1
= 2 x2 − 1 + 2x − 2 1 +
x x x
39. y 0 = [3(x2 + 2)2 ](2x) = 6x(x2 + 2)2 . When x = −1, the slope of the tangent line is y 0 (−1) =
−6(1 + 2)2 = −54.
40. y = (3x + 1)−2 ; y 0 = [−2(3x + 1)−3 ](3) = −6(3x + 1)−3 . When x = 0, the slope of the tangent
line is y 0 (0) = −6(0 + 1)−3 = −6.
41. y 0 = 3 cos 3x − 20x sin 5x + 4 cos 5x. When x = π, the slope of the tangent line is y 0 (π) =
3 cos 3π − 20π sin 5π + 4 cos 5π = −7.
42. y 0 = 50 − 3(tan2 2x)(sec2 2x)(2)√= 50 − 6 tan2 2x sec2 2x. When x = π/6, the slope of the
tangent line is y 0 (π/6) = 50 − 6( 3)2 (22 ) = −22.
2
x (x + 1)(1) − (x)(1) 2x −1/2
43. y = 2
0
= . When x = −1/2, y = =1
x+1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3 −1/2 + 1
2(−1/2)
and y 0 = = −8. Thus, an equation of the tangent line is y − 1 = −8(x + 1/2) or
(−1/2 + 1)3
y = −8x − 3.
44. y 0 = (x2 )[3(x−1)2 ](1)+(x−1)3 (2x) = 3x2 (x−1)2 +2x(x−1)3 . When x = 2, y = 22 (2−1)3 = 4
and y 0 = 3(22 )(2 − 1)2 + 2(2)(2 − 1)3 = 16. Thus, an equation of the tangent line is y − 4 =
16(x − 2) or y = 16x − 28.
45. y 0 = 3 sec2 3x. When x = π/4, y = tan 3π/4 = −1 and y 0 = 3 sec2 3π/4 = 6. Thus, an
π 3π + 2
equation of the tangent line is y + 1 = 6 x − or y = 6x − .
4 2
46. y 0 = [3(−1 + cos 4x)2 ](− sin 4x)(4) = −12(−1 + cos 4x)2 sin 4x. When x = π/8, y = (−1 +
cos π/2)3 = −1 and y 0 = −12(−1 + cos π/2)2 = −12. Thus, an equation of the tangent line is
π 3π − 2
y + 1 = −12 x − or y = −12x + .
8 2
π π π π π π
47. y 0 = sin (−2πx sin πx2 )+cos πx2 − 2 cos = −2πx sin sin πx2 − 2 cos πx2 cos .
6x √ 6x
√ 6x
√ 6x 6x 6x
1 6 3π 6 + 2π 2
When x = , y = and y = −
0
. Thus, an equation of the normal line is
√ 2 4 12 √
6 12 1 12 6 6
y− = √ √ x− or y = √ √ x− √ √ + .
4 3π 6 + 2π 2 2 3π 6 + 2π 2 3π 6 + 2π 2 4
√
x x 1 2 x x 3 3 3
48. y = 3 sin
0 2
cos = sin cos . When x = π, y = and y 0 = . Thus, an
3 3 3 3√ 3 8 √ 8
3 3 8 8 8π 3 3
equation of the normal line is y − = − (x − π) or y = − x − + .
8 3 3 3 8
49. f 0 (x) = π cos πx; f 00 (x) = −π 2 sin πx; f 000 (x) = −π 3 cos πx
dy d2 y d3 y d4 y
50. = −2 sin(2x + 1); = −4 cos(2x + 1); = 8 sin(2x + 1); = 16 cos(2x + 1);
dx dx2 dx3 dx4
d5 y
= −32 sin(2x + 1)
dx5
dy
51. = (x)(cos 5x)(5) + (sin 5x)(1) = 5x cos 5x + sin 5x
dx
d2 y
= (5x)(− sin 5x)(5) + (cos 5x)(5) + (cos 5x)(5) = −25x sin 5x + 10 cos 5x
dx2
d3 y
= (−25x)(cos 5x)(5) + (sin 5x)(−25) + 10(− sin 5x)(5) = −125x cos 5x − 75 sin 5x
dx3
52. f 0 (x) = −2x sin x2 ; f 00 (x) = (−2x)(2x cos x2 ) + (sin x2 )(−2) = −4x2 cos x2 − 2 sin x2
(x2 + 1)2 (1) − (x)[2(x2 + 1)(2x)] 1 − 3x2

53. f 0 (x) = = . To find where the tangent line is
(x + 1)
2 4 (x2 + 1)3√
r
1 3
horizontal, solve f 0 (x) = 0. This gives x = ± =± . The tangent line is horizontal at
√ √ ! √ √ ! 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
− ,− and , . Since x2 +1 is never 0, the graph has no vertical tangents.
3 16 3 16
54. The instantaneous rate of change is g 0 (t) = cos t − sin 2t. Setting g 0 (t) = 0 we obtain cos t =
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t. Solving for t we have
2 sin t cos t − cos t = 0

(2 sin t − 1) cos t = 0
1
sin t = , cos t = 0.
2
Thus, t = π/6 + 2kπ, 5π/6 + 2kπ, π/2 + kπ, where k is an integer.
1 x 1 x
55. f 0 (x) = − sin ; f 00 (x) = − cos . The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f 0 at
3 3 9 3
1 2π 1 1 1
x = 2π is f (2π) = − cos
00
=− − = .
9 3 9 2 18
56. f 0 (x) = 4(1 − x)3 (−1) = −4(1 − x)3 ; f 00 (x) = −12(1 − x)2 (−1) = 12(1 − x)2 ; f 000 (x) =
24(1 − x)(−1) = 24x − 24. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f 00 at x = 2 is
f 000 (2) = 24.
3.5. CHAIN RULE 151

dR v02 v02
57. =2 (cos 2θ)(2) = 4 cos 2θ.
dθ g g
dR
Setting = 0, and assuming that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, we obtain θ = π/4, 3π/4.
dθ
dV dr dr dV
58. = 4πr2 . When = 5, = 4πr2 (5) = 20πr2 in3 /min.
dt dt dt dt
59. The volume of a sphere is V = (4π/3)r3 , so that dV /dt = 4πr2 (dr/dt). Using dV /dt = 10
and r = 2 we obtain dr/dt = 10/4π(2)2 = 5/8π in/min.
dx v0
60. (a) = x0 (− sin ωt)(ω) + (cos ωt)(ω) = −ωx0 sin ωt + v0 cos ωt
dt ω
d2 x
= −ωx0 (cos ωt)(ω) + v0 (− sin ωt)(ω) = −ω 2 x0 cos ωt − v0 ω sin ωt
dt2
Substituting into the differential equation, we get
v0
(−ω 2 x0 cos ωt − v0 ω sin ωt) + ω 2 x0 cos ωt + sin ωt =
ω
(−ω 2 x0 cos ωt − v0 ω sin ωt) + ω 2 x0 cos ωt + v0 sin ωt = 0.
v0 v0
(b) x(0) = x0 cos(ω · 0) + sin(ω · 0) = x0 cos 0 + sin 0
v ω ω
0
= (x0 )(1) + (0) = x0
ω
x0 (0) = −ωx0 sin(ω · 0) + v0 cos(ω · 0) = (−ωx0 )(0) + (v0 )(1) = v0
d d
61. F (3x) = F 0 (3x) (3x) = 3F 0 (3x)
dx dx
d d d
62. [G(−x2 )]2 = 2[G(−x2 )] G(−x2 ) = 2[G(−x2 )]G0 (−x2 ) (−x2 ) = −4xG(−x2 )G0 (−x2 )
dx dx dx
d 1 10
63. f (−10x + 7) = [f 0 (−10x + 7)](−10) = (−10) =
dx −10x + 7 10x − 7
d 1 3x2
64. f (x3 ) = [f 0 (x3 )](3x2 ) = (3x 2
) =
dx 1 + (x3 )2 1 + x6
65. The derivatives for n = 1 to 4 are:
d d2
(1 + 2x)−1 = −2(1 + 2x)−2 ; (1 + 2x)−1 = 2!(22 )(1 + 2x)−3 ;
dx dx2
d3 d4
(1 + 2x)−1 = (−3!)(23 )(1 + 2x)−4 ; (1 + 2x)−1 = (4!)(24 )(1 + 2x)−5 .
dx3 dx4
3.6. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 153
d
70. Since f is even, f (−x) = f (x). Then f 0 (x) = f (−x) = [f 0 (−x)](−1) = −f 0 (−x).
dx
Since f 0 (−x) = −f 0 (x), f 0 is an odd function.
3.6 Implicit Differentiation

d 2 4 dy dy
1. x y = (x2 )(4y 3 ) + (y 4 )(2x) = 4x2 y 3 + 2xy 4
dx dx dx

d x2 (y 2 )(2x) − (x2 )(2y dy/dx) 2x 2x2 dy
2. = = 2 − 3
dx y 2 y4 y y dx
d dy dy
3. cos y 2 = (− sin y 2 )(2y) = −2y(sin y 2 )
dx dx dx
d dy dy dy
4. y sin 3y = (y)(cos 3y)(3) + (sin 3y) = (3y cos 3y + sin 3y)
dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy 1
5. 2y −2 =1 =
dx dx dx 2y − 2
dy dy 4x
6. 8x + 2y = 0; =−
dx dx y

dy dy 2x − y 2
7. x 2y + y 2 − 2x = 0; =
dx dx 2xy
dy dy 2
8. 2(y − 1) = 4; =
dx dx y−1
dy dy dy 2x
9. 3 + (− sin y) = 2x; =
dx dx dx 3 − sin y
dy dy dy 4 − 9x2
10. 3y 2 −2 + 9x2 = 4; = 2
dx dx dx 3y − 2

dy dy dy 4x − 3x2 y 2
11. x3 2y + y 2 (3x2 ) = 4x + 2y ; =
dx dx dx 2x3 y − 2y

dy dy dy 6y 3 − 5x4
12. 5x4 − 6x 3y 2 + y 3 (−6) + 4y 3 = 0; = 3
dx dx dx 4y − 18xy 2

dy dy
13. 6(x2 + y 2 )5 2x + 2y = 3x2 − 3y 2
dx dx
dy dy dy x2 − 4x(x2 + y 2 )5
12y(x2 + y 2 )5 + 3y 2 = 3x2 − 12x(x2 + y 2 )5 ; = 2
dx dx dx y + 4y(x2 + y 2 )5

dy dy dy
14. = 2(x − y) 1 − = 2x − 2y − 2(x − y)
dx dx dx
dy dy 2x − 2y
[1 + 2(x − y)] = 2x − 2y; =
dx dx 1 + 2x − 2y

−4 dy 5 dy
15. (y −3
)(6x ) + (x ) −3y
5 6
+ (y )(−3x ) + (x ) 6y
6 −4 −3
=2
dx dx
dy dy 2 − 6x5 y −3 + 3x−4 y 6
(−3x6 y −4 + 6x−3 y 5 ) = 2 − 6x5 y −3 + 3x−4 y 6 ; =
dx dx 6x−3 y 5 − 3x6 y −4
dy dy dy dy 5
16. 4y 3 − 2y = 10; (2y 3 − y) = 5; = 3
dx dx dx dx 2y − y
dy dy x−1 1−x
17. 2(x − 1) + 2(y + 4) = 0; =− =
dx dx y+4 y+4
dy dy dy dy dy 2x − y − 1
18. x + y = x2 − xy; 1+ = 2x − x − y; +x = 2x − y − 1; =
dx dx dx dx dx x+1
dy x + 2 − (x − 1) 3 dy 3
19. 2y = = ; =
dx (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2 dx 2y(x + 2)2

3 dy dy dy dy
20. x + y = 5xy ; 2x + 4y
2 4 2
= 5x 2y + 5y 2 ; 4y 3 − 10xy = 5y 2 − 2x
dx dx dx dx
dy 5y 2 − 2x
= 3
dx 4y − 10xy

dy dy dy
21. x + y = [cos(x + y)] 1 + = cos(x + y) + cos(x + y)
dx dx dx
dy dy dy cos(x + y) − y
x − cos(x + y) = cos(x + y) − y; =
dx dx dx x − cos(x + y)

dy dy dy
22. 1 + = −(sin xy) x + y = −x sin xy − y sin xy
dx dx dx
dy dy dy 1 + y sin xy
+ x sin xy = −1 − y sin xy; =−
dx dx dx 1 + x sin xy
dy dy 1
23. 1 = (tan y sec y) ; = = cos y cot y
dx dx tan y sec y
dy dy dy
24. x(cos y) + sin y − y(− sin x) − (cos x) = 0; (x cos y − cos x) = − sin y − y sin x
dx dx dx
dy sin y + y sin x
=
dx cos x − x cos y
dr dr cos 2θ
25. 2r = 2 cos 2θ; =
dθ dθ r
100 dh dh 2h
26. r2 h = ; r2 + h(2r) = 0; =−
h dr dr r

dy dy dy dy dy −3 − y 2
27. x 2y + y 2 + 12y 2 + 3 = 0; 2xy + 12y 2 = −3 − y 2 ; =
dx dx dx dx dx 2xy + 12y 2

dy −3 − (−1)2 2
= =−
dx 2(1)(−1) + 12(−1)
(1,−1)
2 5

dy dy dy dy dy y cos xy
28. = (cos xy) x +y ; − x cos xy = y cos xy; =
dx dx dx dx dx 1 − x cos xy

dy (1)(cos π/2)
= =0
dx (π/2,1) 1 − (π/2) cos(π/2)
29. Letting x = 1/2 in 2y 2 + 2xy − 1 = 0, we obtain 2y 2 + y − 1 = 0. Factoring, we have

(2y − 1)(y + 1) = 0. Thus, y = −1, 1/2. Differentiating gives
dy dy dy dy y
4y + 2x + 2y = 0; (2y + x) = −y; =−
dx dx dx dx 2y + x

dy −1 2 dy 1/2 1
= − = − ; =− =− .
dx (1/2,−1) −2 + 1/2 3 dx (1/2,1/2) 1 + 1/2 3
√
30. Letting y = 1 in y 3 + 2x2 = 11y, we obtain 1 + 2x2 = 11 or x2 = 5. Thus x = ± 5.
Differentiating gives
dy dy dy dy 4x
3y + 4x = 11 ; 4x =(11 − 3y 2 ) ; =
dx dx dx dx 11 − 3y 2
√ √ √ √
dy −4 5 5 dy 4 5 5
= =− ; = = .
dx (−√5,1) 8 2 dx (√5,1) 8 2

2 dy dy 4x3 dy 4(−2)3 8
31. 4x + 3y
3
= 0; = − 2 . The slope of the tangent line is = − = .
dx dx 3y dx (−2,2) 3(2) 2 3
8 8 22
Hence an equation of the tangent line is y − 2 = (x + 2) or y = x+ .
3 3 3
1
32. When x = 3, 1/3 + 1/y = 1 or 1/y = 2/3. Thus, y = 3/2. Differentiating, we see − 2 −
x
1 dy dy y2 dy (3/2)2 1
= 0 or = − . The slope of the tangent line is = − = − . Hence
2
y dx dx x 2 dx (3,3/2) 32 4
3 1 1 9
an equation of the tangent line is y − = − (x − 3) or y = − x + .
2 4 4 4

dy dy 1 dy
33. (sec y)
2
= 1; = = cos y. The slope of the tangent line is
2
= cos2 π/4 =
dx dx sec2 y dx y=π/4
1/2. When y = π/4, tan π/4 = x. Thus, x = 1 and the equation of the tangent line is
π 1 1 π−2
y − = (x − 1) or y = x + .
4 2 2 4

dy dy dy 2x dy 2
34. 3 − (sin y) = 2x; = . The slope of the tangent line is = . Hence
dx dx dx 3 − sin y dx(1,0) 3
2 2 2
an equation of the tangent line is y − 0 = (x − 1) or y = x − .
3 3 3
dy dy dy dy y − 2x dy
35. 2x − x − y + 2y = 0; (2y − x) = y − 2x; = . Setting = 0, we obtain
dx dx dx dx 2y − x dx
y = 2x. Substituting y = 2x into the equation of the curve, we have x2 − x(2x) + (2x)2 = 3,
3x2 = 3, or x = ±1. Given y = 2x, we see that for x = 1, y = 2, and for x = −1, y = −2.
Thus, the curve has horizontal tangent lines at (1, 2) and (−1, −2).
dy dy x−2 dy x−2
36. 2y = 2x − 4; = . Setting = 0, we obtain = 0 or x = 2. Substituting
dx dx y dx y √
x = 2 into the equation of the curve, we have
√ y =2 −
2 2
√ 4(2) + 7 = 3 or y = ± 3. Thus, the
curve has horizontal tangent lines at (2, − 3) and (2, 3).
dy dy x dy 1 x 1
37. 2x + 2y = 0; = − . Setting = gives us − = or y = −2x. Substituting
dx dx y dx 2 y 2 √
this into the equation of the curve, we √
have x2√+ (−2x)2 =√25, √
5x2 = 25, or x = ± 5. Since
y = −2x, the points on the graph are ( 5, −2 5) and (− 5, 2 5).

