Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248

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Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

The effect of high oleic and linoleic fatty acid composition for quality
and economical of biodiesel from crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil
(CCIO) with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), batchwise solvent
extraction (BSE), and combination of MAE–BSE methods
∗
Hakun W. Aparamarta a , , Setiyo Gunawan a , Husni Husin b , Badril Azhar a ,
Hanggoro Tri Aditya a
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
b
Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Indonesia is very much dependent on fossil fuel for its energy source, but has recently been promoting
Received 6 April 2020 renewable energy resources capable of simultaneously balancing economic and social development
Received in revised form 19 October 2020 with environmental protection. Biodiesel is one of the renewable energies that currently been
Accepted 21 November 2020
promoted frequently uses edible oil as its feedstocks. One of the promising non-edible oil crop is crude
Available online 2 December 2020
Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CCIO). It has a high oil content, composed of mostly triglycerides (TG) that
Keywords: resulted in a higher yield of biodiesel. Previous researches were limited to its conversion into biodiesel
Batchwise solvent extraction method with desired quality and economical. In this work, the time of extraction and fatty acid composition
Biodiesel were investigated. Batchwise solvent extraction (BSE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and MAE–
Combination method BSE combination were applied to achieve purified CCIO in a shorter amount of time. For BSE, MAE and
Fatty acid
MAE–BSE combination, it was found free fatty acids (FFA) content was decreased from 15.07 ± 0.141
Microwave-assisted extraction method
to 1.045 ± 0.215%, 6.91% ± 0.04%, and 1.10 ± 0.141%, respectively. Moreover, TG content was
increased significantly from 67.25 ± 0.372 % to 94.95 ± 0.005%, 84.45%±0.37%, and 96.062% ± 0.035%,
respectively. The majority of fatty acid composition for the MAE and combination method is linoleic
acid with 46.36% and 45.43%, respectively. While the BSE method’s majority fatty acid composition is
oleic acid with 32.90%. All results were converted as biodiesel using the transesterification method.
The quality of biodiesel was graded using density, acid value, and cetane number as the parameters.
The various result of biodiesel was evaluated by the American society for testing materials (ASTM
D6751-2), the European Union (EN 14214-03) and SNI 7182:2015 standard procedures. Based on all
three parameters, the biodiesel resulting from the BSE purification methods fit all parameters according
to the existing standard.
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction (2019a) reported that C. Inophyllum was the best alternative,

