Click Start

E
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
PL
Learner’s Book 6
M
SA

Third edition Digital Access

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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© Cambridge University Press 2011, 2014, 2020
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
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no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
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First published 2011
Second edition 2014
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ISBN 9781108951906
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notice to teachers
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 Introduction
The international edition of Click Start: Computing for Schools is
designed around the latest developments in the field of computer science,
information and communication technology. Based on Windows 7 and
MS Office 2010, with extensive updates on Windows 10 and MS Office
2016, the series aids the understanding of the essentials of computer
science including computer basics, office applications, creative software,
programming concepts and programming languages.
Each level of the series has been designed keeping in mind the learning
ability of the learners as well as their interests. Efforts have been made to
use examples from day-to-day life, which will help the learners to bridge the
gap between their knowledge of the subject and the real world. The books are
designed to offer a holistic approach and help in the overall development of
the learners.

KEY FEATURES

• Snap Recap: Probing questions to begin a chapter and assess pre-knowledge

• Learning Objectives: A list of the learning outcomes of the chapter
• Activity:
 Interactive exercise after every major topic to reinforce analytical skills and
application-based learning
• Exercise: A variety of questions to test understanding
• Fact File: Interesting facts to improve concept knowledge
• Quick Key and Try This: Shortcuts and useful tips on options available for different operations

• Glossary: Chapter-end list of important terms along with their definitions
• You Are Here: Quick recap
• Lab Work: Practical exercises to enable application of concepts through learning-by-doing
• Project Work: Situational tasks to test practical application of the concepts learnt
• Who Am I?: Biographies to inspire young learners
• Sample Paper: Practice and preparation for exams
• Poster:
 Informative infographics to help students stay safe in a connected digital
environment

The aim of this book is to make learning fun and to help the learners achieve expertise in this
fast-changing world of computer science.
 MS Powe

Overview Adva
Fea
SNAP RECAP

Snap Recap 1. What is the importance

of You will l
creating a presentation?
Probing questions to MS Po wHow ercan
Poyouinadd
t ,20
mod10ify and–
2. • creatin

Advanced
save a PowerPoint presenta • creatin
begin a chapter and
4. In this tab, select the
style for lines of the borde
You can also choose differ r from Style: in the Line
3. How can you add grap
ent colours from the Colo
tion?
section.
hics to
r: drop-down list.
• photo
5. Select the borders from

E
your presentation?
Presets and Border sectio • applyin
6. Click on OK button.
assess pre-knowledge ns.

Features
The borders will now appea
4. What is slide tran
r formatted.
sition?
Formatting Cells
You can also change the • creatin
pattern and
the background colour of
the cells in a
worksheet. You need to follow
the steps
given below.
1. Select the cell or range Introduction
of cells.
2. Right click the mous
e and select
SNAP RECFill
In MS PowerPoint 2010,
Format Cells... option from
AP you can create presentati
the
photo albuLEAm RNI NG on

age

ment System
• MS Excel, Lotus 123
Activity
• MS Access, Sybase
Interactive ex
• Inventory managemen
after every majort, payroll system,
topic to
PL shortcut menu.

Learning Objectives
3. The Format Cells dialo

(Fig. 6.4).
4. Choose the required

You can also format the

AC TIVITY
Design a spreadsheet for

Remarks. Use all the forma

1. What is the importanc

pattern

outcomes of the your

5. Click on OK. The chang

FACT FILE
g box
appears. Click on the Fill e of
creating a presentation?
A list of the learning
tab
2. How can you add, mod
ify and
save a PowerPoint presenta
and background colour for

chapter
3. How can you add grap
Background Color: sectio
ns.
presentation?
Fig. 6.4 Selecting patter

cells, text, fonts, patterns,

options given on the Ribbo
n.

Inter-section ‘Soft board

Topic, Class, Section, Judge
tion?
the cells from Pattern Colo
hics to
es are reflected in the work
sheet.
tab

4. What is slide transition

and cell borders directly

Introduction
In MS PowerPoint 2010,
photo album presentation
hyperlinks, and reuse slide

1 marks, Judge 2 marks,

competition list’ with the
Creating a Presentati
tting features learnt so far
s.
Border
tab

n for cells
r:, Pattern Style: and

from the

columns:
Judge 3 marks, Total marks
and on Using54
bac
• crea
Cr
• crea
• photo album
In

ounhype
d styl es
Custom templates can be
share these custom templa
online for use.
you can create pres
entations using templates
s, modify master slide, add
custom animations, char

2 pla3. te
a Tem
YOU ARE
HERE
and
pre
You will learn about:
• creating a presenta
eating
tinagpres
aenta
Pre
MS PowerPoin • slide master

con
rlinks • reus ing

or themes, create
ts, tables,
senOBJ
hyperlinks, and reuse slid

usin

ten
tatiECT

t.s
slide
onsIVE
es.
tion using templates
tionse ntation
S dify ma
, mo

• applying animationst 2010, a template is a design or a p

slid es. These templa• tes
kgrting
inserting charts and
con
table

created, stored and used

1. An operating system
2. When you switch on
RAM
automatically in a specific
ster slide, add

s tain layouts, theme colour

any
tes with other users. Som
ef
g themes

performs several basic function

a computer, the operatin
sequence.
s.
Using a Templa

g system is loaded onto the

M
and presentable. and make your spreadshee An operating system does
Financial a ccounting , Hotel man In MS PowerPoint 2010, t attractive following important function
the job of a systemmanager and performs the
s: process management,
agement, a template is a design or memory management, file
4. In CUI,athepatt
device management,
etc.
management and houseke
slides. These templates cont ern
operatin of
g system a slide or grou
eping.
p theofuser needs to type a
reinforce analytical skills and ain layouts, theme comma provide s an environ ment where
background styles and cont colo nd to perform a particular
urs, them e provide
font
action. For example, Disk
s, them
ent.
5. In GUI, the operatin g system e effeoperating system.
cts,
ng • GIMP, Photoshop, Win 74
s a graphical
perform an action by just
a mouse-click. For
environment where the user
can

dows Movie Maker, Custom templates can be 6. In Windows, after comple example, Windows operatin
g system.

application-based learning created, stored and used ting the work, operating
disk properly to prevent system files are sent back
system.any number of time
to the hard
etc. share these custom templat
es with other users. Som
damage. This process is
s. known
Youascan shut down of an operatin
also g
online for use. e free templates are also
available
EXERCISE

A. State whether true or

n programs which assist false.
a 54 1. Pressing on the Power
button when the compu
ter is switched off is
ng housekeeping functio FACT FILE
called warm boot.

