SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

LESSON 1

Science

 idea, because it includes idea, theory about natural things

 intellectual property, it involves minds, systematic observation and experimentation
 body and knowledge, involves critical thinking skills
 personal and social activity, both knowledge and activities is done by human to develop better
understanding and to improve life

Technology

 application of science
 scientific law in development of machineries, equipment, etc

Society

 includes individuals belonging to a particular group

 it includes diversity
 community is the individual inside the group

LESSON 2: ETHICAL DILEMMAS

1. The battle of the artic – race of the countries to invent things

2. Digital Twin – virtual copy of yourself, without your presence you can access (password)
3. MIT’s Version or Inception – sleep tracking device that can after your dream, device to
manipulate your dream
4. SPY or Stalker ware apps – software to stalk another person, other may see who you are
without your content
 It can be FB, Twitter, Instagram, etc.
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Robot abuse – consuming your time with AI
 You are not being productive
6. Facebook – software that becomes a mean of negativity
 Proper way of utilization of media

 3 IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE REVOLUTIONS

Science technology and society refers to intellectual revolution or series of events that leads to
the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific techniques across critical
periods in the history
 Paradigm shift – shift from the norm, resulted to new and renewed understanding on
how STS behaves and functions
1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION ( 16TH CENTURY)
 Nicolous Copernicus
 Heliocentric Model, sun is the center of the universe
 It paves way to modern astronomy to understand the universe
 Idea marks the turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy
 Opposition of the church. They believe earth and sun are Gods
2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION (19TH CENTURY)
 Charles Darwin proposed the human evolution, human development
 Theory of evolution: origin of human species (1859)
 Gathered evidenced on how natural selection works, it is the evolutional process by
which organisms including human inherit, develop and adapt the traits that is
favourable to the survival and reproduction
 It met a lot of criticism from the church
 Can be rationalized by law system
3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION (0TH CENTURY)
 Sigmund Freud
 Psychoanalysis: scientific method in understanding the inner conscious or conflicts
imbedded with one personality
 ID – making decisions without thinking7
 Ego – Buffer, making wise decisions
 Superego – ideas and values, assessment if what he/she did was right

OEDIPUS – son’s sexual desire towards mother

ELECTRA COMPLEX – daughter’s sexual desire towards father

Controversy because they say your urges needs to be met criticized for being lack of validity, being
unscientific.

Amidst Criticism psychoanalysis, widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practices in early 20 th
century

LESSON 3

MESO-AMERICA CIVILIZATION

 4 culture namely: omelec, maya, Aztec and inco

 Where com papaya, avocado and cocoa originated
 People shared the calendric and astronomical information of the heavens as a critical part of
their sculpture, art and architecture
  Contribution was calendrical systems and sophisticated writing as a direct result of their need to
be in harmony with the celertial cycles

 4 CULTURE OF MESO – AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

1. Ohmec Civilization ( c. 100 BCE – 400 BCE, ancient Mexico )
2. Mayan Civilization ( lasted for approximately, 2000 yrs )
3. Inca civilization
4. Aztec civilization

During inca civilization, which is also known in Mesoamerica, they developed the following scientific
ideas and instruments to benefit them in their daily lives

 Stone structures that sustained earthquakes and other natural calamities

 Irrigation system and technique for storing water in order for crops to grow on various types of
soil
 1th month calendar to observe religious holidays and prepare for planting season
 Roads passed with stones
 Quipu

Aztec civilization has also made substantial contribution to STS, the ff are some

 Mandatory education
 Chocolates
 Antispasmodic medication
 Chinampa
 Aztec calendar

Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilization that shared similar cultural characteristics in the
geographic areas comprising the modern day countries of mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, belize, el
Salvador, Nicaragua, and costa rica.

An anthropologist named paul kirchkoff first used the term “mesoamerica” (meso greek for “middle” or
“intermediate” ) in 1943 to designate these geographical areas as having shared cultural traits prior to
the invasion of Europeans, and the term has remained

INVENTIONS THAT CAN RELATE IN ACCOUNTING:

 Calendar – use for calculating and preparing annual FS

 Quipu – way of recording necessary information
 Mandatory Education – requisites by PRC in talking CPALE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

INDIA

 Known for mfg iron and in metallurgical work

 Medicine (Ayurveda)
 Ayurveda system is one of the oldest system of medicine based on the belief that health and
wellness depend on a delicate between the mind, body and spirit.

