Physics - 4. Fluid

CBSE : Class - IX PHYSICS
4 FLUID
Chapter Out Line
 Fluid
 Thrust and pressure
 Buoyancy and cause of buoyancy
 Archimedes principle
 Density and relative density
 Law of floatation
W<B
W=B
Water
A
W >B
Buoyant
force (upthrust)
Floatation
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MIND MAP
FLUID (GAS, LIQUID)
m
Pressure Buoyancy Density =
F (Upthurst act on v
P=
A body due to fluid)
Pressure in fluid Archimedes principle

P = gh (Buoyant force equal to the
weight of fluid displace by Relative Density
body) (Density w.r.t. Density of
water)
Upthrust = Loss in weight
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FLUID
Fluid is a substance that flows under the action of an applied force and does not have a shape of its
own. For example, liquids and gases. They take the shape of container in which they are stored.
The study of fluids at rest is known as hydrostatic or fluid statics. The study of fluids in motion is
termed as hydrodynamics. In this chapter, we will discuss the study of liquids only.
PRESSURE IN A FLUID
In case of solids, the force can be applied in any direction with respect to the surface, but in liquids,
the force must be applied at right angles to the liquid surface. This is because fluids (liquids and
gases) at rest cannot sustain a tangential force. Therefore, we state the pressure acting on the fluid
instead of force.
The pressure (P) is defined as the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area of the
fluid. If a constant force of magnitude F acts normally on a surface area A, then pressure acting on the
F
surface is given by P  . The pressure is a scalar quantity.
A
This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally in all directions when force is applied,
which shows that a definite direction is not associated with pressure.
THURST
You have learnt about force in the previous sections. Force can be applied on a solid surface in any
direction.
 Definition : The force applied on any surface in a direction perpendicular (or normal) to the surface is
called thrust.
When a body is placed on a horizontal surface, it exerts a thrust equal to its weight on the surface.
A body resting on a horizontal surface will exert the same thrust irrespective of its orientation.
When an object is placed in a liquid (or a gas), the force exerted by the liquid on any point of the
object is perpendicular to the surface of the object. The force exerted by the liquid on the walls of the
container is also perpendicular to the walls at all the points. That is why the force exerted by a liquid
(or a gas) on an object immersed in it and on the walls of the container is called the thrust.
Unit of thrust : The unit of thrust is the same as that of force. Thus, the SI unit of thrust is newton (N).
In common use, thrust is also expressed in the unit of gram-weight (g-wt) or kilogram-weight (kg-wt).
1 kg-wt = 9.8 N
UNITS OF PRESSURE
F
(i) Pressure, P =  N/m2 or pasal (Pa)
A
(ii) In C.G.S. dyne/cm2
(iii) 1atm = 760 mm of Hg = 1.013 × 105 Pa
(iv) 1Bar = 105 Pa
(v) 1 Torr = 1 mm of Hg
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 Pressure is a Scalar Quantity :
Pressure is a scalar quantity because at one level inside the liquid, the pressure is exerted equally in
all direction, which shows that a direction is not associated with hydrostatic pressure or pressure due
to a static fluid.
 Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column :
Consider a liquid of density  contained in a cylindrical vessel of cross sectional area a. Let h be the
height of liquid column, and g be the acceleration due to gravity. The weight of liquid will exert a
downward thrust on the bottom surface of the vessel. Therefore, pressure due to liquid acts on that
surface.
Weight of liquid inside the vessel = volume × density of liquid × acceleration due to gravity
=ah××g
So, thrust of liquid on area a = weight of liquid = a hg
Liquid pressure on the base of vessel is
thrust a h g
P =
area a
P = h ρ g ...........(i)
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 The pressure exerted by a liquid is independent of the size of the container, but depends only on the
height or the depth of the liquid.
NOTE :
(i) The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure in all directions at a point inside the liquid.
(ii) The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure at all those points which are in one level inside the
liquid.
(iii) Liquid pressure is independent of shape of the liquid surface, but depends upon the height of
liquid column.
(iv) Total pressure at a depth h below the liquid surface = P 0 + hg where P0= atmospheric
pressure.
(v) Pressure is a scalar quantity.
(vi) Mean pressure on the walls of a beaker containing liquid upto height h is (=hg / 2), where  is
the density of liquid.
(vii) Thrust exerted by liquid on the walls of the vessel in contact with liquid is normal to the surface
of vessel.
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 Some Facts Involving Thrust and Pressure :
(i) Nails have a flat top but pointed end :
A small pressure applied on the flat top through falling hammer becomes a large thrust. The same
thrust acts on the wooden board through the pointed end of the nail. It result in a large pressure. The
nail can easily be fixed in the wooden board.
(ii) Sewing needles have pointed tips :
A small force of fingers makes the needle pierce into the cloth easily and sewing becomes quicker.
(iii) Cutting items (knives and blades) have sharp edge. Cutting becomes easier.
 Reducing Pressure :
(i) Vehicle brakes have flat surface :
This reduces pressure on the vehicle tyres and avoid their tearing.
(ii) Board sole shoes :
Board sole shoes make walking easier on a soft land.
(iii) Wide steel belt on army tank :
Wide steel belt over the wheels of an army tank, makes its movement easier over marshy land.
(iv) Tractor tyres are broad : Tractors do not sink in the soft land of the field while operating them.
(v) Camel foot are broad and soft : They walk swiftly on sand.
(vi) Hanging bags have wide straps : They reduce pressure on the shoulders.
 Factors which do not affect fluid pressure :
(i) fluid pressure is independent of the shape and size of the container, as per figure (A).
(ii) fluid, pressure is also independent of area of cross section of the container, as per figure (A).
Figure (A)
(iii) fluid pressure is also independent of direction,as per figure (B).
Figure (B)
Can you think why ?