ns 2. An operating system
SA

sends output to the display

scanning/cleaning viruses screen.

on. They ensure the smo The open source applica

tion
Exercise 3. When the system is switche

4. Multi-user operating
d on, then the BIOS loads
system is selected when
onto the RAM.

oth one thing at a time. one user needs to do

uter. software provides the sou

code along with the .exe
rce A variety of questions B.
5. An operating system

Circle the odd one out

is an application software.

from the following.

s are text editor used for
to test understanding
1. DOS Windows
file so that users can mak 2. Housekeeping
MBR
Mac
t files, backup utility tha e Process management
Device management
t changes in the code to suit
3. MBR BIOS
RESTART
Booting

up of disks, compression their 4. You can enter the de

4. Switch user Lock
CUI
POST
Sleep

mpression of files, disk requirements. The open

that attempts to minimise
e disk, and anti-virus
virus-free environment.
Fact File
Interesting facts to
nly used utility softwares.
improve
n source application soft
wares.
olution of computer knowledge
an interpreter.
languages. Classify them
source sired text in the header are
substitute of MS Office and the position of the he a. You can also change the 25
is ader. alignment
OpenOffice. 5. Click on the Footer
drop-down list in the In
cursor will blink in the foo sert tab to insert a footer
ter area of the . Now, the
document.
6. Select aQuick
style froKey
m the Page Number TRY THIS
drop-down in the Header
and Try This
of the Insert tab to insert
& Fo oter group
page numbers in Click on Go to Header
the docuShortcuts
ment. Click and Footer options, respectiv
and Go to
on the Close Header ely, in the
concept & Footeuseful
r optiontips
in theon Navigation group of the
Close group of the De sign
Design tab. tab to move between
based on whe ther
options available for and footer areas.
the header
Footnotedifferent
s and Enoperations
dnotes
Footnotes and endnotes
in MS Word are used for
references for text in a do adding notes, comments,
cument (Fig. 3.3). In ge or to provide
and printed at the bottom neral, footnotes are detai
of a page to give extra inf led comments
been written on that page ormation about something
. On the other hand, the that has
and they are displayed at endnotes are for citation
the end of the document. of sources,
 • Sleep: It puts the compu
ter in a low-power state
that it can be resumed from and saves the work being
the point where it was left done so
off.

FACT FILE

Like Sleep in desktop PCs,

Hibernate is a power-saving
keeps the active docume mode developed for laptops.
nts and programs running It
in low-power state so that on the hard disk and puts
work can be resumed quickly the computer
work even in case of power . This allows the users to
failure. restore

AC TIVITY
Read more about mobile
operating systems. List the
market. various mobile OS availabl
e in the

GLOSSARY

BIOS A built-in softwar

e into a computer’s RAM.
Booting It is a process

Glossary
that starts the operating
system. system when the user turns
on a computer
Cold boot It is the process
of pressing on the Power
MBR It is the informa button when the comput
tion that BIOS copies onto er is shut down.
the RAM.

Chapter-end list of
Multi-user operating system
It supports multiple users
at the same time and/or
times. different
Operating system It is
a system software that is
an interface between the
computer. user and the

important terms along

POST Power-On Self
Test conducted by BIOS
computer are in a working to make sure all the compon
condition. ents of the
Single-user operating system
It is a system where only
one user can effectively
computer at a time. work on a

with their definitions

Warm boot It is the process
of pressing the Restart button
while the computer is already
on.

24

2. How are computers classified on the basis of their size and speed?
3. Differentiate between the two types of primary memory available in computers.
4. What is the use of plotters? Also, describe the various types of plotters.
5. Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.

LAB WORK
YOU ARE 1. An operating system
performs several basic function
HERE s.
2. When you switch on A. Search more about early calculating devices. Make a presentation describing
You Are Here
a computer, the operatin
g system is loaded onto
2
RAM automatically in a the
3. An operating system
specific sequence. technology used in the devices.
does the job of a system
following important function manager and performs the B. Secondary memory is available in the form of storage devices. Find out the
s: process management,
2. How are computers memory classified
management, onfilethe basis of their size and
device speed?
management,
important features of a few secondary storage devices available in the market
Quick recap
manage ment and housekeeping.
4. In CUI, the operating
system provides an environm
3. Differentiate
command to between the two
perform a particul types of primary ent where
ar action. For example, Disk
memory available
the user needs to type ain computers. these days and make a report or a presentation. Take help of the Internet, library
operating system.
4.
5. In GUI, the operating
Whatperform
is theanuse of by system provides a graphica
plotters? Also, describel environm
the various types ofcan
plotters.
resources, etc.
action just a mouse-click. For example ent where the user
6. In Windows, after complet , Windows operating system.
5. Differentiate between
disk properly a ing
compiler
the work, and
to prevent damage. This
ang system
operatin interpreter.
files are sent back to the
process is known as shut hard
system. down of an operating

LAB WORK PROJECT WORK

EXERCISE
A. Search more about early calculating devices. Make a presentation describing Make a presentation on ‘Classification of Computers’. Write about the important
A. State whether true
technology used in theor false.
devices. features and use of each type of the computer. Take help of the internet to make the
1. Pressing on the Power
B. Secondary
called memory
button when the form of storage devices. Find out the
warm boot.is available in thecomput er is switched off is presentation and insert pictures wherever possible. Make the last slide of presentation as
important features of a few secondary storage devices available in the market bibliography or credits and put the URLs of all the sites from where you have collected
2. An operating system
these days sends output the information.
areand make a report or aon
topresentation.
the basis ofTake theirhelp
the display screen.
size ofandthe Internet, library

Lab Work
2. How computers classified speed?
3. When etc.
resources, the system is switched on,
then the BIOS loads onto
3. Differentiate the RAM.
4. Multi-user between the two types of primary memory available in computers.
operating system is selected
one thing at a time. when one user needs
to do
4. What is the use of plotters? Also, describe the various types of plotters. WHO AM I?
5.
B.
5. An operating system
Differentiate between
Circle the odd one out
is
an applicat
a compiler
PROJECT WORK
ande.an interpreter.
ion softwar

from the following.