Indonesia is still dependent on fossil fuel for energy sources.
Due to the nature of fossil fuel that cannot be renewed, the
demand cannot be fulfilled using only fossil fuel shortly. To solve
this problem, Indonesia has been promoting the use of renew-
able energy resources capable of simultaneously balancing eco-
nomic and social development with environmental protection.
Biodiesel is one of the renewable energies that currently being
promoted frequently. One of the promising non-edible oil sources
is crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CCIO). Aparamarta et al.
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: hakunmarta9105@gmail.com, hakun2397@gmail.com
(H.W. Aparamarta).
and the composition of raw materials for making biodiesel that
was investigated by using Gas Chromatography (GC) and TLC
analysis. This is because C. inophyllum has high oil content and
yield (Aparamarta et al., 2019a,b). Oil yield and oil content of a
crop became the critical factor in deciding the crop’s suitability
as feedstock for biodiesel production. The reason is that oil crops
with higher oil yield can reduce the production cost. Generally,
the cost of raw materials accounts for about 70%–80% of the total
production cost of biodiesel (Gui et al., 2008). One of the main
parameters for biodiesel performance is the cetane number. This
parameter is the leading indicator of diesel fuel combustibility,
as it shows the time of delay burning and combustion quality
(Meher et al., 2006). A higher cetane number determines higher
power and better economic performance of the engine (Knothe,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.197
2352-4847/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al.
2005). Longer chains of fatty acid in esters produce higher cetane
number values. For example, methyl esters of myristic (14:0),
palmitic (16:0), and stearic (18:0) acids have a cetane number
of 66.2, 74.5, and 86.9 (Folayan et al., 2019; Knothe, 2005). Most
abundant fatty acid from the crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil
is oleic acid, C18:1 (39.1%), followed by linoleic acid, C18:2 (31.1%),
stearic acid, C18:0 (14.3%) and palmitic acid, C16:0 (13.7%) (Crane
et al., 2005) his major fatty acid is becoming a benefit of C.
inophyllum became biodiesel feedstocks. Previous works stated
that the quality of biodiesel is by the presence of high monoun-
saturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, low poly-unsaturated
fatty acid such as linoleic acid, and optimum saturated fatty acid
(Knothe, 2009; Pinzi et al., 2009). The use of oleic acid from
Jatropha curcas as biodiesel feedstock has been done by Kusmiyati
and Agung (2010), resulting in the required quality of biodiesel
and concluded that oleic acid is very influence in biodiesel feed-
stock. Kumar and Niranjan (2018) study biodiesel from Jatropha
curcas with various fatty acid compositions, concluding that J.
curcas oil-rich in oleic acid is suitable for biodiesel production
while J. curcas with linoleic acid as major fatty acid is suitable for
other industrial application. However, none of them do in CCIO.
From this study, having high oleic acid in purified CCIO is desired.
The biggest challenge in using CCIO as biodiesel feedstock is
a many of free fatty acids (FFA). A large amount of FFA could
trigger a saponification reaction that can reduce biodiesel yields,
hinders separation of the ester from glycerin, and reduces the
biodiesel formation rate (Thiruvengadaravi et al., 2012). Atabani
et al. (2017) reported that oil with FFA content above 2% has
to undergo esterification with acid-catalyzed first for alkaline-
catalyzed transesterification. Many researchers were work to
make biodiesel via transesterification with a homogeneous cat-
alyst, such as H2 SO4 (Veljković et al., 2006), KOH and NaOH
(Rizwanul et al., 2014), a heterogeneous catalyst such as zinc
stearate/SiO2 , MoO3 /ZrO2 (Atadashi et al., 2013), enzymes
(Christopher et al., 2014) and microbial lipids (Li and Wang,
1997). However, their pretreatment can cause equipment corro-
sion, environmental problems, higher energy consumption, and
economically unattractive (Atadashi et al., 2013; Busic et al.,
2018; Ogunkunle and Ahmed, 2019). Therefore, the method for
purification of TG is implied to get an optimal biodiesel yield
and overcome these problems. Aparamarta et al. (2019b) manage
to separate TG and FFA using nine stages of batchwise solvent
extraction (BSE) method, resulting in a TG content of 98.53 and
FFA of 0.35%. The resulting oil was mainly composed of oleic
acid (38.25%). This result meets the standard requirement of
biodiesel production feedstock environmentally, but the extrac-
tion process requires a six-day process using a vast amount of
solvent. Therefore, it needs to reduce the time of the extraction
process. Reducing the time, it makes the biodiesel production
more efficient and economical.
This work involved the addition of the microwave-assisted ex-
traction (MAE) method to the process of TG purification. The MAE
method has a green impact, such as low energy consumption, safe
operation, and reduced operation input (Liu et al., 2018). This idea
was used to bring the heat in the separation process, overcoming
its time-consuming issue. The presence of microwave energy can
cause deviation of fatty acid composition in C. inophyllum oil as it
can cause events like cracking, hydrocracking, and dehydrogena-
tion (Beneroso et al., 2017). Aparamarta et al. (2019b) manage to
separate TG and FFA using a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
method resulting in the TG content of 83.46% and FFA content
of 7.50%. This method significantly shortens the extraction time
by 99% and reduces the amount of solvent used, but the result
still not meets the required biodiesel feedstock standard. The FFA
content still above 2%. So, it makes uneconomically. The yield of
biodiesel was decreased because of the saponification reaction
was occurred.
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Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248
In this work, the MAE method was modified. The optimum
variable was combined with the BSE method to meet the required
FFA standard for biodiesel feedstock. This research focuses on
finding the effective method for C. inophyllum oil purification to
be used as biodiesel feedstocks, resulting in high content of TG
and low content of FFA with the shortest time of purification
while keeping the oleic-rich fatty acid composition to produce
good quality biodiesel. All three purification methods results were
used then converted as biodiesel using the transesterification
method.
2. Materials and experimental methods
2.1. Materials
The CCIO was obtained from Koperasi Jarak Tani Lestari (Cen-
tral Java, Indonesia). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) aluminum
plates (20 cm × 20 cm × 250 µm) were purchased from Merck
(Darmstadt, Germany). All solvents and reagents were either
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade or
analytical-grade and were obtained from commercial sources.
2.2. Separation of TG from crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil by BSE
The separation of TG from crude CCIO was described by Apara-
marta et al. (2016). This method uses the concept of nonpolar
and polar lipids. Polar solvent (methanol) and nonpolar solvent
(petroleum ether) with boiling in the range 42–62 ◦ C were used
in this study. The mass ratio of crude oil to the solvent is 1:5. The
solvent is a mixture of petroleum ether (PE) and methanol (ME)
with a mass ratio of 3:1. Crude and solvent were put into a beaker
and the mixture was stirred (300 r/min) at room temperature
for 15 min. Then, it was separated by separatory funnel and had
two layers (polar and nonpolar lipids). The nonpolar lipid was
taken and washed by methanol until nine stages. The results were
analyzed by GC (Gas Chromatography) and TLC.
2.3. Separation of TG from CCIO by MAE
Using the same ratio as BSE method, the extraction carried out
into a single neck flask and used the power of 150; 300; 450; and
600 W with the time of 20; 30; 45; and 60 min. The results were
analyzed by GC and TLC analysis.
2.4. Separation of TG from CCIO by combination of MAE and BSE
The optimum result from MAE methods was carried out into
multistage batchwise solvent extraction. The results from each
stage were analyzed by GC analysis.
2.5. Production of biodiesel using transesterification method
The transesterification method for C. inophyllum was described
by Venkanna and Reddy (2009). Purified C. inophyllum oil reacted
with methanol using the molar ratio of 1:8. KOH was used as the
catalyst with the amount of 1.25% of oil mass. The production
conducted using the heat of 60 ◦ C for 120 min with constant stir-
ring (200 r/min). The product was a two-layer liquid. The upper
layer that contains FAME and unreacted TG and methanol sep-
arated using PE-ME solvent. The upper layer that contains FAME
and methanol then heated to 65 ◦ C, vaporizing the methanol. The
FAME then gently washed using distilled water to eliminate the
catalyst. Distilled water washing was continued until the drained
water has the same pH as the initial distilled water.
H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al.
Fig. 1. TLC analysis of BSE method for; (a) stage one, (b) stage four, (c) stage seven, (d) stage nine.
2.6. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis
TLC was applied to qualitatively analyze the sample, using
authentic standards, as described by Gunawan et al. (2008). TLC
paper that has been stained by the sample was immersed in
a mobile phase of hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (90:10:1,
v/v/v).
2.7. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis
GC was used to know the level of TG (triglycerides), FFA (free
fatty acid), DG (diacylglycerols), and MG (monoacylglycerols) as
described by Aparamarta et al. (2018). It was performed on a
Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph (made in Japan), equipped
with a flame ionization detector. Separations were carried out on
a DB-5HT nonpolar column.
3. Results and discussion
The content of crude C. inophyllum was analyzed using GC.
The TG and FFA contents of CCIO in this research are 67.25%
TG and 15.07% FFA. While other references stated that the TG
content of CCIO is in the range of 40%–73% (Atabani and Cesar,
2014), another reference stated that the content of CCIO is 70.38%
TG and 8.51% (Knothe, 2009). The difference in oil content was
attributed to C. inophyllum cultivar, harvesting age, and diversity
of agronomic factors (Aparamarta et al., 2017).
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Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248
In this study, BSE, MAE, and combination methods were ap-
plied in the TG purification. Aparamarta et al. (2016) were ob-
served the relative polarity of each compound in CCIO. It was
found that the most nonpolar one was TG, followed by DG,
FFA, MG, and gum. The difference of relative polarity in each
component can be used as the concept to purify the CCIO. Pu-
rification was done using two solvent of different polarity index.
The solvent used was a mixture of petroleum ether and methanol,
which resulted in high yield and high recovery (Knothe, 2009).
The content of TG and FFA was chosen as the parameter for the
effective separation of NPLF from crude Calophyllum inophyllum
seed oil.
3.1. Batchwise Solvent Extraction (BSE) method
The BSE method increases the purity of TG by separating
its compound with other compounds, namely polar compounds,
such as FFA and gum. This extraction method was resulting
in a two-layer product, namely nonpolar lipid fraction (NPLF)
and polar lipid fraction (PLF) (Aparamarta et al., 2019b). PLF
was contained polar components which are not preferred in
biodiesel feedstock, was removed. Furthermore, NPLF washed
with methanol until nine stages to remove the polar fraction.
Fig. 1 shows the first stage of BSE, resulting in the separation
of polar and nonpolar components as the TG cannot be traced to
the PLF fraction. The further separation was needed. The fourth
and seventh stages of BSE resulting in the fading of polar com-
ponent traces in NPLF indicating the separation was successful.
H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al. Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248

Fig. 2. Result of BSE method using (a) TLC analysis and (b) GC analysis.

The separation continued until nine stages resulting in the total Table 1
disappearance of polar fraction trace in the NPLF spot. The PLF Composition of NPLF at power and time from MAE method.

showed no trace either, indicating the last stage PLF contained Power (Watt) Time (min) TG Content (%) FFA Content (%)

mostly methanol. 20 70.65% ± 1.47% 13.01% ± 0.13%

30 77.54% ± 1.83% 10.85% ± 1.10%
Quantitative analysis carried out using GC which results can 150
45 77.83% ± 2.01% 11.11% ± 0.30%
be seen in Fig. 2. TG content of NPLF in stage nine shown was 60 77.32% ± 2.35% 11.20% ± 1.28%
94.95 ± 0.005% and FFA content was 1.045 ± 0.215%.
20 81.39% ± 0.21% 8.22% ± 0.10%
300 30 81.73% ± 0.12% 7.49% ± 0.00%
3.2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method 45 83.60% ± 0.06% 7.07% ± 0.01%
60 82.18% ± 0.05% 7.34% ± 0.06%
MAE method uses the same concept of relative polarity in 20 81.34% ± 0.15% 8.07% ± 0.35%
CCIO, except it uses the microwave to increase the penetration 450 30 81.63% ± 0.03% 7.41% ± 0.15%
of solvent into the sample, decreasing the time and solvent usage 45 84.45% ± 0.37% 6.91% ± 0.04%
60 81.73% ± 0.24% 7.38% ± 0.13%
(Meher et al., 2006). Energy from the microwave was absorbed by
the solvent and converted into heat. This depends on the dissi- 20 80.93% ± 0.80% 8.00% ± 0.62%
600 30 81.65% ± 0.02% 7.65% ± 0.46%
pation factor of the solvent. Higher dissipation factor resulting in
45 82.08% ± 0.10% 7.37% ± 0.35%
higher heat energy generated (Kingston and Jassie, 1988). Product 60 79.26% ± 0.98% 9.74% ± 0.35%
of MAE method was analyzed using TLC and GC showing result
as shown in Fig. 3
The TLC result indicating the separation process was successful
as the nonpolar fraction was not traced in PLF. Nevertheless, the 45 min and separation time of two hours. This result is agreeing
NPLF still contains a certain amount of polar fraction. GC result
indicating the same result. Quantitative results of the GC analysis with the work of Aparamarta et al. (2019b), which used the time
shown in Table 1.
From Table 1, it can be seen that the content of TG increases variable of 30–90 min, but shows a more specified number for
from 67.02% to 84.45% and FFA decreases from 15.21% to 6.91% for
the variable of 450 W and 45 min. For this result, MAE only needs more variable used.
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H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al. Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248

Fig. 3. Result of MAE method using (a) TLC analysis and (b) GC analysis for the variable of 450 W and 45 min.

