Module 4 - Grammar Basics

17/07/2022, 19:46 Module 4: Grammar Basics
Module 4: Grammar Basics
Language Basics - Grammar
Site: TEFL Fullcircle

Course: Advanced 160 Hour TEFL Course
Book: Module 4: Grammar Basics
Printed by: Anastasia Ushakova
Date: Sunday, 17 July 2022, 6:46 PM
https://www.teflfullcircle.com/onlinecourses/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=1066 1/29
Table of contents
Introduction
Unit 1: Parts of Speech
Unit 2: Adjectives
Unit 3: Adverbs
Unit 4: Conjunctions
Unit 5: Determiners
Unit 6: Interjections
Unit 7: Prepositions and Video 12
Unit 8: Nouns and Video 13
Unit 9: Pronouns
Unit 10: Verbs and Video 14
Unit 11: Subject and Object
Unit 12: Gerunds
Unit 13: Comparatives and Superlatives
Unit 14: Numbers
Unit 15: Other Grammar Basics
Unit 16: Infinitive
Unit 17: Auxiliary Verbs and Video 15
Unit 18: Present Participle
Unit 19: Past Participle
Introduction
Traditionally,
words can be categorised into parts of speech (or word classes,
lexical categories or
grammatical categories). We will use the terms 'part(s)
of speech' or 'word class(es)'.
In this Module,
we will explore parts of speech or word classes, which are the main
components of the
English Language.
The English
Language has the following parts of speech or word classes:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Pronouns
Prepositions
Determiners
Conjunctions
Interjections
Numbers
Let's examine
these grammar structures one by one. By the end of this Module, you should be familiar
with all the main grammar structures.
We recommend that
you do some extra reading and also it's a sound idea to put the grammar
structures
onto your Wikispaces site, so that users have grammar structures at
their fingertips. You could also put
a link to some of the many grammar
websites on the site as well.
Just one tip;

don't expect to know all the structures by heart. You will have your
technology, the
coursebook and the Internet to help you remember.
Unit 1: Parts of Speech

In English grammar,
a part of speech is a class of words based on a word's function and the way it
works in a sentence. We will explore 9 parts of speech:
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Determiners
Interjection
Noun
Preposition
Pronoun
Verb
Unit 2: Adjectives
In the examples that follow, the relevant parts of speech are underlined.
Adjectives are
used to describe nouns. Adjectives are descriptive words which
are used to add detail to
a sentence. They can give important or necessary
information.
Asking the
question What? can usually identify
adjectives:
For example:
The girl is pretty.
What is the girl?
She is pretty.
For example:
A black Mercedes or a wonderful book.
Look at the
adjectives underlined in the following paragraph:
Once upon a time there lived a young girl

called Jane. She lived in a crowded city called Mumbai.
Mumbai
was seen by some people as a big and busy city
but by others a varied and exciting city.
If an adjective
is used in a sentence with the verb 'to be', the adjective describes the
subject of the
sentence.
Jack is unhappy.
Jane is angry.
Unit 3: Adverbs
Adverbs
describe verbs. They are descriptive words, which are used to add
detail to a sentence.
Adverbs add more important information to a sentence and
also they can make a sentence more
interesting.
Please stop talking now.
The typhoon, which hit the

Philippines, violently wrecked many homes.
Most of the time

adverbs are made from adjectives by adding 'ly'. There are
exceptions.
Adverbs can be
identified by how or where or when:
The dog ran quickly.
Adjective Adverb
slow slowly
sad sadly
soft softly
Exceptions
good well
fast fast
late late
How did the dog run? It ran quickly. An adverb of time

and space is normally put at the end of the
sentence.
For example:
James is going on holiday tomorrow.
Unit 4: Conjunctions
A conjunction is
a way to connect 2 shorter sentences together. We can also call them
connectives. We
like to use conjunctions to give a sentence a smooth flow and
this makes it easier for the reader.
Examples of
conjunctions are: and, but, or.
If the writer
uses too many conjunctions in a sentence, it becomes too difficult and
cumbersome for the
reader.
Look at the
examples below.
I am Jack. I live in Thailand. I am 25 years

old. I like Thai food.
As you can see

the sentences are short and a little robotic. To make the sentence flow better
we can
add some conjunctions.
I am Jack and I live in Thailand. I am 25

years old and I like Thai food.
Conjunctions
connect thoughts, ideas, actions, nouns, clauses, etc.
Jack went to Thailand to enjoy

the wonderful scenery and local food.
The conjunction 'to'