Project Work Practical exercises to enable
I was born on 1 June, 1956.
I have designed operating system 86-DOS for the Intel 8086 with Seattle
1. DOS

application of concepts
Windows
2. Housekeeping
MBR
Mac Computer Products.
Process management
LAB WORK
Make a presentation on ‘Classification of Computers’. Write about the important
Situational tasks
Device manage ment
3. MBR
features and use of each type
Booting
BIOSof the computer. Take help of the internet to make the I am also known as ‘The Father of DOS’.
RESTART
4. Switch user POST
presentation and insert
A. Search
Lock
more pictures wherever possible. Make the alast slide of presentation
as I am ..................................................................... .

through learning-by-doing
about early calculating devices.
CUI Make presentation
Sleep describing
bibliography or creditsused
technology and in
putthethedevices.
URLs of all the sites from where you have collected
the information.
B. Secondary memory is available in the form of storage devices. Find 25 out the
important features of a few secondary storage devices available in the market
to test practical
these days and make a report or a presentation. Take help of the Internet, library
WHO AMetc.
resources, I?
I was born on 1 June, 1956. application of the
I have designed operating system 86-DOS for the Intel 8086 with Seattle 18
Computer Products.
I am also known as ‘The Father of DOS’.
PROJECT WORK
concepts learnt
I am ..................................................................... .
Make a presentation on ‘Classification of Computers’. Write about the important
features and use of each type of the computer. Take help of the internet to make the
presentation and insert pictures wherever possible. Make the last slide of presentation as
bibliography or credits and put the URLs of all the sites from where you have collected
the information.

18
WHO AM I?
Sample
I was born on 1 June, 1956.
I have designed operating system 86-DOS for the Intel 8086 with Seattle Paper
Computer Products.
I am also known as ‘The Father of DOS’. Sample Paper Tick ( ) the correct option.

I am ..................................................................... .

Practice and preparation

1. Match the technologies
given in Column-I with their
generations in Column
-II.
Column-I
Column-II
A. Transistor
i. First generation

for exams B.

C.
Vacuum tube

Microprocessor
ii. Second generation
iii. Third generation

18 D. Integrated circuit
iv. Fourth generation
a. A.-i., B.-ii., C.-iv., D.-iii.
b. A.-ii., B.-i., C.-iv., D.-iii.
c. A.-ii., B.-i., C.-iii., D.-iv.

Who Am I? 2. Which of the followi

a. MS PowerPoint
ng
d. A.-ii., B.-iii., C.-iv., D.-i.
is not a system softwar

b. Linux
e?

c. Unix

Biographies to
d. Windows 7
3. Select the correct sentenc
e(s) with reference to booting
i. Booting is a process that process in computer.
starts the operating system
computer system. when the user turns on
a

inspire young ii. Warm boot is pressing

iii. Cold boot is pressing
a. Only i.
the Power button while
the Restart button when
the computer is already
the computer is switche
b. Only i. and ii.
on.
d off.
c. Only iii.

learners
d. i., ii. and iii.
4. BIOS is a built-in softwar
e into a computer’s RAM.
What is its full form?
a. Basic Input Output Softwar
e b. Biased Input Output
c. Basic Input Output Standar System
d d. Basic Input Output System

159

Don’t
pretend to Never share your
be someone account passwords,
else online. even with your

Poster
friends.

Tell an adult if
you are being Save any evidence

Informative infographics to
cyberbullied. of the bullying that
Avoid posting or
can be reported.
sharing hurtful
or threatening
messages on social
networking sites.

Never open
suspicious emails,
links, messages, etc.
from unknown people.
Report and block
cyberbullies who
send you hurtful
Don’t share any
personal info online
or in texts that could
humiliate you.
help students stay safe in a
connected digital environment
messages.

© Cambridge University Press

2011, 2014, 2020
C ntents
01 Know Your Computer���������������������������������������������������� 1 07 More About Scratch����������������������������������������������������� 86

°° Early calculating devices °° Functional components °° Types of blocks °° Changing the Backdrop
°° Evolution of computers of a computer °° Block categories of the Stage
°° Classification of °° Categorisation of °° Using Scratch blocks °° How to use the
computers software Costumes tab

02 Operating System��������������������������������������������������������� 19 08 Introduction to QB64������������������������������������������������� 100

°° Booting °° Operating system °° Components of the °° Saving a program

°° Functions of an interface QB64 window °° Opening a program
operating system °° Importance of shut down °° Writing and executing a °° Exiting QB64
°° Types of operating program
system
09 QB64 – Statements����������������������������������������������������� 109
03 MS Word 2010 – Advanced Features������������������������� 29 Character set
°° °° LET statement
°° Headers and footers °° Changing °° Constants °° INPUT statement
°° Footnotes and endnotes °° Changing indentation °° Variables °° REM statement
°° Drop Cap °° Thesaurus °° PRINT statement
°° Tab Stop °° Borders and Shading
°° Using Show/Hide tool °° Page setup and margins 10 QB64 – Programming Statements���������������������������� 118
°° Format Painter °° Applying built-in styles
Columns °° Sequential statements °° Conditional statements
°°

04 MS Word 2010 – Mail Merge�������������������������������������� 46 11 Introduction to Macromedia Flash�������������������������� 129

°° Starting Flash °° Animation in Flash

°° Mail Merge °° Creating the merged °° Flash tools panel °° Creating an animation of
°° Uses of Mail Merge document
°° Gradient effects a bouncing ball
°° Creating the Main °° Previewing your °° Key terms °° Symbols
Document documents

05 MS PowerPoint 2010 – Advanced Features��������������� 54 12 Introduction to Email������������������������������������������������ 145

°° Uniform Resource °° Composing an email

°° Creating a presentation °° Applying animations Locator (URL) °° Replying to an email
using a Template °° Inserting charts and °° Email °° Forwarding an email
°° Creating a presentation tables
°° Advantages of email °° Chatting with a contact
using Themes °° Creating hyperlinks °° Disadvantages of email °° Signing out from an
°° Photo Album °° Reusing slides °° Creating and opening an email account
°° Slide Master email account
06 More About MS Excel 2010���������������������������������������� 71 Sample Paper�������������������������������������������������������������� 160
°° Formatting numbers °° Creating Custom Lists
°° Modifying data °° Formulas and functions
°° Formatting data °° Function Library
 Know Your
Computer
SNAP RECAP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. What
  are the features of a computer You will learn about:
that make it more efficient than a • early calculating devices
human being? • the evolution of computers
2.  What is meant by the Input-Process- • classification of computers
Output cycle?
• functional components of a computer
3.  How is data stored in computers? What
•  categorisation of software.
is meant by primary and secondary
memory?
4.  What are computing devices?

Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it and gives
the desired output. It is a machine capable of performing calculations with the help of a
mechanical computing device. The evolution of computers started back in the late 1930s.
Computers at that time used only binary language for their operations.

