Photoelectric absorption

Classical/unmodified scattering

Compton scattering/modified scattering

Pair production

Photonuclear distribution

When a beam of radiation passes through matter,one of the following scattering/absorption process
may occur and the amount will depend on the

- Beam energy

- Atomic number of the material transversed by the radiation

1.) Photoelectric absorption

This usually occurs more at low beam energies when the incident beam energy is equal to or greater
than the binding energy of the atom of the material through which the radiation passes. In this case, the
incidents beam ionizes the atom and gives off all its energy in the process. The ejected electron (proton/
secondary electron) leaves the atom with a kinetic energy equal to the difference between the beam
energy and the binding energy of the electron. The vacancy left by the electron is filled up by an electron
jumping from the shell further away inwards. This results in the production of characteristics X-ray
which energy is equal to the difference of the binding energy of the two shells involved. Because the
incident photon gives up all its energy and therefore cease to exist there is no scattering but only
absorption. The energy absorbed initially exists in the medium and the kinetic energy of the
photoelectron which then moves through the medium and gives up their energy by the process of
ionization and excitation.
 2.) Classical/Unmodified Scattering

This occurs more with low energy photon interacting with high atomic number material. In this case, the
instant photon energy is small relative to the binding energy of electrons in the atom of the material.
During interaction the photon collides with an electron in the atom and get scattered without any loss in
its energy. This is because it gives low energy to the electron. The electron is therefore neither ejected
nor does it recoil. Because the scattering involves no loss of energy, it is called unmodified scattering.
The scattering angle is small.

3.) Compton scattering

This involves the interaction of radiation with free electrons. It occurs when the incident photo energy is
very much more than the binding energy of the electron in the atom. In the interaction, the photon
causes the electron to recoil (i.e part of the total energy is transferred to the electron) and the proton is
scattered and continues but with reduced energy and therefore with modified wavelength. The recoiled
electron is known as Compton/secondary electron.
Ann Compton interaction scattery boots cartoon and abduction of of energy occurs the absorbed energy
exist in Italy in the medium and the kinetic energy of the Compton electron which then moves through
the medium causing ionization and excitation of their terms of the material the increase in wavelength
order scattered photon depends on the hang of scratching through which the following is counted the
money and gold mod increasing wavelength at 180 degrees that is when the photo is scattered
backwards the wavelength is the greatest in case the photon has lost most of its energy

reproduction in beer production and incident photon with energy interact with the field around the
nucleus of an atom of the medium this results in the spontaneous production of a pair of electrons a
negatively charged electron negative and a positive charge electron-positron in this process mass and
energy are interchangeable our relationship is expressed using Ashton's equation m is equal to mass
energy needed to create a mass c constant velocity of em in a vacuum

in other words e energy produced if a mass m is completely destroyed or annihilated which is why their
product production is referred to as an dilation for Einstein's equation therefore it follows that the
energy of a mass of 2 electrons Megatron and position is 1.02 my vs 4K production to call a photon of
energy 1.02 my Wii is needed a photon energy larger than 1.02 mev as its excess energy converted into
the kinetic energy of the two electrons created the electron pair negative and positive and produced
moves through the medium given up their kinetic energy by ionization and excitation of atoms in the
medium medium the negative loses its energy and slows down and becomes indistinguishable from
other ordinary electrons the position when it has given up all its kinetic energy and comes to rest and
combined with a negative electron in the medium and get her dilated the combined masses of the
positive and the negative electrons are converted into 1.02 mev of energy this energy is related as two
photos each of energy is 0.25 mev travelling in opposite directions at 180 degrees to each other these
photons are called secondary and dilation radiation so the pair production is followed by an dilation in
the process of reproduction there is no scratching because incident photons give up all his energy and
cease to exist exist
put the nuclear distribution

this occurs at very high incident photon energy such as 2225mm such that the energy is capable of
removing nuclear energy such as protons and neutrons this process is of no significance in medical
practice because both the diagnosis and therapy do not use the energy up to 2225 mev

notes for the electric process or come out lower energy and higher energy is predominant in material of
a atomic number that materials of low atomic number this is because the mass absorption coefficient
for a photoelectric process depends on the atomic number compton's interaction process is always
independent of the atomic number this is because for a given photon energy the mass absorption
coefficient is independent of the medium for a given photon energy mass attenuation coefficient for
beer production is proportional to atomic number
luminescence and its importance in radiology

pH absorption

pH of some elements of importance to medical imaging

LED hydrogen aluminium potassium germanium selenium grooming aetherium molybdenum silver and
in-season barium titanium by David Guetta

as we noted the attenuation coefficient decreases as the energy of the beam increases however and
abnormal behaviour is observant in which the attenuation coefficient increases as the beam energy
increases this of course has specific energies thereafter the attenuation coefficient increases again
experiments showed that the energy at which the anomalous behaviour course with increasing
beverages coincides with the binding energy of the better electrons is called the gears or edge
absorption the photoelectric introduction process where the incident in stands for Tim beam is used up
in adjusting the orbital electron of the kitchen is it pecan phenomenon of age absorption

Beam filtration

This is process of removing (filtering) the long wavelength spectrum of the heterogeneous beam using
materials of suitable atomic number to attenuate the beam. After the filtration, the soft radiations (low
energy radiation) which are easily absorbed and hence increase radiation absorbed dose are removed.

