Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CLSU ABE Review 2022 APE Chap 04 Internal Combustion Engine
CLSU ABE Review 2022 APE Chap 04 Internal Combustion Engine
CLSU ABE Review 2022 APE Chap 04 Internal Combustion Engine
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
by
• Single-Cylinder
• One piston
• Appropriate for small engines commonly used in the farm
• Multiple-Cylinder
• More than one piston (3, 4, 6, 8, 12)
• Appropriate for high-powered engines for driving tractors
and self-propelled equipment
According to Drive Shaft Position
• Intake Stroke – Fuel and air or air alone is sucked into the
combustion chamber as the piston moves in a downward direction.
• Compression Stroke – Fuel and air or air alone is compressed by
the piston as it moves in upward direction.
• Power Stroke – Fuel and air is ignited to produce power at the
downward movement of the piston and transmits the power to the
crankshaft of the engine.
• Exhaust Stroke – Fuel is burned and gas is discharged from the
combustion chamber.
Cycle of Events
Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power.
Cycle of Events
Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power.
Cycle of Events
Weight of the engine ● CI engines are heavier than SI engines. ● Engine weight is lighter than diesel engine.
Speed achieved by ● CI engines are heavier and the fuel is ● Petrol or SI engines are lightweight and the fuel
the engine heterogeneously burned; hence, producing is homogeneously burned; hence, achieving
lower speeds. very high speeds.
Thermal efficiency of ● The value of compression ratio is higher; hence, ● The lower compression ratio of SI engines
the engine these engines have the potential to achieve reduces their potential to achieve higher
higher thermal efficiency. thermal efficiency.
Feature Compression Ignition Spark Ignition
Compression Ratio 15 to 21 6 to 9.5 (petrol)
6 to 12 (alcohol)
Pressure after 35 to 60 bar 15 to 20 bar
compression without
ignition
Temperature after 600° to 900°C 400° to 600°C
compression without
ignition
Excess air ratio 1.3 to 4.0 0.7 to 1.2
Efficiency 0.30 to 0.40 0.20 to 0.35
Specific fuel consumption 230 to 350 g/kW-hr 300 to 400 g/kW-hr
Volumetric efficiency 0.7 to 0.9 0.3 to 0.9
Exhaust gas temperature 400° to 600°C 500° to 900°C
Speed ratio (stationary) 1,300 to 2,500 1,300 to 2,500
Ignition type Self-ignition by injection of fuel into Spark ignition of spark plugs
hot compressed air shortly before
piston reaches the top dead center
Firing Order
• It is the sequence of movement of the piston as it produces power.
• It is an order in which the engine cylinders deliver the power strokes
at best engine performance. It is also related to engine balancing.
O D
2 No. 1 – No. 2
O O D
3 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3
O O D D
4 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 4 – No. 3
O O O D D D
6 No. 1 – No. 5 – No. 3 – No. 6 – No. 2 – No. 4
The first piston can be found near the flywheel while the last is
located near the cooling fan or radiator.
Running Mates
• It is a fuel feeding method for most diesel engines and newer models
of gasoline engines where high-pressure electric pump mixes
precisely measured amount of filtered fuel and air. The mixture of
fuel and air is then sprayed into the cylinders by fuel injectors.
Turbo Chargers
π D2 PD + CV
PD = ----------- L n CR = -----------------
4 CV
where: where:
Given:
PD - 38.4 in3
CV - 2.5 in3
Required:
Compression ratio
Solution:
CR = (38.4 in3 + 2.5 in3 ) / 2.5 in3
= 16.4
Brake Horsepower
Indicated Horsepower
P LA N n BHP = IHP x ξm or
IHP = -------------- = IHP - FHP
33000 c
where: where:
IHP – indicated horsepower,
hp BHP – brake horsepower, hp
P – mean effective IHP – indicated horsepower,
pressure, psi hp
L – length of stroke, ft ξm – engine mechanical
A – area of bore, in2 efficiency, decimal
N – crankshaft speed, rpm FHP – friction horsepower,
n – number of cylinder hp
c - 2 for four-stroke
engine and 1 for two-
stroke engine
Calculate the indicated horsepower of a 6-cylinder engine, 4" bore and
4" stroke, 1500 rpm, 80 psi mean effective pressure.