Early Calculating Devices

A few calculating devices used prior to the development of
computers are discussed here.

Abacus
The abacus, the first calculating machine, was developed in China. Abacus
It was used to count numbers and perform simple calculations such
as addition and subtraction.

1
Napier’s Bones
Napier’s Bones was developed by Sir John Napier and
released in 1617. The device was used to perform
calculations involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It was named so because the
numbers were carved on bones or strips of wood.

Napier’s Bones
Pascaline
Pascaline, one of the first mechanical calculators,
was invented by Blaise Pascal in the year 1642.
Though it could perform only addition and
subtraction, it still became very popular.
Pascaline

Difference Engine
The Difference Engine was designed by Charles Babbage in the year 1822. It was an
early digital device which could perform mathematical and astronomical calculations.
It was also capable of storing data temporarily and printing the output.

Analytical Engine
The Analytical Engine was designed by Charles Babbage in the year 1837. It was the
first mechanical general purpose computer which followed a typical IPO cycle used in
modern computers. The machine took input using a reader as an input device. It was
made up of ‘mill’, the calculating unit like the CPU in modern computers.

Evolution of Computers
From everyday tasks to moving satellites in space, computers have revolutionised
almost everything in our society. The development of computers has been classified
into generations. You will now learn more about these.

First generation computers (1940–1956) – vacuum tube

In the evolution of computers, the first generation was characterised by the use of
vacuum tubes. The first generation computers were built to solve physics equations

2
using electronic vacuum tubes as switching
components. These used machine language. A
machine language is a low-level programming
language and is written using long strings of 0s
and 1s for computing. Machine language varies
with the computer used.
The first generation computers were expensive
and bulky. The vacuum tubes did not support
multitasking. Programs written in machine

E
language were complicated and difficult to
remember.
Vacuum tubes

FACT FILE

PL
The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) and Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC) are examples of first generation computing devices. The
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer.

Second generation computers (1956–1963) – transistor

M
In the 1960s, transistor-based computers replaced
vacuum tubes which marked the second generation
of computers. Transistors made computers smaller
and cheaper. They also made computers energy-
SA

efficient, but the transistors were subject to damage

because of the emission of large amounts of heat
from the computer.
Computers belonging to this generation used
punched cards for input. They used assembly
language, which is a low-level programming
language. This language is based on the English
alphabet. The instructions are written in the Various transistors
form of codes. The assembly language was machine
dependent, and had to be written based on the
configurations of the computer.

3
Third generation computers (1964–1971) – integrated circuit
Integrated circuit computers marked the third
generation of computers. Small transistors were
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
The third generation computers were based on
high-level languages. A high-level language uses
the English alphabet and mathematical symbols. It

E
was easy to use and understand. It was not machine
dependent. The programs written in a high-level
language are called source programs. Fortran, Integrated circuit chip
COBOL, BASIC, C, C++, Java are a few examples
of high-level languages.

PL
Fourth generation computers (1971–2010) – microprocessor
The introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark
of fourth generation computers. They facilitated
automation of industrial and office processes.
Around 1970, this technology of placing thousands of
integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip, that made
M
up a microprocessor, was made available.
A microprocessor is compact and easy to maintain.
It has a high processing speed. However, it has Microprocessor
limitations on the size of data.
SA

FACT FILE

A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that takes input and provides

output. Intel 4004 was the world’s first commercially available microprocessor. It was the
first complete CPU on one chip designed by Intel Corporation.

Fifth generation computers (2010 onwards) – artificial intelligence

The development of fifth generation computers is underway. They are based on the
principles of artificial intelligence and natural language recognition. This technique will
be used to design robots.
Developers are aiming at developing computers capable of organising themselves. So,
the evolution of computers still continues.

4
Classification of Computers
On the basis of their size and speed, computers are generally
classified as:
1. Microcomputer 3. Minicomputer
2.  Mainframe computer 4.  Supercomputer

Microcomputer
Microcomputer was a commonly used term for personal Fifth generation computers

E
computers. A personal computer assemblage consists of a CPU,
computer memory (primary and secondary) and various input and output devices. Only
one person can use it at a time. It is much slower and has less storage capacity than a
minicomputer or a mainframe computer. It is commonly used in classrooms, homes,
banks, universities, etc.

PL
There are various kinds of microcomputers available. These are shown below.

Desktop PC: A microcomputer designed to fit

comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor in
front and the system unit on the side.
M
Laptop: A portable microcomputer. You
Desktop PC
can use it on your lap. Laptop computers
are often also called notebook computers.
Laptop
SA

Tablet: A mobile computer. It offers users a touchscreen

environment that may or may not be accompanied by a stylus (a
pointing device). They are available in a variety of sizes and have a
built-in/virtual keyboard.
Tablet
Smartphone: A mobile phone built on
a mobile operating system. It has enhanced features as compared to an
ordinary mobile phone, such as compact digital cameras, GPS, web
browsers, Wi-Fi and broadband facility.

Smartphone

5
Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are very large, often filling an entire
room. They can store an enormous amount of information,
and perform many tasks simultaneously. They can
communicate with many users at the same time and
are very expensive. Mainframe computers usually have
several terminals connected to them. These terminals look
like small computers but are only used for sending and
receiving information from the main computer. Terminals

E
can be located either in the same room with the mainframe
computer, or they can be in different rooms, buildings,
cities, etc.

PL
Large businesses, government agencies, banks and
universities usually use mainframe computers. Big
hospitals, airline reservation companies and many other
large businesses prefer mainframe computers because of
their capability of processing enormous amounts of data.

Minicomputer
Mainframe computers
M
A minicomputer is much larger than a microcomputer and
much more expensive. It lies between microcomputers
and mainframe computers and is often referred to as a
midrange computer. It possesses most of the features
found on a mainframe computer, but on a limited scale.
SA

It can still have many terminals, but not as many as the

mainframe. It can store a large amount of information,
but not usually as much as the mainframe computers. It
uses an enhanced instruction which can support scientific
processing and commercial applications. Medium and
small businesses and colleges typically use minicomputers.
DEC PDP-8 minicomputer
Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the many types of modern computing machines, which are
big, powerful and capable of doing very speedy calculations. It is because of their

6
high-speed processing ability that supercomputer
systems are used in graphic animation, weather
forecasting, nuclear research works, petroleum
research, crypt analysis, molecular modelling, etc.
The difference between the mainframes and
supercomputers is that while mainframe machines
are primarily used for a number of purposes,
supercomputers are designed to serve a single
purpose. Supercomputer

E
Y
AC TIVIT

PL
A. Search for more information about application areas of minicomputers,
supercomputers and mainframe computers. Document your findings using MS Word.
Ensure that you have included at least five applications for each type of computer.
B. Make a chart of early calculating devices along with their inventors and their uses.