 Why bullet of a rifle is very broad but tip of the bullet is pointed?
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ILLUSTRATION
1. Soft snow can be compressed by about 3000 pascals of pressure. What is the smallest area that a
pair of snowshoes must have if they will enable a 70 kg. Person to walk over the snow
without sinking in?
Sol. The force on the snow is the person’s weight
= mg = (70 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 686 N.
F 686 N
A  = 0.23 m2
P 3000 N / m 2
2. What is the pressure at a depth of 23 meter in water?
Sol. First, we need the density of water in SI units.
Density = = 1000 kg/m3
p = hg,
p = 23 × 1000 × 9.8
p = 225400 Pa
NOTE : To get the actual pressure, we have to add the atmospheric pressure at the surface, which
is 101 kilopascals.
3. What is the pressure due to a man weighing 80 kg, standing on his feet ? Area of his feet =160 sq. cm.
Sol. Given : Weight of the man (W) = mg
= 80 × 10 N
= 800 N
Area (A) = 160 sq. cm
= 160 × 10-4 m2
= 16 × 10-3 m2
Force Weight ( W )
Pressure (P) = 
Area Area( A )
800N
=
16  10 – 3 m2
= 5 × 104 Nm-2
4. What is the pressure at a depth of 15 cm in brine of density 1.2 g/cm 3 ?
Take g = 10 ms-2
Sol. Pressure (P) = hg
Given : h = 15 cm
= 15 × 10–2m
= 1.2 g/cm3
= 1.2 × 103 kg/m3
g = 10 ms–2
Substituting these values and solving we get,
P = 15 × 10–2 × 1.2 × 103 × 10 N m–2
= 1800 Nm–2
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5. What is the height of mercury which exerts the same pressure as 20 cm of water column ? Take
density of mercury as 13.6 g/cc.
Sol. Given :
Pressure exerted by mercury column, Pm = hm dm g (say)
Pressure exerted by water column, Pw = hw dw g (say)
Where the symbols have their respective meanings.
But Pm = Pw
 hm dm = hw dw
h w dw 20  10 –2  10 3
or hm = 
dm 13.6  10 3
= 1.48 × 10-2 m = 1.48 cm
6. A cuboid has dimensions of 0.4 m × 0.6 m × 0.2 m and a weight of 288 kg–f. What is the maximum
pressure exerted by the cuboid ?
Force (F )
Sol. Given, Pressure, (P) = Area ( A )
F = 288 kg–f
Minimum surface area, A = 0.08 m2
288 kgf
 Maximum pressure, P = 0.08 m2
= 3600 kgf.m–2
BUOYANCY AND FORCE OF BUOYANCY
 Buoyancy :
When an object is placed in a liquid, the liquid exerts an ‘upward force’ on it. For example, when a
piece of cork is held below the surface of water by applying the force of our thumb and then released,
the cork immediately rises to the surface (see figure). It appears as if some upward force is exerted by
water on the cork which pushes it to the surface.
Force
Surface of water
Cork
(A cork held below the surface of water)

Cork
Surface of water
(On releasing, the cork rises to surface of water)

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If we lift a stone lying at the bottom of a pond, it appears to be light as long as it is being lifted inside
water. But as soon as the stone is lifted out of water into air, the same stone feels to be much heavier. This
means that some upward force acts on the stone when it is immersed in water and makes it feel lighter.
The objects appear to be less heavy in water because the water exerts an upward force on them. It is
not only water which exerts an upward force on the objects immersed in it but all liquids exert this
force. The tendency of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it, is called buoyancy.
Even the gases exhibit the property of buoyancy.
 Buoyant Force :
When an object is immersed in a liquid, it experiences an upward force. This upward force is called
buoyant force. Thus, the upward force acting on an object immersed in a liquid is called buoyant
force. It is due to the upward ‘buoyant force’ exerted by a liquid that the weight of an object appears
to be less in the liquid than its actual weight in air. The upward force exerted by a liquid is also
known as ‘upthrust’. In other words, the buoyant force is also known as upthrust. It is due to the
upward force (‘buoyant force’ or ‘upthrust’) exerted by water that we are able to swim in water and
ships float in water. If there were no upward force of water, we would not be able to swim, and the
ships would also sink. It is this buoyant force which makes the heavy objects seem lighter in water.
Upthrust = Buoyant force = Loss of weight
 Example for of Buoyant force :
(A) a bucketful of the water, when lifted above the surface fo water in a well, seems much heavier
than when it is in water.
(B) When a swimmer jumps into water from a height, he finds himself being pushed towards the
surface of the water without any effect on his part.
 Cause of Buoyant force :
In order to understand why liquids exert an upward buoyant force, let us consider a mug filled with
water immersed in a bucket containing water as shown in figure. Water exerts force on the sides of
the mug as well as on its top and bottom (shown by arrows). The sideways forces exerted by water on
the mug, being equal and opposite, cancel out. Now, there is a force of water acting on the top of the
mug (which acts in the downward direction) and a force of water acting on the bottom of the mug
(which acts in the upward direction) (see figure). It is known that the pressure exerted by a liquid
increases with depth and acts in all directions (even upwards). Now, as the top A of the mug is at a
lower depth in water, it experiences less force downwards. The bottom B of the mug is at a greater
depth in water, so it experiences more force in the upward direction.
Water
A
Buoyant
force (upthrust)
Thus, there is a net force on the mug in the upward direction. The net upward force on the mug is
equal to the difference in the upward force acting on its bottom and the downward force acting on its
top. This net upward force acting on the mug is the buoyant force (which reduces the effective weight
of mug and makes it feel lighter).
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 Factors affecting Buoyant force :
(A) Size or volume of the body immersed in a fluid : The buoyant force is directly proportional to
the size or volume of the body immersed in a fluid. That is,
Buoyancy (or Buoyant force)  Volume of the body immersed in a fluid.
Thus, larger the size or volume of the body immersed in a fluid, greater is the buoyant force (or
buoyancy) acting on the body.
(B) Density of the fluid in which the body is immersed: The buoyant force (or buoyancy) is
directly proportional to the density of the fluid in which the body is immersed. That is,
Buoyant force (or buoyancy)  Density of the fluid in which it is immersed
Thus, greater is the density of the fluid in which the body is immersed, greater is the buoyant force
acting on the body.
(C) Acceleration due to gravity at the place : The buoyant force (or buoyancy) is directly
proportional to the acceleration due to gravity at the place of measurement. That is,
Buoyant force (or buoyancy)  Acceleration due to gravity : Thus, a body when immersed in the
same liquid will experience lesser buoyant force on the moon than on the earth.
(D) Temperature : The buoyant force (or buoyancy) is inversely proportional to the temperature of
the fluid in which the body is immersed. That is,
1
Buoyant force 
Temperature of the fluid
(or buoyancy )
Remember these points :