dy dy x dy 3
38. 2x + 2y = 0; = − . The slope of the tangent line at (−3, 4) is = and the
dx dx y dx (−3,4) 4

dy 3
slope of the tangent line at (−3, −4) is = − . Thus, an equation of the tangent
dx (−3,−4) 4
3
line through (−3, 4) is y − 4 = (x + 3), and an equation of the tangent line through (−3, −4)
4
3
is y + 4 = − (x + 3) or −16 = 3x + 9. Solving for x we obtain x = −25/3. Thus, the tangent
4
lines intersect at (−25/3, 0).
dy dy 2x
39. 3y 2 = 2x; = 2 . The slope of the tangent line perpendicular to y + 3x − 5 = 0, or
dx dx 3y
dy 1 2x 1 √
y = −3x + 5, is 1/3. Setting = gives us 2 = , y 2 = 2x, or y = ± 2x. Substituting
dx 3 3y√ 33 √
this into the equation√of the√curve, we have (± 2x)√ = x2 , so we can eliminate y = − 2x.
Thus, 23/2 x3/2 = x2 , x = 8, or x = 8. Since y = 2x, the point on the graph is (8, 4).
dy dy dy y − 2x dy
40. 2x − x − y + 2y = 0; = . The line y = 5 has a slope of 0; setting = 0,
dx dx dx 2y − x dx
y − 2x
we obtain = 0 or y = 2x. Substituting this into the equation of the curve, we have
2y − x
x − x(2x) + (2x) = 27, x2 − 2x2 + 4x2 = 27, x2 = 9, or x = ±3. Since y = 2x, the points
2 2
on the graph are (−3, 6) and (3, 6).
dy dy x
41. 12y 2 = 12x; = 2
dx dx y
d2 y y 2 (1) − x(2y dy/dx) y − 2x dy/dx y − 2x(x/y 2 ) y 3 − 2x2
= = = =
dx2 y4 y3 y3 y5

3 dy dy y4 y
42. x 4y + y 4 = 0;
=− =−
dx dx 4xy 3 4x
d2 y 4x dy/dx − y(4) x(−y/4x) − y 5y
=− =− =
dx 2 16x 2 4x 2 16x2
dy dy x d2 y y − x dy/dx y − x(x/y) y 2 − x2 25
43. 2x − 2y = 0; = ; 2
= 2
= 2
= 3
=− 3
dx dx y dx y y y y
dy dy x
44. 2x + 8y = 0; =−
dx dx 4y
d2 y 4y − (x)(4 dy/dx) y − x(−x/4y) 4y 2 + x2 16 1
= − = − = − =− =− 3
dx2 16y 2 4y 2 16y 3 16y 3 y
dy dy dy 1
45. 1 + = (cos y) ; =
dx dx dx cos y − 1
d2 y −(− sin y) dy/dx (sin y)[1/(cos y − 1)] sin y
= = =
dx2 (cos y − 1)2 (cos y − 1)2 (cos y − 1)3
dy dy sec2 2x + x
46. 2y − 2x = 2 sec2 2x; =
dx dx y
d2 y y[2(sec 2x)(2 sec 2x tan 2x) + 1] − (sec2 2x + x) dy/dx
=
dx2 y2
4y sec 2x tan 2x + y − (sec2 2x + x)[(sec2 2x + x)/y]
2
=
y2
4y sec 2x tan 2x − (sec 2x + x)2 + y
2 2 2
=
y3
dy dy dy x+y y+x
47. 2x + 2x + 2y − 2y = 0; =− =
dx dx dx x−y y−x
d2 y (y − x)(dy/dx + 1) − (y + x)(dy/dx − 1)
=
dx2 (y − x)2

y+x y+x
(y − x) + 1 − (y + x) −1
y−x y−x
=
(y − x)2
(y − x)(y + x + y − x) − (y + x)[y + x − (y − x)] 2y 2 − 4xy − 2x2
= =
(y − x)3 (y − x)3
−2(x2 + 2xy − y 2 ) −2
= =
(y − x)3 (y − x)3
dy dy x2
48. 3x2 + 3y 2 = 0; =− 2
dx dx y
d2 y y 2 (2x) − x2 (2y dy/dx) 2xy − 2x2 (−x2 /y 2 ) 2xy 3 + 2x4
= − = − = −
dx2 y4 y3 y5
49. Using implicit differentiation we see
dy dy 2x − 1
2x − 2y =1 and = .
dx dx 2y
Solving x2 − y 2 = x for y and differentiating we have

p dy 1
y= x2 − x = (x2 − x)1/2 and = (x2 − x)−1/2 (2x − 1).
dx 2
2x − 1
Substituting the expression for y into we obtain
2y
dy 2x − 1 1
= = (x2 − x)−1/2 (2x − 1).
dx 2(x2 − x)1/2 2

dy dy 4x
8x + 2y =0 and =−
dx dx y
Solving 4x2 + y 2 = 1 for y and differentiating we have
p dy 1
y= 1 − 4x2 = (1 − 4x2 )1/2 and = (1 − 4x2 )−1/2 (−8x) = −4x(1 − 4x2 )−1/2 .
dx 2
4x
Substituting the expression for y into − we obtain
y
dy 4x
=− = −4x(1 − 4x2 )−1/2 .
dx (1 − 4x2 )1/2

dy dy 1 − 3x2 y
x3 + y(3x2 ) = 1 and = .
dx dx x3
Solving x3 y = x + 1 for y and differentiating we have
x+1 dy x3 − (x + 1)(3x2 ) x − 3(x + 1) −2x − 3
y= and = = = .
x3 dx x 6 x 4 x4
1 − 3x2 y
x3

x+1 3(x + 1)
1 − 3x 2
1−
dy x3 x −2x − 3
= 3
= 3
= .
dx x x x4

dy dy
y cos x + (sin x) =1−2
dx dx
dy
(2 + sin x) = 1 − y cos x
dx
dy 1 − y cos x
= .
dx 2 + sin x
Solving y sin x = x − 2y for y and differentiating we have
x dy 2 + sin x − x cos x
y= and = .
2 + sin x dx (2 + sin x)2
1 − y cos x
2 + sin x
x
1− cos x 2 + sin x − x cos x
dy
= 2 + sin x = .
dx 2 + sin x (2 + sin x)2
In Problems 53–56, we solve the given equations for the appropriate values of y.
53. Since the graph lies below the line y = 1, we have

√ √
y−1=− x−2 or y =1− x − 2.
54. Writing the equation as y 2 + xy + x2 − 4 = 0 and using the quadratic formula, we have
1 p 1 p
y= −x + x2 − 4(x2 − 4) = −x + 16 − 3x2 .
2 2
Letting y = 0 in the original equation, we get x = ±2. The graph is in the first quadrant, so
1 p
y= −x + 16 − 3x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
2
√
55. y 2 = 4 − x2 ; y = ± 4 − x2 . Since the graph is in the second and fourth quadrants,
( p
4 − x2 , −2 ≤ x < 0
y= p .
− 4 − x2 , 0≤x≤2
√
56. Since the graph lies above the x-axis, y = |x| 2 − x.

dx dy dy x dx
57. 2x + 2y = 0; =−
dt dt dt y dt
dx dy dx dy dy dy dx
58. 2x +x +y + 2y − = 0; (x + 2y − 1) = −(2x + y)
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
dy 2x + y dx
=−
dt x + 2y − 1 dt
dy dy dy x2 − y
59. (a) 3x2 + 3y 2 = 3x + 3y; = . Setting y = x in x3 + y 3 = 3xy we obtain
dx dx dx x − y2
3
x3 + x3 = 3x2 ; 2x3 = 3x2 ; x2 (2x − 3) = 0; so x = 0, .
2

dy 9/4 − 3/2
Since = = −1, the slope of the tangent line at (3/2, 3/2) is −1
dx (3/2,3/2) 3/2 − 9/4
and the equation of the tangent line is

3 3
y− =− x− or y = −x + 3.
2 2
dy x2 − y
(b) Setting = = 0 we obtain x2 − y = 0 or y = x2 . Substituting y = x2 in
dx x − y2
x3 + y 3 = 3xy we obtain
√
3
x3 + x6 = 3x3 ; x3 (x3 − 2) = 0; so x = 0, 2.
√ √
In the first quadrant the tangent line is horizontal at ( 3 2, 3 4).
60. (a) Setting x = 1 we have √ (1 + y ) = 4(1 − y ) or y + 6y − 3 = 0. From the quadratic
2 2 2 4 2
−6 ± 36 + 12 √
formula, y 2 = = −3 ± 2 3. Since y 2 cannot be negative, we obtain
p √ 2
y = ± 2 3 − 3 ≈ ±0.68. Thus, the points on the graph are (1, 0.68) and (1, −0.68).

dy dy dy dy
(b) 2(x2 + y 2 ) 2x + 2y = 4 2x − 2y ; (x2 + y 2 ) x + y = 2x − 2y
dx dx dx dx
dy dy 2x − x3 − xy 2
(x2 y + y 3 + 2y) = 2x − x3 − xy 2 ; = 2
dx dx x y + y 3 + 2y
dy
For y = 0.68, the slope of the tangent line is ≈ 0.23 and the equation of
dx (1,0.68)
the tangent line is y − 0.68 = 0.23(x − 1) or y = 0.23x + 0.45. For y = −0.68, the
dy
slope of the tangent line is ≈ −0.23, and the equation of the tangent line is
dx (1,−0.68)
y + 0.68 = −0.23(x − 1) or y = −0.23x − 0.45.
dy
(c) Setting = 0, we find 2x − x3 − xy 2 = 0 or x(2 − x2 − y 2 ) = 0. This gives x = 0
dx
and x2 + y 2 = 2. Substituting x = 0 into the original equation yields y = 0. However,
dy
at (0, 0) is not defined. By substituting x2 + y 2 = 2 into the original equation,
dx
we observe
p x − y√ = 1. Adding these
2 2
p last two √ equations, we obtain x = 3/2 or
2
x = ± 3/2 = √ ± 6/2,
√ and√y = ± √ 1/2 = ±√ 2/2.√ Thus, the points √ of √
horizontal
tangency are ( 6/2, 2/2), ( 6/2, − 2/2), (− 6/2, 2/2), and (− 6/2, − 2/2).