Functional Components of a Computer

M
The functional components of a computer are shown in the diagram below.

Input Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Output Unit

Functional components of a computer

SA

The input and output units attached to a computer are called computer
peripherals.

Input unit
Data is accepted by a computer through the input unit connected to it. The standard
input device is a keyboard. Examples of other input devices are joysticks, mice,
web cameras, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Readers (MICR), Optical Mark
Recognition Readers (OMR), Optical Character Readers (OCR), touchscreens, smart
card readers, digital readers, etc.

7
You have already read about some of the commonly used input devices in earlier books.
Some other input devices are described below.
Bar code reader: This is used by a computer to scan and
identify the product or item codes in supermarkets, book
stores, and many other places. The code for each item, such
as the price code, item code, etc., is a unique combination of
vertical bars and can be identified by a bar code reader.
Bar code reader

E
FACT FILE

Quick Response (QR) codes are special barcodes that can be read using QR reading
devices, mainly installed as an application on smartphones. These codes link the user

PL
directly to text, emails or websites.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Reader: This reads the special characters printed using
a special magnetic ink. Cheque number, bank code and
branch code are printed on cheques using magnetic
ink, making them difficult to forge. The MICRs scan
M
this information and are therefore capable of sorting
cheques. Magnetic Ink Character Reader

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) reader: Used

for recognising a pre-specified space on a paper that
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is marked by a pencil or pen. It is commonly used for

marking the answers on examination sheets.

An OMR sheet
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the control centre of a computer. It guides,
directs and governs its performance. It is known as the brain of the computer. The CPU
has three components which are responsible for different functions. These are discussed
here.

8
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs all arithmetic and logical
operations within a computer. This part provides the arithmetic and decision-making
capability to a computer.
Control Unit (CU): The CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and
manipulation of all data and information. The CU sends control signals until the
required operations are completed by the ALU and the memory.
Another important function of the CU is program execution, that is, carrying out all the
instructions stored in the program. The control unit even controls the flow of data from
the input devices to memory and from memory to the output devices.

E
Memory Unit (MU): The MU is that part of the computer where the data is stored
and is accessible to the CPU. The various measurement units of computer memory are
given here.
1. 

PL
Bit: A bit means a binary digit, that is, there are only two possibilities for each digit,
either 0 or 1. A bit is an elementary unit of computer memory.
A number of bits when combined together in different ways are used for storing
data in a computer.
2. Byte: A group of 8 bits is called a byte. One byte is the smallest unit which can
represent a meaningful data item or character in a computer. Memory is generally
measured in terms of bytes.
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3. Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called a nibble.
The computer memory can also be expressed in other units and their
interrelationship is given below:
  1 Byte = 8 Bits 1024 Terabyte (TB) = 1 Petabyte (PB)
SA

1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 Petabyte (PB) = 1 Exabyte (EB)

1024 Kilobyte (KB) = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1024 Exabyte (EB) = 1 Zettabyte (ZB)
1024 Megabyte (MB) = 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1024 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1 Yottabyte (YB)
1024 Gigabyte (GB) = 1 Terabyte (TB)

FACT FILE

1 kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes and not 1000 bytes as it is 2 raised to the power 10.

9
 The computer memory is classified as shown in the diagram below.

Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

RAM ROM Compact Disc Hard Disk Flash Drive

The Memory Unit

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Primary memory
Primary memory is the basic requirement of a computer. It determines the size and

PL
number of software applications that a computer can store. Primary memory stores two
types of programs: system software and application software. You will learn more
about them later in this chapter.
Primary memory limits the amount of data that a computer can process. The CPU can
use this memory directly while processing information. On the basis of volatility of
storage of data, primary memory is classified into volatile memory (RAM) and non-
volatile memory (ROM) as shown in the table below.
M
Differences between RAM and ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

1.  Temporary memory. 1.  Permanent memory.

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2. Volatile in nature, that is, the information 2. Non-volatile memory, that is, the
stored in RAM is designed to clear when information stored in ROM is retained
the computer is turned off. even when the computer is turned off.

3. The main internal storage area that a 3. Built-in computer memory that can
computer uses to run programs and store be read by a computer but cannot be
data. It is also called read/write memory. modified. It is a memory unit that can
only be read.

Secondary memory
Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory. It is used for storing data or
programs on a temporary or permanent basis. The secondary memory is available in the

10
form of storage devices. For example, hard disks,
compact discs (CDs), flash drives, etc.
The CPU cannot access secondary memory
directly while processing information. The data
is transferred to the primary memory when
required. The computer uses its input and output
devices to access data stored in the secondary
memory.
Storage devices

E
FACT FILE

Cache memory can be used for increasing the capacity of the primary memory and
to make the processing faster.

Output unit
PL
The Output Unit is for getting information from a computer. For example, the Visual
Display Unit (VDU) or the monitor is an output device that displays the information
on the screen. The information shown on a display unit is called a soft copy. Speakers
are the output devices which produce output in the form of audio. You can also obtain
information from a computer on a physical medium, such as paper, with the help of a
M
printer. Printed information is called a hard copy.
Other output devices are described below.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
projector: Output from a computer can also
SA

be viewed on a large screen or flat surfaces

other than the monitor using an LCD projector.
It is usually used for showing PowerPoint
presentations in schools and businesses. LCD projector
Plotters: These are the output devices used for making high-quality graphics, charts,
diagrams, maps, etc. Plotters use an ink jet or ink pens to create the required output on
paper.
There are different types of plotter available. The three basic types of plotter are:
Inkjet plotter: This sprays small droplets of ink onto a piece of paper and creates
1. 
an image.

11
 2. Flatbed plotter: The pen or the inkjet moves in horizontal and vertical directions
over a fixed horizontal flat surface on which paper is mounted.
3. Drum plotter: This uses a drum revolver or roller to move the paper and the pen
or the jets of the ink during the printing process. The paper is placed over the drum
which is then rotated. The pen is moved along the horizontal or vertical direction to
print the output.

