Example

Find the remainder when 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙5 – 3𝒙3 + 2𝒙2 + 3𝒙 + 1 is divided by 𝒙2 – 1.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Factor Theorem
Factor Theorem
➢ Statement

Let 𝒇(𝒙) be a polynomial of degree  1 and a be any real constant

If 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟎, then (𝒙 – 𝒂) is a factor of 𝒇(𝒙).

Conversely, if (𝒙 – 𝒂) is a factor of 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟎.

Example

If 𝒙 – 2 is factor of 𝒙𝟓– 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝒌, find 𝒌.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Use the factor theorem to determine whether (𝒙 – 1) is a factor of

𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕 𝟐.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

For what value of 𝒌,(𝑥 – 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥2 – 3𝑥 + 𝑘 ?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Fundamental Theorem
Of Algebra
Fundamental Theorem Of Algebra
➢ Statement
Every polynomial function of degree  1 has atleast one zero in the
complex numbers.

a polynomial function of degree '𝑛' ( 1) has exactly 𝒏 zeroes.

i.e., 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 – 𝒓𝟏 )(𝒙 – 𝒓𝟐 ) … (𝒙 – 𝒓𝒏 )
Example

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has factor 𝑥 – 1, 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 – 2, find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

If 𝑓(𝑥) is monic polynomial of degree ‘3’ such that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is true 𝑥 = 1, 2

and 3. Find 𝑓(4).

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

If 𝑓(𝑥) is polynomial degree 3 such that 𝑓(1) = –1, 𝑓(2) = –2, 𝑓(3) = –3 and
𝑓(0) = 1, find 𝑓(𝑥).

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Polynomial
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛–1𝑥𝑛–1 + ... + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0 ,
Where 𝑎𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, ..., 𝑛) → Constant , 𝑛 → Whole number

𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial of degree 𝑚 + 𝑛.

Division in Polynomials: 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) . 𝑑(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥)

✓ Degree of 𝑑(𝑥)  degree of 𝑃(𝑥)
✓ Degree of 𝑟(𝑥) < degree of 𝑑(𝑥)
Remainder Theorem
Let 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree  1 and '𝑎' is any real number.
If 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥– 𝑎), then the remainder is 𝑝(𝑎).

Factor Theorem

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree  1 and a be any real constant

If 𝑓(𝑎) = 0, then (𝑥 – 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥).
Conversely, if (𝑥 – 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑎) = 0.
Fundamental Theorem Of Algebra
a polynomial function of degree '𝑛' ( 1) has exactly 𝑛 zeroes.
i.e., 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 – 𝑟1 )(𝑥 – 𝑟2 ) … (𝑥 – 𝑟𝑛 )
𝒂𝒎 𝒏
𝒙 𝒑(𝒙) S𝒙𝒊2

FUNDAMENTAL OF ALGEBRA
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Equations Reducible
to Quadratic
Equations Reducible to Quadratic
➢ Type - 1

𝒂(𝒇(𝒙))2 + 𝒃(𝒇(𝒙)) + 𝒄 = 0, where 𝑓(𝑥) is expression of 𝑥.

Method of solving :
Put 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
Examples
Example
Example

Solve: 𝑥 2/3 = 7𝑥 1/3 – 12

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Solve: 9𝑥+2 – 6 × 3𝑥+1 + 1 = 0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Equations Reducible to Quadratic
➢ Type - 2

𝒎𝒂2𝒙 + 𝒏(𝒂𝒃)𝒙 + 𝒓𝒃2𝒙 = 0 (𝒂 & 𝒃 > 0)

Method of Solving :
𝑎 𝑥
Divide the equation by 𝑏2𝑥 and put = 𝑡, for 𝑡 > 0
𝑏