dy dy 3x2 dy 3
61. 2y = 2x ;
2
= ; =
dx dx 2y dx (1,1) 2

dy dy 2x dy 2
4x + 6y = 0; =− ; =−
dx dx 3y dx (1,1) 3

3 2
Since − = −1, the graphs are orthogonal at (1, 1).
2 3

dy dy dy 2xy dy 4
62. 3y 2 + 3x2 + 6xy = 0; =− 2 ; =−
x dx dx y + x2 dx (2,1) 5

dy dy 4x − 3 dy 5
4x − 4y = 3; = ; =
dx dx 4y dx (2,1) 4

4 5
Since − = −1, the graphs are orthogonal at (2, 1).
5 4
PRÁCTICA N° 06
3.7. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 163
69. One more function defined by x2 + y 2 = 4 includes the parts of the circle 3
in the first and third quadrants (see graph at right):

( p -3 3
− 4 − x2 , −2 ≤ x < 0
y= p .
4 − x2 , 0≤x≤2 -3
dy dy
70. In terms of y, 1 = (cos y)
; = sec y.
dx dx
dy 1 1
In terms of x, =√ since sec y = p and x = sin y.
dx 1−x 2
1 − sin2 y
3.7 Derivatives of Inverse Functions

1. Since f 0 (x) = 30x2 + 8 > 0 for all x, f is increasing on (−∞, ∞). It follows from Theorem
3.7.2 that f −1 exists.
2. Since f 0 (x) = −35x4 − 18x2 − 2 < 0 for all x, f is decreasing on (−∞, ∞). It follows that
f −1 exists.
3. Writing f (x) = x(x2 + x − 2) = x(x + 2)(x − 1), we see that f has three distinct zeros. It
follows that f is not one-to-one and that f −1 does not exist.
4. Writing f (x) = x2 (x2 − 2) we see that f has three distinct zeros. It follows that f is not
one-to-one and that f −1 does not exist.
5. Since f (x) = 2x3 + 8, f (1/2) = 33/4, f 0 (x) = 6x2 and f 0 (1/2) = 3/2. Now f (1/2) = 33/4
implies f −1 (33/4) = 1/2. Thus, (f −1 )0 (33/4) = 1/f 0 (f −1 (33/4)) = 1/f 0 (1/2) = 1/(3/2) =
2/3.
6. Since f (x) = −x3 − 3x + 7, f (−1) = 11, f 0 (x) = −3x2 − 3, and f 0 (−1) = −6. Now f (−1) = 11
implies f −1 (11) = −1. Thus, (f −1 )0 (11) = 1/f 0 (f −1 (11)) = 1/f 0 (−1) = 1/(−6) = −1/6.
1 0 1 1
7. f (x) = 2 + ; f (x) = − 2 ; f −1 (x) = . Using Theorem 3.7.4, we have
x x x−2
1 1 1
(f −1 )0 (x) = = 2 = − .
f 0 (f −1 (x)) 1 (x − 2)2
−1/
x−2
0−1 1
By direct differentiation, (f −1 )(x) = =− .
(x − 2)2 (x − 2)2
x1/3 − 7
8. f 0 (x) = 15(5x + 7)2 ; f −1 (x) = . Using Theorem 3.7.4, we have
5
1 1 1 x−2/3
(f −1 )0 (x) = = = = .
f 0 (f −1 (x)) 15 5[(x1/3 − 7)/5] + 7
2
15(x1/3 )2 15

1 1 −2/3 x−2/3
By direct differentiation, (f ) (x) =
−1 0
x = .
5 3 15
dy
9. At x = 3, y = 5, so (5, 3) is the corresponding point on the graph of f −1 . Since = x2 + 1
dx
dy dx 1
and = 10, then by (4) = . Thus, an equation of the tangent line is
dx x=3 dy y=5 10
1 1 5
y−3= (x − 5) or y = x+ .
10 10 2
dy
10. At x = 0, y = −1, so (−1, 0) is the corresponding point on the graph of f −1 . Since =
dx
6
dy
dx 1
− and = −6, then by (4) = − . Thus, an equation of the tangent
(4x − 1)2 dx x=0 dy y=−1 6
1 1 1
line is y − 0 = − (x + 1) or y = − x − .
6 6 6
dy
11. At x = 1, y = 8, so (8, 1) is the corresponding point on the graph of f −1 . Since =
dx

dy
dx 1
15x4 (x5 + 1)2 and = 60, then by (4) = . Thus, an equation of the tangent
dx x=1 dy y=8 60
1 1 13
line is y − 1 = (x − 8) or y = x+ .
60 60 15
12. At x = −3, y = 14, so (14, −3) is the corresponding point on the graph of f . Since
−1
dy 2 dy dx 1
=− and = −2, then by (4) = − . Thus, an equation of the
dx (x + 2)2/3 dx x=−3 dy y=14 2
1 1
tangent line is y + 3 = − (x − 14) or y = − x + 4.
2 2
5 5
13. y 0 = p =√
1 − (5x − 1) 2 10x − 25x2
−1/3 1
14. y 0 = s 2 = − √8 − 2x − x2
x+1
1−
3

−1/2 −2 8
15. y 0 =4 = =−
1 + (x/2) 2 1 + x /4
2 4 + x2
" #
5 10
16. y 0 = 2 − 10 p =2− √
5x (5x) − 1
2 x 25x2 − 1
√
√ 1 1 √ 1 1 tan−1 x
17. y 0 =2 x √ 2 √ + (tan−1 x) √ = + √
1 + ( x) 2 x x 1+x x

−1 1 cot−1 x − tan−1 x
18. y 0 = (tan−1 x) + (cot −1
x) =
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
" # " #
2 −2
(cos 2x) p
−1
− (sin 2x) p
−1
1 − (2x)2 1 − (2x)2 2(cos−1 2x + sin−1 2x)
19. y 0 = = √
(cos 2x)
−1 2
1 − 4x2 (cos−1 2x)2
3.7. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 165
√
(sin x)(1/ 1 − x2 ) − (sin−1 x)(cos x) 1 (sin−1 x)(cos x)
20. y =
0
= √ −
(sin x)2 1 − x2 (sin x) sin2 x

2x 2x
21. y = (tan−1 x2 )−1 ; y 0 = −(tan−1 x2 )−2 =−
1 + (x2 )2 (tan−1 x2 )2 (1 + x4 )

1 1 sec−1 x
22. y = x sec x; y = x
−1 −1 0 −1 √ + (sec−1 x)(−x−2 ) = √ −
x x2 − 1 x2 x2 − 1 x2

2 −1 2−x
23. y0 = √ +x √ + (cos−1 x)(1) = √ + cos−1 x
1−x 2 1−x 2 1 − x2
√ 
−2x
1 − x 2−x √
−1 1 
 2 1 − x2  
24. y0 = −
1 + x2 1 + x2 /(1 − x2 )  1 − x2 
p
−1 x2 1 1
= − 1−x + √
2 =− −√
1 + x2 1−x 2 1 + x 2
1 − x2
2 2
−1 x 9 1 −1 x 27
25. y = 3 x − 9 tan
0 2
2x − = 3 x − 9 tan
2
2x −
3 1 + (x/3)2 3 3 9 + x2
" # √
1 −1 −x2 − 2x + 1
26. y 0 = [x − cos−1 (x + 1)]−1/2 1 − p = p √
2 1 − (x + 1)2 2 x − cos−1 (x + 1) −x2 − 2x

1 (t + 1) − (t − 1) (t + 1)2 2 1
27. F 0 (t) = 2 = · = 2
t−1 (t + 1) 2 2(t2 + 1) (t + 1)2 t +1
1+
t+1

−1 1 −3
28. g 0 (t) = q √ (3t + 1) −1/2
(3) = p √
1 − ( 3t + 1) 2 2 2 1 − (3t + 1) 3t + 1
−3 3
= √ √ =− √
2 −3t 3t + 1 2 9t2 − 3t
1 −4 sin 4x 4 sin 4x
29. f 0 (x) = p (−4 sin 4x) = √ =−
1− (cos 4x)2 1 − cos 4x
2 | sin 4x|