E
Inkjet plotter

AC TIVIT
Y
PL Flatbed plotter

A. Make a list of the latest input, output and storage devices available.
Drum plotter
M
B. What are flash drives used for? Find out the range of their storage
capacities.
C. Using the internet, find out the various storage capacities of RAM available.
SA

Categorisation of Software
Software is a set of programs that runs a FACT FILE
computer system. Computer software is stored
and executed (run) with the help of computer Computers work on the theory
hardware. Major categories of software that form of GIGO (Garbage In Garbage
part of a computer system are discussed here. Out). It means that wrong input
will give the wrong output.
System software
System software is a program that manages and supports the resources and operations
of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as the processing of data

12
and information, controlling the hardware components and allowing users to use the
application software. In other words, system software is a bridge between the computer
system hardware and the application software. An Operating System (OS) is an
example of system software.
System software controls the internal computer operations. It can be further classified
into two categories.
Operating System (OS): An operating system is software which acts as an
interface between the user and the computer (that is, all computer resources). It is
an important component that controls all other components of the computer system.

E
Without an operating system, a computer will not work. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems are Windows, DOS, UNIX, etc.
Language translators: These are used to translate programming languages. There
are three types of language translators.

PL
Compiler: Translates the high-level language program into machine language. It
converts the entire program in one go and reports all the program errors along with
their line numbers. For example, C language uses a compiler. The translated program is
called the object program or the object code.
Interpreter: Translates a program written in high-level language into machine language
by converting and executing it line by line. If there is an error in any line, the interpreter
reports it immediately and the program cannot continue until it is fixed. However, it
M
is a smaller program than a compiler. For example, BASIC uses an interpreter as the
translator.
Assembler: A language translator that converts a program written in assembly language
into machine language.
SA

Application software
Application software is a set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a
specified application. These are the programs written by programmers to enable
computers to perform a specific task. Various application software and their examples
are given below.

Application Software Example(s)

•  Word processors •  MS Word

•  Presentation tool •  MS PowerPoint

13
 •  Spreadsheet package •  MS Excel, Lotus 123

•  Database management system •  MS Access, Sybase

•  Business software • Inventory management, payroll system,

financial accounting, hotel management,
etc.

•  Image/video editing • GIMP, Photoshop, Windows Movie Maker,

etc.

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Utility software
Utilities are application programs which assist a FACT FILE
computer by performing housekeeping functions

PL
like backing up disks, or scanning/cleaning viruses
or arranging information. They ensure the smooth
functioning of a computer.
Some important utilities are:
• the text editor used for creating and editing
text files
• backup utility that facilitates the backing-up
The open source application
software provides the source
code along with the .exe
file so that users can make
changes in the code to suit their
requirements. The open source
substitute of MS Office is
M
OpenOffice.
of disks
• compression utility that facilitates compression of files
• disk defragmentation utility that attempts to minimise the fragmentation
on the disk
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• and anti-virus software that ensures a virus-free environment.

Y
AC TIVIT
A. Make a list of commonly used utility softwares.
B. Read more about open source application softwares.
C. Make a chart on the evolution of computer languages. Classify them based on whether
they use a compiler or an interpreter.

14
 GLOSSARY

Abacus The first calculating machine that performed simple arithmetic

calculations.
Analytical engine The first mechanical general purpose computer which follows the
typical IPO cycle used in modern day computers.
Application software A set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified
application.

E
Assembler Converts a program written in assembly language into machine
language.
Assembly language A low-level programming language which uses English words.
Bit A binary digit.
Byte

Desktop
PL
A group of eight bits.
Compiler A language translator that translates high-level language programs
into machine language.
A computer designed to fit comfortably on the top of a desk.
Difference engine An early digital device which was designed to perform mathematical
and astronomical calculations.
High-level language A language that uses the english alphabet and mathematical symbols
M
and on which the third generation of computers are based.
Interpreter A language processor which converts high-level language programs
into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.
Laptop A portable computer that can be placed on your lap.
Machine language A language written using long strings of 0s and 1s for computing.
SA

Mainframe computer A very large computer, often filling an entire room.

Microcomputer A commonly used term for personal computers.
Minicomputer A much larger than a microcomputer, and is also much more
expensive.
Napier’s Bones An early device used for performing simple arithmetic calculations.
Nibble A group of 4 bits.
Operating system A software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer.
Pascaline One of the first mechanical calculators to be developed.
Primary memory Determines the size and number of software that a computer can store.
Secondary memory The memory used for storing data or programs on a temporary or on a
permanent basis.

15
 Smartphone A mobile phone built on a mobile OS with enhanced features compared to
an ordinary mobile phone.
Source program  A program written in a high-level language.
Supercomputer A modern computing machine that is capable of giving speedy
calculations.
System software The software that controls the internal computer operations.
Tablet A mobile computer with a touchscreen and a built in virtual keyboard.
Utility software A set of application programs that assist the computer by performing
housekeeping functions.

E
YOU ARE 1. Some of the early calculating devices are the abacus, Napier’s Bones,
HERE Pascaline, Difference Engine and Analytical Engine.

1
PL
2. First generation computers were characterised by the use of vacuum tubes.
They used machine language.
3. Second generation computers were characterised by the replacement of
vacuum tubes with transistors. They used assembly language.
4. Third generation computers were characterised by the use of integrated circuits. They were
based on high-level languages.
5. The introduction of microprocessors characterised fourth generation computers.
M
6. Fifth generation computers are still being developed. They will be based on the
principles of artificial intelligence and natural language recognition.
7. Computers are commonly classified on the basis of their size and speed as
microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.
8. The functional components of a computer are input unit, Central Processing Unit and
SA

output unit.
9. The CPU has three components which are responsible for different functions: ALU, CU
and MU.

EXERCISE

A. True or false?
1. The first generation of computers was based on integrated circuits.
2. Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory.

16
 3. Business software are those application programs that assist the
computer by performing housekeeping functions.

4. In an inkjet plotter, the pen moves in horizontal and vertical directions.

5. Pascaline was one of the first mechanical calculators to be developed.

B. Match the following.

1. Fifth generation computer a. C
 omputers used in classrooms, homes, banks,
universities, etc.

E
2. Microcomputer b. Based on the principle of artificial intelligence.
3. Hardware c. Hallmark of fourth generation computers.

4. Microprocessor d. A bridge between computer system hardware

5. Operating system

C. Give full forms of the following.

1. ALU
PL and application software.

e. T he physical components of the computer

which you can touch and feel.

............................................................................................................................................
M
2. OCR ............................................................................................................................................
3. MICR ............................................................................................................................................
4. LCD ............................................................................................................................................
5. VDU ............................................................................................................................................
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D. Fill in the blanks.

1. ..................................................... were introduced in second generation computers.
2. ..................................................... invented Analytical Engines.
3. Third generation computers were based on ..................................................... languages.
4. Our laptops are ..................................................... computers.
5. ..................................................... is a language translator which converts assembly
language to machine language.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Name the different generations of computers.