Table 2 high caused many solvents to evaporate and little solvent used
Quantitative result of combination method for each stage. to dissolve the targeted components. It can be seen where when
Stage TG content (%) FFA content (%) the power reaches 600 W, and the purity decreases because a
Crude 67.25 ± 0.37 15.07 ± 0.14 lot of solvents evaporate and left a small amount in the flask to
MAE 84.45 ± 0.19 6.88 ± 0.44 dissolve the desired component. While power that is too small
1 86.53 ± 0.08 6.69 ± 0.01
2 89.04 ± 0.23 6.13 ± 0.30
also causes the penetration of the sample to be weak seen in
3 90.53 ± 0.11 3.61 ± 0.13 the 150 W data, the purity is also low which indicates that the
4 91.50 ± 0.06 2.31 ± 0.08 optimum temperature for penetration of the component into the
5 93.82 ± 0.11 1.83 ± 0.07 solvent becomes more minimum.
6 95.34 ± 0.23 1.32 ± 0.23
7 96.06 ± 0.03 1.09 ± 0.27
8 95.79 ± 0.37 1.10 ± 0.14
3.2.2. Effect of time in MAE method
The effect of extraction time on MAE is the length of interac-
tion between solvents and targeted components at the optimum
temperature. Increasing the extraction time in the microwave
3.2.1. Effect of power in MAE method caused the contact time between solvents and components to
The power of microwaves on the MAE method causes a dif- be longer at the optimum temperature, this causes the targeted
ference in the time needed to reach the optimum temperature components to dissolve more into the solvents in the mixture.
and the number of substances that interact with the sample. The The more targeted components to dissolve into existing solvents,
temperature in the vessel will stabilize over time, where higher the results of the MAE obtained would be better.
power will require faster time to reach the temperature and However, an extended time of interaction at an optimum
smaller power will take longer to reach the temperature (Spigno temperature can cause the components in the mixture to be de-
and De Faveri, 2009). The temperature in the mixture achieved graded. Events like cracking, hydrocracking, and dehydrogenation
stability near the boiling point of the heated solvent. can occur in the microwave (Beneroso et al., 2017). It allows the
The higher the power in the microwave, the more methanol change in components in mixtures such as TG to FFA and vice
evaporates. Meanwhile, the increased temperature caused the versa. The opening of double bonds in fatty acid components
penetration of the targeted component, in this case, TG and FFA, is also possible during the MAE process, which can change the
into existing solvents to be better. Temperatures that are too composition of fatty acids in the mixture. The degradation of this
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H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al. Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248

Fig. 4. Effect of time for (a) TG (%), and (b) FFA (%) parameters in the MAE method.

Table 3
GC–MS result.
No Method Result
Fatty Acid Content (%)
Palmitic acid (C16:0 ) 14.59
Stearic acid (C18:0 ) Saturated 14.86
1 Microwave-Assisted extraction (450 W, 45 min variable) Arachidic acid(C20:0 ) 0.50
Oleic acid (C18:1 ) 23.69
Linoleic acid (C18:2 ) Unsaturated 46.36
Palmitic acid (C16:0 ) 14.62
Stearic acid (C18:0 ) Saturated 15.76
Arachidic acid (C20:0 ) 0.61
2 Combination
Behenic acid (C22:0 ) 0.24
Oleic acid (C18:1 ) Unsaturated 23.34
Linoleic acid (C18:2 ) 45.43
Palmitic acid (C16:0 ) Saturated 11.37
Stearic acid (C18:0 ) 16.21
Arachidic acid (C20:0 ) 6.97
3 Batchwise solvent extraction
Behenic acid (C22:0 ) 1.64
Oleic acid (C20:0 ) Unsaturated 32.90
Linoleic acid (C18:2 ) 23.61