1 1 2 cos x
30. f (x) =
0
cos x =
1 + (sin2 x)/4 2 4 + sin2 x
!
2x 2x sec2 (sin−1 x2 )
31. f (x) = sec (sin x ) p
0 2 −1 2
= √
1 − (x2 )2 1 − x4

x
32. f (x) = −[sin(x sin x)] √
0 −1
+ sin x
−1
1 − x2
1 dy dy dy 2x 2x(1 + y 2 )
33. = 2x + 2y ; = =
1 + y 2 dx dx dx 1/(1 + y 2 ) − 2y 1 − 2y − 2y 3
p r
1 dy −1 dy 1 − y2 1 − y2
34. p −√ = 0; = −√ =−
1 − y 2 dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
35. f 0 (x) = √ −√ = 0. Since f 0 (x) = 0, f (x) is constant.
1−x 2 1 − x2
1 1/x2 1 1
36. f 0 (x) = − = − 2 = 0. Since f 0 (x) = 0, f (x) is constant. From
1+x 2 1 + (1/x) 2 1+x 2 x +1
f (1) = tan−1 1 + tan−1 1 = π/2, we conclude that tan−1 x + tan−1 (1/x) = π/2.
1/2 1 1
37. y 0 = p =√ ; m = y 0 (1) = √
1 − x2 /4 4 − x2 3

−1 2 cos−1 x
38. y = 2(cos x) √
0 −1
=−√
1 − x2 1 − x2
√ √
√ 2 cos (1/ 2)
−1
2(π/4) 2π
m = y (1/ 2) = − p
0
=−p =−
1 − 1/2 1/2 2
x 1 π 2+π π
39. f 0 (x) = + tan−1 x; f 0 (1) =
+ = ; f (1) = .
1 + x2 2 4 4 4
2+π
The point on the graph is (1, π/4) and the slope is . Thus, an equation of the tangent
4
π 2+π 2+π 1
line is y − = (x − 1) or y = x− .
4 4 4 2

1 √ 1 π
40. f (x) = p
0
; f (1/2) = 2 3; f (1/2) = sin −
0
=− .
1 − (x − 1)2 2 6
2
The point on the graph is (1/2, −π/6) and the slope is √ . Thus, an equation of the tangent
√ √ 3
π 2 1 2 3 3 π
line is y + = √ x− or y = x− − .
6 3 2 3 3 6
41.
1 1 √
42. Solving f 0 (x) = = , we get 1 + x2 = 4 and x = ± 3. The points whose tangents
1+x 2 4
1 √ √
have slope are therefore ( 3, π/3) and (− 3, −π/3). Thus, the tangent lines have equations
4 √
π 1 √ 1 3 π
y ∓ = (x ∓ 3) or y = x ∓ ± .
3 4 4 4 3
d −1 0 d 1
43. Multiple applications of (3) yields (f −1 )00 (x) = (f ) (x) = , resulting in
dx dx f 0 (f −1 (x))
1
−f 00 (f −1 (x)) ·
d 1 −f 00 (f −1 (x))(f −1 )0 (x) f 0 (f −1 (x)) f 00 (f −1 (x))
= = = − .
dx f 0 (f −1 (x)) [f 0 (f −1 (x))]2 [f 0 (f −1 (x))]2 [f 0 (f −1 (x))]3
3.8. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 167
3.8 Exponential Functions

1. y 0 = −e−x
2. y 0 = 2e2x+3
√
e x
3. y = √
0
2 x
4. y 0 = 10esin 10x cos 10x
5. y 0 = 52x (ln 5)(2) = 2(ln 5)52x

2 2
6. y 0 = 10−3x (ln 10)(−6x) = −6x(ln 10)10−3x
7. y 0 = (x3 )(e4x )(4) + (e4x )(3x2 ) = 4x3 e4x + 3x2 e4x
8. y 0 = (e−x )(cos πx)(π) + (sin πx)(e−x )(−1) = πe−x cos πx − e−x sin πx
(x)(−2e−2x ) − (e−2x )(1) (2x + 1)e−2x

9. f 0 (x) = 2
=−
x x2
(x + ex )[(x)(ex ) + (ex )(1)] − (xex )(1 + ex ) x2 ex + e2x
10. f 0 (x) = =
(x + ex )2 (x + ex )2
1 5e−5x
11. y 0 = (1 + e−5x )−1/2 (−5e−5x ) = − √
2 2 1 + e−5x
12. y 0 = 10(e2x − e−2x )9 (2e2x + 2e−2x ) = 20(e2x − e−2x )9 (e2x + e−2x )

1 x/2 1 −x/2 ex/2 − e−x/2
13. y = 2(e x/2
+e ) ; y = −2(e
−x/2 −1 0 x/2
+e )
−x/2 −2
e − e = − x/2
2 2 (e + e−x/2 )2
(ex − e−x )(ex − e−x ) − (ex + e−x )(ex + e−x ) e2x − 2 + e−2x − (e2x + 2 + e−2x )
14. y 0 = =
(e − e )
x −x 2 (ex − e−x )2
4
=− x
(e − e−x )2
15. y = e8x ; y 0 = 8e8x
16. y = e9x ; y 0 = 9e9x
17. y = e3x−3 ; y 0 = 3e3x−3
18. y = e−100x ; y 0 = −100e−100x

1/3 1 −2/3 x1/3 1 x/3
19. f (x) = ex + ex/3 ; f 0 (x) =
x e + e
3 3
h 4
i 4
20. f 0 (x) = (2x + 1)3 4(1 − x)3 e−(1−x) + e−(1−x) 6(2x + 1)2
4 4
= 4(2x + 1)3 (1 − x)3 e−(1−x) + 6(2x + 1)2 e−(1−x)
21. f 0 (x) = e−x (ex sec2 ex ) − e−x tan ex = sec2 ex − e−x tan ex
22. f 0 (x) = (sec e2x tan e2x )(e2x )(2) = 2e2x sec e2x tan e2x
√ hx √ i 2x2 + 1 x√x2 +1
x2 +1
23. f 0 (x) = ex 2x(x2 + 1)−1/2 + x2 + 1 = √ e
2 x2 + 1
x+2 x − 2 − (x + 2) 4 x+2
24. y 0 = e x−2 =− e x−2
(x − 2) 2 (x − 2)2
2 x2
25. y 0 = 2xex ee
−x
26. y 0 = ex + (1 − e−x )ex+e
27. y 0 = 2(ex + 1)(ex ) = 2ex (ex + 1). The point on the graph is (0, 4) and the slope is y 0 (0) = 4.
An equation of the tangent line is y − 4 = 4(x − 0) or y = 4x + 4.
28. y 0 = −(x − 1)e−x + e−x . The point on the graph is (0, −1) and the slope of the normal line
is −1/y 0 (0) = −1/2.
29. y 0 = ex . The slope of the line 3x − y = 7 is 3. Solving ex = 3, we obtain x = ln 3. The point

on the graph of y = ex at which the tangent line is parallel to 3x − y = 7 is (ln 3, eln 3 ) or
(ln 3, 3).
1
30. y 0 = 5 + 2e2x . The slope of the line y = 6x is 6. Solving 5 + 2e2x = 6, we obtain 2x = ln
2
ln 2
or x = − . The point on the graph of y = 5x + e2x at which the tangent line is parallel to
2
ln 2 5 ln 2 ln 2 1 − 5 ln 2
y = 6x is (− ,− + e− ln 2 ) or (− , ).
2 2 2 2
31. f 0 (x) = e−x (cos x) + −e−x sin x = e−x (cos x − sin x). The tangent line is 7
horizontal when f 0 (x) = e−x (cos x − sin x) = 0, or when cos x = sin x;

sin x
= 1; tan x = 1. Thus, x = π/4 + kπ, where k is an integer. -7 7
cos x
-7
5
32. f 0 (x) = (3 − x2 )(−e−x ) − 2x(e−x ) = e−x (x2 − 2x − 3) = e−x (x − 3)(x + 1).
The tangent line is horizontal when f 0 (x) = e−x (x−3)(x+1) = 0, or x = 3
or x = −1. -5 5
dy 2 d2 y 2 2 2
33. = 2xex ; 2
= 2x(2xex ) + 2ex = ex (4x2 + 2)
dx dx -5
d3 y 2 2 2 2
= ex (8x) + 2xex (4x2 + 2) = 8x3 ex + 12xex
dx3
1 1 ex dy (ex + 1)ex − ex (ex ) ex
34. y = = = ; = = x
1 + e−x 1 ex+ 1 dx (e + 1)
x 2 (e + 1)2
1+
ex
d2 y (ex + 1)2 ex − ex [2(ex + 1)ex ] ex (1 − ex )