Ancient india is notable for developed theories in the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
supporting earth and the year of 365 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each

Astronomy

 Ancient Indians were very interested in astronomy, the study of stars and planets
 They were very aware of seven of the right planets
 They knew the sun was a star
 They would even predict eclipses of the sun and the moon

Mathematics is tried to standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy

Aryabhata is the first (major) mathematician astronomers from the classical age of indian mathematics
and indian astronomy

Aryabhatiya

 Place value system

 Approximation of
 Trigonometry

Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states that the moon and planets
shine by reflected sunlight

Brahmagupta

 (brahmasphutasiddhanta) defined the properties of the number zero, both as a placeholder and
decimal digit
 Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction

CHINA

 Traditional medicine (Acupuncture)

 Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tool
  Astronomy, heavenly bodies, and lunar calendars
 Silkroad is a great route linking china to other Roman empire where it allowed transport and
exchange of goods in their regions

The Sanzhufa ( the 3 column acctg method ) war used as early as the “balanced from the last period”
concept in the eastern han dynasty (25-220 A.D). It was in the Tang Dynasty that the four column acctg
method - beg. Bal. increase, decreases and ending balance – was first used. This acctg method become
popular in the song dynasty ( 460 – 1279 A.D ) and later was widely used in both governmental and
private acctg in the Ming and qing Dynasties ( 068 – 1912 A.D )

AFRICAN – CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

African is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet
long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics should that similar to
other ancient civilizations. The early civilization in Africa is knowledge producers too.

The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields
of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example, the development of geometry were developed
was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians during
along the Nile River.

The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures, the past of lintel
architecture of Egypt. These early science activities in Egypt were developed to improve the quality of
the life of the Egyptians especially in building their early homes and cities

The great structures of the Egyptians pyramids and the early doms built to divert water from the Nile
River are some proofs of their advanced civilizations

Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as
examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These components
displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of studying science.

Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance documents show that Africans used 3
types of calendars lunar, solar and stellar, or a combination of the 3

Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times north Africa and the Nile
Valley imported iron technology from the near east region that enabled than to benefit from the
developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.

They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent
architectures
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The
lebombo bone from the mountains between Swaziland and south Africa which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is considered
to be the oldest known mathematical artefact dated from 35,000 BCE.

Ancient Egyptians are good in the 4 fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical
skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa
during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered
advanced during those times, such as algebra, geometry and trigonometry.

Early ships

 Early Saharan Africans knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC
 They were constructed of wooden planks
 Woven straps, have been used to lash the planks together and roads or grass put between the
planks helped to seal the seams

Lebombo bones

African invention

 Medicine
 Mathematics
 International trade
 Calendar
 Agriculture
 Machinery
 Accounting systems

Benefits of the accountants from African inventions

 Accounting system
 Application of mathematics on double entry
 Bookkeeping
 Preparation of financial reports

Modern period

 Began after the middle ages of the 20 th century, when the pastmodern era began
 Society as the driving force of invention ( invention and society )
 Demanded that more goods be produced at a fastest rate. Needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more good and Cover a larger distance
 Machines that required animals to operate most thus be upgraded
  Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to established
connections between and among nations
 Resulted in the development of industries
 However due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated
problems. Food processing and medicine passed some of the bigger challenges since health was
of great concern

Louis Pasteur

 He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria
that allow them to spoil faster
 Food preservation
 To keep mfg goods from deteriorating
Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented
illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology and medicine included his works on
molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination

Samuel M. Kier

 Faced with this concern: was able to invent by refining petroleum

 The demand of the modern society for a better source of powering their homes and
transportation
 Used to provide lighting at homes
 Applied for heating purposes
 Established the petroleum refinery industry
 Today, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power plants

Calculator

 Required a faster way to compute more complicated equations

 More consistent
 Easier arithmetic calculations
 Resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like computers

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Pre-spanish Philippines
 Scientific knowledge in crop planting , taking care of animals and food production
 Science is also observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years
 Science is also used in preparing soil for agricultural purpose
  They also discovered the medicinal uses of plants
 Tools were developed for building houses, irrigations, planting hunting, cooking, fishing,
fighting enemies, making musical instruments and for transportation on land and on
water
 Spanish era
 Established schools for boys and girls
 Introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines
 Beginning of formal science and technology in the country
 Life becomes slowly modernized
 Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
 Supectitious beliefs and catholic doctrines and practices halted the growth of science
 American era
 Established the public education system
 Improved engineering works and health, conditions of the people
 Established modern research university, the university of the Philippines, and more
public hospitals
 Transportation and communication systems were improved
 Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, and other tropical
diseases
 World war 2
 The war destabilized the development of the country in many ways
 Institutions and public facilities were destroyed
 The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like
schools, hospitals, and transportation systems
 The reparation money from japan was also concentrated or building highways and
technical training and human resource development in the country
 New republic
 Focused on using limited resources in improving science and technology
 Explored the use of overseas development allocations (DDA) to help the country
improve its scientific productivity and technological capability

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The national research council of the Philippines clustered four policies that will improve the
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN region, namely:

1. Social sciences, humanities, education, international policies and governance

 ASEAN goals implied in the basic education
 Use of mother tongue
 Developing school infrastructure and providing for ict broadband
 Local food security
2. Physics, engineering, industrial research, earth and space sciences and mathematics
  Degrees, license, and employment opportunities
 Review of RA 9184 (government procurement Act)
3. Medical, chemical and pharmaceutical sciences
 Compliance with the ASEAN standards when it comes to drug mfg firms by FDA
 Evidence based research of food and drug agencies
 Legislating law supporting human genome project
4. Biological sciences, Agriculture and forestry
 Protecting and conserving biodiversity
 Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries