ITFEL03

Current & Emerging IT Issues

& Technologies
2020 - 2021
First Semester
Instructor: Claudine Lumactud
Introduction to Current &
Emerging IT Issues &
Technology
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Learning Outcomes
• LO 1 Describe the significance of Artificial
Intelligence in Information Technology
today.
• LO 2 Analyze the current status, goals,
application, advantages and
disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
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Content
• Objectives
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
• History of Artificial Intelligence
• Current Status of Artificial Intelligence
• Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Application of Artificial Intelligence
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial
Intelligence
• Future Scope
• Summary
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Objectives
The students should be able to :
• Know the significance of
Artificial Intelligence in
Information Technology today.
• Know the History of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Identify the current status,
goals, application, advantages
and disadvantages of Artificial
Intelligence
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Statistical Approach
• It's a process where the AI system gather,
organize, analyze and interpret numerical
information from data.
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Symbolic Approach
• AI applications process strings of characters that
represent real-world entities or concepts.
Symbols can be arranged in structures such as
lists, hierarchies, or networks and these
structures show how symbols relate to each
other.
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Cybernetics and Brain Simulation

Source: Diagram © Paul Pangaro, 1990.

https://www.pangaro.com/definition-cybernetics.html
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Cybernetics and Brain Simulation

• Artificial Intelligence and Cybernetics are widely misunderstood to be the
same thing.
• They differ in many dimensions.
• For example,
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) grew from a desire to make computers smart,
whether smart like humans or just smart in some other way while
Cybernetics grew from a desire to understand and build systems that can
achieve goals, whether complex human goals or just goals like maintaining
the temperature of a room under changing conditions.
• But behind the differences between each domain ("smart" computers versus
"goal-directed" systems) are even deeper underlying conceptual
differences, some of which are captured in this diagram. For example, AI
(left) presumes that value lies in understanding "the world as it is" — which
presumes that knowing the world is both possible and necessary.
Cybernetics (right) holds that it is only necessary and only possible to be
coupled to the world sufficiently to achieve goals, that is, to gain feedback in
order to correct actions to achieve a goal. Thus, while both fields must have
clear and inter-consistent concepts such as representation, memory, reality,
and epistemology (middle), there are more differences than similarities.
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Cybernetics and Brain Simulation

Brain Simulation Platform
• The Brain Simulation Platform (BSP) is an internet-accessible
collaborative Platform designed for reconstruction and
simulation of brain models.

• The Platform comprises a suite of software tools and

workflows for collaborative brain research to allow
researchers to reconstruct and simulate detailed multi-level
models of the brain, displaying emergent structures and
behaviours. Models can be simulated and reconstructed at
different levels of description, from abstract to highly detailed
molecular and cellular models.
• Source: https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/brain-simulation/brain-simulation-platform/
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Cognitive Simulation
• Aim is to simulate human thought. Human
cognition involves real-time analysis of
environment, context and intent, among many
other variables that inform a person's ability to
solve problems
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Conceptual view of an A.I. System

• The present description of an AI system is based on
the conceptual view of AI detailed in Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Russel and
Norvig, 2009[9]). This view is consistent with a
widely used definition of AI as “the study of the
computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act” (Winston, 1992[10]) and with
similar general definitions (Gringsjord and
Govindarajulu, 2018[11]).
References:
• [9] Russel, S. and P. Norvig (2009), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd edition, Pearson, London,
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/.
• [10] Winston, P. (1992), Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,
https://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.034f/ai3/rest.pdf.
• [11] Gringsjord, S. and N. Govindarajulu (2018), Artificial Intelligence, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Archive, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/artificial-intelligence/.
 A high-level conceptual view of an
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A.I. System

A conceptual view of AI is first presented as the high-level structure of a generic AI system (also referred to as “intelligent
agent”) . An AI system consists of three main elements: sensors, operational logic and actuators. Sensors collect raw data from
the environment, while actuators act to change the state of the environment. The key power of an AI system resides in its
operational logic. For a given set of objectives and based on input data from sensors, the operational logic provides output for the
actuators. These take the form of recommendations, predictions or decisions that can influence the state of the environment.
Source: As defined and approved by AIGO in February 2019.
 Detailed conceptual view of an
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A.I. System