connects two sentences: Jack went to Thailand / Jack enjoyed the wonderful
scenery and local food.
Unit 5: Determiners
Determiners come
before nouns. There are a number of determiners and most can be found in
the
grammar reference book. The most common determiners are the definite
article (the) and the indefinite
article (a).
Unit 6: Interjections
These words
express feelings and convey extreme emotions like 'Wow', 'Hey', and 'Whoa'.
Although
they are technically meaningless, they add context to writing.
Unit 7: Prepositions and Video 12
03:45
Prepositions are little words that tell where or when something is.
The key is on the table next to the door.
The toilet is down that corridor.
Prepositions of manner: by, via
Prepositions of amount: about, over
Prepositions of time: before, after
Prepositions of direction: into, towards
Prepositions of place: next to, in front of
Prepositions of cause: because, due to
Unit 8: Nouns and Video 13
03:29
What are
nouns?
Nouns refer to a
person, place, animal or thing. They can convey an idea or a thought.
Here are some

examples:
An example of a
person is David Beckham.
An example of a
place is London.
An example of an
animal is lion.
An example of a
thing is a spoon.
An example of an
idea is curiosity.
Here are all of

the different types of nouns in the English language.
The proper noun
The common noun
The concrete noun
The abstract noun
The countable noun (also called the count

noun)
The non-countable noun (also called uncountable

noun and the mass noun)
The group noun (also called the collective

noun)
A noun will be
either:
Proper or common,
abstract or concrete, and countable or non-countable or collective
We now need to do
some practice so that we know how to tell the difference.
What is the
difference between a proper and common noun?
Proper nouns are

the names of specific people or places. They should always begin with a
capital.
Jack is
going to Thailand.
London is
the capital city of England.
My daughter's name is Emily.
Common nouns are

words for people, places, animals or things that aren't specific (as opposed to
a
proper noun which refers to only one person, place or thing). Common nouns
can be countable or
uncountable, singular or plural.
There are many horses in the field today.
The reason these

are common nouns is because we don't know which horses these are and we don't
know the name of the field.
We can see from

the two sentences below how we tell the difference between a proper and a
common
noun.
Have
you seen the book I was
reading?
Did
you see where I left Romeo and Juliet?
In sentence a),
book is a common noun because it is not specific.
In sentence b),
Romeo and Juliet relates to an actual book, a specific book, and will be in
capital letters
as it refers to a proper noun.
What is the
difference between an abstract and concrete noun?
An abstract noun
is a noun which cannot be identified using one of the five senses (taste,
touch, sight,
hearing, smelling).
For example:
It took a great deal of courage to dive into the swimming pool

and save the boy.
'Courage' is an
abstract noun.
Mr Smith had always wanted to follow

his dream of becoming a great
novelist one day.
'Dream' is a good
example of an abstract noun.
A concrete noun
is a noun which can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch,
sight,
hearing, smell).
For example:
Could someone please answer the phone?
In this sentence,
'phone' is a concrete noun because it can be identified using the five senses.
A person
can touch it, see it, hear it and maybe taste and smell it.
Countable and
non-countable
Countable nouns
are nouns which can be counted, even if the number might be extraordinarily
high
(like counting all the people in the world). Countable nouns can be used
with a/an, the, some, any, a
few and many.
Here is a crocodile.
A 'crocodile' is
a countable noun as would be cars, flowers and pots.
Non-countable or
uncountable nouns are nouns which come in a state, or quantity, which is
impossible
to count: liquids are
uncountable, as are things, which act like liquids like sand and
air. They're always
considered to be singular, and can be used with a,
some, any, a little and much.
An excellent way
to remember an uncountable noun is 'love' and 'dust'.
And a group noun
Good examples of
group nouns are a flock of sheep, a herd of cows, an army or
gaggle of geese, a
school of fish or a troop of monkeys.
Take the Quiz: Nouns
Unit 9: Pronouns
Pronouns are used
to replace nouns.
For example:
Jack went to Vietnam on holiday last year

and loved the country.
We can re-write
this sentence:
He went
to Vietnam on holiday last year and loved it.
There are several

subclasses of pronouns, but for now we will consider three main sub-classes.
Personal Pronouns Reflective Possessive

Pronouns Pronouns
Subject Object
I me myself mine
you you yourself yours
he him himself his
she her herself hers
it it itself its
we us ourselves ours
you you yourselves yours
they them themselves theirs
Unit 10: Verbs and Video 14
04:38
Verbs are the

second most important words in English, next to nouns. A sentence must
have both a
noun and a verb in order to be a proper sentence.
However,
imperatives often miss out the subject (the subject is implied) but they are
still regarded as
sentences.
For example:
(You) Go away! she screamed.
(You) Read the instructions with care.
Verbs are vital for

creating a sentence in English. They can describe a physical movement like walking
or running or how a person thinks or feels. Verbs like 'to be' can be used to
describe who we are and
can define a state of being. Verbs which define a state
of being are called 'stative' verbs.
What are
verbs?
Verbs are action

or doing words. They can also refer to events and emotions.
Exercise:
Pick out the

verbs in the following sentences.
1. He had travelled all over the world before

he had a family in the USA.
2. He slept through the thunderstorm.
3. She is going to have twins next months.
4. I think therefore I am.
5. I am running through the rice paddies

thinking about being here.
Verbs can be
separated by adverbs
For example:
I have always liked
the way you travelled around the world.
A verb can also

be contracted.
For example:
I've always
enjoyed travelling as much as possible and living in different countries.
It's critical
to be able to understand the subject and object of the sentence.
Look at this
sentence:
Jack drove his car along the motorway to get

to London.
If we take the
sentence, above, we can see that:
'drove' is the verb
'Jack'
is the subject of the
verb, i.e. the 'doer' of the action.
'car'
is the object of the verb,
i.e. the thing to which the action of the verb is done.
Exercise:
Choose the
subject and the object from the following sentences.
Jack went all over the world to find

happiness.
He ordered 10 loaves of bread from the

bakery.
In the event of emergency, please dial 911.
If you keep doing that you will hurt

yourself.
The swimming pool was one of the best he had

seen in his life.
Uses of verbs:
Verbs will tell

us what is actually happening in a sentence, what the subject is doing or going
to do.
Therefore, subjects can do just about anything and it's potentially
amazing what an action verb can do.
We can use a verb to start and also change
motion.
For example:
Jack ran to the swimming pool then swam 30

lengths. After he stopped his exercise, he went home to
relax.
In this example,
the verb gave Jack motion and made him motionless at home.
The second use of

a verb is to describe a noun.
For example:
I am tired.
I am sleepy.
Jack is funny.
We can divide
verbs into main verbs (lexical verbs) and auxiliary verbs. The main verb
shows the
action of the subject whereas the auxiliary verb helps the main verb.
For example:
I feel happy.
I was feeling happy.
Understanding auxiliary
verbs or helping verbs:
Helping verbs
help us decide which tense the sentence is in.
For example:
Jack used to like driving his

motorbike until he bought his new car.
In this example, 'like'

is the main verb and 'used to' is the auxiliary verb.
You can find out

how to construct all verb tenses in the next few sections.
Take the Quiz: Parts of Speech
Unit 11: Subject and Object

A basic sentence
has a Subject (S), a Verb (V) and an Object (O). Normally, the subject comes
first
followed by the verb and then the object.
For example: Jack (S) went (V) to bed (O).
'Jack' is the
subject, the verb is 'went' and the object is 'bed'.
Nouns can
also function as objects. However, instead of performing actions they receive
the action and
normally they follow the verb.
For example:
Jack drank some coffee before bed so he

couldn't sleep.
The subject is 'Jack'.
The verb is 'drank'.
The object is 'coffee'.
When you teach

sentences, it's crucial that you explain the Subject, Verb and Object construction
to
your students because many languages do not use this type of construction.
Unit 12: Gerunds

A gerund is
derived from a verb but functions as a noun. A gerund is a noun made from a
verb by
adding 'ing'.
For example, the gerund

of 'to read' is 'reading'.
A gerund is often
confused with the Present Participle. A Present Participle is
most commonly used as
part of the continuous form of the verb,
after verbs of perception, after verbs of movement or as an
adjective, e.g. I am going.
A gerund always
has the same function of a noun, although it looks like a verb. For example: Driving
too fast is dangerous.
Unit 13: Comparatives and Superlatives

We also need to
understand the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective as well.
Comparatives and superlatives are used when we want to compare two or more
things.
Adding 'er' forms

comparatives.
Adding 'est'
forms superlatives.
For example:
1. big
'bigger and 'the

biggest'
2. small
'smaller' and 'the

smallest'
3. fast
'faster' and 'the

fastest'
4. slow
'slower' and 'the

slowest'
Note that 'the'

will be omitted in some constructions: Ronaldo
is fast, Messi is faster but Bale is fastest
of all.
Some examples
are:
My father is
older than me.
My sister is much
younger than me.
I am the youngest
member of my family.
The smallest
mammal is a bumblebee bat from Thailand!
There are also

some irregular comparatives and superlatives forms that you need to know as
well.
Let's have a
look:
Comparative
and Superlative Exercises:
1. Having to work
for 20 hours a day is the _______ job in the world.
a) bader
b) baddest
c) worst
2. Jack can run

________than me.
a) faster
b) more fast
3. He has read
_______ books than I have.
a) many
b) more
Unit 14: Numbers

There are 2 types
of number in English, cardinal and ordinal.
Cardinal numbers
are 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', etc. and ordinal numbers are 'first', 'second',
'third', etc.
Unit 15: Other Grammar Basics

