oat We, te Olverygent 1 Theorem 4 (Phe auxiliary serles ) —). The infinite series 1 d ! ' | 1 ‘ ! 4 ne at iy convergent fp» 1 and divergent f pat (Avadh 92, 93; Gorakh, 91; Kanpur 92, 94; Luck, 94; Meerut 98, 98(0); Pury. 90, 91, Rohil, 90, 91) Proof, Cane 1 When p> 1, Let the terms of the given series be grouped so that | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >» ' ‘ ‘ + = + ‘ ‘ a) ee ey | oy fe Now +—< ‘ | 1 ‘ | : 1 oe! A 1 : | : 4 se tf eee Ye and so on, Therefore the series (1) reduces to a i 4 1 — + — + i i ee 2 2 2 eyes The series on the right hand side of (2) is a geometric series whose ! ; which is less than I as p > 1. So the series on C0 » 16 common ratio is er the right hand side of (2) is convergent. Hence the given series L 5 is also convergent. Case I. When p = 1. Then the given series reduces to 1 1ot ye btytgte.This series may be grouped as follows: 1 (iit rioteat(sta} a ..G) ‘The series on the right hand side of (3) is divergent because lim tt, = ; #0. Therefore the given sereis E+ is also divergent. 7 Case HI. Whenp<1. Then <2, ¥<3, #<4and soon. Therefore, the given series reduces to 1 11 z Dolegtgtgte + (4) Clearly the series on the right hand side of (4) is divergent by Case I above. Therefore the given series E+, is also divergent. 7 5. COMPARISON TEST (FIRST FORM) UI Eu, and Bo, are two series of positive terms such that lim Mt aLis finite and non-zero, then the two series are either convergent or divergent. (Gorakh. 93, 95; Meerut 96; Delhi B.Sc. 91) Proof. We have Lu, = My tut... + Ug t and cece aaa It is given that the ratios aa ae - are all finite. Let A be the greatest 1 2 of all these ratios. Then uy u sea eh... vy, v2 or Uy 1), therefore the given series is also convergent. Example 6. Test for convergence the series whose nth term is [Vint +1 - Vint -1)) (Avadh. 90; Garh. 94; Gorakh. 95; Kanpur 96; Luck. 92, 94; Meerut 90, 92) Solution. Here u, = V(r +1) - Vint =1)1 Letu, =~ ;then the auxiliary series is LU, = 7) ne Un ne 1 = lim |1+—9+- aro] = 1 which is finite and non-zero. Therefore by comparison test the given series is also convergent. Paal Example 7. Test the convergence of the series E sin - (Pun. 90; Kanpur 96) Now tim “= Jim FE hn Solution. Here = | which is finite and non-zero. Therefore by comparison test the given series is also divergent. Example 8. Test for convergence 2 i : +3" 1 Solution. Here n= TF 1 “F48471 ae I i Then the auxiliary series Dv, = jp 18 & geometric series 1 bi with common ratio 3< 1, therefore it is convergent. Un Now lim "= nyo U_ = | which is finite and non-zero. Hence by comparison test the given series is also convergent Example 9. Test the convergence of the series 1 2 3 aP+b a-24+b a-34b) Solution. Here Uy = — a-n'+b een ; then the auxiliary series Lv, == ns divergent. Now tim “*= jim |4— le ne U; nen b\\/n [-3) " = lim : on at v = ; which is finite and non-zero. Hence by comparison test the given series is also divergent. Example 10. Test the convergence of the series 1 2 3 —+_,—2_,— 1+V20 14+2¥3) 143N4 +n Solution. Here uy envne av] t [tes | [ern | 1 1 ni; a tliet ne | W 4 1 3 then the auxiliary series Su, = 2 —. is divergent a 2 oP fell af) = | which is finite and non-zero. Hence by the comparison test, the given series is divergent. 6. CAUCHY’S ROOT TEST An infinite series Zu, of +ve terms is convergent if lim u!!"=1< 1, awe divergent if lim uj" =1> 1 and the test fails if lim ul!" = 1. ayer ate (Avadh 95; Kanpur 91, 92, 93, 96; Gorakh. 92, 93, 94; Meerut 93, 94, 97 (B); Delhi B.Sc. 90) Proof. Case I. Let lim u,=/<1. We choose €>0 such that ne r=1+€< 1. There exists a positive integer m such that Jul" —I1 l-em => (l-8)" un1. We choose € > 0 such that r, =/-e>1.Then lim ull" =1 10 => jul" —I (l-8)" u, > (I= €)" = 7. But Ey} is a divergent geometric series (r, > 1). Therefore by comparison test the series Eu, diverges. 7, D’ALEMBERT’S RATIO TEST Af Xu, is a series of positive terms such that lim (i) converges if <1, noe (ii) diverges if 1>1, and (iii) the test fails if |= 1 (Gorakh. 91, 92; Kanpur 91, 94; Meerut 97, 98; Kuruk. B.Sc. 91; Delhi B.Sc. (Hons.) 91) Proof. Case I. 0 Inec“ cite Vn2m => sl elte=r Vn2>m. .() In Putting n=m,m+1,....,(n—1) in (1) and multiplying the ine- qualities, we get Mm+ i Mm+2 Mm ms” 2 u(t =\r Vn2mrél. Since m is a fixed integer, [iss fixed number k (say). Thus Vn > m we have u, < kr" But Zr" is a convergent geometric series (r <1). Therefore by com- parison test Zu, converges.Example 4 Test the series for convergence v eget (Delhi B.Sc. 91) Solution. Here Therefore jim w= tim 2 nae ee =0<1. Hence by Cauchy's root test the given series is convergent. : Example 15. Test for convergence & (3) x" (e>0). Solution. Here 1, -(: : 2} nt2 Therefore lim ull™= tim (244), a ee ten lee? +4) a = lim 2 "ey =x. Hence by Cauchy’s root test the given series is convergent if x<1, divergent if x > 1 and the test fails if x= 1. nt1y Forx=1, une] : lim u,= lim z ” ae — 2 Ee n Therefore the given series diverges if x=. Thus the given series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x21.Example L. Test for convergence the series . ~ Sees 7 Mort aytat . 4 5 7 s x Solution. Let du, 14 a! at a? 7 Qn-1 2n41 Then uy, ® nt and ny | (n+)!antl nt Therefore tim f ne ty noe (WEE Qn it) 1 24 tim Lp avelo 1) (tet) a 1-0 0 a> Oand diverges ifa2b20. ' = (@+ 12041)... n= Na +) Solution. Here bE DQb4+1)...[n=1)b +1] ard A — (a+ 1)(2a +1)... [na +1} rel (b+ 1)(2b +1)... (nb +1]Therefore lim lim ois Hence by ratio .. 7 <1, ie, if b>a>0, divergent if § > 1, i.e. if a>b>0 and the test fails if Gol, ie, ifa=b Example 6. Test for convergence the series 5. ‘ 1 (Kuruk. B.Sc. 91; Utkal B.Sc. (Hons.) 90) ! Solution. Here u,="= and n 4 Therefore lim +4 = Rael noe Uy noe (nt l)t! at = tim —1— 16 (4) n =< Hence by ratio test the given series is convergent. Example 7. /fest for convergence the series ake x ae (Meerut 92 x er Solution. Here Un = 4, Therefore lim “+= lim ——>-x nome Uy, ne (n+l) = lim ne 2 ('+5) : =x.Hence by ratio test the series converges if x < 1, diverges if x> 1 and the test fails if v= 1 L, For x= 1, d,=-). Therefore in this case the series Ly = Ey is convergerit Example 8. Test for convergence the series 2 \x 2x 3r 40 (n+ x" SAE OE, (Garh. 92, 95; Luck. 91) apy! Solution, Here uy aed ee ey (n+ ly 2 3 Therefore jim “*4= jim 422m ae My nye (ntl) (nt])* =x. Hence the given series converges if x < 1, diverges if x > 1 and the test fails if x = 1. nt1l_1 1 Forx=1, = = 1+= ‘or x Un on al ‘| . Then the auxiliary series 30, =¥4 is convergent. And m ; 12 a Un . a 1 lim = lim ne Un ne rn = lim ['+3) ne n = 1, which is finite and non-zero. Hence by comparison test the given series is also convergent. Thus the given series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x>1.wy Bren oe Oe eee ae ee eee ss ol Example 11. Test for convergence the series 2 2 15 4 eel x"+... 3 xtEM He te tet (Meerut 94, 97 (B); Bangladesh 97) ostat| ers A _(r-1 Solution. Here w-(S31 x" and unyi= (n+ 1751 _ 2 Therefore lim “24! = jim nt ly i atl nse uy n=((nt ltl |fn-1 =x. Hence by ratio test the given series is convergent if x < 1, divergent if x> 1 and the test fails if x = 1.For x= 1, a lim u,= lim a ne nwo n+] 1-4 = lim — cami n =1>0. Therefore the given series is divergent if x = 1. Thus the given series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x21. _ ce en |My | Ifthe series Lu, of positive terms ts such that lim n 1 |= 1 then ne the series ( converges if 1> 1, (ii) diverges if <1, and (i) the test fails if1= 1. (Gorakh. 91; Kanpur 91; Tirupati 92) Proof. Case I. 1>1. We choose a positive number € such that f-e>1.Letl-e=r>1 . t}-t there exists a positive integer m such that noe (Knot Mn -( 4 Unt 4, Since lim n [ n >l-e=r Un+1 => Ny, — Ny 4 > Uy 41 > Ny ~ (N+ Vn > (7 - VDn gt Vn 2m (1) Putting n=m,m+1,...,(n—- 1) in (1) and adding the inequalities, we get My, ~ My, > (1 — WU 1 +t meat ees Uy) Wn 2m a =(r-1)(S,-S,) Wn2m_ where S, = zu, > (r= 1)(Sy— Sp) < My = ily Sn< Smt Um nem. Now since m is a fixed integer, S,, + Tt Um is a fixed finite number. Thus the sequence (S,,) of partial sums of the given series is bounded above; therefore the seires Eu, is convegent. Case II. [<1. We choose a positive number € such that | + € <1. Let [+e=r, <1.F there exists a positive integer m, such that Since lim on \ nom lay, u n I}-I l-e MU, — Muy m, = (n+ Duy > nu, Vn >m, -.(2) Putting n= mj, m,+1,... (n— 1) in (2) and using transitivity of order, we get Nu, > MU, Yn =m, miu, or u, >—— Van2m Since . is divergent, the given series Zu, is also divergent. Case III. /=1. In this case the test fails to give any definite information. For example, for the series 5 a and = n n(log n we have )? lim n|—“* -t}en ne | Uns] But the former series is divergent, while the latter is convergent. Remark. Raabe’s Test is stronger them D’Alembert’s Ratio Test and it is applied when D’Alembert’s Ratio Test fails.NES EOE PENIS ESN WIS BIVELL SETIOS bd VUslY ei Ewe Example 18. Test for convergence #! iss ~ 3. 3:6 9, 3-0-9 3 Mat 7 0% *7.40-13* * (Avadh 95; Bundel. 90, 94; Garh. 94; Pury. 95; Rohil. 92) Solution. Leaving the first term, we have _ 3-6-9 3n Fi “<7 70-13 _ pep =p 389 MBN 3) nt 7-10-13... 4+4)Gn>7)*Therefore lim +4 = lim x ne Un neo 3nt+7- Be + n = lim magia mony 34s n =x. By ratio test the series is convergent if x < 1, divergent if x > 1 and the test fails if x = 1. For x = 1, we have Un__ 3n+7 Uns) 3n+3 —,{3n+7_ es | or een ~ 3n+3 7 Un - Un ae ([* 7 i] Pav 3n+3 = Jim +. noe 33 4 =zZ>1. 37 Hence by Raabe’s test the series is convergent when x = 1. Thus the given series is convergent when x<1 and divergent when x>lSEbUD SEY OWE ww Example 21. Test for convergence the series ae ala +1). ala Ila +2) 1-2 -1:2:3 Leaving the first term, we have uw il Solution. _a(a+l)...(atn-}) - 1-2...0 d _aa+l)...(atn) a Mn V2 nin + 1) So the ratio test fails. Now lim “| zi -1] n> Un +) n-o i 3 3 —— 3 + _ I > iz 33 3 cI Q |= +1 = 18 uolim G=9 ne ye n =l-a. Hence by Raabe's test the given series is convergent if |~a> 1, ie. if a <0, divergent if 1 —a< 1, i.e., a> and the test fails if | - a= ha it a=0. In case a= 0 the given series becomes 1+0+0+4.. The sum of n terms is always 1. Therefore the series is convergent if . Thus the given series is convergent if a < 0 and divergent if a> 0.ober Example Il. Test for convergence the series a ace (1 + a2 + a) et reatagpaee to A + 2 + 03 + 0)... n — 1 + 2) Beet UENCE GERI BN: v(t = 1 +B) Mt jig ee eB The Ratio test fails. Again lim n ( A 1) = lim n(2 +3 1) n+2 mod ne n+ =lim 2=* 234, io I+ a a Thus by Raabe’s test. the series converges if 3—2x> 1 or §8>a-+ 1, and diverges if 8 < x + 1. The test fuils for p=atl, Butfor $8 = x + 1, the series becomes l+e l+o —y l+e I+oqat Beau vee ener ta1 which diverges by comparison with 2), - Example J2. Show that the series ' 3.6.9... 30 xx > “= 7.10.13 ... Gn + 4) for x > 1- \ converges for x < 1, Cee ee 110 a On + 4Gn47) Now "ax" ia ay 6.9. 