= =
dx2 (ex + 1)4 (ex + 1)3
dy 0(1 + e−x ) − (−e−x )(1) e−x
Or, without rewriting y, = =
dx (1 + e )
−x 2 (1 + e−x )2
d2 y −e−x (1 + e−x )2 − 2(1 + e−x )(−e−x )(e−x ) −e−x (−e−2x + 1) −e−x (1 − e−x )
= = =
dx 2 (1 + e )
−x 4 (1 + e )
−x 4 (1 + e−x )3
dy d2 y
35. = 2e2x cos e2x ; = 2e2x (−2e2x sin e2x ) + 4e2x cos e2x = −4e4x sin e2x + 4e2x cos e2x
dx dx2
dy d2 y
36. = x2 ex + 2xex ; = x2 ex + 2xex + 2xex + 2ex = (x2 + 4x + 2)ex
dx dx2
d3 y
= (x2 + 4x + 2)ex + (2x + 4)ex = (x2 + 6x + 6)ex
dx3
d4 y
= (x2 + 6x + 6)ex + (2x + 6)ex = (x2 + 8x + 12)ex
dx4
37. y 0 = −3C1 e−3x + 2C2 e2x ; y 00 = 9C1 e−3x + 4C2 e2x
y 00 + y 0 − 6y = 9C1 e−3x + 4C2 e2x − 3C1 e−3x + 2C2 e2x − 6C1 e−3x − 6C2 e2x = 0
38. y 0 = C1 e−x (−2 sin 2x) − C1 e−x cos 2x + C2 e−x (2 cos 2x) − C2 e−x sin 2x
= (2C2 − C1 )e−x cos 2x − (2C1 + C2 )e−x sin 2x
y 00 = (2C2 − C1 )e−x (−2 sin 2x) − (2C2 − C1 )e−x cos 2x
− (2C1 + C2 )e−x (2 cos 2x) + (2C1 + C2 )e−x sin 2x
= (4C1 − 3C2 )e−x sin 2x − (3C1 + 4C2 )e−x cos 2x
y 00 + 2y 0 + 5y = (4C1 − 3C2 )e−x sin 2x − (3C1 + 4C2 )e−x cos 2x + 2[(2C2 − C1 )e−x cos 2x
− (2C1 + C2 )e−x sin 2x] + 5(C1 e−x cos 2x + C2 e−x sin 2x)
= (4C1 − 3C2 − 4C1 − 2C2 + 5C2 )e−x sin 2x
+ (−3C1 − 4C2 + 4C2 − 2C1 + 5C1 )e−x cos 2x = 0

39. For y = Cekx , y 0 = kCekx = k Cekx = ky.
40. (a) Given that y 0 = −0.01y, we set k = −0.01. Since y(0) = 100 = Ce−0.01(0) , C = 100, and
thus the desired function is y(x) = 100e−0.01x .
dP dP
(b) Given that − 0.15P = 0 and thus = 0.15P , we set k = 0.15. Since P (0) = P0 =
dt dt
Ce 0.15(0)
, C = P0 , and thus the desired function is P (t) = P0 e0.15t .

dy dy dy dy x+y dy ex+y
41. = 1+ ex+y ; − e = ex+y ; =
dx dx dx dx dx 1 − ex+y
dy dy dy dy y
42. x + y = ey ; (ey − x) = y; = y
dx dx dx dx e −x

dy dy dy dy dy yexy sin exy
43. =− x + y exy sin exy ; + x exy sin exy = −yexy sin exy ; =−
dx dx dx dx dx 1 + xexy sin exy

dy dy 2 dy dy 2 2
44. = 2(x + y) 1 + e(x+y) ; − 2(x + y) e(x+y) = 2(x + y)e(x+y) ;
dx dx dx dx
2
dy 2x(x + y)e(x+y)
=
dx 1 − 2(x + y)e(x+y)2

dy x/y y − x(dy/dx) dy x dy 1
45. 1 + 2y =e ; 2y + ex/y = ex/y − 1;
dx y2 dx y 2 dx y
dy dy dy yex/y − y 2
2y 3 + x ex/y = yex/y − y 2 ; = 3
dx dx dx 2y + xex/y
dy dy x dy dy dy ex
46. ex + ey = ;e = − ey ; =
dx dx dx dx dx 1 − ey
47. (a)
2
-2 2
-2
( (
ex , x<0 ex , x<0
(b) Since f (x) = e −|x|
= , we get f (x) =
0
.
e −x
, x≥0 −x
−e , x≥0
(c)
2
-2 2
-2
(d) Because lim− f 0 (x) = lim− ex = 1 and lim+ f 0 (x) = lim+ (−e−x ) = −1, the function is
x→0 x→0 x→0 x→0
not differentiable at x = 0.
48. (a) cos x is periodic with period 2π, so ecos x will also be periodic with period 2π.
(b) The tangent to f is horizontal when f 0 (x) = −ecos x sin x = 0, and thus when sin x = 0.
sin x = 0 for x = kπ, where k is an integer, and so the tangent is horizontal at points
(kπ,
π π −ecos kπ sin kπ), where k is an integer.
22
(c)
6
–π –2π –π π 2π
-3
-6
dP 0[bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at ] − [−a(a − bP0 )e−at ]aP0 a2 P0 (a − bP0 )e−at

49. (a) = =
dt [bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at ]2 [bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at ]2
2 −at −at

aP0 a e − abP0 e
=
bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at

aP0 (abP0 − abP0 ) + a2 e−at − abP0 e−at
=

aP0 abP0 + a2 e−at − abP0 e−at − abP0
=

aP0 a(bP0 + ae−at − bP0 e−at ) b(aP0 )
= −
bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at

aP0 bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at aP0
= a − b
bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at
= P (a − bP )
(b) lim P (t) = 0
t→−∞
lim
π π P (t) = a/b = 2
t→∞
22
(c)
2
–π -2 2
-2
2 4e−2t
(d) For a = 2, b = 1, and P0 = 1, P (t) = , P 0 (t) = , and
1+e −2t (1 + e−2t )2
−8e−2t (1 + e−2t )2 − 2(−2e−2t )(1 + e−2t )(4e−2t )

P 00 (t) =
(1 + e−2t )4
(1 + e )(−8e
−2t −2t
− 8e−4t + 16e−4t ) 8e−4t − 8e−2t
= = .
(1 + e−2t )4 (1 + e−2t )3
Thus, P 00 (t) = 0 only when e−4t = e−2t or t = 0.

50. (a) h(2) = 79.04 + 6.39(2) − e3.26−0.99(2) ≈ 88.22 cm
(b) h0 (t)
π π = 6.39 + 0.99e3.26−0.99t ;
2
h0 (2) = 6.39 + 0.99e3.26−0.99(2) ≈ 9.95 cm/yr
2
(c)
100
–π 50
3 6
(d) When h = 100 we observe that t ≈ 3.3 years.

3.9 Logarithmic Functions

10
1. y 0 =
x
10 1
2. y 0 = =
10x x
1 1
3. y = ln x; y0 =
2 2x
1 1 1
4. y 0 = (ln x)−1/2 = √
2 x 2x ln x
4x3 + 6x
5. y 0 =
x4 + 3x2 + 1
40x
6. y = 20 ln(x2 + 1); y0 =
+1
x2

1
7. y = 3x2 ln x; y 0 = 3x2 + 6x ln x = 3x + 6x ln x
x
5
8. y 0 = 1 −
5x + 1

1
x − ln x
x 1 − ln x
9. y 0 = 2
=
x x2

1
10. y 0 = x 2(ln x) + (ln x)2 = 2 ln x + (ln x)2
x
1 1 1
11. y = ln x − ln(x + 1); y0 =
− =
x x+1 x(x + 1)

4 2
(ln 2x) − (ln 4x)
4x 2x ln 2x − ln 4x
12. y 0 = =
(ln 2x)2 x(ln 2x)2
− sin x
13. y 0 = − = tan x
cos x

1 3 cos 3x
14. y =
0
= cot 3x
3 sin 3x
−1/x 1
15. y 0 = =−
(ln x)2 x(ln x)2
1
16. y = ln 1 − ln x; y0 = −
x
3.9. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 175

1
x + ln x
x 1 + ln x
17. f 0 (x) = =
x ln x x ln x
1 1 1 1
18. f 0 (x) = · · =
ln(ln x) ln x x x ln x ln(ln x)
1/2
1 1 1 1 1 1
19. g(x) = ln x = √ (ln x)1/2 ; g 0 (x) = √ · (ln x)−1/2 · = √
2 2 2 2 x 2x 2 ln x

5
20. w0 (θ) = θ cos(ln 5θ) + sin(ln 5θ) = cos(ln 5θ) + sin(ln 5θ)
5θ
2 6t 2 2t
21. H(t) = 2 ln t + ln(3t2 + 6); H 0 (t) = + 2 = + 2
t 3t + 6 t t +2
1 5 18t2
22. G(t) = ln(5t + 1) + 6 ln(t3 + 4); G0 (t) = + 3
2 10t + 2 t + 4
1 1 1
23. f (x) = ln(x + 1) + ln(x + 2) − ln(x + 3); f 0 (x) = + −
x+1 x+2 x+3
1 15 2x3
24. f (x) = [5 ln(3x + 2) − ln(x4 + 7)]; f 0 (x) = − 4
2 6x + 4 x + 7
25. y 0 = 1/x. The point on the graph is (1, 0) and the slope of the line is y 0 (1) = 1. Thus, an
equation of the tangent line is y − 0 = 1(x − 1) or y = x − 1.
26. y 0 = 2x/(x2 − 3). The point on the graph is (2, 0) and the slope of the line is y 0 (2) = 4. Thus,
an equation of the tangent line is y − 0 = 4(x − 2) or y = 4x − 8.
3e3x + 1 3e3·0 + 1
27. y 0 = . The slope of the tangent to the graph of y at x = 0 is = 4.
e3x + x e3·0 + 0
3 1
28. y = ln x + ln e−x = ln x − x3 . Thus, y 0 = − 3x2 . The slope of the tangent to the graph of
x
1
y at x = 1 is − 3(12 ) = −2.
1
29. f 0 (x) = 2/x. The slope of the tangent to the graph of f is 4 when x = 1/2. Since f 00 (x) =
−2/x2 , the slope of the tangent to the graph of f 0 at x = 1/2 is f 00 (1/2) = −8.
30. The slope of x + 4y = 1 is −1/4. The slope of the desired tangent line is then 4. Solving
y 0 = 1/x = 4, we obtain x = 1/4. The point on the graph is (1/4, ln 1/2).