17
 2. How are computers classified on the basis of their size and speed?
3. Explain the difference between the two types of primary memory available in
computers.
4. What are plotters used for? Describe the various types of plotters.
5. Explain the difference between a compiler and an interpreter.

LAB WORK

E
A. Search for more information about early calculating devices. Make a presentation
using presentation software you have learned about in previous books, describing
the technology used in the devices.

PL
B. Secondary memory is available in the form of storage devices. Find out the
important features of some of the secondary storage devices available and make
a report or a presentation. Make use of the internet, library resources, etc.

PROJECT WORK
M
Make a presentation on ‘Classification of Computers’. Write about the important features
and use of each type of computer. Use the internet to make the presentation and insert
pictures wherever possible. Use the last slide for a bibliography or credits and list the
URLs of all the sites you have collected the information from.
SA

WHO AM I?
I was born on 1 June 1956.
I designed operating system 86-DOS for the Intel 8086 with Seattle
Computer Products.
I am also known as ‘The Father of DOS’.
I am ..................................................................... .

18
 Operating
System

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SNAP RECAP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

PL
1.  What is an operating system?
2. Which are the most common
operating systems?
3. Why do you need an operating
system?
You will learn about:
• booting
•  functions of an OS
•  types of OS
• operating system
interface
• the importance of
shutting down
M
Introduction
Computers cannot function on their own. They require programming instructions to
work and manage the system. This job is done by an operating system. An operating
system is a system software. It is the interface between the user and the computer. It
SA

performs the basic tasks of a computer. These are given below.

1. It recognises input from the keyboard.
2. It sends output to the display screen.
3. It keeps track of files and directories on the disk.
4. It controls the peripheral (input and output) devices such as printers.
5. It acts as an interface between the hardware of a computer and the user.
Some of the commonly used operating systems are Disk Operating System (DOS), MS
Windows, Linux, Windows NT and Mac OS.

19
 Booting
Booting is a process that starts the operating FACT FILE
system when the user turns on a computer. It is a
self-starting process. The technology that is different
from its previous type is called
Types of booting a version. The various versions
of Windows are Windows 95,
There are two types of booting: Windows 98, Windows 2000,
Warm Boot: Pressing the Restart button while Windows ME, Windows NT,
the computer is already on. Windows XP, Windows Vista,

E
Cold Boot: Pressing the Power button Windows 7, Windows 8 and
when the computer is switched off. Windows 10.

The booting process

PL
When you switch on a computer, the operating system is loaded into RAM
automatically.
It follows the sequence given below. These steps are part of the booting process.
1.  A
 s soon as the computer is turned on, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is run.
This software is built into a computer’s ROM.

BIOS starts the operating system and supports the transfer of information
M
between hardware devices.

2.  B
 IOS first conducts a Power-On Self Test (POST) to make sure all the components
of the computer are working with a proper power supply.
SA

   he BIOS then looks for the special boot programs that will load the operating
T
system from the hard disk.
3.  A computer may have several disks or drives. The operating system is loaded in
one of the disks. BIOS first looks for a floppy disk on drive A. If there is no system
disk in it (where the operating system is loaded), BIOS then looks for the system
files at a specific place on your hard disk.
4.  B
 IOS next looks at the first sector of the hard disk, and copies the information from
there to specific locations in RAM. This information is known as the Boot Record
or Master Boot Record (MBR).
5.  The MBR program now loads the system files of the operating system into the RAM.
 Once the system files are loaded, the OS is ready to take control of the system. OS
remains in the computer’s memory until the power is on.
20
Let us now observe the booting process as shown in the flowchart below.
BIOS checks MBR program
Computer is BIOS conducts BIOS loads
drives for loads operating
switched on POST MBR
system disk system files

Flowchart showing the process of booting

Functions of an Operating System

An operating system does the job of a system manager. It performs various important
functions as shown in the diagram below.

E
Functions of an operating system

Process Device Memory File

Management

Process management
PL
Management Management Management

Various functions of an operating system

Housekeeping

An operating system controls and schedules the processes for execution by the CPU.
It is responsible for allocating the CPU’s time to each process. For example, when
you are working on an MS Word document it may cause several other background
M
processes to begin, such as virus checks, memory management, etc.
After a job is done or a process is completed, the CPU becomes idle. After that, if there
are other processes in queue, then the time is allocated to each process of the CPU. This
whole system is managed to ensure maximum output from the system.
SA

Process III Process II Process I CPU

CPU process queue

Device management
Device management is an important function of an FACT FILE
operating system. It coordinates and controls the
various input and output devices attached to the The operating system needs a
system. When the system is ready to take input, the software, called a device driver.
input device is made available to the user, and when This recognises the input and the
the processing job is over, the output is redirected to output devices attached to the
the output device. computer.

21
 Memory management
Whenever you start any application software, it gets loaded onto the system memory.
When you open any file, a copy of that file is loaded onto the memory from the disk.
This is done by an operating system. It allocates certain memory area to itself with the
help of the booting process and sets aside the remaining memory for other application
programs.

File management
A lot of data is stored on the hard disk. The hard disk is formed of millions of tracks

E
and sectors. At the time of storing data on the disk, it is not compulsory that it occupies
the sectors in a sequence. It is the job of an operating system to read the data from
different tracks and sectors when required, and to store it in the available space.

Housekeeping

PL
Housekeeping includes all the services necessary to ensure the smooth operation of the
computer system, like security, protection, resource accounting, back up, etc.

Types of Operating System

Single-user operating system

M
As the name implies, a single-user operating system is designed so that only one user
can work on a computer at a time. This is the type of operating system most people use
on their desktops and laptops today. Windows, DOS and Mac OS are a few examples of
a single-user operating system.

Multi-user operating system

SA

A multi-user operating system supports multiple users at the same time and/or different
times. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the different users
are balanced. It must also ensure that each of the programs they are using has sufficient
and separate resources so that a problem with one user does not affect the entire
community of users. For example, Linux, Unix Windows NT and Novell Netware can
support hundreds and thousands of networked users.

Operating System Interface

The operating system provides a platform on which the application program runs. It
provides an interface which can be classified further.

22
Character User Interface (CUI)
In CUI, the operating system provides an environment where the user needs to type a
command to perform a particular action. For example, Disk Operating System (DOS).

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

In GUI, the operating system provides a graphical environment where the mouse acts as
a pointing device. The user can perform an action just by a mouse-click. For example,
Windows operating system.