(i) An object whose weight (i.e., downward gravitational force) is greater than the upthrust of the
liquid (say water) on the object, sinks in the liquid. This is possible if density of object is more than
the density of liquid.
(ii) An object whose weight (i.e downward gravitational force) is less than the upthrust of the liquid
on the object, floats on the liquid. This is possible if density of object is less than the density of liquid.
ILLUSTRATION
7. Two spheres of same material of radii ‘r’ and ‘2r’ respectively are immersed in a liquid. If the
buoyant force on the first sphere is F, find the buoyant force on the second sphere.
Sol. Buoyant force = wt of the displaced liquid = volume of the body × density of liquid × g
4
B.F2 V2g 3  
3
 2r
  8
B.F1 V1g 4 3
r
3
F2 = 8 F1 = 8F (F1 = F)
 Buoyant force of second sphere is 8 times the buoyant force of the first sphere.
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8. A metallic sphere of mass 2.0 kg and volume 2.5 × 10–4 m3 is dipped in water. Find the buoyant force
exerted by water on the sphere. Density of water = 1,000 kg/m3.
Sol. The sphere displaces water of volume 2.5 × 10–4 m3 to make place for itself. The mass of displaced
water is
 kg 
M = V = 1000  × (2.5 × 10–4 m3) = 0.25 kg
 m3 
The weight of the displaced water is

 m
W = Mg = (0.25 kg) ×  9.8 2  = 2.45 N
 s 
Thus, the buoyant force exerted by water on the sphere is 2.45 N.
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
A Greek scientist Archimedes conducted many experiments and concluded that when a body or an
object is immersed partially or completely in a liquid or a gas (i.e. fluid), it experiences an upthrust or
buoyant force. The upthrust or buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
It is known as Archimedes principle.
Statement of Archimedes principle :
When a body is immersed partially or completely in a fluid (liquid or gas), it experiences an upthrust
or buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
(a) Proof of Archimedes Principle :
Consider a cylindrical body of cross-sectional area ‘a’ submerged in a liquid of density  . Let the
upper face of the body is at a depth h1 below the surface of the liquid and the lower face is at a depth
h2 below the surface of the liquid. The pressure exerted by the liquid on the upper surface of the body
is given by p1 = h1 g.
Downward thrust on the upper surface of the body is,
F1 = p1 × a= h1 g × a
Pressure exerted by the liquid at the lower surface of the body,
P2 = h2 g
Upward thrust on the lower surface of the body is,
F2 = P2 × a = h2 g × a
The horizontal thrusts acting on the vertical sides of the body being equal and opposite from all the
sides cancels out.
 Resultant upthrust or buoyant force acting on the body is,
F1
h1
h2
h
F2
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F = F2 – F1 = h2 g a – h1 g a = (h2 – h1) g a
Since volume of the body, V = ( h2 – h1) a
  F = V g
Which implies that products of the volume of the body, the density of the liquid and the acceleration
due to gravity gives the weight of the liquid displaced. Thus, when a body is submerged in a liquid,
it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.
(b) Practical of Archimedes Principle :

To verify the Archimedes Principle we take following steps :
A B
0 0 W
2
10 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60
70 W1 70
Solid
A Empty
container
(i) Take a small piece of stone and suspend it with a spring balance. Let the weight of the stone
indicated by the spring balance be W1.
(ii) Now take an empty beaker and measure its weight by suspending it with the spring balance with
the help of a thread of negligible mass. Let the weight of the empty beaker be W2.
(ii) Take a Cane having a side tube known as spout. Fill Cane with water upto the level of spout.
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(iv) Lower the stone suspended with a spring balance inside the water. The stone displaces the water
which comes out of the Cane through the spout. The water coming out of the Cane is collected
in the beaker. When the water stops coming out of the spout, note the reading of the spring
balance. This reading shows the weight of the stone inside the water. Let the weight of the stone
inside the water be W3. It is seen that W3 is less than W1.
(v) Now measure the weight of the beaker along with the water collected in it. Let this weight
be W4.
(vi) Now find (W1 – W3). This difference in weight is equal to the loss of weight of the stone
immersed in water (i.e upthrust or buoyant force).
(vii) Also find (W4 – W2). This difference in weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced by
the stone.
(viii) It is found that (W1 – W3) = (W4 – W2). That is upthrust or buoyant force is equal to the weight
of the water displaced. Thus, Archimedes principle is verified.

 Lactometers, (an instruments, used to determine the purity of a sample of milk) and hydrometers
(used to determine the density of liquids), are based on Archimedes' principle.
ILLUSTRATION
9. When an aluminium object is immersed in water, it displaces 5 kg of water. How much is the buoyant
force acting on the aluminium object in newtons ? (g = 10 m/s2).
Sol. According to Archimedes’ principle, the buoyant force acting on this aluminium object will be equal
to the weight of water displaced by this aluminium object. So, all that we have to do is to find the
weight of water displaced in ‘newtons’. That will give us the buoyant force. We know that :
Weight, W = m × g
Here, Mass of water, m = 5 kg
And, Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2
Now, putting these values of m and g in the above formula, we get :
Weight of water, W = 5 × 10 N
= 50 N
Now, since the weight of water displaced by the aluminium object is 50 newtons, therefore, the
buoyant force acting on the aluminium object (due to water) will also be 50 newtons.

 It is important note that the buoyant force does not depend on the weight or shape of the
submerged object, it only depends on the weight of the displaced fluid.
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DENSITY
The ratio of mass to volume of the body is known as the density of the material of the body.
mass
Density =
volume
M
=
V
If V = 1 m3 , then,  = M
or the mass per unit volume is known as the density of the material of the object.
Unit of density :
M
 =  g/cm3 (in C.G.S)
V
 kg/m3 (in S.. system)
Can you think why ?

 Why it is easier to swim in sea water than in river water
RELATIVE DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 The ratio of density of the substance to the density of water at 4ºC is known as the relative density of
the substance
Relative density of substance
density of substance
=
density of water at 4ºC
It is pure number having no unit.
ILLUSTRATION
10. The relative density of silver is 10.5. The density of water is 10 3 kg/m3 . What is the density of silver
in S..unit ?
Sol. Density of water dw = 103 kg/m3
Relative density (R.D.) of silver = 10.5
Density of silver dAg = ?
density of silver
R.D. =
density of water
d Ag
10.5 =
10 3
dAg = 10.5 × 103 kg/m3.
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USES OF ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Relative density for solids and liquids can also be determined with the help of Archimedes principle.
 For solids :
By definition, we have
Density of substance
Relative density =
Density of water
Weight of certain volume of substance

=
Weight of same volume of water
Weight of a body
Relative density =
loss in weight when fully immersed in water
Relative density of a solid can be measured by weighing it first in air and then when fully immersed
in water.
Let weight of the body in air = W1
Weight of solid body in water = W2
Loss in weight = W1 – W2
Weight of solid body in air

R.D. = = W1
Loss in weight in water W1 –W2
For liquids :
To measure relative density of a liquid, choose a body which can be fully immersed in water as well
as in the given liquid. The body is weighed first in air, then fully immersed in water and then fully
immersed in that particular liquid.
Density of liquid
R.D. =
Density of water
Weight of certain volume of liquid

=
Weight of water displaced by the same body
weight of liquid displaced by a body

R.D. =
weight of water displaced by the same body
loss of weight in liquid

R.D. =
loss of weight in water
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Sr. No. Name of Substance Density at S.T.P in (kg m-3) Relative Density
1 Air 1.29 1.29 × 10-3
2 Wood 800 0.80
3 Ice 920 0.917
4 Water 1000 1.00
6 Glycerine 1260 1.26
7 Glass 2500 2.50
8 Aluminium 2700 2.70
9 Iron 7900 7.90
10 Silver 10500 10.50
11 Mercury 13600 13.60
12 Gold 19320 19.32
weight of body in air  weight of body in liquid

R..D.= Let the weight of a body in air = W
weight of body in air  weight of body in water
Weight of the body fully immersed in water =W
Weight of the body fully immersed in liquid = W
Then loss of weight in liquid = W – W
and loss of weight in water = W – W
W – W' '
 Relative density of the liquid =
W – W'
Archimedes principle is used to design :
(A) the ships and submarines.
(B) the hydrometers to find the densities of liquids.
(C) the lactometers to test the purity of milk.
PHYSICAL MEANING OF RELATIVE DENSITY