1
x − ln x
x 1 − ln x
31. The tangent line to f is horizontal when f (x) =
0
2
= is 0. Solving for
x x2
1 − ln x ln e
x, we get 2
= 0; ln x = 1; x = e. Thus, the tangent is horizontal at (e, ) = (e, 1/e).
x e
32. The tangent line to f is horizontal when f 0 (x) = x2 (1/x) + 2x ln x = x(1 + 2 ln x) is 0. Solving
for x, we get x(1 + 2 ln x) = 0; because x must be positive, it is understood that x > 0, so
x = e−1/2 . Thus, the tangent is horizontal at (e−1/2 , (e−1/2 )2 ln e−1/2 ) = (e−1/2 , −1/2e).
√
1 x2 − 1 + x
x
p 1 + 2x(x − 1) 2
1+ √−1/2
√
x2 − 1 2
√ −1
d x 2
33. ln x + x − 1 =
2 √ = √ =
dx x+ x −1
2 x+ x −1
2 x + x2 − 1
√
x −1+x
2 1 1
= √ · √ =√
x −1
2 x+ x −1
2 x −1
2
√ !
d 1+ 1 − x2 d p (1/2)(1 − x2 )−1/2 · −2x 1
34. ln = [ln(1 + 1 − x2 ) − ln x] = √ −
dx x dx 1 + 1 − x2 x
√
−x 1 −x2 − 1 − x2 − 1 + x2
=√ − = √
1 − x2 + 1 − x2 x x( 1 − x2 + 1 − x2 )
√
− 1 − x2 − 1
= √
x( 1 − x2 + 1 − x2 )
d sec x tan x + sec2 x (sec x)(tan x + sec x)

35. ln(sec x + tan x) = = = sec x
dx sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
d − csc x cot x − (− csc2 x) csc x(− cot x + csc x)

36. ln(csc x − cot x) = = = csc x
dx csc x − cot x csc x − cot x
dy 1 d2 y 1 d3 y 2
37. = ; = − 2; = 3
dx x dx2 x dx3 x
dy d2 y 1
38. = x/x + ln x = 1 + ln x; =
dx dx2 x

2
x − 2 ln |x|
dy 2 ln |x| d2 y x 2(1 − ln |x|)
39. = ; 2
= 2
=
dx x dx x x2
dy 5 d2 y
40. = = 5(5x − 3)−1 ; = −25(5x − 3)−2 ;
dx 5x − 3 dx2
d3 y d4 y
= 250(5x − 3)−3 ; = −3750(5x − 3)−4
dx3 dx4

1 1 −3/2
41. y = − C1 x
0 −3/2
+ C2 x −3/2
− x ln x
2 2

3 3 −5/2 1 −5/2 3 −5/2
y = C1 x
00 −5/2
+ C2 − x − x + x ln x
4 2 2 4

3 3
= C1 x−5/2 + C2 −2x−5/2 + x−5/2 ln x
4 4

3 3 −5/2
4x y + 8xy + y = 4x
2 00 0
C1 x −5/2
+ C2 −2x
2 −5/2
+ x ln x
4 4

1 1
+ 8x − C1 x−3/2 + C2 x−3/2 − x−3/2 ln x + (C1 x−1/2 + C2 x−1/2 ln x)
2 2
= 3C1 x−1/2 − 8C2 x−1/2 + 3C2 x−1/2 ln x − 4C1 x−1/2 + 8C2 x−1/2 − 4C2 x−1/2 ln x
+ C1 x−1/2 + C2 x−1/2 ln x
= (3C1 x−1/2 − 4C1 x−1/2 + C1 x−1/2 − 8C2 x−1/2 + 8C2 x−1/2 )
+ (3C2 x−1/2 ln x − 4C2 x−1/2 ln x + C2 x−1/2 ln x) = 0
√
√ 2 √
42. y = C1 x [− sin( 2 ln x)]
0 −1
− C1 x−2 cos( 2 ln x)
x √
√ 2 √
+ C2 x−1 [cos( 2 ln x)] − C2 x−2 sin( 2 ln x)
√ √ x √
= − 2C1 x−2 sin( 2 ln x) − C1 x−2 cos( 2 ln x)
√ √ √
+ 2C2 x−2 cos( 2 ln x) − C2 x−2 sin( 2 ln x)
√ √
√ √ 2 √ √ √ 2
y 00 = − 2C1 x−2 [cos( 2 ln x)] + 2 2C1 x−3 sin( 2 ln x) + C1 x−2 [sin( 2 ln x)]
x √ x
√ √ √ 2 √ √
+ 2C1 x cos( 2 ln x) − 2C2 x [sin( 2 ln x)]
−3 −2
− 2 2C2 x−3 cos( 2 ln x)
√ x
√ 2 √
− C2 x−2 [cos( 2 ln x)] + 2C2 x−3 sin( 2 ln x)
√ √ x √ √
= 3 2C1 x−3 sin( 2 ln x) − 3 2C2 x−3 cos( 2 ln x)
√ √ √ √
x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 + 3y = 3 2C1 x−1 sin( 2 ln x) − 3 2C2 x−1 cos( 2 ln x)
√ √ √ √ √
− 3 2C1 x−1 sin( 2 ln x) − 3C1 x−1 cos( 2 ln x) + 3 2C2 x−1 cos( 2 ln x)
√ √ √
− 3C2 x−1 sin( 2 ln x) + 3C1 x−1 cos( 2 ln x) + 3C2 x−1 sin( 2 ln x) = 0
1 1 0 y
43. y 2 = ln x + ln y; 2yy 0 = + ·y ; 2xy 2 y 0 = y + xy 0 ; (2xy 2 − x)y 0 = y; y0 =
x y 2xy 2 − x
1 + y0 1
44. y 0 = ; (x + y)y 0 = 1 + y 0 ; y0 =
x+y x+y−1
1 1 y − xy
45. x + y 2 = ln x − ln y; 1 + 2yy 0 = − · y0 ; xy + 2xy 2 y 0 = y − xy 0 ; y0 =
x y 2xy 2 + x
1 2 y
46. y = ln x + 2 ln y; y0 = + · y0 ; xyy 0 = y + 2xy 0 ; y0 =
x y xy − 2x
2x + 2yy 0 2x − x2 y − y 3
47. xy 0 + y = ; (x3 + xy 2 )y 0 + x2 y + y 3 = 2x + 2yy 0 ; y0 =
x2 + y 2 x3 + xy 2 − 2y
2(1 + y 0 ) 2 1 − x2 − xy
48. x2 + y 2 = 2 ln(x + y); 2x + 2yy 0 = ; x + xy + (xy + y 2 )y 0 = 1 + y 0 ; y 0 =
x+y xy + y 2 − 1

1 dy 1 dy sinx sin x
49. ln y = (sin x) ln x; = (sin x) +(cos x)(ln x); =x + (cos x) ln x
y dx x dx x

1 dy 1 1
50. ln y = x ln(ln |x|); =x · + ln(ln |x|)
y dx ln |x| x

dy 1
= (ln |x|) x
+ ln(ln |x|) , |x| > 1
dx ln |x|

1 dy 1 1
51. ln y = ln x + x ln(x − 1); = +x + ln(x − 1)
y dx x x−1

dy x 1 x
= x(x − 1) + + ln(x − 1)
dx x x−1

1 dy 2x 2
52. ln y = x ln(x2 + 1) − 2 ln x; =x + ln(x2 + 1) −
y dx x2 + 1 x

dy (x2 + 1)x 2x2 2
= + ln(x 2
+ 1) −
dx x2 x2 + 1 x
1 1
53. ln |y| = ln |2x + 1| + ln |3x + 2| − ln |4x + 3|
2 2
1 dy 2 3 4
= + −
y dx 2(2x + 1) 2(3x + 2) 4x + 3
p
dy (2x + 1)(3x + 2) 1 3 4
= + −
dx 4x + 3 2x + 1 6x + 4 4x + 3
1 1
54. ln |y| = 10 ln |x| + ln(x2 + 5) − ln(8x2 + 2)
2 3
1 dy 10 2x 16x
= + −
y dx x 2(x2 + 5) 3(8x2 + 2)
√
dy x10 x2 + 5 10 x 16x
= √ + 2 −
dx 3
8x2 + 2 x x + 5 24x2 + 6
55. ln |y| = 5 ln |x3 − 1| + 4 ln |x4 + 3x3 | − 9 ln |7x + 5|

1 dy 5(3x2 ) 4(4x3 + 9x2 ) 9(7)
= 3 + −
y dx x −1 x + 3x
4 3 7x + 5

dy (x3 − 1)5 (x4 + 3x3 )4 15x2 16x + 36 63
= + 2 −
dx (7x + 5)9 x3 − 1 x + 3x 7x + 5
1 1
56. ln |y| = ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + ln(x2 + 2)
2 3
1 dy 1 1 2x
= + +
y dx x 2(x + 1) 3(x2 + 2)
p
dy √ 3 1 1 2x
=x x+1 x +2 2 + +
dx x 2x + 2 3x2 + 6

1 dy 1 dy x+2
57. ln y = (x + 2) ln x; = (x + 2) + ln x; = xx+2 + ln x
y dx x dx x
The point on the graph is (1, 1) and the slope of the tangent line is y 0 (1) = 3. An equation of
the tangent line is y − 1 = 3(x − 1) or y = 3x − 2.