E
Importance of Shut Down
Windows remains in the computer memory until the power is on. When the computer
is closed down, these operating system files are sent back to the hard disk so that no
damage is caused to these files. This process is known as shut down of an operating
system.

PL
If you switch off the computer without giving a proper shut down command then there
is a high risk of losing the data, and it may also damage the Windows operating system.
To shut down a computer properly click on the Start
For other options, click on
the arrow on the right of the
Shut down option. It generally
Shut down option.
M
shows the following options:
• Switch user: Switches
the user without closing the
programs currently in use.
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•  Log off: Closes all

programs running on the
computer. However, the
computer still runs. Using the Start menu to shut down
• Lock: Locks the computer.
Work on any programs running can be resumed on unlocking the computer.
•  Restart: If due to some error the computer needs to be shut down, then it can
be restarted by using the Restart option. This option shuts down Windows
completely and then starts it again immediately.

23
 •   leep: Puts the computer in a low-power state and saves any work being done so
S
that it can be resumed from the point where it was left off.

FACT FILE

Like ‘Sleep’ in desktop PCs, ‘Hibernate’ is a power-saving mode developed for laptops.
It keeps the active documents and programs running on the hard disk and puts the
computer in a low-power state so that work can be resumed quickly. This allows the users
to restore work even in the case of a power failure.

E
Y
AC TIVIT

available.

GLOSSARY
PL
Find out more about mobile operating systems. List the various mobile operating systems
M
BIOS  A built-in software into a computer’s RAM.
Booting The process that starts the operating system when the user turns on a computer
system.
Cold boot  The process of pressing the Power button when the computer is shut down.
SA

MBR  The information that BIOS copies onto the RAM.

Multi-user operating system An operating system that supports multiple users at the same
time and/or different times.
Operating system System software that is an interface between the user and the computer.
POST  Power-On Self Test conducted by BIOS to make sure all the components of the
computer are in a working condition.
Single-user operating system An operating system where only one user can effectively
work on a computer at a time.
Warm boot  The process of pressing the Restart button while the computer is already on.

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 YOU ARE 1. An operating system performs several basic functions.
HERE 2. When you switch on a computer, the operating system is loaded onto the
RAM automatically in a specific sequence.
2 3. An operating system does the job of a system manager and performs the
following important functions: process management, device management,
memory management, file management and housekeeping.
4. In CUI, the operating system provides an environment where the user needs to type a

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command to perform a particular action. For example, disk operating system.
5. In GUI, the operating system provides a graphical environment where the user can
perform an action by just a mouse-click. For example, Windows operating system.
6. In Windows, when the computer is given the command to close down, operating system

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files are sent back to the hard disk to prevent damage. This process is known as shut
down of an operating system.

EXERCISE
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A. True or false?
1. Pressing on the Power button when the computer is switched off is
called a warm boot.

2. An operating system sends output to the display screen.

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3. When the system is switched on, the BIOS loads onto the RAM.

4. A multi-user operating system is selected when one user needs to do

one thing at a time.

5. An operating system is an application software.

B. Circle the odd one out from the following.

1. DOS Windows MBR Mac
2. Housekeeping Process management Device management Booting
3. MBR BIOS RESTART POST
4. Switch user Lock CUI Sleep

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 C. Give one word for the following.
1. Pressing the Restart button while the computer is already on. 
2. An interface between the user and the computer. 
3. A graphical environment where a mouse acts as a pointing device. 
4. The process of pressing on the Power button when the computer is
switched off. 
5. A process that starts the operating system when the user turns on a
computer system. 

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D. Answer the following questions.
1. What is an operating system? What basic tasks does it perform?
2. List the steps in the booting process.
3. Explain the difference between the two operating system interfaces.

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4. Why is it important to properly shut down your computer?
5. Discuss the various types of operating systems.

LAB WORK
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A. Find out the differences between the terms multi-user, multitasking and
multi-processing operating systems and write the differences in a word document.
Support your answer using suitable examples.
B. Start the computer in your lab and observe the booting process. Show the booting
process with the help of a flowchart.
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PROJECT WORK
Make a presentation on the functions of an operating system. Try to find more
information about each function mentioned in the chapter. Use the internet and insert
pictures wherever possible. Use the last slide for a bibliography or credits and put the
URL of all the sites you have collected the information from.

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Linux is a Unix-like operating system designed by Linus Torvalds. It was released on
5 October 1991, when Torvalds was still a student at the University of Helsinki, Finland.
Some popular Linux distributions are Fedora by Red Hat Enterprise, Mandriva, open

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SUSE, Arch Linux and Ubuntu from Canonical. More than 90 percent of the world’s 500
fastest supercomputers, including the top ten fastest supercomputers, run on some variant
of Linux.
Some key features of Linux are:

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• Free and open source – Linux is an open source operating system software, that is, it
is free to use, modify and distribute both commercially and non-commercially. Anyone
with licenses such as the GNU General Public License can modify and improve the
program as per their own requirement.
• Multitasking and multi-user – Linux is also a multitasking and multi-user operating
system. Therefore, many people can run many different applications on one computer at
the same time using their unique Login ID and Password.
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• Multi-platform – Linux operating system can run on many different computer platforms.
• Secure – Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. File access permission
systems prevent access by unwanted visitors or viruses. Every user needs their own user
ID and password.
• Portable – A Linux kernel and application program can be installed on any kind of
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hardware platform.
• Hierarchical file system – Linux provides a standard file structure in which files are
arranged.
• Shell – Linux provides a special interpreter program which is used to execute commands
of the operating system.
Components of Linux
Major components of Linux are:
1.  Hardware: Consisting of all peripheral devices like RAM, CPU, etc.
2.  Kernel: The main part of an operating system. It performs the task of creating and
maintaining the Linux environment. It acts as an interface between the hardware

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    a nd the shell. It also controls
User 1
the hardware, CPU, memory, Application
Com
piler
s
hard disk, network card, etc.
Shell
attached to the computer.

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tio
ica
Kernel a.out
3.  Shell: A program

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User n

Ap
that acts as a command Hardware
interpreter, which is an rs
pile
interface between the user vi editor Com
and the operating system. User 2

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It interprets the commands cd grep
entered by the user and
passes them to the kernel. User 3
There are a number of

system.
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different shells available like Bourne shell (sh), Korn shell (ksh), C shell (csh). Each
provides a slightly different interface between the user and the Linux operating

4.  Utilities and Application Programs: These are the programs like word processors,
spreadsheets and database management systems that are supported by Linux
environment.
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