Given:
No. of cylinders - 6
Bore, D - 4 in.
Stroke, L - 4 in.
RPM, N - 1500 rpm
Pressure, P - 80 psi
Required:
Indicated horsepower
Solution:
L = 4 in. x 1 ft/12 in. = 0.34 ft
A = π/4 x D2 = π/4 (4)2 = 12.57 in2
IHP = PLANn / (33,000 x 2)
= (80 x 0.34 x 12.57 x 1500 x 6) / 33, 000 x 2
= 46.61 hp
The indicated power of an engine is 69 horsepower. The brake
horsepower is 54. What is the mechanical or engine efficiency?
Given:
IHP - 69 Hp
BHP - 54 Hp
Required:
Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
Mech Eff = BHP / IHP
= 54 Hp / 69 Hp
= 78.26%
No. of Explosion per Min No. of Intake Valve to Open
N
N No. IV to open = ---------------
No. Exp/min = ------------ c
c
where:
where:
N – crankshaft speed,
N – crankshaft speed, rpm
rpm c - 2 for four-stroke
c - 2 for four-stroke engine and 0 for
engine and 1 for two-stroke engine
two-stroke engine
Engine Displacement per
Piston Displacement per Min Min
PD x N x ξv ED x N x ξv
PD/min = ---------------- ED/min = ---------------
100 c 100 c
where: where:
• All three types of engine (gas, gasoline, and diesel) can be fueled
with gasifier.
• Diesel engines, however, cannot operate on gasifier alone but must
be mixed with diesel oil.
• Due to the part behavior of a diesel engine, only 50 to 70% of the
diesel oil can be replaced by the producer gas from gasifier.
• The efficiency of ICE will not be changed much when fueled with
producer gas.
• The power output of the engine fueled with gasifier at an arbitrary
rpm will decrease by 10 to20% for dual-fed diesel engine, and 30 to
50% for gasoline engine.
• High speed engines are not as suitable as with low speed engines.
• In some cases such as charcoal gasifier engine system, it is
advisable to advance the ignition of the engine to 15 to 30 deg
before top dead center.
• The choice of the proper engine oil is important but no close
opinion exists which oil is most suitable. One can expect to have
engine oil changed as twice as often for an engine fueled with
gasifer.
• In case of gasifier, it is advantageous to use slow speed engines
with a high internal inertia.
• Engine with cast iron sleeves are more suitable since the sleeve
when scratched can be replaced easily.
Biogas as Fuel for ICE
8. Distance of the movement of piston 11. Device that is used to actuate the
from the top dead to the bottom dead throttle of an engine to increase its
center. speed.
a. Stroke a. Governor
b. Bore b. Accelerator
c. Valve clearance c. Actuator
d. None of the above d. None of the above
9. Decrease or increase of engine 12. Device that meters the fuel and
speed or flow of fuel. the air in spark-ignition engines and
a. Throttling mixes them into a harmonious mixture
b. Clutching before the mixture enters the
c. Atomization combustion chamber of an engine.
d. None of the above a. Governor
b. Air injector
c. Carburetor
d. All of the above
13. Usable power delivered by the 16. Ratio of the total volume to the
engine. clearance volume.
a. Indicated horsepower a. Compression ratio
b. Brake horsepower b. Air-fuel ratio
c. Rated horsepower c. Bore stroke ratio
d. None of the above d. None of the above
14. Device that permits the flow of 17. Volume displaced by the piston
fuel and of burned gases in one in making an upward or a downward
direction only. stroke.
a. Check valve a. Piston displacement volume
b. Relief valve b. Clearance volume
c. Spark plug c. Total volume
d. None of the above d. None of the above