3n Gn + 3) et at 210... el Sonos, Huts “lim ray By Ratio test, the series converges for x <1 and diverges for | x > 1, The test fails for x = 1. A . =3n+3~ | . - > 1. im af ee 1). sin appa .. By Raabe’s test, the series a COnVCrgES. | Thus the series converges for 0 < x < 1, diverges for x > 1, But for x EXERCISES Test the behaviour of the following series: 1 t4-+s5 + = 2 uae a ee ei 1) 1.23 2G) +G3)+ as oe yet. 1 xt x. x < an tien tags tsa oe exe 5S 1+ tote ry. 2 Sy ta 7 (= 2). “a 4y i! 3 -) + roid & st+yty9. LOGARITHMIC TEST If the series Zu, of positive terms is such that lim [+e a Js ne Uns then the series converges for |> 1 and diverges for |< 1. (Gorakh. 94; Kanpur 92, 93, 95) Proof. Case I. 1>1. We choose a positive number € such that l-e>1.Letl-e=r>1.Since lim nr log {, there exists a positive integer m such that for Van2>m, iu, nlog —~-I] l-e=r inet or Un Uns a : 1). ao . . Now since [ 1 ae 1s a monotonically increasing sequence converging to e, we have n ! 3] Se Wn n Therefore we get als [ 1+ 1] Uns) n _ (n+l ey v, 1 = > wherev,=—. Une1 n Since r>1, Lv, converges. Therefore by comparison test Zu, also converges. / : Similarly we can show that for /< | the series Zu, diverges.SSSceSeSSeE SESE SeSSeESeeceE sence SeeeeE Samm Example 21, 7 ! itty Ape ty 2 3? (Avadh 92; Bundel. 94; Luck. 91, 95; Purv. 94; Rohil 90) : n—-1)! p-4 a Solution. Here =O and ney yp . Une . n! _. \ oe oe ee Gtp (n— 1x! = lim poe x neo [i+] n Hence the given series is convergent if =< 1, i.e., if x e and the test fails it== 1, ie., if x=. In this case { \ al Un | 2) lim > log |- lim Oe no Un+i] 2% i} 3 : ' + | 'Hence by logarithmic test the series 1s divergent if «=e Thus the BIven, series is convergent if x < e and divergent if x 2 e. Example 23// Test for convergence the series 2 Be ae 2! 3! 4! Gorakh. 91, 92; Kanpur 92, 93, 95; Kumaon 95) I+ + (Avadh 92, 95; Bundel 96; Solution. Here So . tae F i Hence the given series is convergent if ex <1, ie., x a » divergent if ex> lie, rot and the ratio test fails if ex= 1, ie, set, In this case.tim [23 , im ave [2 On Hence by logarithmic test, the given series is convergent if + ~ ! Thus the given series in convergent if a L and divergent fx A ¢ Example 24. Test for convergence the series / at? yah! ae rte, Ze 2 \ (Bundel. 93, 955 Kanpur 93; Luck, 92; Purv, 92, 93; Rohil, 91, 92, 93) on ne iae Solution. Here 49 and uy Es " (nt! moe lim Mao lim (nt ty x n naar tne ml) ae es lim (! ‘ a eAleve en 1 Hence by ratio test the series is convergent if ex < 1,4e.,«< — , divergent ¢ 1 1 ifex> 1, Le, x>~ and the test fails if ex = 1, ie., x In this case e e lim nlog 7 ¢ nove ( + | n log e~n log} 1 + : n tim nft—nft-+ ys nove nde 3¢e | lim | log —“* ne nv = lim nHence by logarithmic teat, the series is divergent f+ 1 mal Thus the given series 1s convergent fee and divergent Hr Test for convermence the series AM (ary as dy’ (as dy! nolo " (Kanpur 95; Gorakh. 95; Meerut 98) bx ple 2 yet (a ny" fa + (n+ Wx) Solution. Here u, = and uy.) (nv)! So Uns la t(nt dal?! a! ° uy (n4 1)! (a+ ee alx nt 1| alx|" n 5 i" “ny x{t+—] [1+ a n+l lim 244 = tim ———— ne Uy nm ax n _ xee* re = xe. Hence by the ratio test the given series is convergent if xe <1, i.e., we 1 , divergent if xe>1, ie., rt and the test fails if xe=1, ie., 1 . In this caser / lim nn log 1+%\+hoge-nbogil >) n " f -(n + 1) hog 1% e + terms containing nin the denomuna’ Hence by logarithmic test, the series is divergent Thus the given senes is convergent if x <— and divergemt if x 2 é é€~S oas See yeEeeeeeeee Example 13. Test for convergence the series x 23xt ae 1 aaa ne Ignoring the first term, uy : jn Now lim“! = lim (" a y x ex nae Mn nwo n By Ratio test, the series converges for ¢.* lorx< and diverges for x > a a For x= a e Un n a . Mn =(; + Y'«. 1 Now lim ( 1 108 Mn \ = lim [roree(ie Unga nao ae (4 14 noe . ” — int Fn in = )] 1 =>t.