The beam thus becomes hardened and have penetrating power and higher half value layer. All X-ray
tubes have some filtration called inherent filters which are inbuilt in them. The inherent filtration is
achieved due to attenuation in the following:

- Target material

- Material of tube and tube window

- Cooling oil

Additional (added) filtration refers to filtration achieved by means in addition to the inherent filtration.
The total filtration therefore is equal to the Inherent filtration and added filtration.

For X-rays detected below about 120 Kvp, about 1-2 mm aluminium filter is added. From 120 kvp to
2mv, composite filters are used.

Composite filters are made up of layers of different elements. for the composite filter, the primary
elements is chosen such that the first layer of the filter will be such that the attenuation coefficient
increases greatly at low photon energy of the spectrum as it decays for a simple filter. For energies up to
120 kvp, a simple filter of aluminium is used. For energy source to 120-250 kvp, copper is used as the
primary filter. For 250-400 kvp,Tin is used as primary element. For 80o kvp -2mv, Lead is used as the
primary element.

Note: The primary element in composite filters must be followed by one or more layers of element of
progressively lower atomic number.

The secondary layers are necessary because the lowest photon energy in the beam coming from the X-
ray tube are less than the energy at which the K-absorption limit for the photoelectric processes occur in
the primary elements. So the characteristics X-ray generated by the primary filter at the low energy near
the K- absorption has to be absorbed by the secondary filter. For example, if copper is the primary filter
it has to be followed by aluminium (secondary filter) but if the primary filter is Tin, it should have copper
and aluminium as secondary filter

Nota bene: The element with the highest atomic number will be the one to be nearest to the x-ray tube

Luminescence

This is the phenomenon by which some materials known as Phosphors absorb some radiation or energy
(short-wavelength radiation X-rays and gamma-rays) and emit long wavelength radiation in the form of
visible light spectrum. This involves electrons undergoing transition in some solid state.

Types of luminescence

- Fluorescence

In this case, the phosphor materials absorb energy and emits light during that time of receiving the
energy. They emit light instantaneously. Once the energy from the energy source stops, the light
emission stops . In other words, the emission of light (light emission) will last for a short time
(nanoseconds or microseconds)

- Phosphorescence

- In this case,the emission of light continues for some time after the stimulus (radiation) is
removed.

- Thermoluminescence

In this case, the material absorbs and stores the energy and they require additional supply or
absorption of energy in the form of heating before it can release the stored energy in the form of light.
 - Photo stimulated luminescence

In this case, the material absorbs and stores the energy. When the material is scanned with laser light, it
will emit light.

LASER- Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

routes of drug administration

parenteral routes IV needle 18 to 28 bolus of 1 to 10

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radiological contrast agents Media there are two classes water-soluble is barium sulfate iodinated
contrast agents abiding bass

iodinated contrast Media can be divided into two ionic and non-ionic

ionic of ios molarity geography regretting

ionic highest molarity

the non-ionic contrast media are widely used for gastrointestinal studies intravenous urography renal
estero's albino goegraphy exam The logical exam of uterus and fallopian tubes micturating 620 graphing
computed tomography biography in geography geography

vital signs

BP measured with fig NM and stethoscope science

systolic blood pressure is the force that the blood exits on the exterior walls as the heart contracts to
pump blood into the arteries that story blood pressure forced the blood exits on their three award as
they are to relaxing after contracting over pumping of blood into the arteries this time the heart
chamber is being filled again in readiness for another beat

basic life support bls and CPR

used to save life after cardiac arrest and is used with Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

important basics

recognise cardiac arrest activate emergency response system respond quickly within less than 10
seconds so as to increase chances of survival

the actions to take depend on the age of the victim whether it is an adult adolescence and older over
the deaf children 18 Bugatti or infants less than one year but not including neonates newborn

basic concepts

fundamental facts

this refers to this information Igbo builders providers should know the process icons
critical concepts

these are those things that provide essential important information

caution

indicate alert to potential problem

bls focuses on CPR and CPR is a licensing procedure for victims with signs of cardiac arrest and Emily

signs of cardiac arrest unresponsiveness no normal breathing no pulse

notes for survival CPR should start with chest compressions within 10 seconds during the cardiac arrest
one has to push hard 100 to 120 times per minute to appropriate depth 5 cm for adults and 4 cm for
children

you must allow the heart completely recoil after each compression

limit interruption to 10 seconds

white excessive ventilation

if you are alone original compression until help arrives

protect yourself

steps in bls

safety suvidha environment for safety and insured if they will receive so as to not become a victim

take signs of cardiac arrest start CPR activate emergency response screen help

steps to assess for responsiveness check the breathing by watching if the chest is rising and falling
my body patience till help arrives if the Patience is breathing

if the patient isn't Britain you give birth to the patient CPL

check the pulse. in AdWords or B the karate class four children who played the character and femoral
pulse for infants orbit the brachial pulse

no pulse is detected start CPR beginning with chest compressions

cobweb call for help

EPS in CPR chest compressions

be at the victim's side ensure that the victim is lying face-up on the farm hard surface position your head
and body to the compressions place the heel of your hand in the centre of the person's chest at the
lower border of the standing with the other hand on it with the arms straightened and the shoulders
and arms position directly on top of the hand

start with the corporations at the rate of 100 to 120 4 minutes at 5 cm depth when you are alone give
alternative 30 compressions and two braids when you're not alone give compressions while the rebels
and gives birth