Relative density of a substance is a number of times the given substance is heavier than the equal
volume of water. When we say that the relative density of silver = 10.5, it means, silver is 10.5 times
heavier than equal volume of water.
LAW OF FLOATATION
Law of floatation is an extension of Archimedes principle.
When a body is immersed partially or wholly in a fluid, then the various forces acting on the body are
(i) upward thrust (B) acting at the centre of buoyancy and whose magnitude is equal to the weight of
the liquid displaced and (ii) the weight of the body (W) which acts vertically downwards through its
centre of gravity.
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W<B
W=B
W >B
Floatation
(i) When W > B, the body will sink in the liquid.
(ii) When W = B, then the body will remain in equilibrium inside the liquid.
(iii) When W < B, then the body will come upto the surface of the liquid in such a way that the weight
of the liquid displaced due to it balance the weight of body immersed inside the liquid.
Thus law of floatation is defined as follows :
Definition :
A body floats in a liquid if weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion of the body is equal
to the weight of the body.
 Special features of floating body :
 Floating body is a weightless body : As the weight acting downwards is neutralized by the
buoyant force acting upwards, a floating body is a weightless body. We can also say that the apparent
weight of the floating body is zero.
 Loss of weight of a floating body is complete :
As the floating body is weightless, it means it has lost its weight completely.
 loss of weight for a floating body
= Real weight – Apparent weight
= Real weight – 0 = Real weight
Relation between Density of Solid and Liquid:
Let 1 be the density of the solid whose volume is V1 . Let 2 be the density of the liquid and the
volume of the portion of the solid immersed in the liquid be V2.
Now, weight of the floating solid = weight of the liquid displaced
1 V1
i.e. V11g = V22g = 
2 V2
Density of solid
or
Density of liquid
Volume of the immersed portion of the solid
=
Total volume of the solid
= Fraction of volume of body immersed in liquid
Can you think why ?

 How do submarines float or sink in sea water?
 Dams are made wide at base?
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ILLUSTRATION
11. The volume of a solid of mass 500 g is 350 cm3.
(A) What will be the density of this solid ?
(B) What will be the relative density of solid ?
(C) Will it float or sink in water ?
(D) What will be the mass of water displaced by this solid ?
Mass of solid
Sol. (A) Density of solid = Volume of solid ... (i)
1.42 g / cm3
= 1g / cm3 = 1.42 g/cm3
Thus, the density of the given solid is 1.42 g/cm3.

Density of solid 1.42 g / cm3
(B) Relative density of solid = Density of w ater = 1g / cm3 = 1.42
Thus, the relative density of solid is 1.42.

(C) Since the relative density of this solid (1.42) is greater than the relative density of water which
is 1 so it will sink in the water.
(D) The solid will displace water equal to its own volume. Since the volume of solid is 350 cm 3 so
it will displace 350 cm3 of water. Now, volume of water displaced is 350 cm3 and the density of
water in common units is 1 g/cm3. Putting these values in (i), we get,
Mass of w ater
Density of water = Volume of w ater
Mass of w ater
We get 1 g/cm3 = 350 cm3
So, Mass of water = 1 g/cm3 × 350 cm3

Thus, the mass of water displaced is 350 grams.
 Equilibrium of Floating Bodies :
From law of floatation, we know that a body will float in a liquid when its weight W is equal to the
weight w of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. But this does not necessarily
indicate that the body will be in equilibrium. A body will be in equilibrium only if the resultant of
all the forces and couples acting on the body is zero. If W and w act along different lines, they will
then form a couple which will tend to rotate the body. Thus, a floating body can be in equilibrium if
no couple acts on it. It will be so if the line of action of W and w is along the same vertical straight
line. Thus, there will be equilibrium of floating bodies if the following conditions are fulfilled :
(i) A body can float if the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of body must be
equal to the weight of the body.
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(ii) A body can be in equilibrium if the centre of gravity of the body and centre of buoyancy must
be along the same vertical line.
(iii) The body will be in stable equilibrium if centre of gravity of body lies vertically below the
centre of buoyancy and in the unstable equilibrium if centre of gravity lies vertically above the
centre of buoyancy.
NOTE :
 When an ice block is floating in water in a vessel, then the level of water in the vessel will not change
when the whole ice melts into water.
 When an ice block is floating in a liquid in a vessel and ice completely melts, then the following cases
may arise for the level of liquid in the vessel.
(i) If density of liquid is greater than that of water i.e., L >w , the level of liquid plus water will rise.
(ii) If density of liquid is less than the density of water i.e, L < w , the level of liquid plus water will
decrease
(iii) If density of liquid is equal to the density of water i.e, L = w, the level of liquid plus water will
remain unchanged.
ILLUSTRATION
12. A body of volume 300 cm3 and relative density 1/3 is placed in water. Will it sink or float in water
and what will be the volume of water displaced by it ?
1
Sol. Relative density of body =
3
 body
   water = b = density of body
w = density of water
  body = 1
×1= 1
gm/cc
3 3
Since density of body is less than density of water it will float.

Let “x” be the volume of body immersed inside the water then volume of displaced water will also
be equal to "x".
If V = total volume of body then its weight = V b × g and Buoyant force = x w × g
For floatation weight of body must be balanced by upward buoyant force
So V b × g = x  × g
x b
 = 
V w
x= 1
×V = 1
× 300 = 100 cm3
3 3
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13. A solid block of density D has a weight W in air is fully immersed in a liquid of density d.
Calculate its apparent weight when fully immersed in liquid.
Sol. Weight of the block = W
Density of block = D
 Volume of the block = W . d

D
 Upthrust on the block = W .d

D
 Loss in weight of the block inside liquid = W .d

D
Hence, apparent weight of the block when fully immersed in water
= W – W d = W 1  
d
D  D
14. A solid weighs 60 gmf in air and 52 gmf when completely immersed in water. Calculate the
following :
(i) upthrust,
(ii) volume of the solid,
(iii) relative density of the solid
Sol. Given:
Weight of solid in air = 60 gmf
Weight of solid in water = 52 gmf
 Loss of weight in water = 60 – 52 = 8 gmf
(i)  Upthrust = loss of weight in water = 8 gmf
(ii) Since density of water is 1 gm/cm3, and weight of equal volume of water = 8 gmf
 Volume of solid = 8 cm3