1 dy 1 1 1
58. ln y = ln x + x ln(ln x); = +x · + ln(ln x)
y dx x ln x x

dy x 1 1
= x(ln x) + + ln(ln x)
dx x ln x
The point on the graph is (e, e) and the slope of the tangent line is y 0 (e) = 1 + e. An equation
of the tangent line is y − e = (1 + e)(x − e) or y = (1 + e)x − e2 .

1 dy 1 dy
59. ln y = x ln x; =x + ln x; = xx (1 + ln x) 3
y dx x dx
The tangent line is horizontal when dy/dx = xx (1 + ln x) = 0. xx is never
0, so we need only solve 1 + ln x = 0, which yields ln x = −1 and x = 1/e.
Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (1/e, 1/e1/e ).
3

1 dy 1 dy
60. ln y = 2x ln x; = 2x + 2 ln x; = 2x2x (1 + ln x) 3
y dx x dx
The tangent line is horizontal when dy/dx = 2x2x (1 + ln x) = 0. x2x is
never 0, so we need only solve 1 + ln x = 0, which yields ln x = −1 and
x = 1/e. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (1/e, 1/e2/e ).
3
d x
61. From Problem 59, x = xx (1 + ln x):
dx
dy d
(a) = (sec2 xx ) xx = xx (1 + ln x) sec2 xx
dx dx
dy x x x
(b) = xx ex [xx (1 + ln x)] + ex [xx (1 + ln x)] = (1 + xx )ex xx (1 + ln x)
dx

1 dy 1 dy xx x 1 2
(c) ln y = x ln x;
x
=x x
+ x (1 + ln x) ln x;
x
=x x + ln x + ln x
y dx x dx x
√ x
x 1 dy 1 1 dy x
62. y = (x ) = x ; ln y = ln x;
1/2 x x/2
= x + ln x ; = (1 + ln x);
2 y dx 2 x dx 2
√ x √ x √ x
d2 y x 1 x x 1 (1 + ln x)2
= + (1 + ln x)(1 + ln x) = +
dx2 2 x 4 2 x 2
63. g(x) = | ln x| is also not differentiable at x = 1. When x > 1, ln x > 0, so g(x) = ln x,
g 0 (x) = 1/x, and g+0
(1) = 1. When x < 1, ln x < 0, so g(x) = − ln x, g 0 (x) = −1/x, and
g− (1) = −1. Since g+ (1) 6= g−
0 0 0
(1), g is not differentiable at 1.
d
64. By the change of base formula for logarithms, logx e = ln e/ ln x = 1/ ln x. Thus, logx e =
dx
d 1 d 1 1
= (ln x)−1 = −(ln x)−2 =− .
dx ln x dx x x ln2 x

D3NN1S 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

D3NN1S 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE CHOTA”

Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal y Ambiental

3.2 Power and Sum Rules

10. f 0 (x) = −4x5 + 20x4 − 26x + 8

11. f (x) = 4x5 − 5x4 − 6x3

14. f (x) = x9 + 3x8 + 3x7 + x6 ; f 0 (x) = 9x8 + 24x7 + 21x6 + 6x5

17. h(u) = 64u3 ; h0 (u) = 192u2

25. y 0 = 2x − 8. The tangent is horizontal when 2x − 8 = 0 or x = 4. Since y(4) = −11, the

26. y 0 = x2 − x. The tangent is horizontal when x2 − x = 0 or x = 0, 1. Since y(0) = 0 and

27. y 0 = 3x2 − 6x − 9. The tangent is horizontal when 3x2 − 6x − 9 = 0 or x = 3, −1. Since

x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = x2 (2x−3 + 12x2 ) − 2x(−x−2 + 4x3 ) − 4(x−1 + x4 )

Thus, the function satisfies x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = 0.

x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = x2 (6x) − 3x(1 + 3x2 ) + 3(x + x3 + 4)

Thus, the function satisfies x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = 12.

(b) By inspection, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. 6

3.3 Product and Quotient Rules

3. y = (4x1/2 + x−1 )(2x − 6x−1/3 )

4. y = (x2 − x−2 )(x3 + x−3 )

dy (4x − 3)(0) − (5)(4) 20

dy (2x − 5)(3) − (3x + 1)(2) 17

11. f (x) = (x−1 − 4x−3 )(x3 − 5x − 1)

(3x + 2)[(2x + 1)(1) + (x − 5)(2)] − [(2x + 1)(x − 5)](3) 6x2 + 8x − 3

(x2 + 1)(5) − (5x)(2x) −5x2 + 5

24. y 0 = (2x2 − 4)(3x2 + 5) + (x3 + 5x + 3)(4x)

25. y 0 = (x2 − 4)(2x) + (x2 − 6)(2x) = 4x3 − 20x

26. y = x(x2 − 2x + 1) = x3 − 2x2 + x; y 0 = 3x2 − 4x + 1 = (x − 1)(3x − 1)

(x4 + 1)(2x) − (x2 )(4x3 ) 2x − 2x5

(x2 − 6x)(0) − (1)(2x − 6) −2x + 6

(x2 )(1) − (k + x)(2x) −x − 2k −2 − 2k

(x2 + 9)(2x) − (x2 + 14)(2x) −10x 1

36. F 0 (x) = (x2 )[f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x)] + [f (x)g(x)](2x)

[x − g(x)][2f 0 (x)] − [1 + 2f (x)][1 − g 0 (x)]

39. F 0 (x) = [4x−1 + f (x)]g 0 (x) + g(x)[−4x−2 + f 0 (x)]

g(x)[xf 0 (x) + f (x)] − [xf (x)]g 0 (x)

xf 0 (x) − f (x) f 0 (x) f (x)

47. f 0 (x) = (−2x + 6)(4) + (4x + 7)(−2) = 10 − 16x

48. f 0 (x) = (x − 2)(8x + 8) + (4x2 + 8x + 4)(1) = 8x2 + 8x − 16x − 16 + 4x2 + 8x + 4 = 12x2 − 12 =

52. Solving for q and differentiating we obtain

13. f (x) = sin x; f 0 (x) = cos x

(1 + 2 tan x)(2x) − (x2 )(2 sec2 x) 2x + 4x tan x − 2x2 sec2 x

(x)(cos x) − (2 + sin x)(1) x cos x − sin x − 2

(1 + cos x)(cos x) − (sin x)(− sin x) cos x + 1 1

(2 − cos x)(cos x) − (sin x)(sin x) 2 cos x − cos2 x − sin2 x 2 cos x − 1

35. f (x) = sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

38. f 0 (x) = 3 − [(x2 )(− sin x) + (cos x)(2x)] = 3 + x2 sin x − 2x cos x

(x)(cos x) − (sin x)(1) cos x sin x

41. f 0 (x) = − csc x cot x

42. f 0 (x) = sec2 x = (sec x)(sec x)

44. y = C1 x−1/2 cos x + C2 x−1/2 sin x

47. (a) We observe by successive differentiation that since:

sin x → cos x → − sin x → − cos x → sin x → cos x → . . .

Not differentiable at x = kπ for k an integer.

dF −70(0.2)(0.2 cos θ − sin θ) −2.8 cos θ + 14 sin θ

3.5 Chain Rule

16. y = (2x + 1)3 (3x2 − 2x)1/2

29. f 0 (x) = 5(sec 4x + tan 2x)4 (4 sec 4x tan 4x + 2 sec2 2x)

31. f 0 (x) = [cos(sin 2x)](cos 2x)(2) = 2 cos 2x cos(sin 2x)

34. f 0 (x) = [sec2 (tan x)](sec2 x)

36. f 0 (x) = [sec(tan2 x4 ) tan(tan2 x4 )][2 tan x4 ](sec2 x4 )(4x3 )

(x2 + 1)2 (1) − (x)[2(x2 + 1)(2x)] 1 − 3x2

2 sin t cos t − cos t = 0

65. The derivatives for n = 1 to 4 are:

3.6 Implicit Differentiation