Module 6 (Atmosphere & Temperature)

Atmosphere and Temperature
1
Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)
Atmosphere
2
Evolution of Atmosphere
predominance
initial stage of of oxygen
formation of
earth

Primordial Atmosphere

Phase of Volcanic Eruption
constant
volcanic
eruption
modified the
atmosphere by
giving out gases
like NH3,CH4,
H2O,CO2,
etc......

Modification of Atmosphere
appearance
of plants on
the surface of
the planet
significantly
changed the
proportion of
gases
present in the
atmosphere

Composition Of The Atmosphere
● Gases
● Water Vapour
● Dust Particles
dust particles --
sea salt, fine soil,
smoke -soot, ash,
pollen,dust and
disintegrated
around dust particles
particle ofmeteors,
>> generally
condensation concentrated in
of H2O lower layers of
takes place atm.
7
gases like CO2, CH4, etc act like a greenhouse gas, thereby maintain
the temperature on earth.
Gases Percentage
Nitrogen (N2) 78.08%
Oxygen (O2) 20.95%

Therefore, the
Argon (Ar) 0.93% temperature on
earth is
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.04% maintained at a
suitable level.
Neon (Ne) 0.0018% regardless if it
is the daytime
Helium (He) 0.0005% or night.
ROLE OF GASES
>> these gases apart from providing life giving air to the species on earth , also endup trapping the
heat near the earth's surface by a process known as greenhouse effect. 8
post industrialization
Greenhouse Effect
increased emissions of CO2,CH4,CFC's
exaggerate the
greenhouse effect
global warming
>> water vapour is

responsible for
most of the major
climatic
phenomenon
i.e.,from clouds to
rainfall, occurances
of cyclones etc.
>> It is restricted to
the lower level of
atm and it it also
acts like a
greenhouse gas
Modes of Heating

Conduction
Conduction takes place when two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact
with one another, there is a flow of energy from the warmer to cooler body.
11
Heating due to Terrestrial Radiation
T decrease
occurs at the rate
of 6.5*C every
KM increases in
altitude.
12
Lapse Rate
It is the rate of change of temperature as one moves higher up in the
atmosphere. (T inversion)
density
closer to the
ground due
to the impact
of gravity
13
Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of liquids and
gases.
14
Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of energy through air and space by light waves
(visible, ultraviolet and infrared waves).
15
Advection
○ The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air is called
advection.
○ Horizontal movement of the air is relatively more important than the
vertical movement.
16
Advection Process
Cold Advection
● Cold advection is the process in which the wind blows from a region of
cold air to a region of warmer air, which results in cooling of the warmer
region.
17
Advection Process
Warm Advection
● Warm advection is the process in which the wind blows from a region of
warm air to a region of cooler air.
● Winds are blowing from a region of warm air to a region of colder air,
which results in a warming of the colder region.
18
Adiabatic Process
19
Atmospheric
Structure
20
Structure of the Atmosphere
21
Troposphere & Tropopause
● Contains 80% of the mass (water vapour and dust particles).
● Average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km

near the poles and about 18 km at the equator.
22
Stratosphere
● Weak vertical motions.
● Extends up to a height of 50 km.
● Heated by ozone absorption of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
23
Mesosphere
● About 50–80 km in height.
● Temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude and reaches up
to minus 100°C at the height of 80 km.
● Heat dispersed upward by vertical motion.
24
Ionosphere
● Located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause.

● It contains electrically charged particles known as ions.
● Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by
this layer.
25
26
27
it is the amount of energy received by the earth
Insolation & Temperature
● Insolation is the amount of solar radiation received on a given
surface in a given time period.
28
The Factors that cause variations in insolation are
5) Duration of Day and Night

29
● Angle of Inclination
Tropics receive more insolation than the poles
30
insolation is high
insolation is lower
31
● The configuration of land in terms of its aspect
32
Altitude
•Solar Insolation is comparatively higher, as one moves up with altitude.
•This is because, closer to the ground, more atmospheric particles come in
the path of solar rays.
33
Albedo
34
Albedo and Polar melting
Albedo is measured between
0 to 1
Albedo is a measure
of how much light
that hits a surface is
reflected without
being absorbed.
Amount of energy that
is reflected by a
surface is determined
by the reflectivity of
that surface.
ice reflect max amount of
solar radiation whereas
water absorb lead to
increase in T
Dark surface-- low albedo -- high absorption / low reflection
Light surface-- high albedo -- low absorption / high reflection
35
Heating of Land and Water
36
Urban Heat Island Effect Because of the effects of
albedo,highly developed
areas such as urban cities
can experience higher
avg. T than surrounding
suburban or rural areas, a
rural phenomenon known as
air T the "urban heat island
suburban outskirt effect".
urban
rural
37
Temperature Distribution
--> Factors affecting T :
Latitudes, Altitude,
The latitude of the place Distance from sea,
Prevailing Winds, Ocean
Currents, Cloud Cover,
Nature of Slope of Land,
Nature of Surface of Land
38
● The Altitude of the place T decreases as one moves to higher altitude due to environmental lapse rate
○ Normal Lapse Rate: Temperature decreases at an average rate of

nearly 6.5℃ per 1000m.
39
● Distance from the sea
● Prevailing Winds
Transfer of heat
via medium of
horizontal
movement of Warm advection - movement of
winds from one warm air; which increases the T
place to another of a region. Clouds end up reflecting solar insolation
is known as due to effect of albedo. As a result of this
advection. Cold advection - when cold
winds lower the T of any region. there is lesser insolation received on the
ground surface, thereby decreasing the
T.
40
The presence of warm and cold ocean currents
Movement of
warmer current in
colder areas leads
to an increase in
temperature and
vice versa.
41
Isotherms
● Imaginary lines joining places having equal temperatures, reduced to
sea level.
● The horizontal or latitudinal distribution of temperature is shown with the
help isotherms.
Isotherms are widely spaced over
oceans while they are closely
spaced over landmasses.
42
isotherm shifting-when passes
Over ocean : bend towards poles
Over land : towards equator
January
Vice versa in case of July
43
The highest range
of T is more than January
60*C over the Land area: T
north-eastern part changes
of Eurasian drastically b/w
continent. This is different season
due to
continentality. Ocean area:
The least range of very gradual
temperature 3*C change
is found between
20*S and 15*S.
SH : uniform
rate of change
of T
44
July
45
The equilibrium between the terrestrial radiation and the insolation is
called as the heat budget of the earth.
Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
● The earth as a whole does not accumulate or lose heat.
● It maintains its temperature.
● This happens as the amount of heat received equals the amount lost by
the earth.
46
47
48
•Assume, the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere is 100 units.
•While passing through the atmosphere some amount of energy is
•Reflected (29= 27 from clouds + 2 from snow and ice covered)
•Scattered (6 from space )
•Absorbed (65= 51(17+34) by earth surface + 14 by Atmosphere)
49
● The earth radiates back 51 units in the form of terrestrial radiation. Of
these,
● 17 units are radiated to space directly
● 34 units are absorbed by the atmosphere (6 units absorbed directly
by the atmosphere + 9 units through convection and turbulence + 19
units through latent heat of condensation).
Atmosphere also radiates back
● 48 units absorbed by the atmosphere (14 units from insolation + 34
units from terrestrial radiation) are also radiated back into space
50
Temperature Inversion
Mixing of Air
51
Temperature Inversion
Normally T decreases with increase in

elevation, it is called normal lapse rate. At
times, the situations is reversed and the
normal lapse rate is inverted, it is called "
Inversion of Temperature".
52
Surface Inversion
Form near the earth's surface most common
during the night, After sunset, lack of winds
especially on a clear night the clear sky
earth's surface cools because
energy is radiated to space.
The air which is just above the
earth cools through contact with
the cool (land) surface.
53
Upper air/ subsidence inversion
Formed when a mass
of air descends and
warms adiabatically.
found well above ground level -

usually in range 5000-18000 feet.
Example is London Smoke of 1950's
54
Frontal Inversion Higher latitudes areas
It occurs where a mass of

cold air moves into a region
that was previously
occupied by a warm air
mass.
The cold air, being more
dense slides in underneath the
warmer air lifting the warm air up. 55
Valley Inversion
This is experienced in
valley regions where there
is a marked decrease in T
during nights which leads
to colder conditions on the
valley floor as compared to
upper air.
56
Normally, the temperature decreases with the increase in height from
the Earth’s surface, because
1. The atmosphere can be heated upwards only from the Earth’s surface
2. There is more moisture in the upper atmosphere
3. The air is less dense in the upper atmosphere
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Impact of T inversion:
(a) 1 only Stability of Air- prevents vertical mixing of air. Due to this pollutants at
(b) 2 and 3 only the lower level remain in their place.
(c) 1 and 3 only Sudden drop in T- In the valley, there is a sudden drop in T which is
observed, which leads to frost being developed over trees and crops;
(d) 1, 2 and 3 that is why population reside on slope and not in valley.
57
58
Thank You!
59

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Atmosphere and Temperature

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Oxygen (O2) 20.95%

>> water vapour is

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

● Average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km

● Heat dispersed upward by vertical motion.

● Located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause.

5) Duration of Day and Night

○ Normal Lapse Rate: Temperature decreases at an average rate of

● The earth as a whole does not accumulate or lose heat.

● It maintains its temperature.

Normally T decreases with increase in

found well above ground level -

It occurs where a mass of

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

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Module 6 (Atmosphere &amp; Temperature)

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Module 6 (Atmosphere &amp; Temperature)

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Atmosphere and Temperature

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

Oxygen (O2) 20.95%

>> water vapour is

Geography: Module VI - (Atmosphere and Temperature)

● Average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km

● Heat dispersed upward by vertical motion.

● Located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause.

5) Duration of Day and Night

○ Normal Lapse Rate: Temperature decreases at an average rate of

● The earth as a whole does not accumulate or lose heat.

● It maintains its temperature.

Normally T decreases with increase in

found well above ground level -

It occurs where a mass of

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

You might also like

Module 6 (Atmosphere & Temperature)

Module 6 (Atmosphere & Temperature)