A conditional construction
has two clauses with one sentence depending on the other one.
For example:
If you forget to
turn the oven on, your food will not cook.
Your food will

not cook if you forget to turn the oven on.
It happens!
These sentences
have exactly the same meaning. The only differences are the word order and the
comma in the first example.
Zero
Conditional:
The Zero
Conditional is used to convey fact, truth or principle. For example: If you go to a Thai
Temple, you take your
shoes off and cover your arms and legs.
With this
sentence the tense is the present simple. You can also start the
sentence with 'when' instead
of 'if'.
Rule: 'if' or 'when'

followed by the two clauses, which are both in the present simple,
then it's Zero
Conditional.
A matching
exercise is useful for teaching conditionals. Give you students some sentences
and mix
them up.
First
Conditional:
The First
Conditional is used when a situation or outcome is possible but it's depending
on something
else happening.
Rule: 'if or when'

followed by a clause in the present simple followed by a clause
in the future simple:
If you
train hard for the run you will win.
Again, matching
exercises are good for teaching the First Conditional. You can also get
students
talking about what will happen in the future if they pass
their examinations: If I pass my exams, I
will
be able to go to University.
Second Conditional:
The Second
Conditional conveys a message, which is hypothetical, imaginary or
unlikely.
Rule: 'If'
followed by the past simple in the first clause followed by 'would'
in the second clause: If I
found gold on
my land, I would look for more.
A good way to
teach the Second Conditional is to use a song by Katie Melua called 'If I were
a
sailboat' and get the students to come up with their own version.
You can also use

situations to teach it: If I failed the
exam, I would go and get a job. Give students a
number of scenarios. They
could be moral dilemmas: If you saw someone
stealing some sweets from a
shop, what would you do?
Third
Conditional:
The Third
Conditional is used to convey regret or for things that happened in the
past.
Rule: 'If'
followed by a clause in the past perfect followed by a clause with 'would
have+ and a past
participle. Wow!
For example: If I had departed a little earlier that day,

I would have avoided seeing the accident.
In summary, when
you teach the conditionals remember to have fun and use positive
language.
Take the Quiz: Conditional Matching
Unit 16: Infinitive

Infinitive Form:
This is the
verb form before it changes tense. For example: 'to run', 'to speak'.
Unit 17: Auxiliary Verbs and Video 15
04:01
Auxiliary Verbs are
helping verbs because they help the main verb. The main
Auxiliary Verbs are 'to
be', 'to have' and 'to do'.
Unit 18: Present Participle

The
Present Participle is often referred to as the 'ing' form of the
verb but it's crucial that you don't
confuse it with a gerund, which is a noun.
Present
Participles are used for continuous tenses like the Present, Past and Future
continuous. They
are also used for the Present, Past and Future Perfect
Continuous.
For example:
'To run' becomes 'running'
'To drink' become

'drinking'
Unit 19: Past Participle

The
Past Participle is used to show a completed action or action in the
past. It is sometimes called the
'ed' form as it is normally formed
by adding 'd' or 'ed' to the base form of regular verbs.
However, there
are many irregular forms of the past participle which must be taught.

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17/07/2022, 19:46 Module 4: Grammar Basics

Module 4: Grammar Basics

Language Basics - Grammar

Site: TEFL Fullcircle

Just one tip;

Unit 1: Parts of Speech

The girl is pretty.

What is the girl?

Once upon a time there lived a young girl

Please stop talking now.

The typhoon, which hit the

Most of the time

The dog ran quickly.

How did the dog run? It ran quickly. An adverb of time

I am Jack. I live in Thailand. I am 25 years

As you can see

I am Jack and I live in Thailand. I am 25

Jack went to Thailand to enjoy

The conjunction 'to'

Unit 7: Prepositions and Video 12

The key is on the table next to the door.

The toilet is down that corridor.

Prepositions of manner: by, via

Prepositions of amount: about, over

Prepositions of time: before, after

Prepositions of direction: into, towards

Prepositions of place: next to, in front of

Prepositions of cause: because, due to

Unit 8: Nouns and Video 13

Here are some

Here are all of

The proper noun

The common noun

The concrete noun

The abstract noun

The countable noun (also called the count

The non-countable noun (also called uncountable

The group noun (also called the collective

Proper nouns are

My daughter's name is Emily.

Common nouns are

There are many horses in the field today.

The reason these

We can see from

It took a great deal of courage to dive into the swimming pool

Mr Smith had always wanted to follow

Could someone please answer the phone?

And a group noun

Take the Quiz: Nouns

Jack went to Vietnam on holiday last year

There are several

Personal Pronouns Reflective Possessive

I me myself mine

you you yourself yours

he him himself his

she her herself hers

we us ourselves ours

you you yourselves yours

they them themselves theirs

Unit 10: Verbs and Video 14

Verbs are the

(You) Go away! she screamed.