A more detailed structure captures the main elements relevant to the policy dimensions of AI systems (Figure 1.4). To cover
different types of AI systems and different scenarios, the diagram separates the model building process (such as ML), from the
model itself. Model building is also separate from the model interpretation process, which uses the model to make predictions,
recommendations and decisions; actuators use these outputs to influence the environment.
Source: As defined and approved by AIGO in February 2019.
Terms to Remember
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Environment
• An environment in relation to an AI system is a
space observable through perceptions (via
sensors) and influenced through actions (via
actuators).
• Sensors and actuators are either machines or
humans. Environments are either real (e.g.
physical, social, mental) and usually only
partially observable, or else virtual (e.g. board
games) and generally fully observable.
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A.I. System
• An AI system is a machine-based system that can, for a
given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions,
recommendations or decisions influencing real or virtual
environments.
• It does so by using machine and/or human-based inputs
to:
i) perceive real and/or virtual environments;
ii) abstract such perceptions into models through analysis
in an automated manner (e.g. with ML, or manually); and
iii) use model inference to formulate options for information
or action. AI systems are designed to operate with varying
levels of autonomy.
 A.I. Model, Model Building and
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Model Interpretation
• The core of an AI system is the AI model, a
representation of all or part of the system’s
external environment that describes the
environment’s structure and/or dynamics.
• A model can be based on expert knowledge and/or
data, by humans and/or by automated tools (e.g. ML
algorithms).
• Objectives (e.g. output variables) and performance
measures (e.g. accuracy, resources for training,
representativeness of the dataset) guide the building
process.
 A.I. Model, Model Building and
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Model Interpretation
• Model inference is the process by which humans
and/or automated tools derive an outcome from
the model. These take the form of
recommendations, predictions or decisions.
• Objectives and performance measures guide the
execution. In some cases (e.g. deterministic
rules), a model can offer a single
recommendation. In other cases (e.g.
probabilistic models), a model can offer a variety
of recommendations.
 A.I. Model, Model Building and
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Model Interpretation
• These recommendations are associated with
different levels of, for instance, performance
measures like level of confidence, robustness or
risk. In some cases, during the interpretation
process, it is possible to explain why specific
recommendations are made. In other cases,
explanation is almost impossible.
The A.I. System Lifecycle
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• The A.I. system lifecycle typically involves four specific phases. The design,
data and models phase is a context-dependent sequence encompassing
planning and design, data collection and processing, as well as model
building and interpretation. This is followed by verification and validation,
deployment, and operation and monitoring.
• Source: As defined and approved by AIGO in February 2019.
 The AI system lifecycle phases can be
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described as follows:
• Design, data and modelling includes several activities, whose
order may vary for different AI systems:
‒ Planning and design of the AI system involves articulating
the system’s concept and objectives, underlying
assumptions, context and requirements, and potentially
building a prototype.
‒ Data collection and processing includes gathering and
cleaning data, performing checks for completeness and
quality, and documenting the metadata and characteristics
of the dataset. Dataset metadata include information on
how a dataset was created, its composition, its intended
uses and how it has been maintained over time.
‒ Model building and interpretation involves the creation or
selection of models or algorithms, their calibration and/or
training and interpretation.
 The AI system lifecycle phases can be
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described as follows:
• Verification and validation involves executing and
tuning models, with tests to assess performance
across various dimensions and considerations.
• Deployment into live production involves piloting,
checking compatibility with legacy systems,
ensuring regulatory compliance, managing
organisational change and evaluating user
experience.
 The AI system lifecycle phases can
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be described as follows:
• Operation and monitoring of an AI system
involves operating the AI system and
continuously assessing its recommendations
and impacts (both intended and unintended) in
light of objectives and ethical considerations.
This phase identifies problems and adjusts by
reverting to other phases or, if necessary,
retiring an AI system from production.
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References
• https://www.pangaro.com/definition-cybernetics.html
• [9] Russel, S. and P. Norvig (2009), Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd edition,
Pearson, London, http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/.
• [10] Winston, P. (1992), Artificial Intelligence,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,
https://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.034f/ai3/rest.pdf.
• [11] Gringsjord, S. and N. Govindarajulu (2018),
Artificial Intelligence, The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Archive,
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/ar
tificial-intelligence/.