W1 60
(iii) Relative density of solid = = = 7.5
W1  W2 60  52
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FLUID : WORKSHEET - 1
Single Choice Correct Questions
1. Pressure is a :
(1) Scalar quantity (2) Vector quantity (3) Normal force (4) None of these
2. Pressure exerted by a liquid column :
(1) Is independent of its density
(2) Is independent of the acceleration due to gravity
(3) Decreases with depth
(4) None of these
3. Which among the following is a unit of pressure?
(1) Atmosphere (2) Torr (3) cm of hg (4) All of these
4. Pressure can be calculated as :
Force Tangential Force Normal Force
(1) (2) (3) (4) All of these
Area Area Area
5. Rohit puts two identical blocks in two different containers. There is pure water in one container
and salty water in the other. He observes that in salty water, the block sinks
(1) more than in pure water. (2) less than in pure water.
(3) same as in pure water. (4) first very quickly, then slowly.
6. A solid iron sphere of radius 1 m and solid iron cube of edge length 1 m are immersed in a liquid.
Which of them will experience greater upthrust :
(1) Cube
(2) Sphere
(3) Both will experience equal upthrust
(4) None of these
7. As we move upwards, the atmospheric pressure :
(1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Remains same (4) Cannot be said
8. When a body is weighed in a liquid the loss in its weight is equal to?
(1) Weights of liquid displaced by the body
(2) The difference in weights of body in air and liquid
(3) The upthrust of liquid on the body
(4) All of these
9. A ball floats on the surface of water in a container exposed to the atmosphere. If the container is
now covered and the air is pumped out, then
(1) the ball will remain at its former depth.
(2) the ball will rise somewhat.
(3) the ball will sink to the bottom.
(4) the ball will sink a bit.
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10. Upthrust depends upon
(1) density of the fluid, volume of the body inside the fluid and value of acceleration due to
gravity.
(2) density of the fluid, volume of the body inside the fluid but not on the value of acceleration
due to gravity.
(3) density of the fluid, value of acceleration due to gravity but not on the volume of the body
inside the fluid.
(4) volume of the body inside the fluid, value of acceleration due to gravity but not on the density
of the fluid.
11. The density of a substance is 12000 kgm–3 and the density of water is 1000 kgm–3. The relative
density of the substance is
(1) 1/12 (2) 12 (3) 11000 kgm–3 (4) 1/11
12. Which of the following is the incorrect statement?
(1) It is easier to lift a heavy stone under water than in air.
(2) It is easier to swim in sea water than in river water.
(3) It is easier to float on water after taking a deep breath.
(4) A ship sails down into water when it sails from river into sea.
13. A cylinder of wood floats vertically in water with one-fourth of its length out of water.
The density of wood is :
(1) 0.25 g/cm3 (2) 0.5 g/cm3 (3) 0.75 g/cm3 (4) 1 g/cm3
14. An apparatus that can measure the differences in pressure in a liquid exerted at its two ends is
called
(1) barometer (2) aneroid barometer
(3) fortin barometer (4) manometer.
15. A boat full of iron nail is floating on water in a lake. When the iron nails are removed, the water
level :
(1) rises (2) remains same
(3) falls (4) nothing can be said
16. Pressure varies with force as :
1 1
(1) F (2) (3) F2 (4) 2
F F
17. If a force of 10N acts on two surfaces (area in the ratio 1 : 2), then the ratio of thrusts will be :
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 3 : 1 (4) 1 : 1
18. Pressure varies with area A as :
1 1
(1) A (2) (3) A2 (4)
A A2
19. The S.I. unit of pressure is :
(1) atmosphere (2) dyne/cm2 (3) pascal (4) mm of Hg
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20. The S.I. unit of thrust :
(1) N (2) dyne (3) Nm2 (4) Nm–2
21. The total force exerted by the body perpendicular to the surface is called :
(1) pressure (2) thrust (3) impulse (4) none of these
22. 1 N/m2 equals :
(1) 1 Pa (2) 0.1 Pa (3) 0.01 Pa (4) 10 Pa
23. A block of material is 6 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2 cm high with a mass of 40 g, then its density is:
(1) 2.11 g/cm3.
(2) 0.91 g/cm3.
(3) 0.81 g/cm3.
(4) 1.11 g/cm3.
24. A piece of wood is held under water. The upthrust on it is :
(1) equal to the weight of the wood (2) less than the weight of the wood
(3) more than the weight of wood (4) zero
25. Relative density of a solid is 0.6. It floats in water with :
(1) whole of its volume inside water (2) 60% volume inside water
(3) 60% volume outside water (4) 40% volume inside water.
26. The relative density of silver is 10.5, if the density of water is 1000 kgm -3, then density of silver
will be :
(1) 10.5 kgm-3 (2) 1050 kgm-3 (3) 105 kgm-3 (4) 10500 kgm-3
27. A boat full of iron nail is floating on water in a lake. When the iron nails are removed, the water
level :
(1) rises (2) remains same (3) falls (4) nothing can be said
28. Relative density of a solid is :
Density of subs tan ce Weight of certain volume of substance
(1) R.D. = (2) R.D.=
Density of water Weight of same volume of water
Weight of Solid in air
(3) R.D. = (4) All of the above
Loss of weight in water
29. Two solids X and Y float on water, X floats with half of its volume submerged while Y floats
with one-third of its volume out of water. The densities of X and Y are in the ratio of :
(1) 4 : 3 (2) 3 : 4 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 3
30. Buoyant force is inversely proportional to :
(1) Volume body immersed in a liquid (2) Density of fluid
(3) Acceleration due to gravity (4) Temperature of fluid
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Multiple Choice Correct Questions
31. Buoyant force on the submerged body is depends on :

