PA 11.

3 kN/m Wall data

PA,V 3.9 kN/m Wall friction, d 20 °
PA,H 10.6 kN/m Wall back face inclination, h 0 °
Surcharge Wall front face inclination, a 0 °
Fx 8.4 kN/m Wall height, Ho 2 m
Fy 3.1 kN/m Footing thickness,t 0.2 m
Moment arm- backfill + surcharge Thickness of wall at top of wall 0.3 m
dA 0.81 m Thickness of wall at bottom of wall 0.3 m

Footing base width, B 3.770734 m

Static Passive Earth Pressure Footing toe to wall front face 0 m

Depth of soil in front of wall (to bottom
KP,R 2.464 0 m
of footing)
PP,R 0.0 kN/m Slope of backfill, b 0 °

dP 0.00 m Depth of shear key 0 m

gconcrete 24 kN/m3
Static Resultant Forces (w/ Wsoil, Wwall, Wfooting, PA, and PP) External Load (Surcharge)
Rx (no passive resistance) 19.0 kN/m Uniform load 15 kPa
Ry 208.7 kN/m
R 209.6 kN/m Static Bearing capacity:
d (CCW from horizontal) 84.80 ° Ng 7.0
smax 55.7 kPa
ig 0.75
GEOMETRIC DATA Based on undrained shear strength kPa
Height H 2.00 ` based on long term conditiion 168 kPa
Distance: back face to toe 0.30 m
Distance: back face to heel 3.47 m
Height from top of base to top of wall 1.8 m
Weights
Weight of soil (block 1) 0.0 kN/m
Weight of soil (block 2) 118.7 kN/m
Centroid of soil mass to toe 2.04 m
Weight of surcharge 52.1 kN/m
Weight of entire soil block and surcharge 170.8 kN/m
Centroid distance of surcharge to toe 2.04 m
s, Distance; back footing to soil mass 1.74 m
Weight of stem 13.0 kN/m
Weight of base 18.1 kN/m
Weight of Concrete 31.1 kN/m
Centroid of stem to toe 0.15 m
Centrod of base to toe 1.8853669472782 m
Weight of wall + weight of soil+surcharge+strip load 201.8 kN/m
Weight of wall + weight of soil+surcharge+strip load +PaV 208.7 plf
Resisting moment about toe 409.7 kN.m
Disturbing moment about toe 15.5 kN.m
Resultant moment 394.2 kN.m
Centroid from toe (static) 1.89 m
ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE RETAINING WALLS Muni Budhu (1) "Soil Mechanics and Foundations" an
Select units SI
FS and Coeff.
Above excavation FMM
qs 15 kN/m Fp
H 6 m g' 9 kN/m3 Kax
h 0 m Kpx
hw 5 m FSM
fcs 28 deg Ff
da 0.0 deg Kax
db 0 deg Kpx
g 18.5 kN/m3 NPPM FSM NPPM
do 10.00 m 33.75 10.00 m Fr
ddesign 12.00 m 40.50 12.00 m
below excavation FMM
g 19 g' 9 kN/m3 Kax
fcs 32 sw kPa Kpx
da 0 deg FSM
db 0 deg FS
su 20 kPa Kax
Kpx
Coarse-grained soils FMM
Pressures Force la M
1 5.4 2.0 13.00 25.4
2 33.4 83.5 12.67 1057.5
3 33.4 200.4 10.50 2103.9
4 3.2 9.7 10.33 100.7
5 42.1 420.6 5.00 2103.0
6 32.5 162.5 3.33 541.6
Sum of active moment 5932.2
7 166.2 830.9 3.33 2769.8

FS 0.47

Depth (m) Shear (kN) Moment (kN-m) Standa

0.0 0.0 0.0 Mass
1.0 8.8 3.8 Designation interlock Per m
2.0 24.2 19.7 kg
3.0 46.3 54.4 PZ38 interlock w/ each 84.8
4.0 75.1 114.6 PZ32 other & PSA 23, 28 83.3
5.0 110.6 206.8 interlock w/ itself &
PZ27 PSA 23, 28 60.3
5.1 114.5 218.1
5.2 118.6 229.7 PDA27 53.6
5.3 122.8 241.8 PMA22 interlock with 53.6
5.4 127.1 254.3 PSA28 each 55.5
5.5 131.6 267.2 PSA29 45.7
5.6 136.2 280.6 PSX32 65.5
interlocks w/
5.7 140.9 294.5 PS32 59.5
each other
 interlocks w/
each other
5.8 145.8 308.8 PS28 52.1
5.9 150.8 323.7
6.0 155.9 339.0 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
7.0 196.9 517.2 0
8.0 216.3 725.6
9.0 214.0 942.6
10.0 190.0 1146.3
11.0 144.3 1315.3
12.0 76.9 1427.7
13.0 -12.1 1461.8 1
14.0 -122.9 1396.1
15.0 -255.3 1208.9
16.0 -409.3 878.4
1315.3 Mmax
2
fy 400000.0 Kpa
fs 240000.0 Kpa
Section Modulus 5.48E+06 mm3
3