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H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al.
Fig. 5. Result of combination method using (a) TLC analysis and (b) GC analysis.
component can be seen when it reaches min 60, %FFA increases,
and %TG decreases, which indicates that TG is degraded into other
compounds where one of them is FFA (see Fig. 4).
3.3. Combination method
Since microwave-assisted extraction has not reached the re-
quired biodiesel feedstock content, the MAE method was modi-
fied. The optimum variable was combined with the BSE method
to meet the required FFA standard for biodiesel feedstock. The
combination of MAE and BSE could decrease the time of extrac-
tion and lower solvent consumption. Aparamarta et al. (2019a,b)
reported that the TG and FFA content for the MAE method could
replace two stages of the BSE method. The extraction time of
MAE can reduce significantly. To get two stages in the first stage,
the MAE method needs only 30 min. While the BSE method
needs 48 h. This heating process makes some force to get out of
the TG compound from the biological matrix in a shorter time
(Patil et al., 2011). This makes MAE used in the first step of the
combination method. The second combination method was the
BSE method. This method was applied to purify the TG content
from other compounds. The use of this method meets the stan-
dard requirement of biodiesel production feedstock. It also can
environmentally friendly because the solvents can be recovered
easily and with less sophisticated equipment (Aparamarta et al.,
2016). Therefore, this method makes the biodiesel production
economical and environmentally.
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Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248
Since microwave-assisted extraction has not reached the re-
quired biodiesel feedstock content, the product undergoes further
purification with the BSE method. For each stage, the oil was
analyzed using TLC and GC. The result of the seventh stage was
shown in Fig. 5.
The result indicating the separation of PLF and NPLF was
successful. The TG and FFA content on each stage of purification
were shown in Table 2.
In Table 2, triglyceride levels have increased and the FFA level
has decreased with the addition of stages. It is following the
results obtained by using the BSE method. The more significant
number of stages, the higher the triglyceride content. The high-
est triglyceride levels were obtained after continued with the
BSE method as many as seven stages from the combination of
microwave-assisted extraction results with a variable power of
450 W and 45 min. The results showed TG levels of 96.062%.
However, at the 8th stage, the triglyceride content decreased.
It is because triglyceride compounds are converted into other
compounds.
3.4. Biodiesel production
The purified CCIO with three methods used in this study were
then analyzed using GC–MS to define the fatty acid component.
The result is shown in Table 3.
From the table, it can be seen that the BSE method has oleic
acid as the highest fatty acid, while the combination method and
H.W. Aparamarta, S. Gunawan, H. Husin et al.
Table 4
Physical properties of biodiesel.
Properties Density (Kg/m3 ) Acid value (ml KOH/g) Cetane number
BSE 869.1 0.374 52.43
MAE 763.1 0.430 44.59
Combination 855.3 0.355 45.14
ASTM D6751-2 870–890 Max 0.5 Min 47
EN 14214-03 860–900 Max 0.5 Min 50
SNI 7182:2015 850–890 Max 0.5 Min 51
MAE contain linoleic acid as the highest fatty acid. The purified
oil is then converted into biodiesel, resulting in the following
physical properties as shown in Table 4.
Cetane number is used as biodiesel quality parameters related
to the time of delay burning and combustion quality. Cetane
number must meet the minimum values to ensure optimal engine
performance. Higher the cetane number resulted in faster com-
bustion time and decreasing the production of white smoke. This
parameter is one of the most critical parameters in biodiesel’s
physical properties (Meher et al., 2006). Based on the cetane
number parameters, the combination method and MAE do not
meet the biodiesel standard. It is due to the high number of
double unsaturated fatty acids in the refined oil, which is ob-
tained from purification. The feedstock of biodiesel must contain
a long and unsaturated fatty acid chain (Bajpai and Tyagi, 2006;
Dermibas, 2005; Knothe et al., 1998). Cetane numbers are also
lower along with the number of double unsaturated compounds,
for example, linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic (C18: 3) (Knothe et al.,
2003).
4. Conclusion
High purification of triglyceride (TG) was successfully obtained
from crude Calophyllum inophyllum via microwave-assisted ex-
traction (MAE) with an extraction variable of 450 W and 45 min.
The data obtained for the MAE method is 84.45% of TG and 6.91%
of FFA. With the combination method, the optimum result was
achieved at the 7th stage resulting in a better percentage of TG
(96.06%) and FFA (1.09%) than nine stages of the BSE method with
94.95% of TG and 1.045% of FFA. The combination method also
cut the extraction time to four days. However, the microwave
process caused the fatty acid composition of the CCIO to change
from mostly oleic acid to linoleic acid. This method resulted in the
lower quality of biodiesel. This method still potentially became
biodiesel production because it a green method and shortens the
time of extraction.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Hakun W. Aparamarta: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writ-
ing - review & editing. Setiyo Gunawan: Software, Validation.
Husni Husin: Software, Methodology. Badril Azhar: Visualiza-
tion, Writing - original draft. Hanggoro Tri Aditya: Data curation,
Data investigation.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Institute of Research and Pub-
lic Services (LPPM) Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS),
Surabaya, Indonesia, and partially supported by the Indonesian
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education under
World Class University (WCU) program managed by
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia.
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Energy Reports 6 (2020) 3240–3248
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