(1) Volume of the body immersed in a fluid.
(2) Density of the fluid in which it is immersed.
(3) Acceleration due to gravity.
(4) Temperature of fluid.
32. Which of the following factors do not affect fluid pressure :
(1) Fluid pressure is independent of the shape and size of the container.
(2) Fluid pressure is also independent of area of cross-section of the container.
(3) Fluid pressure is also independent of direction.
(4) Fluid pressure is independent of height of fluid column.
33. 1 Atm is equal to -
(1) 1.01 × 105 Pascal (2) 760 mm of water column.
(3) 760 mm of Hg column (4) 100 k Pa
34. Which of the following relation between relative density of solid immersed in liquid and liquid -
Density of solid
(1)
Density of liquid
Volume of the immersed portion of the solid
(2)
Total volume of the solid
(3) Fraction of volume of body immersed in liquid
(4) None of these
35. Which of the following is use of Archimedes principle :
(1) to design the ships and submarines (2) hydrometers
(3) Lactometers (4) None of these
Statement Type Questions
36. Statement I : Pressure exerted by a liquid at a point depends on the vertical depth of the point and
the density of liquid only.
Statement II : Pressure exerted by different vessels containing same liquid upto same height will
be the same and is independent of the shape of the vessel.
(1) Both statements I and II are correct.
(2) Both statements I and II are incorrect.
(3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
(4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
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37. Statement I : To float ; a body must displace liquid whose weight is greater than the actual weight
of the body.
Statement II : Net force = actual weight – upward force.
38. Statement I : A piece of ice floats in water the level of water remains unchanged when the ice
melts completely.
Statement II : According to Archimede's principle, the loss in weight of the body in the liquid is
equal to the weight of the body in the liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the
immersed part of the body.
39. Statement I : A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of same material are floating in a liquid. Radius
of both the spheres are same. Percentage of volume immersed of both the spheres will be the
same.
Statement II : Upthrust acts on volume of liquid displaced. It has nothing to do whether the body
is solid or hollow.
40. Statement I : Relative density is defined as ratio of density of substance to density of water at 4ºC.
Statement II : At 4ºC density of water is minimum.
Paragraph Based Questions
41. Paragraph-1
The relative density of a solid with respect to a liquid is 4/5 and relative density of the liquid with
respect to water is 10/9. The buoyant force exerted by a liquid on a solid immersed in it is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced by the solid.
(i). Specific gravity of solid with respect to water is
(1) 18/25 (2) 8/9 (3) 0.56 (4) 1.8
(ii). When 4 kg of this solid is immersed in water, the buoyant force experienced by it is (given g=9.8 ms–2)
(1) 4.5 g (2) 4g (3) 5g (4) 10 g
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42. Paragraph-2
Pascal’s Law, the pressure exerted at any point on an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally in all
directions throughout the liquid. 1 kg 1 kg
F1
The pressure applied on the piston A is P1 = . According to
A1 1 2
Pascal’s law, the pressure exerted on piston A is transmitted through
the liquid to piston B. Thus, the upward pressure exerted on piston B
F
is - P2 = P 1 = 1
A1
F
Hence the upward force exerted on piston B is F2 = 1 × A2
A1
F A
or 1 = 1
F2 A 2
Since A2 > A1, therefore F2 > F1
(i). Force applied on piston 1 is 341 N, diameter of piston is 2 metre. What is the value of pressure at
point 1.
(1) 100 pascals (2) 200 pascals (3) 400 pascals (4) 300 pascals
(ii). What is the pressure at point 2 ?
(1) 100 pascals (2) 200 pascals (3) 400 pascals (4) 300 pascals
(iii). If diameter of piston 2 is 20 metre, then what is the force on piston 2 ?
(1) 31.4 kN (2) 62.8 kN (3) 125.6 kN (4) 15.7 kN
43. Fill in the Blanks
(i). Relative density is a ratio two similar quantities, it has no ………………...
(ii). Thrust per unit area is called …………..
(iii). The hydrometers are used for determining the ………. of liquids.
(iv). The density of ice is ………. than that of water.
(v). It is the ………. force which makes objects appear lighter in water.
44. True of False
(i). The S.1. unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) or Nm–2. [ ]
(ii). Buoyant force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of liquid displaced. [ ]
(iii). For sinking a body the density of body should be greater than density of liquid. [ ]
(iv). Lactometer is based on first law of thermodynamics. [ ]
(v). The density of salty solution of water as compared to density of pure water is less. [ ]
45. Column Matching Questions
Column-I Column-II
(i) The buoyant force is also known as (a) Relative Density
(ii) Ratio of the mass of any volume of the substance (b)Weight of liquid displaced
to the mass of an equal volume of water by that object
(iii) S.I. unit of thrust is (c) Upthrust
(iv) Buoyant force acting on an object is equal to (d) Newton
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FLUID : WORKSHEET-2
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define thrust. Give the S.I. unit of thrust.
2. Define pressure. Give the S.I. unit of pressure.
3. Calculate the pressure when a force of 50 N is applied on an area of 0.5 m 2.
4. Do the liquids exert pressure?
5. Why does a sharp knife cuts objects more easily than a blunt knife?
6. In what direction the buoyant force of a liquid acts?
7. What is the relation between the buoyant force on a body and the liquid displaced by it?
8. State Archimedes' Principle.
9. Is pressure scalar or vector?
10. Explain why does a block of plastic released under water come up to the surface of water.
Short Answer Type Questions