Instructions:
1. Set up given values
2. Put a value for d in each of cell b13, d13 and e13
3. Go to cell f33, click Tools, Goal Seek. (Note: This is for FMM)
Set Cell to: F33 4
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b13
4. Repeat for cell m33 (To value : 1.5, By changing cell: d13)
6. Repeat for cell t33 (To value : 1.0, By changing cell: e13)
5

Notes:
When the soil in front and behind the wall
is uniform and no surcharge is present 6
only stress distributions 4, 5, 6 and 7 are used.
Distribution 4 continues to the surface.

The values in this spreadsheet and the text book

are slightly different because of rounding.
7
hanics and Foundations" and (2) "Foundation and Earth Retaining Structures", John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2007

S and Coeff.
hw h
2
1.5
0.361
2.770
H

a 1
1.25
3
0.361
2.770 4

3.0
d 5
7 6
0.361
2.770

1
0.361
2.770
Coarse-grained soils NPPM
Pressures Force la M
1 5.4 32.5 36.75 1194.1
2 33.4 83.5 36.42 3040.3
3 33.4 200.4 34.25 6862.5
4 19.5 58.5 34.08 1993.4
5 58.3 1967.8 16.87 33204.6

Sum of active moment 46294.8

7 731.6 12345.8 11.25 138884.3

(FS)r 3.00

Standard Sheet Piling

Mass Section Modulus
Area A Driving Width Acceptable
Per SQ m of Wall Per m Wall Per Pile
for design?
kg mm 2
mm mm 3
mm3
186 1.08E+04 457 2.52E+06 1.15E+06 NO
156 1.06E+04 533 2.06E+06 1.10E+06 NO
132 7.70E+03 457 1.62E+06 7.42E+05 NO
132 6.80E+03 406 5.75E+05 2.34E+05 NO
107 6.80E+03 498 2.90E+05 1.44E+05 NO
137 7.10E+10 406 1.34E+05 5.40E+04 NO
112 5.80E+10 406 1.29E+05 5.20E+04 NO
156 8.40E+10 419 1.29E+05 5.40E+04 NO
156 7.60E+10 381 1.02E+05 3.90E+04 NO
 137 6.60E+10 381 1.02E+05 3.90E+04 NO

250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

0

Shear
Bending Moment

7
& Sons, NY, 2007

Coarse-grained soils FSM

Pressures Force la M
1 5.4 32.5 13.00 422.4
2 33.4 83.5 12.67 1057.5
3 33.4 200.4 10.50 2103.9
4 19.5 58.5 10.33 604.4
5 58.3 583.1 5.00 2915.3
6 68.6 343.0 3.33 1143.3
Sum of active moment 8246.8
7 249.3 1246.4 3.33 4154.7

FS 0.50
SI
US
Example 12.12 in Budhu" Soil Mechanics and Foundations"
Select units SI NPPM -Mixed analysis
qs 15 kN/m b 0 deg FS
H 6 m g' 8.2 kN/m3 Coefficients
fcs 28 deg js 3.4 kN/m3 Above excavation
da 14 deg g aj 11.6 kN/m3 Kax
db 14 deg gpj 4.8 kN/m3
h 1.5 m uc 31.8 kPa Below excavation
Depth to water, hw 1 m Pw 152.8 kN Kax
g 18 kN/m3 y 4.74 m Kpx
a 5 m Anchor
Anchor inclination 0 deg FS
do 4.62 m Spacing
ddesign 5.54 m
clay below excavation
g 18 kN/m3 g' 8.2 kN/m3
fcs 20 deg gaj 11.6 kN/m3
da 15 deg gpj 4.8 kN/m3
db 15 deg sw 0 kPa active
su 0 kPa sw 0 kPa passive
Drained
Part Pressure Force Momnt arm Moment
kPa kN m kN.m
1 4.2 25.2 1.50 37.8
2 5.0 2.5 -0.83 -2.1
3 5.0 25.2 2.00 50.4
4 16.3 40.8 2.83 115.5
5 25.5 117.9 6.81 802.5
water 31.8 152.8 4.37 668.1
Sum 364.4 1672.1
6 85.9 198.3 7.58 1502.9
(FS)r 0.90
Horizontal component of anchor force Pa - Pp 166.0 kN
Design anchor force 996.1 kN

Instructions:
Set up given values
Put a value for d in cell b12
Go to cell f32, click Data, What-if Analysis, Goal Seek.
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.5 (This is the desired factor of safety. It is the same value inserted in column H3)
By changing cell: b13
For anchor force
Put a value of 1 in cell H3
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b13
 1

e excavation
0.28

0.28
4.6
Surcharge, qs
2.0
3.0 m
2 hw h
anchor

H 1 3
a
4

5
d
6
h
SI
US
Example 12.15 in Budhu" Soils and Foundations" and Example 10.11 in Budhu "Foundations and Earth Structures"
Select units SI FMM
qs 9 kN/m b 0 deg Passive FS
H 3 m g' 9 kN/m3 Coefficients
fcs 30 deg js 0.0 kN/m3 Above excavation
da 0 deg gaj 9.0 kN/m3 Ka
db 0 deg gpj 9.0 kN/m3 Kp
h 1 m u c 0.0 kPa Below excavation
hw 3 m Pw 0.0 kN Ka
g 18.8 kN/m3 y 1.36 m Kp
a 0 m Anchor
do 2.03 m FS
ddesign 2.44 m Inclination (deg)
clay below excavation
g 18.8 kN/m3 g' 9 kN/m3
fcs 30 deg gaj 9.0 kN/m3
da 0 deg gpj 9.0 kN/m3
db 0 deg sw 0 kPa active
su 0 kPa sw 0 kPa passive
Drained
Part Pressures Force la M
kPa kN m kN.m d
1 3.0 9.0 0.50 4.5
2 18.8 28.2 1.00 28.2
3 18.8 0.0 2.00 0.0
4 0.0 0.0 2.00 0.0
5 21.8 44.3 3.02 133.7
6 6.1 6.2 3.36 20.8
water 0.0 0.0 2.68 0.0
Sum 87.7 Sum 187.2
7 54.9 55.8 3.36 187.2
(FS)r 1.00
Horizontal component of anchor force Pa - Pp 31.9 kN
Design anchor force 31.9 kN
Instructions:
Set up given values
Put a value for d in cell b12
Go to cell f32, click Data, What-if Analysis, Goal Seek.
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b12
For anchor force
Put 1 in cell H3
Go to cell f32, click Data, What-if Analysis, Goal Seek.
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b12
s and Earth Structures"

1.0

excavation
0.3333
3
excavation
0.3333
3
2 hw h
1.0
0.0
H

a 1
3

5
7 6
SI
US
Example 12.15 in Budhu" Soils and Foundations" and Example 10.11 in Budhu "Foundations and Earth Structures"
Select units SI FSM Coefficients
qs 10 kN/m b 10 deg Above excavation
H 8 m g' 8.2 kN/m3 Ff
fcs 30 deg js 0.0 kN/m3 Ka
da 20 deg gaj 8.2 kN/m3 Kp
db 15 deg gpj 8.2 kN/m3 Below excavation
h 1 m u c 0.0 kPa Ff
hw 8 m Pw 0.0 kN Ka
g 18 kN/m3 y 0.00 m Kp
a 0 m Anchor
do 4.15 m FS
ddesign 4.98 m Inclination (deg)
clay below excavation
g 20 kN/m3 g' 10.2 kN/m3
fcs 30 deg gaj 10.2 kN/m3
da 15 deg gpj 10.2 kN/m3
db 0 deg sw 0 kPa active
su 0 kPa sw 0 kPa passive
Drained
Part Pressures Force la M
kPa kN m kN.m d
1 4.1 33.1 3.00 99.3
2 60.5 241.9 4.33 1048.3
3 0.0 0.0 7.00 0.0
4 0.0 0.0 7.00 0.0
5 64.6 267.9 9.07 2430.8
6 17.8 36.8 9.76 359.6
water 0.0 0.0 11.15 0.0
Sum 579.7 Sum 3938.0
7 194.5 403.3 9.76 3938.0
(FS)r 1.00
Horizontal component of anchor force Pa - Pp kN
Design anchor force kN
Instructions:
Set up given values
Put a value for d in cell b12
Go to cell f32, click Data, What-if Analysis, Goal Seek.
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b12
For anchor force
Put 1 in cell H4 and reenter the active and passive coefficents for the unfactored friction angle.
Go to cell f32, click Data, What-if Analysis, Goal Seek.
Set Cell to: f32
To value: 1.0
By changing cell: b12
s and Earth Structures" For example 12.15 set B3 = 0

excavation
1.25
0.42
3.4
excavation
1
0.31
4.6
2 hw h
2.0
0.0
H

a 1
3

5
7 6
SI
US
Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure Coefficient
d 20.0 degrees 0.3491 radians qa
b 0 degrees 0.0000 radians Ka
f 30.0 degrees 0.5236 radians
h 0.0 degrees 0.0000 radians

0.750 0.75
KA,C = 2.523 2.522586761 0.297313857

KA,C = 0.30 Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure Coefficient

 0
0.5 0.333333333
1.5