11. For a liquid column of height “h” and density “”, prove that P = hg .
12. A camel can walk easily on Sand in desert than a man although the weight of the camel is much
more than that of the man. Comment.
13. A person weighs 60 kg. The area under his feet of the person is 180 cm 2. Find the pressure exerted
on the ground by the person.
14. What is meant by pressure ? Give some applications of pressure.
15. State the difference between buoyancy and buoyant force?
16. If a solid of the same density as that of a liquid is placed in it, what will happen to the solid?
17. Explain, why a ship sinks to a great depth in river water than in sea water?
18. What are the laws of floatation in a liquid ? Give some illustrations
19. For a liquid column of height “h” and density “”, prove that P = hg .
20. A camel can walk easily on Sand in desert than a man although the weight of the camel is much
more than that of the man. Comment.
Long Answer Type Questions
21. You are provided with a hollow iron ball of volume 20 cc and mass 15g and a solid iron ball of
same volume and mass of 30g. Both are placed on the surface of water contained in a large tub.
Which will float?
22. Explain briefly why a balloon filled with helium gas rises in air?
23. A body weighs 8.6 N in air and 6.8 N when fully immered in water. Calculate the buoyant force.
24. A metal object when fully immersed in water, displaces 2 litres of water. What is the loss in its
weight in water? Also, calculate the buoyant force.
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25. Define the term relative density. Calculate the relative density of a substance if its density
is 8.2 gm/cm3.
26. While drawing water with the help of a bucket from a well, the bucket appears to be heavy when
comes out of water. Why?
27. A block of wood is kept on a table top. The mass of wooden block is 5 kg. and its dimensions are
40 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm. Find the pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top if it is made to
lie on the table top with its sides of dimensions (a) 20 cm × 10 cm and (b) 40 cm × 10 cm.
20 cm
10
cm
40 cm
40 cm
(b)
cm
20 cm 10
(a)
28. You are provided with a hollow iron ball of volume 20 cm3 and of mass 15g and a solid iron ball
of mass 20 g. Both are placed on the surface of water containing in a large tube. Which will float?
Give reason for your answer ?
29. A solid weighs 200 g in air, 160 g in water and 170g in a liquid. Calculate the relative density of
the solid and that of the liquid .
30. A piece of metal weighs 48.5 gmf in air, 42.0 gmf in water and 44.5 gmf in a liquid. Determine
relative densities of metal and liquid.
HOTS & Value Based Questions
31. Explain the term atmospheric pressure.

32. Imagine a body that is completely submerged in water, but whose depth of submergence can be
varied. In which case does it experience a larger upthrust, when it is submerged deep or shallow
explain.
33. An empty chamber of petrol of volume 50 litre has a mass 8 kg. It is filled with petrol of relative
density 0.7. What is the mass of the petrol filled chamber?
34. A body weighs 8.6 N in air and 6.8 N when fully immersed in water. Calculate the buoyant force.
35. If a toy boat in a tank sinks, what will happen to the level of water?
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ANSWER KEY
WORKSHEET – 1
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (2)
8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (4)
15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (2)
22. (1) 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (2) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (4)
29. (2) 30. (4) 31. (1,2,3,4) 32. (1,2,3) 33. (1,3) 34. (1,2,3) 35.(1,2,3)
36. (1) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (3)
41. (i). (2) (ii). (1)
42. (i). (1) (ii). (1) (iii). (1)
43. (i). units (ii). pressure (iii). density (iv). less (v). buoyant
44. (i). True (ii). True (iii). True (iv). False (v). False
45. (i)  (c) (ii)  (a) (iii)  (d) (iv)  (b)
WORKSHEET – 2
10 5
3. 100 N/m2 13. N/m2 23. 1.8 N 27. a = 25 × 102 N/m2 , b = 1250 N/m 2
3
29. 5, 0.75 33. 43 kg 35. increase
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CBSE : Class - IX PHYSICS

Chapter Out Line

 Thrust and pressure

 Buoyancy and cause of buoyancy

 Density and relative density

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FLUID (GAS, LIQUID)

Pressure in fluid Archimedes principle

Upthrust = Loss in weight

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 Boost your knowledge

Can you think why ?

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(A cork held below the surface of water)

(On releasing, the cork rises to surface of water)

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Remember these points :

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The weight of the displaced water is

Thus, the buoyant force exerted by water on the sphere is 2.45 N.

(b) Practical of Archimedes Principle :

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 Boost your knowledge

 Boost your knowledge

 kg/m3 (in S.. system)

Can you think why ?

RELATIVE DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY

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Weight of certain volume of substance

Let weight of the body in air = W1

Weight of solid body in water = W2

Weight of solid body in air

immersed in that particular liquid.

Weight of certain volume of liquid

weight of liquid displaced by a body

loss of weight in liquid

weight of body in air  weight of body in liquid

PHYSICAL MEANING OF RELATIVE DENSITY

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Can you think why ?

Thus, the density of the given solid is 1.42 g/cm3.

Thus, the relative density of solid is 1.42.

So, Mass of water = 1 g/cm3 × 350 cm3

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Since density of body is less than density of water it will float.

 Volume of the block = W . d

 Upthrust on the block = W .d

 Loss in weight of the block inside liquid = W .d

 Volume of solid = 8 cm3

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31. Buoyant force on the submerged body is depends on :

Statement Type Questions

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Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions