THE MOSAIC ORIGIN

OF TH E

PENTATEUCHAL CODES .

GE ER H A R D U S 40 8,

OW
F E LL OF P R INC E T O N TH E O LO G IC A L S E M INA R Y .

WI T] " A N LV TR O D U C TIOzV B Y

P R O FE S S O R W ILLIA M H E NR Y GR E E N .

NEW 7
Y O RK

714 BR OA D W AY .

1 886 .
 CO P Y R IG H T ,
1 886 ,

BY A C . . AR M S T R O N G S ON .

E LE CT ROTY PE D A ND P RINT E D

BY R A ND A V E R Y
,
A ND C O M PA NY ,
 I N TR O D U C TI O N .

HE au t hor of t he fo llow i n g tre ati s e i s d e s c e n d e d from

t he Fre nch H u gu eno t s The ori g in a l n a m e of t he
.

fam i l y w a s V o s s e an d hi s anc e s t ors we re amon g t he r e fug e e s

,

who e mi grat e d t o H o ll an d a fte r t he revoc a ti on of t he E d i c t

of N an t e s H e re c e iv e d hi s l i t e rary trai n i ng i n t he gymn a
.

s i um a t Am s t e r d am a n d a ft e r comp l e t i n g hi s t h e o l o g i c al

cours e a t t he S e m in ary of the R e form e d Church o f H o l l an d ,

a t G ran d R ap i d s M i c h of which hi s fa th e r i s a pro fe s s or

, , ,

he s p e n t t w o a dd i t i on al ye ars a t Pri nc e t on S e m i n a ry Th i s .

t re a t i s e w as pr e p are d as a t h e s i s i n comp e t i t i on fo r t he

H e bre w fe l l o w sh i p in t he l at t e r i n s t i tu t i on w h i ch w a s
,

aw a r d e d t o hi m an d he i s n o w purs u i n g hi s s t u d i e s a t t he

U n ive rs i ty of B e r l in .

The s ubje c t d i s cu s s e d i s the Mo s a i c ori g i n o f t he l aw s o f

t he P e n t a t e uch Th i s i s t he po i n t abou t which t he cri t i c al
.

b attle i s ragi n g a t pre s e n t The l i t erary p arti tion of t he

.

P e n t a t e uch w h i ch a t o n e t i m e s t oo d i n t he fore fron t of t he

,
-

fray i s n o w on all h an d s r egard e d as a s i d e i s su e of w ho s e

, ,

r e su l t s t he cri ti c s of the mo s t re c e n t s choo l of Gra f Ku e n en , ,

a n d W e llhau s e n s t i l l s e e k t o ava il th e m s e l ve s b u t upon

,

wh i ch th e y d o n o t m ai n ly re s t th e i r c au s e Th i s p art o f
.

t he qu e s t i on i s t ak e n u p an d d i spo s e d of a t t he ou t s e t .

T he po s i t i on m ai n t ain e d i s p e rfe c t l y t e n ab le t hou gh i t ha s

,

n o t h e r e t o for e b e e n pre s s e d a s i t d e s e rve s . The d i vi s i b i l i ty

of G e n e s i s or as the cri ti c s phras e i t t he li t e rary ana lys i s
, , ,

of that boo k d o e s n o t in the s l i ghte s t d e gre e affe c t the

,
'
iv [NM 00 U C TJON .

qu e s t ion of the Mo s aic au thors hi p of the P e n tat e uch , or of

t he l a w s w h i ch t he P e n t a t e uch con t ai n s An d un l e s s i t b e
.

pre s s e d t o t he x t e n t of fi n d i ng mu tu a l l y i ncon s i s t e n t n ar
e

ra ti v e s i n G e n e s i s an d thu s i mpugn i n g t he tru th of t he

,

re cord an d t he tr u s tw orth i n e s s of t he h i s tory t he hypo th e s i s ,

i s o n e of pur e ly l i t e rary i n t e re s t an d of no th e o l o g i c a l con s e

,

q u e n ce . It i s on l y t h e e n d e a vor t o c arry t he d i vi s i v e h
y
o t h e i t hrou h t h e s ub s e q u e n t boo k s of t he P e n t a t e uch
p s s g ,

t h a t i m p e r i l s t he as cr i p t i on of t he l eg i s l a t i on t o Mo s e s a s ,

we l l a s of t he vo l um e i n wh i ch t he l eg i s l a ti on i s foun d If .

Chron i c l e s an d K i n gs cou ld b e comp i l e d fro m an t e c e d e n t

a u t h e n t i c r e cor d s w i t hou t pr e u d i c e t o t h e i r c anon i c i ty t he
j ,

s a m e i s obviou s l y t ru e of G e n e s i s t he l a t e s t l i m i t of w ho s e
,

h i s t ory i s a l mo s t thre e c e n turi es prior t o the b i r th of Mo s e s .

B u t i f t he s am e an a lys i s i s app l i c ab l e t o t he boo k s from

,

E xo d u s on w ard t he asp e c t of t he c as e i s m at eri a lly ch ange d

,
.

It i s i n d e e d conc e i vab l e th a t Mo s e s m i gh t h av e e mp l oye d

d i ffere n t am anu e n s e s t o re cor d d i ffe re n t c l a s s e s of l a w s ,

a n d t h a t t he l i t e ra ry form of t he l a w s m i h t t hu s vary t o
g
s o m e e x t e n t i n con s e qu e nc e . B u t i f t he l a t e r boo k s of t he
P e n t a t e uch con ta i n i n g t he l i fe an d t he l e gi s l a t ion of Mo s e s
, ,

h ave b e e n comp i l e d from d i s ti nc t d ocu m en ts in t he s e n s e

m a in t a i n e d by t he a dvoc a t e s of th i s hypo th e s i s i t i s d i ffi cu l t,

t o i m ag i n e th a t Mo s e s cou ld h av e ha d an y t h i n g t o d o wi t h

t he co m p i l a t i on . Accor d i n g l y waivi ng all d i s cu ss i on as t o

,

t he a pp l i c ab i l i ty of t he hypo th e s i s t o G e n e s i s i t s ri gh t i s ,

ch al l en ge d t o proc e e d b eyon d E xo d v i 3 wh e re G o d re
. .
,

ve a l e d h i m s e l f t o Mo s e s as Je hovah an d th i s h e nc e forth
,

b e com e s t he pre d o m i nan t n a m e of the Mo s t H i gh ; an d t he

b arre nn e s s of t he un s upport e d l ing u i s t i c argum e n t fo r an y
d ivi s i on b eyon d th a t po i n t i s s ho wn .

It wou ld h ave b e e n b e t t e r p e rh ap s t o p u t t he l i n e of
, ,

d e marc a t i on a t t he o p en i n g of t he B oo k of E xo du s Fo r .

t he a l t e rn a t i on of d ivi n e n am e s i s n o t on l y of no h e l p
 IN TR OD UC TION

t o t he cri tic s in E xo d i I —v i 3 b u t i s a s ourc e of con

. . .
,

s t an t p e rp l e x i ty wh i ch t h e y e s c ap e on l y by con s picuou s l y
,

d i s re gard in g i t It d i d n o t b e l ong t o the s ubje c t tre a t e d

.

i n th i s vo l um e t o d e al wi th t he p ar t i t ion of t he h i s t ori c al
,

s e c ti on s of E xo d u s B u t I t h i n k th a t no o n e c an c are fu ll y
.

e x a m i n e t he d i vi s i on of E xo d i —x i a s wrou gh t o u t by
. . .
,

W e llhau s e n or by o th e rs who a tt e mp t a s i m i l ar n i c e d i s
,

crimination wi thou t fe eli ng at every s t e p th at t he a tt e mp t

,

t o c arry t he p arti t ion through i s a s i gn al fai l ure The p e r .

p l e xi t
y of t h e s ch e m e r e n d e r e d n e c e ss ary by t h e r i g orou s

a pp l i c a t ion of cri t ic al ru l e s i s a l mo s t b e yon d b e l i e f

,
The .

cri ti c a l s u n d e rmg n o t on l y ren d s ap art t he mo s t i nti ma t e l y

conn e c t e d p aragraph s bu t throws ou t i s o l at e d c l au s e s an d
,

w or d s a d u pon t he m e r e of t he op erat or ,

an d t o s av e t he con s i s t e n cy of t he hypo th es i s I t i s s i mp l y
’

an d e vi d e n t l y a d e t e rm i n e d forc i ng t hrou gh of a fore g on e

conc l u s ion in spi te of eve ry con s i d e rati on th a t s tan d s i n t he

w ay .

Pu s h in g t he li ngui s t i c a n d l i t e rary argume n t as i d e , as d e s

t i tu t e of an y re al forc e in app l i c a t i on t o t h i s por t i on of t he
P e n t at e uch , t he d i s cu s s i on proc e e d s
gr a pp l e w i t h t he to

prob l e ms ari s ing o u t of t he con s ti tu t i on an d ch arac t e r of

t he l aw s t h e m s e l ve s an d of t he s e v e ra l C o d e s i n wh i ch th e y
,

are foun d Th i s i s t he cho s e n fi e ld of t he l at e s t ph as e o f

.

cri ti c i sm an d i t i s from th i s qu arte r th at the m ate ri a l s are

,

d rawn fo r i t s mo s t form i d ab l e as s au l ts upon t he au th e n ti ci ty

of the P e n tat e uch an d the Mo s ai c origi n of i ts laws The .

i s s u e invo l ve d i s n o t m e re ly that of the au thors hip of a give n

pro duc ti on n or wh e th e r p art icu l ar ins t i tu ti on s t oo k th e i r
,

ri s e in o n e c e n tury or in ano th er It i s a qu es tion of t he .

veraci ty of t he s acre d vo lum e from fi rs t t o las t The qu e s .

t i on i s fun d am e n ta l l y t h a t b e tw e e n rat i on ali s m an d s up e r

n atural re l i gi on D i d the i n s ti tu ti on s o f t he Old Tes tam ent

.
,

an d by l egi t im at e an d n e c e s s ary s e qu e nc e tho s e of t he N ew

“
vi [N T/6 0 0 U C TIO/V .

T e s t am e n t l o proc e e d from
a s ,
t he reve l at ion of G o d ? or are
t h ey t he n atura l ou tgro w th of t he n a t i on a l l i fe o f I s ra e l ?

The wri t e r of th i s t re a t i s e ha s d e c i d e d convi c t i on s u pon

t h i s fun d a m e n t a l m a t t e r a n d t h e s e un d e r l i e an d s h ap e hi s
,

w ho l e t re a tm e n t of t he s ubje c t . Th ey d e t e rm i n e hi s po i n t
of vi e w b u t t h ey d o n o t sup e rs e d e a thorough an d c an d i d
,

inve s t i ga t i on On t he con trary th ey i mp e l t o a fran k an d

.
,

hon e s t e x amin at i on of the who l e groun d of d e b ate : t h ey

l e a d t o t he p ati e n t con s i d e ra t i on of e ve ry obje c t i on th a t i s
rai s e d an d eve ry d iffi cu l ty that i s s t art e d i n t he con fi d en t
, ,

as s uranc e t h a t all t he ph e nom e n a of t he c as e mu s t fi n d t h e i r

s o l u t i on i n h armony wi t h wh a t i s t ru e a n d r i gh t .

S i nc e t he argum e n t i s t hrou ghou t con d uc t e d in oppo s i

t i on t o t he l a t e s t cri t ic a l s choo l wi t h t he purpo s e of wr e s t
,

i n g t h e i r we apon s from th e i r h a n d s i t i s n e c e s s ari l y l i m i t e d

,

t o t he r e g i on w i th i n wh i ch t h e s e cri t i c s t h e m s e l ve s move ,

an d t o con s i d e ra t i on s who s e va l i d i ty mu s t b e conc e d e d ev e n

from t he s tan d po i n t w h i ch th ey occupy N o th i ng i s gai n e d

-
.

in con troversy wi th th em by a dd uc i ng t es timon i e s who s e

e nu i n e n e s s i s i n q u e s t i on who s e h i s t or i c a l ch ara c t e r i s i m
g ,

p gu n e d,
or wh i ch li e ou t s i d e of t he fi e l d wh i ch t h e y r e co g
n i z e as t he l egi ti mat e t erri t ory of d e ba t e H e nc e no .
,

arg u m e n t i s h e r e d rawn from t he au t hori ty of t he Ne w

Te s t am e n t i n d e fe nc e of t he Mo s a i c ori g i n or au t horsh i p of
,

t he l aw s of t he P e n ta t e uch . An d in t he Old Te s ta m e n t
, ,

e ve ry th i n g i s l e ft o u t of t he a ccoun t wh i ch on t he cri t i c a l
, ,

hypo th e s i s i s ju d ge d i rre l evan t or wh i ch i s s u s c e p t ib l e o f

, ,

an i n t e rpre t a t i on con s i s t e n t w i t h i ts c l ai m s Th e s e m ay
.

con fi rm t he fai th of tho s e who a cc e p t the curren t vi ew of

S cri p ture an d of t he Mo s a i c wri ti n gs b u t are n o t s u i t e d t o
,

convi nc e or t o confu t e oppo s ers .

It w i l l b e foun d th a t t he d i s cu s s i on con ta i n e d in t h i s l i t t l e
vo l um e i s n e i th e r narro w nor sup e rfi c i a l It i s t he fru i t .

of e xt e n s ive re a d in g an d c are fu l re fle c t i on It i s n o t a .
 I NTR OD UC TI ON

s ummary o f re sults h as ti l y gath e re d from comp e n d i um s at

s e con d h an d b u t i t i s d raw n from t he d i re c t s t u d y o f or ig i
-
,

n a l s ourc e s The vi ews of t he l e a d i ng cri t i c s are conc i s e l y

.

s t a t e d on t he variou s po i n t s ra i s e d i n t he con trove rsy ,

s ub s t an t i a ll y as t h e y pr e s e n t t h e m t h e m s elve s Th e s e a re .

uni form l y tre ate d wi th e min en t c an d or an d fa i rn e s s wh i l e at ,

t he s am e t i m e t h e ir we a k n e s s an d fa l l a cy are s k i l fu ll y e x
po s e d The boo k mak e s no pre t en s ion s t o b e an e xhau s tive
.

e xh i b i t ion of t he s ubje c t It wi ll n o t of cours e prov e a

.
, ,

s ub s t i tu t e fo r more e l abora t e a n d e x t e n d e d work s ; thou gh ,

t o t ho s e who are e n t e ring upon t he s tu dy i t wi l l b e a n ,

a d m irab l e in t ro d u c t i on t o t h e m An d fo r s uch as wi s h t o
.

ain a g e n e ra l k no w l e d g e of t he pre s e n t s t a t e of cri t i c al

g
q u e s t i on s conc e rn i n g t he P e n t a t e uch t he ran e o f t he d i s
g ,

c u s s i on ,
an d t he a rg um e n t s e mp l oye d on e a ch s i d e I do ,

n o t k no w wh e r e a mor e s a t i s fa c t ory e xh i bi t ion can b e foun d ,

of wha t int e l l i gen t re a d ers wo u ld wi s h to l e arn in s o s ma l l a ,

comp ass .

W . H ENRY G RE E N
.

P R INC E T O N
,
NJ Jan
. .
,
. 8, 1 886 .
 C O N T E N TS .

C H AP TE R I .

S T A T EM E N T A N D D IVI S I O N OF TH E S U B JECT .

P e n t a t eu c h C r i ti c i s m l a rgely a que s t i on o f f a c t s
-
; s ubje c t s t a t e d ,
1 1 P AG E
n eg a t i v ely a n d po s i t i v ely ; i mpor t a n t a s pe c t s an d bear i ng s ;
,
12

ge n eral s c heme a n d me t ho d o f t rea t men t 3

, ,
1 1 1-1 4

C H AP TE R II .

H I S T O RY TH E L I N GU I S TI C AR GUM E NT OF TH E CRI T I CS
OF .

D ouble purpo s e o f t h l i n g u i s t i c argumen t i t d epen d en c e on t h

e ,
s e

al t erna t i o n o f d i v i ne n a me s 5 ; be a r i ng o f E xo d i 3 p ,
1 . v . 2, , .

16 ; t heory o f H eng s t enberg a n d o t her s t sa t i s f a c t ory 7; no ,

1

o t her proo fs o f di v er s i t y o f au t hor s h i p c h i e fly s ubj e c t i v e 9 ; ,

1

y t a dd e d t t h a t from t h name s o f G o d m a k e a plau s i ble

e o e

c as e for G e n e s i s ; b t th M o s ai c au t hor s h i p t i mpugne d

,
20 u e no

unle ss t h i s c an be e s t abl i s he d l i k ew i s e f or t h re s t o f t h P en t a e e

t eu c h ; t h l i ngu i s t i c argumen t t fir s t regar d e d w i t h d i s t ru s t

e a ,

e v en by ra t i on a l i s t i c c r i t i c s ; brough t i n t o pro m i nen c e b y

,
21

E i c hhor n an d G ramberg ; o v erloo k e d by c on s er v a t i v e c r i t

,
22

i cs ,pu s he d s t i ll far t her by S t ah li s c r t i n i z e d by Kur t z 3 ; '

e n, u ,
2

who y i el d e d t D el i t z s c h ; H p f l d al t ere d s t yle o f arg men t

o u e
’
s u ,

re v i v al o f t h h i s t or i c al me t ho d by t h l a t e s t c r i ti c s 4 ; a n d
e e ,
2

l i t er a r y analy s i s ma d e le ss prom i nen t Remar k s prel i m i n a ry .

t oan exam i nat i on o f th a rgumen t S ome pre s ump t i v e

e i : 1 . ev

d en c e requ i re d t ju s t i fy t h l i t erary analy s i s o f t h P t t

o e e en a e u

c hal C o d e s 5 ; Argumen t v a l ele ss unle ss t h di ff eren c es

,
2 2. u e

are mar k e d 6 ; 3 D i er s i t y o f m a tt er a ff e c t s d i c ti o n a n d
,
2 . v

s t yle ; 4 D i ff eren c e s mu s t be s u c h a s a re i n c on s i s t en t w i t h
.

un i ty o f au t hor s h i p 7 ; 5 Arb i t rary an d i n a d m i ss i ble me th

,
2 .

ad o f t h ri ti cs
s e C 8 ,
2
2 C ON TE /VTS .

CH AP T E R III .

TH E L I N G UI S TI C AR G U M EN T E XAM I N ED .

D oe s G ene s i s ju s t i f y t h l i t er a ry a n a ly s i s o f t h P en t a t eu c h a l C o d e s ?
e e PA G E
3 ; E loh i s t i c wor d s a n d phr as e s o f G ene s i s wh i c h
1 a ppe a r ,
r e-

a ft er E xo d i 3 p 3 ; s ome only i G en x v i i a leg a l c h a p

. v . 2, ,
. 2 n

t er ; or r a re i G ene s i s or r a re i t h C o d e s 3 6 ; or f oun d a l s o
n ,
n e ,

i J eho v i s t p assa ge s or ne c e ssa ry t expre ss t h t hough t wh i c h

n ,
o e

i i many c as e s pe c ul i ar t t h r i t u a l i s t i c leg i s l a t i on 3 7 ; t h
s n o e , e

number t hu s re d u c e d t a n i n s i gn i fi c a n t group 4 ; a llege d o , 0

E loh i s t i c d i c t i on o f t h C o d e s o f no a cc oun t 4 Jeho v i s t d i e ,

1 c

tio in E xo d i i x i i i p 4 ; i t h D e c a logue c r i t er i a a re
n . x .
,
.
,
. 2 n e ,

i n t erm i ngle d 4 5 s o a l s o i E xo d xx 8—x x i i a n d xxx v

,
n . . 1 1
. 1 . IO

2
5 p ,4 6 ; L e v . x v i i —x xv i p 4 7 ; N um v i ii .
3 6 p 4 8 ; .i ,
. . . 2 -2
,
. n

c on c lu s i v ene ss o f t h l i ngu i s t i c argume n t n o t w i t h s t an di ng t h e e

g eneral a greeme n t o f t h c r i t i c s 49 e , 3 1—
5 0

C H AP TE R IV .

I N CO M PL ET E N ESS OF TH E CO D E S .

Comple t e n e ss o f leg i s la t i on i t h mo d ern sen s e t t be expe c t e d ; n e no o

t h l a w embr a c es t ho s e c eremon i a l a n d c i v i l f orm s wh i c h were

e

s hape d by t h t heo c r a ti c i d e a a ll el s e le ft t ex i s ti ng u s age or

e , o

f u t ure pro v i s i on ; oppo s t e obj e c t i on s urge d i n c omple t ene ss or i , ,

t oog e a t per f e c t i on for a nom a d t r i be 5 i s ol a t i on o f t h peo

r ,
1 e

ple a n d t h equal d i v i s i on o f l a n d s fa v or s i mpl i c i t y o f leg i s la

e

t i on wh i c h wa s s ubor d i na e t I s r a el s h i gh s p i r i t u a l c a ll i ng 5
’
,
t o ,
2,

C H AP TE R V .

S Y S T EM , OR D I S O RD E R ?
Alle g e d wan t o f arrangemen t 5 3 ; a gene t i c or d er t be e x pe c t e d ,
o ,

B th er s e v en group s 5 4 ; un i t y o f t h f e as t law s i E xo d
ea u s
’
,
e - n .

x i i x i i i s hown po s i t i v ely 5 5 ; c hronolog i c a l obj e c t i on f rom

.
,
.
, ,

x i i 3 p 5 6 ; memor i a l
.
,
.m f t m a llege d d i s c rep a n c i e s i a
‘
e ac u ,
n

t h a c c oun t 5 7 ; or i n t erpol a t i on c on t r a d i c t i on 5 9 ; a n d t r a n s
e , , ,

po s i t i on ; d upl i c a t e a n d mu t u a lly i n c on s i s t en t l a w s unle a v ene d ,

b d t men t i one d i M o s e s i n s t ru c t i on t t h el d er s 6 ; ’
rea no n o e 0
_ ,

th B oo k o f t h C o v en a n t 6 ; di e c t i on s f or bu i l d i ng t h
e e ,
1 r e

sa n c t u a ry E xo d xx v —xxx p 6 ; S abb a t h l a w E xo d xxx i

,
. . .
,
2 -
,
. .

7 p 6 3 ; re s t a t emen t o f t h C o v en a n t l a w xxx i v
— - 1 0 -2
1 2 1 ,
.
7 e ,
.
,

p 6 4 ; S abb a t h l a w xxx v 3 ; L e v i t i c a l C o d e t h sa c r i fi c i a l
.
-
,
. 1— ,
e

la ws L e v i i i p 6 5 ; i n d u c t i on o f Aaron a n d hi s on s
,
. .
-v .
,
. s ,
 C ON TE NTS .
3

ch a p . l aws c on c ern i ng un c le a nne ss pur i fi c at i on an d

v i i i —x . .
,
/
, , PA GE
hol i ne ss c h a p i xx v p 6 6 ; uni t y o f c h a p xx iii p 6 8 ;
,
. x .
- .
,
. .
,
.

f orm a l c lo s e i c h a p xx v i p 7 ; c h a p xx v i i v ow s ; hi t
n . .
,
. 0 . .
,
s or

i c a l pr i n c i ple o f a rrangemen t pre d om i na t e s i N umber s 7 ; n ,

1

B t he
er group s ; obj e c t i on s a n s were d 7
au s
’
,
2

CH AP TE R V I .

C O N TRAD I CTI O N S
R E P ETITI O N S AND .

C on t ra di ct ory l a w s t ex c lu s i v e o f M o sa i c au t hors h i p i f d ue t
no o

al t ere d ci r c um s t a n c e s or one s ub s t i t u t e d for t h o t her or if t h e ,

e

d i s c rep a n c i e s a re f ew a n d i s ola t e d 7 5 ; s eem i ng di ff eren c e s ,

m a y ar i s e f rom t h pe c ul i ar a i m s o f d i s t i n c t l a w s 7 6 ; K
e ,
u en en s
’

d i s i n c t i on di ss en t e d f rom ; me t ho d s o f h a rmon i z i ng y t m t
t ,
s s e a

i ll y a n d h i s t or i c ally 7 7 ; D l i t
ca h i llu s t r a t i on f rom t h
, e zsc
’
s e

J u s t i n i a n Co d e 7 8 ; h w c on t r a d i c t i on s may be i n v a l i da t e d ;
,
o

repe ti ti o n s ex p la i n e d 7 9 ,

CH AP TE R V II .

D EV E L O PM E N T O F LAW .

Ev olu t i o n ary an d at ur a l i s t i c c r i t i c s ne c e ssa r i ly obl i ge d t re v er s e

n o

t h or d er o f I s r a el s h i s t ory 8 t h s c heme o f W l l h 8 ;
'
’
e ,
1 e e au s e n , 2

c on fe ss e d re t rogres s i on 83 allege d or d er o f t h C o d e s 84 ,
e ,

C H AP TE R V III .

U NI TY OR PL URA L IT Y OF S A N CTUAR Y ?
T he C o v en a n t l a w i E xo d xx 4 6 ; i t d i re c t i on s pro v i s i onal
- n . . 2 -2 s ,

85 ; obj e c t i on s an s were d 86 ; t h wor d s where I re c or d my ,

e ,
“

n a me 87 ; un i t y pre s uppo s e d i t h f e as t l a w x x iii 7 9 no

,
”
n e -
,
. 1 ,
1 ,

c on t r a d i c t i on i t h i s re s pe c t be t ween t h C o v en a n t l a w an d
n e -

s ubs equen t C o d e s 88 ; a bs en c e o f pro v i s i on for pr i e s t s d oe s t

,
no

pro v e th r i gh t o f all t o ff er sa c r i fi c e D eu t eronomy wrongly

e o

c i t e d a s a w i t ne ss t t h per i o d i mme di at ely pre c e d i ng j o s i

o e

ah s re form 89 ; i t emph as i z e s perm a nen c e a s well a s un i t y

’
, ,

9 1 i t polemi c c hara ct er e x pla i ne d 9

s ,
2

CH AP TE R IX .

TH E S A CRI FI CIA L SYS T E M .

W ellhau s en ’
s s c heme o f t h d e v elopmen t o f sa c r i fi c e an d i t r i t ual
e s ,

9 6 ; t he s ame s a c r i fi c e s i D eu t eronomy an d t h j eho v i s t ; c on

n e
4 C ON TE N TS .

tra s t bet ween the Co v enan t l a w an d t h P r i e s t C o d e t s harply -

e oo PA G E
d ra wn ; or i gi n a l s i mp li c i t y o f sa c ri fi c e no o bje ct i o n t t h M o o e

sa i c or i gi n o f t h P r i e s t C o d e 9 9 ; burn t ff eri ng s an d p ea c e
e ,
—
o

o ff er i ng s ; the e x i s t en c e o f t h a l t ar o f i nc en s e e
,
1 00

C H A P TE R X .

P RI ES T S AND L E VIT ES .

T he gr a d u a l re s t ri ct i on o f t h pr i e s tly o ffi c e as affirme d by t h cr i t e e

i 4 ; t h a llege d s t a ge s o f t h d e v elopmen t
cs , 1 0 e 6 ; i t i de e ,
10 s

n i e d t h a t J eho v i s t i c l a w k now s no t h i ng o f a pr i e s t ly or d er ,

7 ; or t h a t D eu t eronomy pu t s pr i e s t s a n d L e v i t e s on a par
10 ,

8 po s t ex i l i c boo k s
10 - t h sa me gener i c d e s i g use t on ; a llega
e na i

t i on c on t ro v e t e d t h a t D eu t eronomy a ss i g s pr i e s t ly f un c t i on s
r n

t L ev i t s
o 9 ; u s e m a d e o f E ze ki el s T hor a by t h c r i t i cs
e ,
10
’
e ,

t hough i t i i d e a l a n d pro s pe ct i v e ; E ze k i el s t hree s t at e ’

s ,
1 1 1

men t s ; t he i r expl a n a t i on
,
1 12
3 ; t fir s t re t urn f rom ex i le,
1 1 a

d i s t i n ct i on be t ween pr i e s t s a n d L ev i t e s a lre a d y e s t abl i s he d ,

8 ; more pr i e s t s re t urne d t h a n L e v i t e s ; a rbi t r a ry t ass ume

1 1 o

t h a t t h i s p a t only o f E z e k i el s T hor a w as b i n di ng 9 ; no
’
r ,
1 1

gr a d u a l re s t r i c t i on o f t h pri e s t hoo d on t h i s hypo t h es i s e ; it ,

1 20

d oe s t expl ai n how L e v i be ca me t h pr i e s t ly t r i be
no ; e ,
1 21

W llh e e v as i on
au s e n s ; d i s t i n c t i on t r a c e a ble i t h t r i be o f
’
,
1 22 n e

L e v i ex i s t en c e o f a n A a ron i c pr i s t hoo d s hown 4 ; K

,
e ,
12 u e n en s
’

i n f eren c e f rom D eu t xxx i i i 8 ; pr i e s t s a n d L e v i t e s d i s t i n

.
—1 1

g i h d iu s S a muel a n d K i ng s 5 W llh
e n op n i on t h at ,
12 e au s e n s
’

t h h i gh pr i e s t w
e - un k nown be f ore t h ex i le hi a g umen t s
as e ,
s r

exam i ne d 6 ,
12 1 0 4-1 2 9

C H A P TE R XI .

VITI CA L AND P RI ES T LY R EV E NU ES
LE .

V
V l lh
e v i ew o f t h ch a nge i t h pri e s t s s h a re o f t h s a c r i
au s en s
’
e n e
’
e

fi 3 ; rem a r k s i
ce s , 1 0reply 3 allege d ch a nge i t i t he s n ,
1 1 n ,
re

pl i e d t 3 c h a nge i fi t li g reply 3 3 obje c t i ons relat i n g

o, 1 2 n rs n s, , 1

t t h L e v i t i c al c i t i e s
o e
3 4 reply 3 6 ,
1 ,
1 1
3 0 -1 8
3

C H AP TE R X II .

FE ASTS .

o n s i wh i c h th f ea s t law s o f D eu t eronomy a d v a c e beyo n d the

P i t n e -
n

J eho v i s t i c C o d e 3 9 ; fur t her a d v a n c e i t h P r i e s t C o d e 4 ;

,
1 n e ,
1 1

allege d ag i cu l t ral ori gi n o f t h t hree m a i n f e as t s b t t h ear

r u e ,
u e

l i e s t l a w s a ss i gn a h i s t or i c al ba s i s f or P ass o v er 4 3 ; cr i t i c s , 1
’

s e v eran c e o f P a s o v er a n d unle av e n e d br d 44 ; e t ymology

s ea ,
1
 C ON TE N TS .
5

o f P ass o v r c r i t i c a l e v as i on 46 ; XV llh
“
e ,
hypo t he s i s ,
1 e au s en s
’
PA GE
o f i t or i g i n 4 7 ; hi a rgumen t s re v i ewe d 48 h i s t or i c a l a s o
s ,
1 s ,
1 s

i ti
c a o f f e a t o f t a bern a c le s t o f l a t e or i g i n 5 ; pre
on s no ,
1 0

t en d e d a dv a n c e f D eu t eronomy upon t h C o v en a n t l a w
o e -

c on s i d ere d 5 a llege d pe c ul i a ri t i e s o f t h P r i e s t C o d e c on
, 1 1 e

S id d
er e
53 ;
,
P ass1o v er t merely a c ommemor a t i on b t a no ,
u

sa v i ng or di n a n c e t h holy c onv o c a t i n on t h s e v en t h d a y o f
,
e o e

u n le av ene d bre a d 5 5 ; a d y sa i d t h a v e been a dd e d by t h

,
1 a o e

P r i e s t C o d e t bo t h unleav ene d bre a d a n d t a bern a c le s ; al s o

o

f e as t o f t rumpe t s a n d D a y o f At onemen t sa i d t be a ddi t i onal o

,

1 5 7 ; argumen ts f or t h i s allega t i on c on s i d ere d 58 ,

1 1 3 9 -1 6 4

C H AP TE R XIII .

UN I TY OF D E UT E R O N O M Y A N D TH E A
L WS OF TH E
I N T E R M ED IAT E B OO KS .

r
C iti c a l v i ew s o f D eu t eronomy ; th s en s e i wh i c h i t u n i t y w i t h e n s

pre c e d i ng l a w s i m a i n t a i ne d 6 5 ; t h pe c ul i a r c h a ra c t er o f
s ,
1 e

D eu t eronomy v a r i ou s ly d efi n e d 6 6 ; be s t pre s en t e d by H av er ,
1

n i c k 6 7 ; t h i s t h mo s t c omprehen s i v e a n d a ppl i c a ble t ll

,
1 e o a

t h phenomen a
e 6 8 ; t h d i v er s i t y o f c h a r a c t er d oe s
,
1 t pre e no

l d un i t y o f a u t hor s h i p s i n c e M o s e s w as bo t h leg i s l a t or a n d
c u e ,

prophet 7 ; exh a u s t i v e t rea t men t o f d i ff eren c e s by H engs t en

,
1 0

berg an d o t her s ; D eu t er nomy po s t er i or t t h legi s l a t i on o f o o e

t h o t her boo k s o f t h P en t a t eu c h 7 ; K pr i or s t a t e ’
e e ,
1 2 u en en s

men t s on t h i s s ubj e c t 7 3 ; G r a f s d e c l a r a t i on t h a t D eut eron

,
1
’

o m y pre s ppo s e d t h E loh i s t i c n a rr a t i v e

u 7 4 ; t h rel a t i on o f
e ,
1 e

D eut eronomy t t h J eho v is t i c C o d e d oe s t d i s pro v e t h ex

o e no e

i t
s o f t h E loh i s t i c C o d e ; allu s i on s i D eu t eronomy t t h
en ce e n o e

E loh i s t i c h i s t or y 7 6 ; an d t t h E loh i s t i c leg i la t i on

,
1 77 o e s ,
1 1 6 5 -1 7 9

C H A P TE R X IV .

I NTE RNA L EVI DE N CE FO R TH E M O S AI C O RI G I N OF TH E

D E UT E R O N O M I C CO DE .

The n ew an d t h ol d hypo t he s i s c on t ras t e d 8 ; th e x pl i c i t t e t i

e ,
1 0 e s

m ony i D eu t x xx i 9
n 4 ; t h i s re f er s
. t t t h whole P en
.
,
2 no o e

t t a eu c h b t t t h legal por t i on o f D eu t eronomy

,
u o e 8 t hough ,
1 1

y i el di ng i n d i re c t t e t i mony i regar d t t h o t her C o d e li t

s n o e s

y fi c t i on 83 ; t be d i s t i ngu i s he d from leg a l forgery 84 ;

”
e rar ,
1 o ,
1

i n d i re c t t e s t i mony o f D eu t eronomy t i t M o sa i c or i g i n t h o s ,
e

t i me a n d s i t u a t i on a c qu a i n t a n c e s hown w i t h t h reg i on
,
t d ue e ,
no

t oa n a t t emp t on th p a r t o f t h a u t hor t per s on a t e M o s e s e e o ,

1 86 ; t h c onque s t o f C an aa n s t ll f u t u e re f eren c e t t h s o
e - i r ,
s o e

jo rn i E gyp t 87
u -
n
,
1
6 C ON TE N TS .

CH A P TE R XV .

O BJE CTIO NS AN S W E R ED .

D eu t eronomy a llege d t o be a Re f orm C o d e a n d a ss i gne d

t d i ff er ,
o PA GE
t d a t e s ; R i hm propo s i t i on s 1 89 ; i t s upern a t ur a l c h a r a c
’
en e s ,
s

ter d en e d ; a re t h t t era n c e s o f D eu t eronomy f m

i e u v a zc za
'

ex

e v en t u ? c h a p x v i i 4 as rel a t e d t S olomon s re i gn 9 ;
. . 1 -2
0 o
’
,
1 0

t t h n a rr a t i v e i
o e S a m v i i i p 9 ll c on s i s t en t w i t h M o sa i c
n 1 . .
,
. 1 1 a

or i gi n b t t w i t h l a t er d a t e 9 ; x v i i 8 3 th i n s t i t t i on
,
u no ,
1 2 .
— 1 , e u

o f Ju d ge s 93 ; t pro v e i t or i g i n i or a ft er t h re i gn o f J
,
1 no s n e e

ho s h a ph a t c h a p x v i i i t h prophe t l i k e M o s e s a n d fa l s e p p h
. .
,
e ,
ro

t
e s, 1 94 i 9 x v i i 3 t h proh i b i t i on o f s t a r wor s h i p
v . 1 ,
. beyon d ,
e - “

J or d a n 9 5 po s i t i v e a rgumen t s t h m i l i t a y l a w o f c h a p xx
,
”
1 ,
e r . .
,

t h c ur s e pon A m a le k
e u 9 7 a t t i t u d e t ow a r d E d om a n d E gyp t ,
1 ,

1 9 8 ; L e v x v ii mo d i fie d i D
. t ii
.
5 o t her l a w s no n en . x . 1 , ,
r e -a c

t i on a g a i n s t c eremon i a l f orm a l i s m 9 9 ; p ass i ng o f J or d a n a n d ,

1 ,

c onque s t o f C aan a n , 2 0 0 1 89-2 00

C H A P TE R XV I .

I N T E R N A L EVI DEN CE O F TH E M O S AI C O RI G I N OF TH E
L AW S I N E XO D U S N U M B E R S - .

T wo fol d di re ct t e s t i mony M o sa i c or i gi n c l a i me d M o s e s wro t e

, ,
20 1

c er t a i n l a w s E xo d x v i i 4 p , ; xx i v 4 N um xxx i i i
. . 1 ,
. 202 .
,
. . 2,

c r i t i c a l i n f eren c e s 3 i n d i re c t i n t ern a l e v i d en c e
,
20 4 ; Bl k ,
20 ee
’
s

propo s i t i on s t w oppo s i t e t heor i e s 5 ; pr n c i ple s on wh i c h

,
o ,
20 i

t h s olu t i on mu s t re s t
e 6 ; no a llu s i on s a llege d i th Pr i est ,
20 n e

C o d e t i t ass ume d l a t e da t e 7 ; t h l a w c on c ern i ng lepro s y

o s ,
20 e

d emon s t r ably M o sa i c 9 ; fur t her d e d u c t i on s from t h i s f a ct ,

20 ,

2 ; t h D e c alogue
10 e ,
21 1 2 0 1 -2 1
3

C H A P TE R XV II .

T ES TI M O N Y OF TH E H I S T O RI CA L B OO KS JU DGES FIR S T ,
—
,

A N D S ECO N D S A M U E L FIR S T AN D SECO N D KI N G S , .

T he c r i t i c s c on c ep t i on o f t h s our c e s 4 ; m a k e s po s i t i v e a rgu
’
e ,
21

men t f rom t h i s qu a r t er u s eless w i t h t hem 5 ; t e s i mony t ,

21 t se

as i d e by t h ass u mp t i on o f i n t erpol a t i on s ; ob s er v a n c e o f t h
e e

r i t u a l d oe s t c er a i nly pro v e ex i s t en c e o f C o d e s t hough i t

no t ,

c on fl i c t s w i t h t h l a t e s t ph as e o f c r i t i c i s m 6 ; a t t i t u d e a polo
e ,
21

ge t i c s i mply pro v e h a t a d m i t t e d fa c t s d o t ex c lu d e t h e x
,
t no e

i t o f t h P en t a eu c h a l C o d e s B o c h i m G i d eon M a no a h
s e n ce e t , , , ,

217 ; J eph t h a h 8 ; B e he ] M i c a h sa c r i fi c e by o t her s t h a n

,
21 t , ,

pri e s t s fir s t c h a p t er s o f S amuel 9 ; c a p t i v i ty o f t h k
, ,
21 e ar ,
te
 C ON TE N TS .
7

form un d er S a muel ; S a ul D a v i d ; S olomon per i o d

,
2 20 , ,
22 1 ,
PA G E
a ft er t he s c h i s m ; a tt i t u d e o f t h prophe t s o f t h t
,
222 e e en

t r i be s wor s h i p i
,
h i gh pl a c e s 3 n ,
22 21
4
-2 2 6

CH A P TE R XV III .

T ES T I M O N Y
TH E EAR LY P R O PH ET S OF .

A r g ue only f rom boo k s who s e a n t i q i t y i a c k nowle d ge d by t h u s e

c r i t i c s ; v a lue o f t h i s t e s t i mony ; re f eren c e s t t h l a w o f J o

“
e e

ho v a h , 7 ; t h phrase ha s bo t h a ge n eral a nd more l i m i t e d

”
22 e

s en s e 8 ; i c er t a i n p ass age s i t mu s t mean t h M o sa i c l a w

,
22 n e ,

9 ; H o s v iii d i s c u ss e d 3 ; S m d a dm i ss i on s 3 3 ; ’
22 . . 12 ,
2 1 en s ,
2

re feren c e s t th r i t u a l d o t e s t a bl i s h t h ex i s t en c e o f t h
o e no e e

C o d e s b t on t h o t her h a n d t he i r ex i s t en c e c a nno t be d i
,
u e s

pro v e d ; a llege d a n t a gon i s m t t h pr i e s t hoo d an d c eremon i a l o e ,

35
2 b t t h u c eremon i ees oppo s e d a re t re a t e d t w i t h i d i ff no n er

en c e b t w i t h repugn a n c e 3 6 ; t h re c og n i ze d rel a t i on o f c ere

u ,
2 e

mon i e s a n d t rue p i e t y s how n e v en by e v i l d oer s t h prophe t s - e

d id no t i m t a bol i s h t h r i t u a l
a o 3 7 ; I s a xx i x 3 e t h f ,
2 . . 1 ,
e av or a

ble e s t m at e p t upon t h r i t u a l Amo s v 5 6 d i s c u ss e d 3 8

i u e ,
. 2 ,
2 , ,
2
,
2 2 7 -24 1

CH AP TE R XIX .

T ES TI M O N Y O F TH E P O E TI CA L B OO KS .

r c a l op i n i on s re s p e c t i n g th poe t i c a l boo k s Reu ss 4 D av i d i c

C iti e , ,
2 2

P sa lm s a cc or d i ng t H i t z i g a nd E w a l d t he i r s p i r i t u a l
o
p , co n ce

t i on s 43 ; d e d u c t i on s f rom t hem t h l a w re f erre d t

,
2
44 Z i on ,
e o, 2

t h only leg a l sa n c t uary re f eren c e s t t he P e n t a t eu c h

e
45, o ,
2 2 42 -2 46

CH AP TE R XX .

SE CO N D K I N G S XX I I AND N E H EM IAH VIII —X . .

A p i ou s frau d a ss ume d i K i ng s b t t h e as y s ubm i ss i on o f

n 2 xxu u e

oppo s er s un a c c oun t a ble 47 ; D eu t xx v i i i 3 6 why a n en t i re ,

2 . .
,

C o d e ? s u c h a f orgery w i t hou t a p a r a llel i t h Old T e s t a men t n e -

l i t er a t ure 48 ; K i n c on s i s t en t a tt i t u d e t N eh v i ii
’
2 u en en s -x
, ; o . .

t h l a w re a d by E zra
e t t h P r i e s t C o d e merely b t t h en t i re
no e ,
u e

M o sa i c T hor a 49 ; E zra s rel a t i on t t h i s l a w ; t h c r i t i c s

,
2
’
o e
’

hypo t he s i s lo c a t e d i a per i o d o f wh i c h no th i ng i k nown

n s ,

E ze k i el s progr a mme’
5 ; t h c a lle d D,
eu2t ero l i h1 t h e s o- -
sa a ,
e

ex i le s who fir s t re t urne d 5 ; s u c c e ss i v e s t ep s ass ume d by ,

2 2

t h c ri ti c s i
e t h f orm a t i on o f t h P r i e s t C o d e ; en t i re l a c k o f
n e e

po s i t i v e e v i d en c e 5 3 ; i n s uppo sa ble un d er t h c i r c um s t an c e s
,
2 e ,

2
5 4 ; t h s c heme i mpra c t i c a ble
e
5 6 ; t h ol d v i ew sa fe s t an d ,
2 e

be s t 5 8
,
2 2 47-2
5 8
8 C ON TE N TS .

C H A P TE R XXI .

D I D M O SES W RI T E TH E LAW S ?

W hat M os es expre ss ly s t a t e d t h a v e wr i tt en 5 9 ; t h t o f
is o ,
2 e ar PA G E
wr i t i ng po ss e ss e d by t h I s r a el i t e s i t h M o sa i c a ge s our c e
e n e ,

o f t h S em i t i c a lph be t 6 ; I s r a el s s t a t e o f c i v i l i z a t i on t t h
e a ,
2 0
’
a e

exo du s 6 or a l t r a n s m i ss i on o f law s 6 ; prob a ble i n f eren c e

,
2 1 ,
2 2

f rom t h wr i t i ng o f t h C o v enan t l a w t h D e c a logue a n d D eu

e e -
,
e

tero n o my t h a t t h P r i e s t Co d e wa s wr i tt e n l i k ew i s e 6 3
,
e ,
2 2
59
-2 6
3
 TH E M O SA I C O RI G I N O F TH E
“

PE N TA TE U C H A L C O D E S .

C H A PT E R I.

S TAT EM E N T AN D D IVI S I O N OF TH E S U BJECT .

HE subj e c t d e fi n e d b y t hi s t i t l e i s o n e o f v e ry
c o mpli c at e d a n d c om pr e h e n s i v e c h a r a c t e r E s .

p e c i a l ly s i n c e P e n t a t e u c h C
- rit i c i s m ha s b e c o m e p re

e min e n t ly h i s t o ric a l i n i t s m o s t a dv a n c e d l e a d e r s ,

t he s c h ool of R e u s s K u e n e n W e l lha u s e n a n d o t h e r s
, , , ,

— t he fi e ld o f inv e s t ig a t io n has b e e n s o e n l a rg e d a n d ,

t he v a ri ou s a r g um e n t s h a v e a s s um e d s uc h c ompl e x
r e l a t ion s t o e a c h o t h e r t h a t m or e s p a c e w o ul d b e
,

r e qu ir e d fo r a full di s cu s s ion t h a n w e ca n allow ou r

s e lv e s
. P e n t a t e uc h C ri t ic i s m ha s t o a v e ry l a rg e
-
,

e xt e n t , b e e n r e d u c e d t o a qu e s t i on of fa c t s A .

d e t a il e d e x a m in a t i on of f a c t s m u s t furn i s h t he b a s i s
u po n wh i ch a ll d e b a t e m u s t a t pr e s e n t b e co nduc t e d

b e t w e e n t he c o n s e rv a t iv e a n d d e s t ruc t iv e c ri t ic s O n .

a cc oun t of t h i s c ompr e h e n s iv e n e s s i t will b e n e c e s

,

s a ry t o d e fi n e our s ubj e c t t h at e v e ry thing wh ich

,

do e s n o t prop e rl y b e long t o i t or i s n ot vi t a lly co n

,

n e c t e d wi t h i t m a b e e x c lud e d a t t he out s e t
, y .

II
12 TIIE P E A 7 14 TE U CIIA L C
’
ODE S fll OS A IC .

1 W e d o n o t i n t e nd t o di s c u s s t he a u t h e n t ici t y c f
.

t he P e n t a t e uch b u t only t he M o s a i c origin of t he

C od e s wh ich i t c on t a in s The l a t t e r i s in d e p e n d e n t
.

of t he fo rm e r t h o u gh t he r e v e r s e m ay n o t b e t ru e
, .

B o t h qu e s t i on s a r e c on n e c t e d i n s o fa r t h a t t he
e s t a bl i s h m e n t of t he M o s a i c o rigin of t he C o d e s
.

woul d fu rni s h o n e of t he s t ro n g e s t a rgum e n t s fo r

t he a u t h e n t i ci t y of t he w hol e s in c e t he n a rr a t iv e i s ,

i n m o s t c a s e s s ub s idi a ry t o t he l e gi s l a ti o n a n d s e rv e s ,

a s i t s fr a m e w ork .

2 By t he p r e d i c at io n of M o s a i c o r igin i s n o t m e a n t
.

t h a t e v e ry s t a t u t e a n d r e gul a t i on i n p a r t ic ul a r ca n

b e prov e n t o h a v e e m a n a t e d from t he m ou t h of M o s e s .

F rom t he n a t ur e of t he c a s e s u c h p ro of c an n e v e r ,

b e giv e n N e i t h e r will i t b e p o s s ibl e t o S h ow t h a t

.

t he zp s zs s zn m v e r bn of t he l a w in i t s pr e s e n t form
’ ’ ’

d e s c e n d from M o s e s A ll t h a t w e i n t e nd t o m a k e a
.

poin t of in qui ry i s w /ze Z/ze r Z/ze bu l k a n d es s e n ce Of

,

l/ P e n i m e n e/za / Cod e s , i n f Z/ l/
‘
so ar as ze ze
ze y
e v i d e n ces f
O be i ng on e g r e n z sy s fe n z Of bea r
p r es s of NIOs a ze o The
r igin of e a c h
'

ze i m
i/ i/
ze a
g e .

i n d ividu a l p a r t m u s t b e e s t im a t e d by i t s r e l a t ion t o

t h i s s y s t e m a t i c wh ol e .

3 T
. h e qu e s t i on s wh e t h e r M o s e s prom ulg a t e d t he

l aw s t h a t p a s s un d e r hi s n a m e a n d wh e t h e r he c od ,

i fie d t h e m i n w ri t t e n fo rm s h o u ld b e k e p t di s t in c t , .

A b s t r a c t ly t h e y a d m i t of b e ing s e p a r a t e d H ow fa r .

s uch s e p a r a t i on i s s uppo s a bl e in t hi s c on c r e t e c a s e

will a pp e a r h e r e af t e r .

4 T h. e probl e m m a
y b e s t a t e d in a s om e wh a t d if
fe r e n t fo rm v i z wh e t h e r t he l a w b e t he imm e d i a t e
.
,

pro d uc t of divin e r e v e l a t ion c ompl e t e from t he fi r s t , ,

 D I VISI ON O F THE S UB/E C T I3

an d n ot a dm i t t ing o f d e v e l o pm e n t o r t he fi n al o u t ,

c om e o f a lo n g pro c e s s of grow t h of t e n t im e s ch a ng e d ,

b e fo re it p e t rifi e d i n t o i t s pr e s e nt form IS t he la w .

s oil a n d s e e d o r i s i t t he frui t of t he r e ligiou s d e v e l

,

opme n t of I s r ae l ? A ll t h e s e c on t r a s t s a r e n e a rly
s yn o nym ou s w i t h t he gr e a t a l t e r n a t iv e M o s a ic or , ,

n o n M o s ai c ?
- The form e r n a t ur a lly r e pr e s e n t s r e v e
l a t ion t he l a t t e r d e v e l o pm e n t H e n c e i t a pp e a r s
,
.

t h at t he uni t y of t he C od e s m u s t o c c u py a n impor

t a n t pl a c e i n t he d i s c u s s ion .

O ubj c t i of wid a n d i mp o r t a n t b e a r
5 . u r s e s o n e e

i n g s n o t o nly i n t he d e p a r t m e n t of C ri t i c i s m b u t a l s o
, ,

of A polog e t i c s It touch e s t he h e a r t o f t he C hri s t i a n

.

c on c e p t i o n o f r e v e la t io n C ri t ic i s m o n t he p a rt o f
. .

o u r O pp on e n t s ha s long s inc e l e f t i t s ind e p e nd e n t

po s i t i on a n d b e co m e s ub s e rvi e n t t o n a t ur a l i s t i c t e n
,

d e n ci e s It m a nif e s t s a S piri t of e nm i t y a g a in s t t he
.

v e ry m a t e ri a l upon wh i ch i t work s The i nno c e n t .

l i t e r a ry as p e c t of t he qu e s t io n has b e e n lo s t : i t i s n o
l ong e r a m a t t e r o f d il e t t a n t e i s m b u t o f p r e s s ing a n d
,

pr a c t i c a l im por t a n c e whic h c a n no t b e c on fi n e d t o
,

t he l e c t u r e roo m s a n d s t udi e s of t he l e a r n e d b u t
-
,

cl a im s t he i n t e r e s t of t he C hu r ch a t l a rg e .

W e s h all e nd e a vo r t o a rr a ng e t he n um e ro u s qu e s
t ion s i nvolv e d und e r c e r t a in g e n e ra l he ad s a n d
.

c ho o s e t he foll owing s ch e m e
I . U n i ty of the Pe nt at euch al Co d e s .

A . U n i ty of t he laws i n E xo d u s — N umb e rs .

1 The l i n gu i s t i c an d l i t e rary a rg ume n t

. .

2 I nco m p l e t e n e s s of t he Co d e s
. .

3 S.y s t e m or d i
, s ord e r ?

4 C on tra d i c t i on s
. .
 I4 THE P E /VTA TE U CIIA I . C OD E S MOSA I C .

5 . R e p e t i t i on s .

6 .D e ve l opm e nt of law .

B . U ni ty of D e u t e ronomy an d t he law s of the in t e r

boo k s
’
0 [C a m e d i at e
3
.

1 D o e s a un i ty of re la tion e x i s t b e tw e e n D e u t e r
.

o n o m y an d t he C o d e s of t he m i ddl e boo k s ?

2 I f s o t o wh i ch of t he t w o mu s t w e as s i g n t he
.
,

pri ori ty ?
I I I n te rn a l evi d e nc e of t he Mo s a ic ori g i n of the P e n ta
.

O t e u c hal Co d e s
I
.

A I n t e rn a l evi d e nc e of t he Mo s aic ori g i n of t he D e u

.

t e ro n o m i c C o d e .

1 D i re c t t e s t i m ony of the Co d e t o i ts own ori gin

. .

2 I n d i re c t in t e rn a l t e s t i mony
. .

T h e fr au d th e ory -
3 . .

E I n t e rn a l evi d e nc e of t he Mo s aic ori gin of t he l aws

.

I i n E xo d u s N umb e rs — .

1 D i re c t t e s t i mo n y o f th e laws t o th e i r o w n ori gi n
. .

4 S imp l y Mo s a i c ori gi n c l a i m e d
. .

O C o d i fi c a t i on of l aw s i n wri t t e n form
. .

2 I n d i r e c t i n t e rn a l evi d e nc e
. .

III E x t e rn a l e vi d e nc e of t he Mo s aic ori gi n of t he P e n t a

.

t e u c hal Co d e s .

f
}
A The t e s t i mony of t he h i s t ori c a l boo k s J
. u d ge s , ,

1 an d 2 S a m u e l I an d 2 K i n g s ,
.

B Te s t i mony of t he e ar l y proph e ts H o s e a Amo s

.
, , ,

I s ai ah M i c ah ,
.

C Te s t i m ony o f t he po e t ic a l b oo k s
. .

D 2 Kings xx
. ii an d N h .e e m i a hv i x
i i — . .
 TH E L ING UIS TI C A E C DIME /V7 : I5

C H A PT E R II .

H I S T O RY OF TH E L I N G UI S TI C AR G U M EN T OF TH E CRITI CS .

H E c ri t ic a l e x a m in at ion of t he lingui s t i c c h a r a c
t e r of t he P e n t a t e u c h has b e e n c a rri e d o n wi t h a

d oubl e purpo s e M o b t a i n t he cri t e ri a fo r a n a n a

ly t i ca l di s t ribut ion of i t s c on t e n t s a m ong t he v a rio u s

d ocum e n t s whi ch c ri t ic s prof e s s t o fi nd ; O To fix .

l a t t e r r e s p e c t h ow e ver, t he li ngui s t i c a rgum e n t

"

t he ,

i s n o lo ng e r c o un t e d a s a d e ci s iv e f a c t or i t ha s b e e n
,

e l a b or a t e d for t he f o rm e r purpo s e t o s uch a d e gr e e

o f m in u t e n e s s a n d wi t h s u ch c on s umm a t e s kill t h a t
, ,

a t pr e s e n t i t c o n s t i t u t e s o n e of t he m o s t p e rpl e xing

ph e nom e n a fo r t ho s e w ho d e f e nd t he e s s e n t i a l uni t y
of t he P e n t at e u ch .

Fo r a j u s t e s t im a t e of t he ch a r a c t e r an d forc e of
t he a rgum e n t ,
i t will b e n e c e s s a ry t o e xhibit n o t
o nly i t s hi s t oric a l c on n e c t ion wi t h t he di s c ov e ry of

A s t ru c b ut al s o i t s logi c a l d e p e nd e n c e on t he l a t t e r
, .

The c ri t ic s h a v e gr a du a lly d e t a c h e d t he o n e from t he

o t h e r a pp a r e nt ly unc on s ciou s th a t i n d oing s o t h e y
,

h av e d e s t r o y e d t he v e ry b as i s o n whi ch t h e y r e s t .

W e m u s t s t a r t wi t h a r e c ogni t ion of t he v e ry r e
m a rk a bl e u s e of t he divin e n a m e s i n G e n e s i s a n d
t he fi r s t ch a p t e r s of E xo d u s . T he qu e s t ion wh a t i s
,
16 TH E PE N TA TE U CH AL C OD E S MOSA I C .

t he c a u s e of hi s c a nn ot b e ultim at e ly d e cid e d by an
t ,

in t e rpr e t at ion of t he m uc h di s cu s s e d p a s s a g e E xod , .

vi 2 3
.
, . I f w e und e r s t a nd i t i n t he s e n s e t h a t t he
n a m e j a h v e h w a s pr e vi ou s ly t o t hi s a b s ol u t e ly u n
known t o t he p a t ri a rc h s a n d I s r a e li t e s i t follow s i m ,

m e di a t e ly t h a t t he wri t e r of t h i s p as s a g e c a nno t b e
t he a u t h or of t he j e h ovi s t i c p as s ag e s whi ch pr e c e d e ,

u nl e s s w e t a k e r e c our s e wi t h Cl e r i cu s a n d o t h e r s t o
“

t he a s s ump t ion of a prol e p s i s w h ich h ow e v e r a s

, , ,

H e n g s t e nb e rg ha s s h own will n o t a c c o u n t for t he

,

f a c t s B u t w h e n w e t a k e t he p a s s a g e i n i t s o t h e r
.

m or e prob a bl e s e n s e t h a t Go d ha d not pr e vi ou s ly
,

r e v e a l e d t o I s r ae l t h o s e s p e ci a l a t t ribu t e s wh i ch c on
s t i t u t e him J a hv e h i t d o e s n o t f ollow i m m e d i a t e ly
, ,

th a t by th i s diff e r e n t in t e rpr e t a t ion t he in t e r c h a ng e

, ,

of bo t h n a m e s i s s at i s fa c t orily e xpl a in e d To S how .

t h a t t he wri t e r of E xod v i 2 3 d id n ot a b s olu t ely

. .
, ,

d e n y t he pr e vio u s kn owl e dg e o f t he n a m e j a hv e h i s ,

qui t e a diff e r e n t t h ing fro m e xpl a i n i ng h ow he a o ,

i n t e d wi t h t he f a c t s c ould h v u d b o t h n m
q u a , a e s e a e s

i n t he c our s e of t he s a m e w ork in s u c h a p e culi a r

m a nn e r .

I n f a vo r of t he form e r i nt e rpr e t a tion a t t e nt ion has ,

b e e n c all e d t o t he f a ct t h a t i n t he H e b r e w m ind
, , ,

t h e r e w a s a v e ry i n t i m a t e c onn e c t io n b e t w e e n t he

n a m e a n d t he n a t u r e of a t h ing ; t h a t t he n a m e i s
n e v e r a c cid e n t a l or a rbi t r a ry b u t t he e xpr e s s ion of t he
,

n a t ur e ; t h a t c on s e qu e n t ly n o t t o kn ow God a s t o hi s
n a m e J a hv e h i s e quiv a l e n t t o a n o t kn owing of hi s
,
-

n at ur e a s s uch a n d t he r e v e r s e N a t ur e a n d n a m e .

a re s o in d i s s ol ubly c o n n e c t e d t h a t w he r e kn owl e d g e
, ,

of t he fo rm e r i s w a n t ing a c qu a in t a nc e wi t h t he la t
,
18 TH E PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S III OS A I C .

n o t wi t h s t a ndi ng t h e i r agr e e m e nt i n pri n c ipl e s t ill , ,

wh e n t h e y c o m e t o a pply i t i n individ u a l c a s e s diff e r ,

wi d e ly Th i s s h ow s t h a t t h e ir ing e niou s e xpl a n a

.

t i on s h a v e n o t b e e n s ugg e s t e d by t he circum s t a n c e s

t h e m s e lv e s b ut by t h e i r own s ubj e c t iv e f a ncy i m

,

p o s e d upo n t h e m The v e ry grou nd s wh i ch s h ould

.
'

h av e in du c e d t he wri t e r t o c h oo s e o n e of t he n a m e s
in a c e r t a i n p as s a g e c a n b e s h own t o h av e e xi s t e d
for a n o t h e r p a s s a g e wh e r e t he o t h e r n a m e i s u s e d
, .

E v e n t he pri n cipl e of K e il wh ich i s t h at of H e ng

,

s t e nb e rg i n a r e fi n e d form do e s n o t a gr e e wi t h t he
,

f a c t s The w e a kn e s s of t he wh ol e t h e ory i s a d m i t t e d
.

by a m a n lik e D e li t z s ch H e c onf e s s e s t h a t a ll t he
.
,

ing e nui t y wh i ch K e il ha s e xp e nd e d on t he m a t t e r t o
e xpl a i n t he u s e of j a hv e h or E loh i m i n e a c h s ingl e

i n s t a n c e from t h e ir o r igin a l m e a n ing m igh t h av e

, ,

b e e n a ppli e d wi t h t he s a m e s u cc e s s ha d t he n a m e s
b e e n e mploy e d in e x a c t ly t he r e v e r s e ord e r B o t h .

D r e ch s l e r a n d K ur t z h a v e r e t r a c t e d t h e i r form e r
O p In i o n which w a s s ub s t a n t i a lly t he s a m e wi t h t h a t
,

of H e ng s t e nb e rg .

O t h e r s h a v e c o n s id e r e d t he pr e f e r e n c e of e i t h e r
o n e of t he d ivi n e n a m e s a s d u e t o t he p e culi a ri t y of

t he s p e a k e r s wh o a r e in t ro d uc e d by t he wri t e r Bu t .

t hi s e xpl a n at i on b e s i d e s b e in g u n s a t i s f a c t ory i n o t h e r
,

r e s p e c t s i s o nly a p a r t i a l o n e ; a s i t d o e s n o t a c c oun t
,

for t he s a m e ph e n om e non wh e r e n o p e r s on s a pp e a r
s p e a king i n t he n a rr a t iv e .

e ha v e a pp e a l e d t o m e r e a c ci d e n t o r t o a s t r i v
,

ing a f t e r v a ri e t y o n t he p a r t of t he a u t h or D e li t z s c h .

a d mi t s t he po s s ibili t y t h a t t he a u t h or of Genes is
c o uld h a v e u s e d bo t h n a m e s a l t e rn a t e ly a n d a d d uc e s,
 THE L ING UIS TI C A R G UME N T . 19

t he J ahv e h an d E l ohi m P s alm s as a p a r all e l -

He .

q uo t e s a l s o G e n vii 1 6 xxvii 2 7 2 8 E xod iii 4 a n d

. .
, .
, . .
,

o t h e r p a s s a g e s I nd e e d if a ll t he p a s s a g e s und e r
.
,

c on s id e r a t i on w e r e of a s imil a r ch ar a c t e r t h i s would ,

b e t he m o s t e a s y a n d s im pl e e xpl a n a t i o n B u t wh a t .

m ay b e po s s ibl e a b s t r a c t ly a n d e v e n i n a fe w a c t u a l
,

c a s e s b e c om e s highly improb a bl e n ay imp o s s ibl e

, , ,

wh e n t a k e n a s a t h e ory t o a c c ount for all t he p he

n o m e n a from G e n i I t o E xod v i 2
. . . . .

N ow if w e c oul d s at i s fy our s e l v e s wi t h o n e of th e s e
,

th e ori e s t he o t h e r e vid e nc e wh ich t he c ri t ic s cl a im

,

t o po s s e s s of a d iv e r s i t y of a u t h or s hip would h a v e

b u t li t t l e w e igh t I t i s of a s t ric t ly li ngui s t i c c h a r

.

a c t e r ; a n d h ow l a rg e ly t he s ubj e c t iv e e l e m e n t e n t e r s

i n t o a l l s uch a rgum e n t a ti on n e e d s n o s p e c i a l proof

, .

Wh e n t a k e n by i t s e lf d e priv e d of t he a c c om p a nyi ng
,

u s e of t he S p e ci a l divi n e n a m e i t b e com e s w e a k a n d ,

in c on cl u s iv e M or e t h a n o n e t o w h om t he in t e rn a l
.
,

li t e r a ry e vid e n c e of a n a ly t i c a l c ri t i ci s m ha s b e e n p r e
s e n t e d in t h i s ligh t has b e e n a s t o n i s h e d a t t he cr e
,

d u l i t y of t he c ri t ic s a n d t he e x t r e m e ly fin e w e b s o n
wh ic h t he ir s t ru c t ur e s a r e s u s p e nd e d B u t h e r e a s .
,

i n o t h e r c a s e s t he e vid e n c e i s cu m ul a t iv e a n d m u t u
,

a lly s u s t a ining .The s t r e ng t h o f t h e i r po s i t io n wi t h

r e g a rd t o t he u s e of t he d ivin e n am e s e n abl e s t he
c ri t ic s s e e m ingly t o j u s t ify an d comm e nd t h e ir a n a
ly t i ca l r e s e a rch e s t o a n e xt e nt a n d wi t h a s u c c e s s
wh i ch wou l d o t h e rwi s e h a v e b e e n im po s s ibl e L ong .

s in c e t r a c e s of a p e c ul i a r u s u s l og n e n a z h a v e b e e n
'

’
,

s ough t i n E lohi s t s e c t ion s s p e ci ally

, .

W e ar e t old t h at ru n s i r nh mm e m ns y a e t c a r e
,
, , , .
,

f avori t e word s a n d phr a s e s of t he E l ohi s t ; an d t h e y

 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S ZSIOS A I C .

a pp e a r wh e r e v e r t he n a me E l oh im a p p e a r s a s i t s i n ,

s e p a r a bl e s a t e lli t e s. Pro c e e d ing o n t hi s prin cipl e t he ,

c ri t ic s divid e G e n e s i s ; a n d t h e y a ll a gr e e as t o t he
m a i n r e s ul t s The b e a ring of t hi s s t a r t ling f a c t upo n
.

o ur qu e s t i on i s s e lf—e vi d e n t I f i t ca n b e prov e d t h a t
.

G e n e s i s c on s i s t s of a t l e as t two d oc um e n t s a n d t h at ,

t he wri t e r of e a ch ha d a pl a n in m in d t o c o n t in u e hi s

n a rr a t iv e un t il t he p o s s e s s i o n of t he H oly L a n d by
t he I s r a e li t e s t he s u gg e s t i on b e c om e s a n a t u r a l o n e
,

t o a t t e mp t t o a pply t he s am e t e s t s s o s ucc e s s fully ,

e mpl oy e d i n a n alyzing G e n e s i s t o t he s ub s e q u e nt
,

b ook s of t he P e n t a t e uch a l s o A n d i n a c t u a l f a c t
.
, ,

t he c ri t i c s cl a im t h a t t h e y a r e a bl e t o a s s ign e a c h

l a w o r C od e t o i t s o rigin a l d oc um e n t ; a n d as fa r a s
, , ,

a n a ly s i s i s c on c e rn e d in t he m a in t h e ir r e s ult s a gr e e
, .

W e d o n o t s e e h ow t he obj e c t i on s t o t he u n i t y o f
G e n e s i s o n t he gro und j u s t s t a t e d c a n b e a n s w e r e d ;
n e i t h e r d o w e kn ow of a n y s a t i s f a c t ory a n s w e r t h a t
ha s b e e n g iv e n a s y e t B u t wh il s t w e c a n n o t e n t e r
.

upon a d i s cu s s i on of t hi s m at t e r whi ch wo u ld op e n ,

u p a fi e ld of cri t ic a l r e s e a rc h s c a rc e ly l e s s e x t e n s iv e

t h a n t h a t of our own s ubj e c t w e s imply wi s h t o in di

,

c at e h ow cl o s e ly t he t w o probl e m s a re in t e rwov e n .

T he t r e a t m e n t a n d s olu t io n of t he o n e will n e ce s
s ar i l a ff e c t t h a t of t he o t h e r It i s o n ly wi t hin t he
y .

l im i t s t o which w e a r e c onfi n e d t h a t t he d e s t ruc t iv e

t e nd e nci e s of t he docu m e n t a ry hypo t h e s i s b u r s t upo n

u s i n t h e ir full ligh t O n e m igh t a c c e p t i t for G e n e s i s

.
,

wi t h o u t yi e lding t o t he c ri t ic s i n t he l e a s t wi t h r e
g a rd t o i t s M o s a i c origin B u t ho w c a n w e V i ndi
.

c a t e t h i s cl a i m if driv e n t o t he c onf e s s ion t h a t t he ,

hi s t ory of t he M o s a ic a g e i t s e lf ha s r e a c h e d u s in
 THE L ING UIS TIC A R G UME N T . 2I

two di s t inc t d o cum e nt s b e a ring t he s a m e d i s t inc t iv e

,

m a rk s a s i n G e n e s i s a n d t h e r e by proving t h e m s e lv e s
,

t o b e t h e ir c on t inu a t ion ? A n d n o t t o s p e ak of M o s a i c
Origin h ow a n d t o wh a t e x t e n t ca n w e c la i m uni t y
, , ,

fo r a C od e t h a t a pp e ar s t o b e m a d e up of at l e a s t
t w o s uc h d oc um e n t s ? It i s e as y t o s e e h ow much
d e p e n d s on t he a n s w e r t h a t w e s h all giv e t o t he s e
a n d s i mil a r qu e s t ion s I f i t s houl d b e c om e e vid e n t
.

t h a t t he e x t r e m e c on s e rv a t iv e p o s i t i on wi t h r e g a rd

t o t he uni t y of G e n e s i s has t o b e a b a ndon e d w e c a n ,

c o mfo r t ou r s e lv e s wi t h t he t h o ught t ha t M o s e s m i g h t
b e a f t e r a l l t he r e d a c t o r a n d in a m o d ifi e d s e n s e t he
, , ,

a u t h or of G e n e s i s
, The c ri t ic a l at t a c k d o e s n o t r e a ch
.

t he h e a r t of o u r c a mp I t i s d iff e r e n t h e r e The
. .

vi t a l p oin t a round whi c h c ri t i ci s m has m ov e d fo r

s e v e r a l d e c a d e s i n c on c e n t ri c ci r c l e s i s n o w m ad e ,

t he p oin t of a d oubl e a t t a ck a l ong t he h i s t ori c a l a n d

lit e r a ry li n e s Will i t prov e t e n a bl e

.
?

B e for e w e t ry t o a n s w e r th i s qu e s ti on it m ay b e ,

w e ll t o r e m a rk t hat t he hi s t ory of t he lingui s t i c

,
I

a rgum e n t i s n o t a d a p t e d t o in s pir e c onfi d e n c e i n i t

v a lidi t y It w a s c on s id e r e d from t he ou t s e t e v e n by
.
,

a dv a n c e d a n d r a t i on a li s t i c c ri t i c s wi t h d i s t ru s t a n d ,

r e s e rv e A p a rt from a fe w g e n e r a l ob s e rvat ion s i n

.

t hi s lin e by S pin oz a S i m o n a n d Cl e r i c u s ; a p a r t from

, ,

A s t r u c s t h e ory a n d t he s c a n t y r e m a rk s of E i ch horn
’

u nd e r t he pr e t e n t i ou s t i t l e Proo f from t he La w ,
“

gu a g e , Ilg e n wh o fi r s t i n t rodu c e d t he t e rm s E lo
,

h i s t a n d J e hovi s t w a s a l s o t he fi r s t t o poin t out c e r t a i n

,

T he m at er i a l for t h i s h i s t or i c a l s k e t c h h as been l a rgely d r a wn f rom K o

n ig :
“
D e i t i s a rae argumen t o e l i nguae l g i b
cr ca e e p tite us ( L e i pz i g
re e o .
”
,

I S7 9
22 THE P E /V TA TE U CH A L C OD E S III OS A I C .

p e c uli a ri t i e s i n s t yl e a n d e xpr e s s i on s a n d m e a ning of

,

word s ; e g t h a t t he E loh i s t a voi d e d t he u s e of pro

. .
,

n ou n s ha d a t e n d e n cy t ow a r d s r e du nd a n cy e t c I n
, , .

t he m a in the a rgum e n t w a s e i t h e r m e t by dir e c t r e f

,

u t at i o n o r a t l e a s t by t he C l a i m t h a t t he m a t e ri al s
,

w e r e n o t d i s t in c t a n d c on s pi cuou s e n ough t o j u s t ify

t he i nf e r e n c e of d iv e r s i t y Of a u t h or s hip a n d of s o urc e s .

The l a t t e r w a s t he pr e v a l e n t opini on a m ong s u c h

m e n a s H a s s e H e rb s t J a h n S a ck a n d e v e n E w a l d
, , , , .

I n 1 80 7 D e W e t t e d e cl a r e d t h a t he woul d n o t und e r
t a k e t o e limi n a t e t he origin a l s ourc e from G e n e s i s

a n d t he fi r s t ch a p t e r s of E xodu s by a pur e ly li t e r a ry

pro c e s s The a rgum e n t foun d n o m or e f a vo r wi t h

.

H a r t m a nn wh o pro n ou n c e d i t p e rilo u s a n d mi s l e a d
,

i ng S O l a rg e ly did t h i s s e n t im e n t of a v e r s ion a n d
.

d i s t ru s t pr e v a il a m ong t he c ri t ic s t h a t G e s e n i u s i n
, ,

hi s “
H i s t ory of t he H e br e w L a n g u a g e dis
r e g a rd e d t he cl a im s o f E i c hh o rn a n d I lg e n e n t ir e ly .

T he fr a gm e n t a ry hypo t h e s i s w a s i n n o wi s e f a vor a bl e
t o t he l i t e r a ry cri t i ci s m V a t e r h a vin g e s t a bli s h e d
.
, ,

a s he t h o ugh t by o t h e r t h a n lingui s t i c a rgum e n t s t he

, ,

e xi s t e nc e of v a riou s fr a gm e n t s e xp e nd e d n o l a bor on
,

t h a t wh ich he e s t e e m e d him s e lf fully a bl e t o di s p e n s e

wi t h .

I n 1 82 3 t he fou r t h e di t ion o f E i c hh orn s i n t r o d u c ’

t ion a pp e a r e d a n d wroug ht a r e m a rk a bl e ch a ng e i n
,

t he i n d iff e r e n c e wi t h whi c h t he a rgum e n t fro m l a n

gu a g e ha d hi t h e r t o b e e n di s mi s s e d or ign or e d G r a m .

b e rg work e d in t he l in e i n d ic a t e d by E ichh orn a n d ,

a n a lyz e d G e n e s i s H i s m e t h o d s d r e w t he a s s e n t of
.

D e W e t t e an d m a d e e v e n H a r t m a n n l e s s p e r s i s t e n t
,

i n hi s O pp o s i t ion ; t h ough t he l a t t e r c on t i nu e d t o
 THE LI/VC U IS TI C A A G UM E /VT ’
23

ch a r a c t e riz e t he li n gui s t i c c ri t e ri a a s f ez/ [a

”
I n t he m e a n whil e V a t e r s a n d H a r t m a n n s
'
' ’
e za .

c ri t ici s m ha d t h i s e ff e c t t h a t i t di s t r a c t e d t he a t t e n
,

t i o n Of c on s e rv a t iv e c ri t ic s fro m G e n e s i s a n d k e p t ,

t h e m o c c upi e d wi t h t he a t t e mp t t o prov e t ha t t he

l aw s of D e u t e ronomy d id n o t e s s e n t i ally d iff e r from

t h o s e of t he p r e c e ding book s a n d t h a t t he wh ol e ,

P e n t a t e uch w a s t o b e a s s ign e d t o t he M o s a i c ag e .

H e ng s t e nb e rg R a nk e a n d H av e r n i ck h ow e v e r e m i
, , ,

n e n t t h e ir a chi e v e m e n t s o n o t h e r li n e s m ay b e d i d ,

li t t l e t ho rough a n d c ompl e t e work in t h i s dir e c t ion .

D r e ch s l e r t h ough he found m uc h t o c ri t i c i s e i n t he
,

c ri t ic s from a form al poin t of vi e w di d n o t a s s a il t h e i r ,

m a m po s i t i on I n t he m a in c ri t i c s on t he c on s e rv a
.
,

t iv e S id e w e r e li t t l e c on c e rn e d a bo u t t he l i t e r a ry
w e a pon s wh ic h t h e ir Oppon e n t s w e r e h a ndling wi t h
s u c h d e s t ru c t iv e S kill a n d a gili t y H e rb s t t h ough t
.
,

i n 1 84 1 t h at he c ould di s mi s s t he m a t t e r wi t h ou t
,

di s c u s s i on ; a n d W e l t e t h ough n o t wh olly om i t t ing

,
”
i t con s id e r e d i t t o b e
, of v e ry s ligh t imp or t a n c e
“
.

O n t he o t h e r s id e i t w a s c h i e fl y S t ahe li n wh o a e c om
,

p l i s he d t he work b e gun by E ichh orn a n d ot h ers I n .

1 8 3 1 a n d a f t e r w a rd s i n 1 84 4 he g a v e t he lingui s ti c
, ,

ch a r ac t e ri s t i c s of G e n e s i s a th orough e x a m in a t ion ,

a n d t urn e d hi s a t t e nti on a l s o t o t he p e c uli a ri t i e s of

t he j e h ovi s t .To S t ahe li n s s t a t e m e n t s v e ry li t t l e

’

t ha t i s e s s e n t i al ha s b e e n a dd e d s inc e .

The y e a r 1 844 i n di c a t e d a m a rk e d c ha ng e i n t he
a t t i t ud e of b o t h p a r t i e s Ku rtz a ppl i e d h im s e lf t o a
.

s ub t il e e x a m in a t ion of a l l t h a t ha d b e e n cl a i m e d in

s uppor t of t he d ivi s iv e th e ory a n d in s t i t u t e d an a c

,

c ur a t e a n d s c rut in izing in quiry int o t he n a t ur e a n d

24 THE PE N TA TE U CH A I , C OD E S MOSA I C .

v a lidi t y o f t hewh ol e a rgum e nt at ion H i s e x a mpl e .

ha d t hi s go od e ff e c t t h a t h e n c e for t h b e li e vi n g c ri t i c s
,

n o l ong e r r e fr a i n e d from m e e t ing t h e ir O ppon e n t s o n

t h i s fi e ld a l s o ; t h ough i t m u s t b e a dd e d t h a t t he ,

b a t t l e t h u s a u s pic i o u s ly b e gun d i d n o t i s s u e i n t h e i r
'

f a vor The i n t e r e s t t h u s a w a k e n e d d i s po s e d b e li e v
.
,

i ng s ch ol a r s t o giv e t he m a t t e r a n unpr e j u d ic e d a n d
f a ir c on s id e r a t io n ; a n d e v e n K ur t z wh o ha d e n t e r e d ,

t he l i s t s a s a d e f e nd e r of t he u ni t y of t he P e n t a t e uch ,

w a s induc e d by D e li t z s ch t o j oi n t he r a n k s of t he

S u p p le m e n t a ri s t s .
( S e c on d e d i t ion of t he H i s t ory “

of t he O ld C ov e n a n t ,
B u t it a pp e a r e d t h a t
C ri t i ci s m ha d run a s y e t only h a lf Of i t s c our s e a n d
, , ,

c ould n o t a bid e l ong o n t he s a m e l e v e l wi t h m e n

l ik e D e li t z s ch a n d K ur t z H a vin g gr a du a lly w o n
.

th e i r c o n s e n t it n ow w e n t on t o g a in n e w l a ur e l s i n
,

t he c on s t ruc t i on of ing e n iou s hypo t h e s e s The l i t .

c r a ry a rg u m e n t ha d b e c om e s t a l e a n d c oul d b e l e f t ,

wi t h t he c on s e rv a t iv e c ri t i c s H u p fe l d a p p e a r e d
.

( 5 3)
1 8 wi t h h i s d e ni a l t h a t t h e J e h ovi s t h a d s uppl e

m e n t e d t he E l oh i s t ; a n d now n ot t he div e r s i t y of
b o t h b u t th e i r in d e p e nd e n c e of o n e a n o t h e r i m m e d i
, ,

a t e ly a b s orb e d un iv e r s a l a t t e n t ion It l ay i n t he .

n a t ur e of t he c a s e t h a t H u p fe l d t ri e d t o e s t abl i s h hi s
,

p o s i t ion n o t s o m u c h by lit e r a ry c ri t ici s m a s by

,

t r a c ing t he n e xu s of t he hi s t ory S in c e t he f a ll of
.

t he s uppl e m e n t a ry hyp o t h e s i s a n d t he g e n e r a l a c
,

ce p t a n ce of t he d oc um e n t a ry hypo t h e s i s t he l i n g u i s ,

t i c a rgum e n t c a m e if n o t in t o di s r e pu t e a t l e a s t i n t o
, ,

n e g l e c t a m ong t he c ri t i c s
, Th e n t he s c h o ol of
.

K u e n e n G r a f a n d W e llha u s e n wi t h i t s r e vi v a l of t he
, , ,

h i s t oric a l m e th od s of G e org e V a t k e an d R e u s s t ook

, , ,
 26 TH E PE N TA TE UCH A I . C OD E S MOSA IC .

m or e or l e s s s t rongly m a rk e d by lingui s t i c or s t yli s t i c

p e c u li a ri t i e s The qu e s t i on i s n o t wh e t h e r t he pro
.

c e s s a dmi t s of b e in g m a d e pl a u s ibl e by a pp a r e n t ly
s t riking r e s ul t s b u t w h e t h e r i t b e n e c e s s a ry or a t
, ,

l e a s t n a t ur a l o n a p r zo z z c on s id e r a t i on s W e migh t
’ '

f
, .

t a k e a c h a p t e r or po e m of a n y o n e a u t h or s un d e r ,

o u t a p a g e n o t e t he s t rikin g e xpr e s s i on s t h e n e x a m
“

, ,

i n e t he o t h e r p a r t s of t he w ork c ombi n e a ll t he ,

p as s ag e s wh e r e t he s a m e t e rm s a pp e a r giv e t h e m ,

t he n a m e of a d o c um e n t a n d fi n a lly d e cl a r e t h a t a ll
,

t he r e s t c o n s t i t u t e s a s e c ond d oc um e n t a n d t h a t t he
,

t w o w e r e in t e rwov e n by t he h a nd of a r e d a c t or s o a s

t o form n ow a n a pp a r e n t u ni t y O u r fi r s t d e m a nd
.
,

t h e r e for e i s t h a t t he c ri t i c a l a n aly s i s s h a ll r e s t o n a
,

s olid found a t i on a n d s h o w i t s c r e d e n t i a l s b e for e h a nd

, .

S o long a s t hi s rul e i s n o t s t ri c t ly ob s e rv e d t he a n a ,

ly t i ca l m e t h od s will b e O p e n t o t he c riti c i s m of h a vi ng
c r e a t e d t h e i r o w n cri t e ri a ; s o t h a t i t i s n o w ond e r if ,

i n t he e n d t h e y s e e m t o b e v e ri fi e d by c on s i s t e n t o r
e v e n pl a u s ibl e r e s ul t s I f w e fi r s t f a b ri c a t e ou r c ri
.

t e ri a s o a s t o s u i t t he ph e nom e n a und e r c on s i d e r a t i on ,

i t i s n o l ong e r a s t a r t li n g f a c t wh e n t h e s e ph e n om e n a
a f t e rw a rd s a pp e a r t o f a ll i n wi t h ou r c ri t i c a l c a n on s .

2. A di r e c t i nf e re n c e from t he prin ci pl e j u s t s t a t e d
i s t h a t t he a rgu m e n t from s t yl e a n d d ic t io n ha s
,

n o in d e p e nd e n t v a lu e u nl e s s t he di ff e r e n c e s b e s o
,

m a rk e d a n d i n s uc h a d e gr e e irr e c on cil a bl e wi t h u ni t y
,

of a u t h or s h ip t h at t h e y i m pr e s s a n y r e a d e r of ordin a ry
,

d i s crim i n a t ing li t e ra ry t a s t e a t fi r s t S igh t T o a rg u e .

fro m a fe w b a r e ph r a s e s a n d i s ol a t e d w ord s i s s imply

a b s u rd. T he e v i d e nc e if i t b e v a l id a t a ll m u s t b e a r
, ,

o u t t he li t e r a ry idi o s yn c r a s y of t he a u t hor : i t mu s t
 TIIE L ING UIS TI C A A G UAIE N T
’
. 27

n ot o nly b e c ompl e t e a n d m a nifold b u t c on s t i t u t e ,

o n e c ogn a t e wh ol e W e d o n o t b e li e v e t h a t in t he
.
,

ligh t of t hi s c a n on t he r e s ul t s of c ri t ic a l a n a ly s i s
,

wil l s t a nd v e ry f a vor a bly F o r c e n t uri e s a n d c e n t uri e s

.

t he pr e t e n d e d di ff e r e n c e s w e r e n o t di s c ov e r e d which ,

i s a d e f a e ze proof t h a t t h e y a r e n ot of s uch a n a t ur e
‘

as ma b e rightly d e m a nd e d f or ind e p e nd e n t a rgu

y
m e n t a t io n .

3 B e for e a f a i r c o n clu s i on ca n b e r e a c h e d w e
.
,

m u s t e limi n a t e t he i n flu e n c e wh i c h t he d iv e r s i t y of
s ubj e c t m a t t e r will a lw a y s h a v e on b o t h di c t ion a n d
-

s t yl e .L e g al la ngu a g e c on s t i t u t e s a g e nu s by i t s e lf ,

a n d ca n b e j udg e d only by i t s own c h a r a c t e ri s t i c s .

F ur t h e rm o re i t i s a dm i t t e d o n bo t h S i d e s t h a t t he
,

E lohi s t wro t e o r C opi e d p ri e s t ly ri t u a l la w ; wh il s t t he

,

J e h ovi s t l e gi s l at io n i s ch i e fly c on c e rn e d wi t h l aying
d ow n t he fund a m e nt a l pri n c ipl e s of c ivi l l if e N ow .
,

i t i s s e l f e vid e nt t h a t t he s a m e a ut h or wri t ing on b o t h

-
,

l in e s would b e o blig e d t o u s e a diff e r e n t t e rm inology

,

in e a c h c a s e The ri t u al ha s i t s own i d e as a n d c on
.

c e p t i o n s fo r whi c h c e r t a in word s a r e e xclu s iv e ly e m

,

pl oy e d ; a n d s o wi t h c ivil l aw The i d i om of n e i t h e r
.

can b e e xp e c t e d t o r e a pp e a r i n t he o t h e r
- O nly wh e n
.

t w o l a w s t r e a t o f t he s a m e t opi c a n d a n a c t u a l div e r
,

s it
y a s d e fi n e d in t h e pr e c e ding p a r a gr a ph e xi s t s ,

c a n w e d r a w a v a l id inf e r e n c e of div e r s i t y of a u t h or

s h ip .

4
. D u e imp or t a n c e m u s t lik e wi s e b e a t t ach e d t o

t he c on t e xt a n d t he s i t u a t ion i n whi c h t he a ll e g e d
p e culi a ri t i e s a pp e a r Th at t h e y r e c u r i n c e r t a i n p a s
.

s a g e s c a n n o t b e t a k e n a s pro of t h a t t h e s e t og e t h e r

for m a s e p a r a t e docum e n t O n t he c on t r a ry t he
"

.
,
28 TH E PE NTA TE U CH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

as s r t io n will s t a nd u nprov e d s o l ong a s it i s po s s ibl e

e

th a t o t h e r in fl u e nc e s m a y h a v e c a u s e d t he a pp e a r
a n c e of s uc h c h ara c t e ri s t i c e xpr e s s i on s i n a ll in s t a n c e s

u nd e r c on s id e r a ti on W e h a v e n o right t o lim i t t he
.

wri t e r s in t h e i r s e l e c t i o n of ph r as e s o r t o c on fi n e ,

t h e m t o t he u s e of o n e s e t of w ord s N e i t h e r c an .

t he privil e g e of e mpl oying s yn onym e s b e d e n i e d t h e m .

T h e y m ay c on s ul t t h e i r s ubj e c t iv e t a s t e wh ic h i s ,

a lw a y s m or e o r l e s s fl u c t u a t i ng h a v e r e g a rd t o rhy t h m
,

i n t he c o n s t ru c t io n o f th e i r s e n t e n c e s a n d in m a ny ,

w a y s b e in fl u e n c e d by wh at t h e y t h in k condu c i v e t o
f uln e s s a n d e l e g a n c e of di c t i o n Wh a t t he c ri t i c s
.

m u s t S h o w i s t h at o n e cl a s s of ph e no m e n a t e s t ifi e s
,

t o s u ch a d e v e l op e d t a s t e i n gr a mm a r a n d s tyl e as

wo uld r e n d e r t he o t h e r cl a s s of ph e n om e n a i n s u p
p o s a bl e i n t he s a m e wri t e r A n d S i n c e i t i s n ot p o s
.

s ibl e i n V i e w of ou r p a r t i al a c qu a in t a n c e wi t h t he
,

H e br e w t o d e t e rmi n e by wh a t c on s id e r a ti on s t he
,

wri t e r m ay h a v e b e e n l e d i n t he u s e of hi s v o ca b u
l a ry o r t he s h a ping o f hi s s e n t e n c e s w e m u s t i n s i s t
, ,

upon i t t h a t t he c ri t i c s o n t h e i r p a r t S h ow t he i m
,

p o s s ib ili t y t h at s u c h c a u s e s s h o uld h av e b e e n a t w ork

a s m igh t a cc oun t for t he f a c t s c on s i s t e n t ly wi t h uni t y

of a u t h o r s h ip W e m u s t c on t i nu a lly r e m e mb e r t ha t
.
,

i n t hi s wh ol e m a t t e r t he b urd e n o f proof l i e s o n t he
ot h er s ide .

5 T
. he c ri t ic s c o n s t a n t ly in dulg e i n c e rt a i n f a vori t e

pr a c t ic e s whi ch s t rongly t e nd t o d e s t roy a n y t h ing

obj e c t iv e i n t h e ir a rgum e n t O n e of t h e s e i s t o t a k e
.

a s ingl e v e r s e or h a lf a v e r s e o r e v e n a s m all e r por

, ,

t ion s t ill o u t of i t s n a t ur a l c on n e c t ion a n d a t t a c h i t

, ,

t o a s e c t ion f rom wh ic h i t i s r e m o t e ly s e p a r a t e d for ,

 THE L ING UIS TI C A R G UME N T 29

t he s impl e r e a s on t h a t it do e s n ot c onform t o t h e i r
li t e r a ry c a non s The m e t hod lo ok s v e ry innoc e n t
.
,

but i s a t b o t t om e x t r e m e ly d e c e p t iv e i n a t wofold
a s p e ct : a It b e g s t he q u e s tion for t hu s a l l t r a c e s
—
.
,

o f a n E loh i s t i c zs n s l og n e n a z m a b e e limin a t e d from

’
’
g y
J e h o v i s t i c s e ct i on s a n d t he r e v e r s e ; if t hi s b e allow e d ,

t he a rgum e nt migh t a s w e ll b e g i v e n up 6 Wh a t
. .

t he c ri t ic s in r e a lity d o by t h i s m e t h od i s j u s t b y a
,

d e xt e rou s b ut s u s pi c i ou s m ov e m e nt t o t ur n i n t h e i r
fa vor wh a t i s in f a ct a g a i n s t t h e m Th at an E l o hi s
.

t i c ph r a s e all a t o n c e m a k e s i t s a pp e a r a n c e i n t he
m id s t o f a pur e ly j e h o v i s ti c e nvironm e nt i s a m o s t ,

p e rpl e xing di ffi cul t y wh i c h c a nn ot b e r e li e v e d by

,

d e c l a ring it t he r e s ult of a v a ri e ty of h an d s whi c h

h av e b e e n a t wo rk up on t he c om po s ition of t he Pe n
t a t e u ch. F or it i s a s ound c ri t i c a l a xi om th a t div e r
,

s it Of s tyl e a n d di c t ion ca n o nly b e v e rifi e d by a

y
c omp a ri s on o f l e ng t hy p as s a g e s wh o s e n s n s l og n en a i
,
’

i s e xclu s i v e . I s ol at e d e x c e p t ion al c a s e s t urn b a c k

u pon t he th e ory an d pro v e e x a c t ly t he oppo s i t e ; v iz
, .
,

th at t he c rit e ri a in t e rm ingl e wh i c h i s t a n t a m ount t o

,

s ayin g th a t t h e y a r e n o c ri t e ri a a t a ll . In e v e ry i n
s t a n c e i n wh i c h s u c h a m ix t ur e a pp e a r s c ri t i c s m u s t
,

l e a v e i t al on e ; a n d w e h a v e a right t o cl a im it a s
e vid e n c e o n o u r S id e . A n o t h e r pr a ctic e o f wh i ch w e
,

ha v e a right t o c ompl a in i s t he fr e qu e n t c a lli ng i n of

,

a r e d a c t o r t o d o a w a y wi t h t roubl e s om e f a c t s W he.

t he S i n a it ic D e c alogu e i s foun d t o c ont a in c e r t a in

c h a r a ct e ri s t ic a lly D e u t e ronomi c e xpr e s s ion s W e ll ,

h a u s e n i s r e a dy t o a s s um e a J e h ovi s ti c r e d a ction t o
a c c ount fo r it . W e n e e d h a rdly s ay t h at t o s u c h
,

c a s e s t he s a m e m axim a ppli e s whi c h w a s l a id down a

30 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

m om e n t a g o To u s t he r e d a ct or i s a s y e t n o living
.

p e r s on a li t y our b e li e f i n hi s e xi s t e n c e will t o a l a rg e
,

e x t e n t d e p e nd on t he e s t im a t e w e s h a ll p u t o n t he
,

cri t ic a l a n a ly s i s It i s v e ry obvi ou s t h e r e for e t h at

.
,

t o f a ll b a ck o n hi s my s t e ri ou s i nfl u e n c e for t he r e

m o v a l of di ffi c ul t i e s involv e s a n O p e n p e t zf zo
’ ’

,
 THE L ING UIS TI C A R G UM E Z VT E X A MINE D .
3 1

C H A PT E R II I .

TH E L I N G UI S TI C AR G U M EN T E XA M I N ED .

'

HEN w e t es t t he cl a i m s o f t he c ri t i c s b y th e s e
pri n cipl e s t he fi r s t qu e s t i o n i s wh at a p mom
, ,

righ t h av e t h e y t o a n a lyz e t he P e n t a t e uch a l C od e s ?

The m o s t pl a u s ibl e a n s w e r r e f e r s u s t o t he u s e of
t he div i n e n a m e s i n G e n e s i s i n c on n e c t i o n wi t h t he
‘

fa c t t h a t t he wri t e r s o f t he E lohi s t i c a n d J e hovi s ti c

,

d oc um e n t s ha d e vid e n t ly bo t h pl a n n e d a h i s t o ry
c ov e ri ng t he t im e fr o m c r e a t io n d o wn t o t he c on
qu e s t o f t he H o ly L a nd H e r e how e v e r a di ffi c ul t y
.
, ,

a pp e a r s The wh ol e b o dy o f P e n t a t e uch a l l e gi s l a
.

t ion f all s a f t e r E xo d vi 2 3 ; a n d s o t he b a s i s o n
. .
,

w hic h t he righ t o f a n a ly s i s w o uld r e s t br e a k s d ow n ,

i mm e di at e ly A nd a s t o t he pro s p e c t iv e f e at ur e s o f
.
,

t he E lohi s t i c a n d J e h ovi s t i c do c um e n t s t h e y a re ,

m o s t e a s ily a c c o unt e d fo r by as c ribing t h e m t o t he

re d a c t i o n of M o s e s w ho m ay h a v e c ombin e d t he t w o
,

s o a s t o form a r e a l u n i t y .

S t ill w e m u s t a d mi t t h a t t h e s e c on s id e r at io n s
, ,

w h il s t t h e y d e priv e t he a rgum e n t of i nd e p e nd e n t
Va l u e d o n o t e n t i r e ly d e s t roy i t s b a s i s
,
Th e r e c a n .

be n o obj e c t i on a g a in s t h e r e a l s o u s ing t he c ri t e ri a
furn i s h e d by a n a n a ly s i s of G e n e s i s wh e r e t h e r e ce r ,

t a i n ly e xi s t s in t he a l t e rn a t io n of divin e n am e s a n
, ,

a p r ze r z right t o a tt e mpt t he a n a ly s i s I f i t w e re
' ’

.
32 THE P E /VTA TE U CIIA I . C ODE S flI OS A I C .

p os s i b l e t o S h ow th t th y pp e a r a ft e r E x od vi a e re -a . .

2 3 wi t h t he s a m e
, , o r e v e n gr e a t e r fr e qu e n cy a n d , ,

r e gul a ri t y i n l e ng t hy c oh e r e n t p a s s ag e s whi c h a d m i t
, ,

o f a n e a s y a n d n a t ur a l s e p a r a t i on from t h e ir c on t e x t ,

i n t h a t c a s e i t migh t n o t b e e a s y t o d i s pu t e fur t h e r
t he cl a im s of c ritic a l a n a ly s i s t o t he wh ol e d om a i n o f

t he P e n t a t e u c h B oth K u e n e n H i s t kri t O n d e rz . . .
,

1 86 1 i p 8 5 ) an d D e li t z s ch ( G e n e s i s 4 t e A u s g
, . .
“
, .
,

p 3 0) p u t t he a rgum e n t on t h i s b a s i s A S w e S ha ll
. .

s e e h e r e a f t e r i n t he h a nd s of l e s s c a u t i ou s cri t i c s i t
,

ha s l o n g s in c e o u t grown t h e s e m od e s t b e gi n ni ng s .

A s fa r a s w e h a v e b e e n a bl e t o a s c e rt a i n t he fol ,

l owing word s an d ph r a s e s c o n s id e r e d a s b e lo n ging ,

t o t he E l ohi s t i c u s u s i og n e n o i of G e n e s i s r e a pp e ar
’
-
,

a f t e r E xod v i 2 3 Wh e r e t h e y a re n o t t oo n um e r
. .
, .

o u s w e s ha ll a d d t he r e f e r e n c e s
, .

-r or pi lg r i m ag e ) pa s s i ni in G en e s i s ;
1 .
0 1g;
1
( j s o o u r n i ng s ,

E xo d . vi :4 .

2 .
m mx ( pos s es s i o n )m e s b e fore E xo d v i 4 pa s s i ni ,
t en t i . .
,

in L evi ti cu s — N umb e rs onc e i n an E l oh i s t i c p as s age of D e u ,

t e ro n o m y xxxii 4 9 ,
. .

-5 M
w w
‘
d m ( i f /ze i i or
‘

n t n j i
‘
an fl n
'
S
3
' '
.
ca 1 v a t , , , ,

y o u r
g e n er a ti o n s ) f our t i m e s b e f or e E x o d v,
i 4 v i z G en . .
,
.
, .

v i 9 xvi i
.
7 9
,
1 2 p a s s i n i in t he m i ddl e boo k s
.
, ,
.

4 137 3 5 or
. 71933 5 on m h ( Of fe r Izi s li en or f/ zei r, , ,

s ixt e e n t im e s b e fore E xo d v i 4 nin e t i m e s i n L e vi t . .

,

i c u s four t i m e s i n D eu t e ronomy
,
.

5 m g . 0 1 1
) D g p ; ( i n i /ze s e if s a i n e d a
1
y) t hr e e t i m es -
,

b e fore E xo d Vi G e n V II 1 3 xvi i 2 3 2 6
. . t hre e t i m e s . .
,
.
,

in E xo du s x ii 1 7 4 1 5 1 ; fiv e t i m e s i n L evi t i cu s xxi i i 1 4
,
.
, , ,
.

( 712 p )
0 3 u 2 1
,
2 8 2
9 3 ,
0 ; onc e i n,
an E l oh ,
i s t i c p a
,
s sa g e of
D e ut e ronomy xxx i i 4 8 ,
. .
 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

1 6 .
71 3 1 1 n a g ( Oe f rai i f
f nl and mu l tiply ) , p a s s i i n in Ge n
e
sis, Le v . xxvi .
9 .

1 7 . mp0 ( g a i ne r i ng l og e tli er
) , Ge n . i . 1 0, E xo d . vii . I
9
Le v . xi .
3 6 .

1 8 . nu x
‘
( f o o d ) ,
four t im e s b e fore E xo d v i 4 v i z G e n . .
,
.
,
.

i . 29 , 3 0, vi . 21 ix 3 ;
,
. onc e in E xo du s xv i 1 5 ; twic e i n ,
.

L evi t i cu s , xi .
3 9 , xxv 6 . .

1
9 .
ivp a ( cr ee p) ,
an d wrj j ( cr eepi ng i ll i ng ) , p as s i i n in
Genes i s ; hre e t im e s in L evi t i cus xi 44 4 6 xx 2 5
t ,
.
, ,
.

D e u t e ronomy Iv 1 8 . .

The e m ph at i c re p e t i t ion of 71 mwi th : ( s o lze d i d )

20 .

2 p ,

onc e in G e n e s i s v i 2 2 s i x t i m e s i n E xo d u s v i i 6 x ii 2 8 , .
,
.
,
.
,

5 0 xxx i x , 3 2 43 XI 1 6 ; t hr e e t im e s in
. N umb e r s i 5
, 4 v i ii ,
.
,
.
,
.

2 0 xv ii ,
26 . .

21 The H i p hil o f 5 1 3 ( s ep a r a fe ) fiv e t im e s in G e n i ;
.
,
. .

onc e i n E xo d u s xxvi 3 3 ; p a s s i i n in L evi ti cu s ; four t i m e s , .

in D e u t e ronomy i v 4 1 x 8 x i x 7 xxix 2 1 ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
. .

22 19 ( m a le a n d f ei na l c) s i x t i m e s b e fore Exo d
; .
,
.

vi 4 viz . G e n i 2 7 v 2 v i 1 9 v i i 3 9 1 6 ; four t i m e s i n
,
.
,
. .
, .
,
.
, .
, ,

L evi t i cu s i i i 1 6 ( i x 13 st ) x i i 7 ( i x) xv 3 3 ( 5 3
, . D eut ,
-
,
.
,
. .

i v 1 6 ( m)
.

-
JP ( l a s s ei n é ly f tlze co ng r eg a zi o n f
‘
2
3 . l ze o o

Is r a el ) ,
Exo d . x i i 6 , an d
. N um xiv . .
5 .

24 .
~
gh ( a cco r d i ng to )onc e b e fore E xo d v i 4 v i z G e n
,
. .
,
.
,
.

x l vii . 1 2 ; t hre e ti me s i n E xo d u s x i i 4 x v i 1 6 1 8 ; twi c e ,

.
,
.
,

in L e vi t i cu s ,
x x v. I6, xxvii 1 6 ; t wi c e in N u mb e rs i x 1 7
.
,
.
,

x xvi .
54 .

5 2
( ) .in t h egi g ;
s e n s e of p e r s on p a s s i n i b e for e
s ou l ,
“
,

Exo d vi 4 ; in E xo d u s — N u m b e rs p a s s i i n
. .
,
.

26 1 ; ( s t r a ng e r ) t w i c e b e for e E xo d v i 4 v i z
. G e n xv ,
. .
,
.
,
. .

1 3 x xi i i 4
,
E xo d us — D e u t e ronomy pa s s i n i
.
,
.

27 B ri m ( S oj o u r n er )
. onc e b e fore E xo d v i 4 v i z G e n
T
,
. .
, .
,
.

xxi ii 4 on e e i n E xo du s x i i 4 5 Lev xxi i 1 0 s eve n t i m e s

.
,
. . .

in Le v xxv N um xxxv 1 5 . . . . .
 THE L ING UIS TI C IINE D
A R G UM E /VT E XA ZI .
35

28 . wing —
S; ( a ll fies /1 ) ,
p a ssi m in G e n e s i s ; thre e t i m e s
in L evi t i cus , xvi i . 1 4 Nu m . xvi . 22 xvi i i I 5 xxvii 1 6
,
.
, .

De ut . v . 23 .

2
9 .
n p g gj pa s s i m b e fore E xo d . vi .
4 ;
E xo d . xi .
5 ,
Le v . xi x . 20 .

30 .
n i n g wp
'

h ( a cco r d i ng l o f a m i l i es ) wi th s u ffi xe s , p a ss i i n

in G e ne s i s ; E xo du s N umb e rs pa s s i 7n —
,
.

exp i r e ) p a s s i ni i n G e n e s i s ; N um
3 1
p 33 ( .
,
. xv u . 26, 2 8,

xx .
3 ,
29 .

3 2 . wic e b
mmzj ( s l ay )e forf
e E xo d v i 4 v i z G e
,
n tx x n . .
,
.
,
. .

I O x x xv n
, 3 1 E xo d u s N u mb e rs p a s s i n i
— .
,
.

33 m j w (
. d e s l r oy ) in t he P i e
'

l an d H i p h i l s p e ci e s
p a s s i in
, ,

b e fore Exdd v i 4 pa s s i ni in E xo du s —D eu t e ronomy . . .

34 vi a
; ( g
. e l ) an d m a n
"
p a s s i ni,
in G e n e s i s ;

N um xv i 3 2 xxxv 3. .
,
. .

35 m y; ( . lza n d re d ) p a ss i i n in G e n e s i s ; p a s s i i n i n ,

E xo d u s N umb e rs
— .

a m p o w ( li ea r l e n n n zo ) fo u r t im es b e fore E xo d
‘
36
" v ‘
. .
,

vi 4 viz
. Gen 111 1 7 x v i 1 1 xxi 1 7 xxx i x 1 0 ; E xo d v i 9
,
.
, . .
,
.
,
.
,
. . .
,

3 7 4 3 17 171 wam 71 11 1 3 31 ( i nac s on l s lz a ll ée ca l f )

o , G en .

xvi i . 14 ; p ass i n i ,
Ed us — N umb e rs .

3 8 .
( s zcé s l a n ce
) , G en . x xxiv . 23 , xxxvi . 6 Le v . xx11 .

W e fin d a c c o rdingly th a t t hi rty e ight word s an d -

p hr a s e s i n all wh ic h a r e cl a im e d i n G e n e s i s t o b e ,

l o n g t o t he n s n s l og zce n d i of t he E loh i s t r e a pp e a r ,
-

a f t e r E xod v i 2 3 A t fi r s t b lu s h t he n ot i n c o n s i d
. .
, .
,

c r a bl e n umb e r m igh t impr e s s u s ; b u t a f t e r t he n e ,

c e s s ar s if t ing a v e ry s c a nty h a rv e s t will r e m a in

y ,
.

Th e r e i s m uch i n t hi s c oll e c t ion th a t c a nn ot s t a n d

t he t e s t of our pri n c ipl e s l a id d own a b ov e ( pp 2 5 .
3 6 TH E P E A/T A TE U CH A L C ODE S N OS A JC .

1 S om e of th e s e
. rm s o c cu r only i n G e n xv n te . .
,

w h ic h i s c onf e s s e dly a c h a p t e r of l e g a l c on t e nt s ; s o

th a t t h e ir r e a pp e a r a n c e in t he C od e s ha s n o t hing t o
-

d o wi t h E l oh i s t i c o r J e h ov i s t ic a u t h or s h ip The .

f a c t t h a t t h e y a re n owh e r e e l s e found in G e n e s i s
, ,

w a rr a n t s u s t o c o n s id e r t h e m a s l e g a l e xpr e s s i on s .

Th i s rul e s o u t n gpp ( b e s ides G e n xvi i

1°
only i n .
,

x xiii ( b id s G e n xvi i only i n xxxiv

‘2
. e s e .
, .
,

a n d t h e r e l ik e wi s e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o ci rcu m ci s ion
) .

-
? 113 1 5 3 wi t h s u ffix e s only on c b id
( G
“

9 p
1 1 e e s e s e n .

xvi i viz
,
vi .
, .

2 .L ik e wi s e w e m u s t e xcl ud e from t he l i s t all word s

t h a t o c c ur o nly o n c e o r t wi c e i n G e n e s i s s in c e i t i s ,

a n O p e n f a l l a cy t o c on cl ud e from s u c h fe w c a s e s t h a t

t h e y a r e E loh i s ti c Th i s a ppli e s t o .
( o nly i n

Ge n i t he e m ph at i c ph r a s e m ( onc 20
3
. .
ay
1 e ,

Ge n v i .
9.
5 (
7 4 on c e i n G
"
e n e
2
s i s xlvi i , .

( t wi c e XV I
, 3 x xiii .
3 13 17 4 ,
7
( only i n xxiii
.
0 1
2
1 9
1 3 .
2

8
( xxii 1 0
. xxxvii , Z J
P (
3
G e n . xxxiv 2 3
‘
xxxvi . .
, .

I n a ll s u c h c a s e s t he o c c a s ion a l u s e in G e n e s i s Is,

p rob a bly n ot hi ng b ut a p rol e p s i s o f l e g a l t e rm s .

3 .N e ith e r c a n w e a dmit a s ch a r a c t e ri s t i c t h o s e

w ord s wh i ch t h oug h p e rh a p s f r e qu e n t I n G e n e s i s
, ,

a pp e a r in t he C od e s i n o n e o r t w o in s t a n c e s a t m o s t .

It i s e vid e nt t h a t s u c h i s ol at e d w o rd s a r e n o ind e x of
s t yl e To t h i s c l as s b e l ong D j gn ( only i n E xod v i
.
’ l
. .

ai m E x od i N um xi v m m m m
”
( 7 . .
,
a . .

( L e v xx v i
.
(.L e v xix ( N um . xvii . . .

an d 252 1 3 4 an d e m u
( N um x v i 3 2 xxx v . .
, .

“ " o nly E x od
"
3 i t: y e t
? ( i n .

4 O u r rul e s t a t e d a b ov e und e r NO 5 p a g e 2 8
.
, .
, ,

forbid s u s t o a c c e p t a s c ri t e ri a of t he E lo hi s t word s ,
 TH E L ING UIS TI C A R G UME N T EX A MINE D .
37

wh i c h fou nd a l s o i n c onf e s s e dly J e h ovi s t i c p a s

are
g
s ag e s I n s t a nc e s of t h i s a r e M i n ( E xo d xxii 2 8
. . .

9 5 ; pp w 6
E xod xxi 2 6 xxxii G
'

(
"

(
3
. .
g ,
e n .

xvi I J e h o v i s t a cc ording t o S c h r a d e r K n ob e l
.
, , ,

K ay s e r D i ll m a n n ; xxxix IO J e h ovi s t a c c ording t o

,
.
,

S ch r a d e r K a y s e r D m ,
i ll an
,
n ) ( W S
( G e n xlvii
,
” I
. .

I 3 j e h ovi s t a c c or d i ng t o S chr a d e r K ay s e r )
, , .

5 O. f t h e r e s id uum a c o n s id e r a
, bl e n umb e r of
w ord s a r e s o i n t im at e ly r e l a t e d t o t he id e a t o b e
e xpr e s s e d o r t he th ing t o b e m e nt ion e d t h at i t i s ,

a b s urd t o c a ll i n t he in fl u e n c e of E l oh i s t i c s t yl e t o

e xpl a in t h e i r oc cu rr e n c e The t h ough t a n d e xpr e s

.

s io n w e r e in s e p a r a bl e s o t h a t t he pr e s e n c e of t he
,

form e r n e c e s s a rily invol v e d th a t o f t he l at t e r I f .

t he J e h ovi s t ha d fo un d o c c as i on t o c onv e y t he s a m e

id e as w e m ay e xp e c t th a t he wo u ld h av e e mpl oy e d
,

t he s a m e f orm s It r e m a in s only t o a s k why t h e s e

.

id e a s a n d co n c e p t ion s a r e p e c u l i a r t o t he E l oh i s t but ,

he r e a l s o t he a n s w e r i s obvio u s C ri t i c s h a v e a s s ign e d .

t he ri t u a l l e gi s l a t i o n t o t he E loh i s t e x c lu s iv e ly a n d ,

c on s id e r hi s n a rr a t iv e i n G e n e s i s as s ub s idi a ry t o
th is . It i s n o won d e r th e n th a t t he e xp r e s s ion s i n
, ,

qu e s t i on a r e fo un d n e i t h e r i n t he J e h ovi s ti c C od e n or
i n t he c orr e s ponding n a rr a t iv e W e b e li e v e t h a t t he .

a u t h or did n o t u s e t he m i n E x o d xx — xxiii b e c a u s e . . .

he did n o t t ouc h t he s ubj e c t s whi c h woul d h a v e giv e n

h im o c c a s io n t o d o s o The foll owing w or d s a r e of .

’
th i s c h a r a ct e r : i J n vfi o c curring only wh e r e t he d i s
'

t in c t i o n o f s p e c i e s i s r e f e rr e d t o ; a n d e v e n t h e n i t
i s n o t u s e d e xclu s iv e ly fo r t he E lohi s t kn ow s a n d ,

e m pl oy s t he s yn onym ou s t e rm nn nn awn h a l s o ( G e n
’

‘
.

v iii 1 9 E lohi s t i c a c c or d i ng t o H u p fe ld Kn ob e l
’

, , ,
.
,
38 TH E PE N TA TE UCH A Z . C OD E S MOSA I C .

S c hr a d e r) di ffi cul t t o s e e ho w t h i s word c ou l d
. It i s
h a v e fo und a pl a c e i n t he C ov e n a n t l a w The o nly -
.

o c c a s io n s on wh ic h t he E lohi s t u s e s i t a r e i n hi s a c
c oun t o f t he c r e a t ion of t he fl ood a n d i n t he l a w s of , , ,

food Le v xi Wh e n t he D e u t e ron o m i s t t r e a t s of t he
, . .

s a m e t opic he t o o e mpl oy s t he v e ry s a m e e xpr e s s ion

, , ,
.

nh iy H
wi t h a n ou n in c on s t ru c t ion ( of t e n follow e d by
- mm
Da ri a 15 a n d t he ph r a s e mm
,
a pp e a r

o nly a s s a n c t ion i n g l a w s t h a t c on s t i t u t e t he e s s e n t i a l

p e c uli a ri t y o f t he t h e o c r a t i c p e opl e s u c h a s ci rcu m ,

c i s i on t he p as s ov e r o ff e ring s e t c a n d a c c ordi ngly

, , , .
,

c ould n ot b e lo ok e d for in t he C ov e n a nt l aw whic h -

,

i s r a t h e r e t h ic a l a n d civil r a te s m e a n s t o c r e e p.
r
,

an d , i f t he J e h ovi s t n e v e r e mpl oy s t he w ord i t i s ,

s imply b e c a u s e he n owh e r e r e f e r s t o a c r e e ping

t h ing . I t i s s o li t t l e c h a r a c t e ri s t i c o f t he E loh i s t ,

t h at he hi m s e lf s ub s t i t u t e s f o r i t a numb e r of t im e s
t he s yn onym e tom ” The H i p hi l of 5 1 3 . is ev i 21

d e n t ly a ritu a l t e rm ( c omp a r e E z e k xxii 2 6 xlii 20 . .

, .
,

5 11 5 wapn f : Swan ) d e n o t ing t he d ivin e ly c on s t i ,

t u t e d diff e r e n c e b e t w e e n h oly a n d prof a n e “ “

.

H e n c e a l s o i t o c c ur s i n G e n i wh e r e t he v a rio u s . .
,

c r e a t e d b odi e s a n d e l e m e n t s a r e r e pr e s e n t e d as
cl a s s ifi e d a n d di s t i ngui s h e d fro m t he b e gin ning ac
c ord ing t o a p ri n cipl e t h a t r e gul a t e d t he pl a n of a
h oly C r e a t o r Of c o ur s e t he j e h ovi s t i c l e gi s l a t i on
.
,

i s n o t c on c e rn e d wi t h s uch d i s t in c t ion s .

d e n o t e s the phy s i c a l s e x d i s t in c t io n t o d e s ign a t e t he-

e t h ic a l p e r s o n a l i t y t he E loh i s t ch oo s e s i n v m an: a s
,

w e l l a s t he j e h ovi s t ( E xod xxxvi 6 Le v xxiii 29 3 8 ; . . . .

,

N um v 6 v i 2 xxx
. . . . A n d t he j e h ovi s t kn ow s
. .

71 9 9 1 al s o a n d u s e s i t oc c a s ion a lly ( G e n v i i 3
9 ,
. .
,
 THE L ING UIS TI C A R G UM E N T EX A MINE D .
39

J e h ovi s t a c cording t o S c hr ad e r K n ob e l ) 199 1 i n

, . 4
25

”
t he s e n s e of p e r s on :
“
A n e x a m in a t ion of t he
p a s s ag e s in G e n e s i s d i s cl o s e s t he f a c t t h a t t he word
o c c ur s a lm o s t e xclu s iv e ly (wh e n i t ha s t h i s s e n s e "

”
of p e r s o n ) i n c o n n e c t i o n wi t h n um e r a l s Th i s .

e xpl a in s fully why i t d o e s n o t r e a pp e a r i n t he -

C ov e n a n t l a w b u t r a th e r i n L e vi t i c u s a n d N umb e r s
-
, .

Th e r e i t d e n o t e s fr e qu e n t ly t he l e g a l p e r s on a li t y of
m a n t h a t wh ic h c o n s t i t u t e s h i m r e s p on s ibl e t o G od
,

a n d hi s l a w .H e nc e t he f r e qu e n t u s e of 3 v i) ; t o ‘

int rod uc e c e rt a in l a w s e s p e c i ally i n L e vi t icu s Th a t

, .

t hi s i n t roduc t i on i s l a cking i n E x od xx — xxiii i s . . .

p a r t ly a cc ou n t e d f or by t he g e n e r a l ( l e s s p e r s on a l or
i ndivid u a l) t e n or of t h e s e l aw s p a r t ly b e c a u s e as
, ,

K e il r e m a rk s i n m a ny of t h e m t he p r e dic a t e of t he
,

s e n t e n c e m a k e s provi s ion r a t h e r for t he O bj e ct t h a n

fo r t he s ubj e c t of t he a c t io n r e f e rr e d t o s o t h a t t he ,

c on s t ru c t ion of t he s e n t e n c e forb ad e t he e mph a t ic ,

p e r s on a l m e n t i on o f t he s ubj e c t by 3 -
3 1 a t t he
“

b e ginn ing .
11 8
9
7 3 5 i n c on s t ruc t ion i s n ot c ha ra c t e r
,

i s t i c of t he E lohi s t ; s in c e he u s e s t he a b s olu t e s t a t e
j u s t a s fr e qu e n t ly a n d t he j e h ovi s t i c l e gi s l a t ion ha d
,

n o oc c a s io n t o e m pl oy th i s n um e r a l The e xpr e s .

s ion s W W ; U 6 an d W 3 ; 0 ; ar e n o t e n t ir e ly s n o n
P (
‘
D
y y
m ou s wi t h t he j e h ovi s t i c m a I n t he l a t t e r t he
.
,

i d e a of a c ov e n a n t m a d e with s a c rifi c e i s r e nd e r e d
prom i n e n t a n d t he c oncu rr e n c e of t w o p a r t i e s e m
,

h i d c omp r P 1 whil i n 0 m an d
p a s z e ( a e S . . s t
p ,

“D B 0 3 t he f a c t i s brough t o u t t h a t t he c ov e n a n t
1 »
,

’
r e l at ion s pring s from G od s fr e e gr a c e ; t h a t he
s t o op s t o m a n a n d es t a bl i s /
,
ze s hi s c ov e n a n t a m ong s t

m e n wh o c o uld n ot a dv a n c e t o m e e t him
,
It i s .
40 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

quit e n a t ur a l t h e r e fo r e t h a t i n E xod xx — xxiii t he

, , . . .
,

-
phr a s e 11 13 m 3 s h oul d r e p e a t e d ly o c c ur (xxiii 3 2
1
.
,

xxiv 8 ; c om p a r e a l s o xxxiv
. s i nc e a c c or d ing t o .
,

xxiv 4 5 t he S in a i t i c c ov e n a n t w a s s ol e m nly c o n
.
, ,

t r a c t e d wi t h t he off e ri ng up of s a c rifi c e s m n x oc c ur s .
2

o nly s i x t im e s ou t s i d e of t he P e n t a t e u ch a n d J o s h u a ,

if w e e xc e p t E z e k xl xlviii wh e r e i t i s in fr e qu e n t
— . . .
,

use . N um xxxii 2 2 wh ic h S ch r a d e r a n d K ay s e r
. .
,

a s s ign t o t he j e h o vi s t s h ow s t h a t t he w ord d o e s n o t ,

b e lon g e xcl u s iv e ly t o t he E loh i s t i c dic t i on It d e .

n ot e s p e rm a n e n t a n d fi rmly h e l d prop e r t y i n c on t r as t ,

wi t h t he un s e t t l e d n o m a di c lif e of t he p a t ri a rch s a n d
,

t he I s r a e li t e s i n t he d e s e r t Thi s e xpl a in s i t s d i s a p .

ra n ce fro m t he c om m on l a ngu a g e a f t e r t he con

p e a

u e s t o f C a n aa n a n d i t s r e s um p t ion by E z e ki e l w ho
q , ,

w ro t e d uring t he c a p t ivi t y A s a prop e r n a m e w e .

,

fi n d i t in G e n xxvi 2 6 a p as s a g e whi c h S ch r a d e r a n d
. .
,

K a y s e r giv e t o t he j e h ovi s t 71 m Di n a pp e a r s .
‘

t w e lv e t im e s i n t he P e n t a t e u ch ; i n e a c h of t h e s e

c a s e s it s e r v e s t o m a rk out t he a c cur a t e d a t e of a
,

m om e n t ou s e v e n t : G e n v i i I 3 N o a h s e n t e rin g t he . .
,
’

ark ; xvi i 2 3 2 6 t he fi r s t ci rcum ci s io n ; E xod x i i

.
, , . .

17 , 4 1 5 1 t he, e x odu s, fro m E gyp t ; L e v X xiii 1 4 . .

,

t he s e c o n d d ay of M a z z o t h ; v e r 2 1 t he f e a s t o f .
,

w e e k s ; v e r 2 8 2 9 3 0 t he d ay of a t on e m e n t ; D e u t
.
, , , .

’
xxxii 4 8 t he a n n o unc e m e n t of M o s e s d e a t h
.
, .

It i s a n e xc e e dingly s m a ll grou p t o wh ic h t he ho s t
of s a t e lli t e s m a r s h all e d by t he c ri t ic s ha s th u s
“

gr a d u a lly dwi ndl e d d own Th r e e wo rd s only 715 3 1 8

.
, 3
1

t he H i p hi l of 15 3 9 a n d fi lm h a v e n ot found an
“

e xpl a n a t i on The l a s t t w o a r e found only on c e i n

.

t he L e vi t i c a l c od e t he fi r s t o n e t wic e The Q al , .
 42 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

d oes use a im il a r ph r a s e h ow e v e r i n E xod xxii 3 0

s , , . .

( ) viz wj W415 (lzoly m e n )

”
Wh a t i s t o b e t h ough t
3 1
p .
, .

o f E l oh i s t i c w or d s whi c h d o n o t o c cu r e v e n o n c e i n

t he wh ol e b ook o f L e vi t i cu s s u ch a s fl i ng }; (lzos cs ) , ,

D tog tg
‘
i
(j g
u d m e n t s ) ? o r o f W m; w hi ch a p
p e a r s o nly i n l a w s of inj ury d on e t o a n e ighb o r ,

wh il s t m or e ov e r t he E lohi s t e mploy s t he s y n o n y
, ,

m o u s 13 14) a n d It“ I n c om m o n wi t h t he j e h ovi s t j u s t a s

w e ll ? B e s id e s fi rs) t he O l d T e s t a m e n t kn ow s
“
t

”
n o o t h e r w ord f o r n a t iv e of t he l a n d ; a n d s o w e
wi ll h av e t o h ol d t h a t i t s a b s e n c e i n t he J e h ovi s t ha s
n o f u r t h e r c a u s e t h a n a w a n t o f oc c a s io n t o u s e i t .

I t i s u s e l e s s t o c oll e ct he r e a ll t he p r e t e nd e d e v i
d e n c e of t h i s a n d lik e c h a r a ct e r e xc e p t i n s o fa r a s ,

i t m igh t furn i s h a n a p t ill u s t r at i on of t he e a s e w i t h

wh i c h s om e c ri t i c s m a k e t he t r a n s i t io n from provin g
a t h e o ry t o a pplyi n g i t a l l t he w hil e forg e t t in g t h a t ,

t h e i r a ppli c a t i on a s i t r e s u l t s in a r e d n cci o a d n os i m
, _

d n i n i n s t e a d of for t ifyi n g pr a ct i c a lly w e a k e n s a ll

, , ,

t he p r e vi ou s e vid e n c e .

W e n o w t urn t o t he J e h ovi s t i c p a rt of t he M o s a i c
C o d e The p a s s a g e s E x o d xii 24 7
.
— 2 xiii
, 3
— 1 0 1 1 . .
, .
,

1 6 a r e a s s ign e d t o i t by K n o b e l D i ll m a n n NOl d e k e
, , , ,

S ch ra d e r K ay s e r ( D ill m a n n a n d K ay s e r i n a ddi t i on
, , ,

xii 2 1
. H e r e a l s o i t i s cl a i m e d t h a t t he d i s s e c
, ,

t ion r e s t s o n s olid li t e r a ry grou n d s wh i ch w e s h a ll ,

ha v e t o e x a m in e .

F i r s t t he prop e r n a m e 0 3 1 1; (Egyp t ) n o t pr e c e d e d
,
7 1

by t he u s u al ( l a nd ) x ii 27 B u t n e i t h e r form
, . .
,

wi t h o r wi t h ou t V3 23 i s e x c l u s iv e ly u s e d by e i t h e r t he
,

J e h ovi s t o r t he E l ohi s t The form e r u s e s t he form .

with G e n xiii 1 0 (a c c ording t o S ch r a d e r Kn ob e l

. . ,
 THE L ING UIS TI C A R G UM E IVT E X A MINE D .
43

K ay s e r D i llm an n ) an d xxi 2 1 (a c cording t o K a y s e r)

, , .

a l s o E xod xxii 2 0 . The E loh i s t o n t he o t h e r h a n d

. .
, ,

e mpl oy s t h a t wi t h out V 31
5 G e n xlvi 6 — 8 ( a c c ording , . .

t o H u p fe l d K n ob e l S c h r a d e r D i l l m a n n ) :
, , ,

N e x t c om e s D WQJZ fl B (lzon s e of Oon d n zen ) xiii 3 4

‘

,
‘

, .
, .

Thi s i s u s e d only he r e a n d i n xx 2 a l s o four t i m e s .

in D e ut e ron omy B ut t he f a c t th a t t he ph r a s e do e s
.

n ot o c c ur b e for e t he e x odu s s h ow s t h at i t s u s e
do e s n o t d e p e n d o n t he s t yl e o f t he wri t e r b u t o n ,

t he int e nt i on of t he la w giv e r The r e f e r e n c e t o t he

- .

b ond a g e of E gypt i s urg e d as a m o t iv e t o fa i t hful

o b s e rv a n c e of God s c omm a nd s ; a n d of c ou r s e t hi s
’

, ,

w as only a ppropri at e i n s u ch l a w s a s dir e c t ly r e

m ind e d t he p e opl e of t h e i r s o j ourn i n E gyp t ( P a s s
ov e r M az z o t h Tr e a tm e nt of s t r a ng e r s a n d s e rv a nt s )
, , ,

a n d s uit e d e t hi c a l c o m m a n d s b e t t e r t h a n c e r e m oni a l

pr e s cript io n s wh ich w e r e giv e n t o t he p ri e s t s n ot

, ,

a ddr e s s e d t o t he p e opl e i n g e n e r a l .

J JN w i n n i li A bi b xiii l xxiii
( / )
‘
l
‘ ‘
z e i n o 4 ; a s o 1 5 , .
, .
,

xxxi v I 8 ; D e u t xvi I
. A c omp a ri s on of a ll t he
. . .

p as s ag e s will S h ow th a t w h e r e v e r a s p e cifi c d a t e i s
, ,

giv e n t he m ont h i s numb e r e d a l s o ; a n d wh e r e v e r

, ,

t he d at e i s l e f t i nd e fi n i t e t he m o n t h i s d e s ign a t e d by ,

t he n a m e A bib In a l l t h e s e pr e t e nd e d J e h ovi s t i c
.

p a s s ag e s t h e r e i s n o s p e c ifi c at i on ; a n d a c c ordingly
,

Of W e l lhau s e n s a s s e r t ion t h a t
’
A bib i s r e t a in e d .
,

t he cu s t om of num b e ring t he m o n t h s i n c onn e ct ion ,

wi t h t he a d op t i o n of t he S pring e ra w a s d e riv e d ,

from t he B a byloni a n s duri ng t he c a p t i v ity w e s h all ,

h av e o c c a s i on t o s p e a k h e r e a f t e r
mi n 11: 11s ( j elzo v a /z s w a re) XM L 5 1 1 xxxii I 3 , , , .
,

Xx x l l l I . But t he L e v iti c a l law cont a in s n o r e f e r

.
44 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C ODE S MOSA I C .

’
e n c e t o God s s w e a ring n e i t h e r i s it e as y t o s e e ,

a t wh a t o c c a s i o n i t c o uld h a v e i n t roduc e d G od a s
d oing s o .

The e n um e r a t i on of t he s e v e n C a n a a n i t i s h n at i on s ,

xiii 5 ; a l s o x xiii 2 3 2 8 xxxiii 2 xxxiv I I B u t it

.
, .
, , .
, . .

i s n o t m e r e ly t hi s c ompl e t e e n um e r a tion wh ic h i s p e
c u l i ar t o t he j e h ovi s t b ut t he i d e a t h a t t he I s r a e li t e s ,

s h a ll po s s e s s t he l a n d of t he C a n a a ni t e t rib e s He .

c onv e y s t hi s id e a wi t h ou t t he s a m e e num e r a t i on ,

G e n xiii 7 xxxiv 3 0 : i n E x o d xxiii 2 8 only t h r e e

. .
, . . .
,

t rib e s a r e m e n t ion e d Th a t t he id e a i s found wi t h .

hi m r a t h e r t h a n wi t h t he E loh i s t i s n a t u r a l ; S in c e
t he c ri t ic s a s s ign t o t he l at t e r o nly ritu a l l aw wi t h ,

wh i c h it s t a nd s i n n o w ay r e l at e d A nd e v e n if w e .
,

s uppo s e t h at i t w a s p e culi a r t o t he J e hovi s ti c do c u

m e nt in G e n e s i s wh at w o nd e r w ould t h e r e b e i n ,
’
M o s e s r e p e a t i ng t he ph r as e ? H ow d o w e kn ow th a t
he c a n n ot h a v e a ppropri a t e d s om e e l e m e n t s o f t he
di c t ion of t he d o cu m e n t s ?
tur n 3 5 11 m ; d l i i / m i l k n d non e )
( l a n
f o w n
g co l z a y ,

xiii 5 xxxiii 3 Thi s ph ra s e o c c ur s a l s o in Le v xx

.
, . . . .

24 . I n N u m xiv 8 S ch r a d e r i s oblig e d t o d ivid e a

. .
,

s ingl e v e r s e t o e limin a t e i t from a n E lohi s t i c c on

t e xt Thi s m u s t a cc ordingly b e giv e n up a s p e culi a rly

.

J e h o v i s t ic .

5 43 ; (q u a r te rs o r bor d e rs ) xiii 7 o c c ur s i n t he E lo , .
,

hi s t i c p a s s a g e s G e n xxiii 1 2 ; Nu m xx 2 3 xxxiv , . . . .
, .

3 6 xxxv 2 6 a n d e l s e wh e r e
, , .
, H ow t h i s c a n b e .

c all e d j e h ovi s t i c m ay r e m a i n f o r t he c ri t i c s t o d e t e r
m i n e The word o c c ur s t h rough ou t t he wh ol e O ld
.

T e s t am e n t .

beca u s e ) xiii l o i xx ss i in
( 8
"
143 11;
; a s x x
9 , 2 0 ; p a .
, .
, .
 YH E L ING UIS TI C A R G UME N T EX A MINE D .
45

i n G e n e s i s The e xpr e s s io n i s of fr e qu e nt o c cur

.

r e n c e i n t he Old T e s t a m e nt from A m o s down t o ,

C h ron icl e s I t i s a b s urd t o c a ll it t he p e c uli a r prop

.

e rt of t h e J e h ovi s t s i n c e i t b e l ong e d e v id e ntly t o

y ,

t he c omm o n s t oc k o f t he l a ngu a g e .

ar m i n l i i n e t o com e E x od xiii xxxii

( ) , 1 4 .
5 N um .
, . .

iv 2 5 xvi 7 1 6
.
, .
, .The t w o l a tt e r p a s s a g e s a re by
b o t h NOl d e k e a n d S ch r a d e r a s s ign e d t o t he E loh i s t ,

s o t h a t t he word c e a s e s t o b e c h a r a c t e ri s t ic a lly J e h o

v istic , M or e o v e r t he E loh i s t ha s it i n s om e wh at
,

diff e r e n t form fl j Q Q D Le v xx iii 1 1 I 5 1 6

,
, . .
, , .

Wi t h r e g a rd t o t he D e c alogu e ou r t a s k i s e as y ;
s in c e t he c ri t i c s a l l a dm i t t h a t t he c ri t e ri a o f J e h ovi s t ,

E lohi s t a n d D e ut e ron om i s t i n t e rm ingl e

, The s a n c .

t i o n a dd e d t o t he S a b b a t h c omm a nd v e r 1 1 r e f e r s -
, .
,

b a ck t o t he E l o hi s t i c a c c ou n t o f t he c r e a t i on A l s o .

t he phr as e twist”; 71 m: ( d o w or b) i s E l ohi s ti c Tm ” ; .

( i n M y g a t e s
) i n,
v e r 1 0 i s .D e ut e ron
, omi c W e ll .

h a u s e n c l a im s t he s a m e for t he w h ol e o f v e r 6 . .

WE L LIv ar; ( f r om z/ze lzou s e of bon d i n en ) i s j e h ovi s t i c .

The wh ol e D e c a l o gu e h o w e v e r f orm s a s t ric t un it

, , ,

a n d t he c ri t i c a l a n a ly s i s will n ot a pply To a s s um e a .

po s t D e u t e ron o mi c r e d a c t ion o r e v e n m odifi c at ion s

-
,

l a t e r t h a n t he fi n a l r e d a c t i o n of t he P e n t a t e u ch

( D i ll m a n n
) , s e e m s pr e c a ri ou s a nd i n t he h igh
, e s t
d e gr e e im prob a bl e Ev e ryb o dy w ho has n o p r e c o n
.

ce i v e d id e a t h a t t he P e nt a t e uch m u s t n e c e s s a rily b e

o f c omp o s it e c h a r a c t e r a n d ha v e gon e th rough a

,

s e ri e s o f r e d a c t ion s will n o t fa il t o fi n d in th e s e
,

ph e nom e n a a s t riking proof t h a t t he a u t hor of t he

l e gi s l a tio n e mpl oy e d wo rd s from t he E loh i s t i c j e h o ,

v i s t i c a n d D e u t e ron om i c v oc a bul a ry prom i s cuou s ly

, .
4 6 TH E PE NTA TE O CH /IL C OD E S MOSA I C .

T he p a s s a g e E xod xx 1 8 xxiii r e m a in s t o b e
, . .
—
.
,

e x a m in e d H e r e a l s o w e h a v e a n ill u s t r at ion of
.

c ri t e ri a in t e rm ingling o n a c coun t of whi ch t he r e ,

d act o r i s a g a i n r e s or t e d t o W e llhau s e n a s s ign s ch a p . .

xxi — xxiii t o J
. . D i ll m a n n t h ink s t h e y w e r e t a k e n
.
‘

by B ( W e l lhau s e n s E ) fro m a n o t h e r s ou rc e Wi t h ’

r e g a r d t o xxxiv 1 0— 2 5 D i ll m a n n t ri e s t o vindi c a t e
.
,

t he a u t h or s hip of C ; wh il s t W e l l ha u s e n a s s um e s a

Z e r zi u i n qu i d a n unkn own s ou rc e n e i t h e r Q n or j
‘

, ,

n or E from wh i ch t hi s pi e c e al on e ha s b e e n p r e
,

s e rv e d t o u s D i ll m an n m or e ov e r giv e s a s hi s O pi n
.
, ,

i o n t h a t t he wh ol e p a s s a g e xxxiv 1 — 2 8 i s o u t of pl a c e , .
,

i n t he pr e s e nt c on n e c t i on a n d s t o o d i n C origin a lly , ,

b e h in d xx 2 0 xxiv I 2 ; s o t h a t t he r e d a c t o r m u s t
.
, .
,

h a v e t a k e n t he twofold lib e r t y o f fi r s t s ub s t i t u t i n g
t he C ov e n a n t l a w s xx —xxiii fo r t h o s e found i n C
-
, . .
,

( n ow c h a p xxxi v 1 0 . a n d of a f t e rw a rd s u s i n g
.

t he oppor t u n i t y off e r e d him b y t he br e a c h a n d

r e s t o r a t io n of t he C ov e n a n t t o r e s um e wh at he ha d ,

fi r s t t h rown o u t It i s a lik e n e e dl e s s a n d u s e l e s s
.

t o foll ow t he c ri t i c s in t o t h i s l a byri n t h of d i s s e c t i o n s ,

t r a n s po s i t i on s an d i nt e rpol a t ion s by wh i c h t h e y
, ,

c ond e m n t h e m s e lv e s a n d fr e qu e n t ly e a c h o t h e r , .

P e rh a p s a doz e n o t h e r w ay s m igh t b e d e v i s e d t o
t r a n s form a b e a u t ifully c on n e c t e d p as s a g e i n t o a

m i s e r a bl e p at c h wo rk A c omp a ri s on of t he c ri t e ri a .

will s u ffi c e t o c onvin c e a n y unpr e j udic e d m ind h ow

impo s s ibl e i t i s t o p rov e div e r s i t y of a u t hor s hip o n
I
In nomen c l a t ure o f \V llh
t he t h E loh i s t i Q t h J eho v i s t JE e a u s en ,
e s ,
e ,

m a d e up f rom t w s our c e s j t h j a h v i s t a n d E t h s e c on d E loh i s t D i ll

o , ,
e , ,
e .

m a nn c a ll s t h E loh i s t A t h s e c on d E loh i s t B a n d t h J eho v i s t C T h i s

e ,
e ,
e .

l as t c orre s pon d s t t t h c ompo s i t e j eho v i s t o f W ll h

,
no o b t t wh a t he
e e au s en , u o

d enom i n a t e s t h J a h v i s t
e .
 TH E LIZ VG UIS TI C A R G UME N T E XA ZIIIZ VE D .
47

li t e r a ry ground s Fo r t he t r a c e s of B c omp a r e
.
,

D i ll m a n n E xod u s p 2 20 To C b e long a m ong s t

,
“
, . .
,
'

o t he r s fl § lj ( d i v i d e ) xxi 3 5
, ( ry )
c ,
xxii 2 2 ; .
N H , .

( bea s t o f t b e
fi e ld
) xxiii 1 2 ; n o t n i p s ba ll s u r e l
( , .
y
”

’
be p u t t o d ea t/z) p a s s i i n ; 3 1 (on ly ) x x i 1 9 5 2P(cu rs e)
, , .
,

xx i . 17 O f A w e n o t e t he followin g w o rd s : w ig) ;
.

( p r i n ce r u l er,) x xii 2 7 “J
, ( s t ra n
g )e r. xxii 2 0 ; N i“? , .

( d es t roy
) xx i 2 7 ;
,
0 1
2 9
3 3
1 .
Ht (
i s l a n d of gy )
E p t xxi 2 0 , .
,

xxiii 8 ; ps T13 13 (a ng e r bu rn ) x xii 2 3 ( i n G e n e s i s

.
f
, .

t he J e h ovi s t i s s a id t o u s e m m a s imp e r s o n a l wi t h ,

L
t he p r e po s i t ion 7) The s t a t e m e n t i n xxiii 1 8 ha s a
. .

D e u t e ronomi c c olo r .

I n L e vi t icu s c h a p xvi i —xx v i h av e b e e n p a rti a lly

, . .

d e ni e d t o t he E loh i s t E w a ld NOl d e k e a n d S e hr a .
, ,

d e r a c c oun t e d f or t he p e c u li a rity o f c h a p xvii i xx — . . .

by t he u s e wh i c h t he E l oh i s t ha d m a d e o f a n o ld e r
C od e Gr af a s s ign e d xvi i —xxii xxv xxvi t o E z e ki e l
. .
, .
, .
, .

K a y s e r n o t c o nt e nt t o d e a l wi t h t he m at e ri a l i n s u c h
,

s um m a ry w a in s t itu t e s a m a rv e llo u s a n a ly s i s
a
y ,

c a rri e d o u t wi t h h a ir s pli t t ing fi n es s e H e a gr e e s

-
.

wi t h G ra f i n c o n s id e ri ng E z e ki e l a s t he a ut ho r a n d ,

c on fid e n t ly c l a im e d i n 1 87 4 t o h av e s e t t l e d t hi s fa c t
b e yond t he po s s ibili t y o f dou b t Th r e e y e a r s a ft e r .

w a rd s h o w e v e r t hi s t h e ory ha d b e e n a lr e a dy s up e r
, ,

s e d e d ; s in c e Klo s t e rm a n n in s t i t u t e d a s t ill clo s e r

c o mp a ri s o n b e t w e e n E z e ki e l a n d t h e s e c h a p t e rs ,

whi c h s h o w e d t h a t wit h m u c h s im il a ri t y t h e re w e r e
, , ,

a l s o c o n s id e r a bl e di ff e r e n c e s i n e xpr e s s i o n m a kin g ,

t he v i e w u n t e n a b l e W i t h h im K u e n e n an d NOld e k e
.

a gr e e d ; wh e r e up o n t he form e r wit h W e ll hau s e n r e

v e r s e d t he o rd e r a n d d e c l a r e d t he c ha pt e r s o n e o f
,

t he e a rli e s t e xili c b o di e s o f l aw c o mp o s e d i n d e p e n d
48 TH E PE NTA TE UCH AI CO D E S MOSA I C .

e n c e upon E z e k i e l a s or t of b ri d g e b e t w e e n him a n d
,

t he P e n t a t e u ch a l C od e s Di l l ma n n s a y s e mph a t i c a lly
.

t h a t for al l t hi s t h e r e i s n o groun d i n t he c on t e n t s

a n d l a ngu a g e of t h e s e ch a t e r s wh ich he r e g a rd s a s
p ,

c ont a inin g v e ry old e v e n s om e of t he old e s t l a w s

, , .

The r e d a c t o r c ompo s e d t he c oll e c t i on from t w o

d i ffe r e n t re d a c t i on s of w h at D illm a n n c a ll s t he S in a
i t i c La w
”
t h e s e t w o r e d ac t i on s b e in g r e s p e c t iv e ly
,

t h o s e o f t he E loh i s t a n d t he j e h ovi s t .

W h e r e t h e r e i s s o m uc h di s a gr e e m e nt a m on g t he
c ri t i c s i t s e e m s s up e r fluou s t o d i s cu s s t he n um e rou s
,

d i vi s i on s of whi ch t he m a j ori t y m u s t n e c e s s a rily b e

wrong The gr e a t e r p a r t of t he p e c uli a r e xpr e s s ion s
,

s t a t e d by K a y s e r ( p 6 6 ) ar i s e n a t ur a lly from t he
.

c ont e nt s : s o me e xpr e s s i d e a s t h a t oc c u r only h e r e ;

s e v e r a l of t h e m a r e c onf e s s e d ly J e h ovi s t i c o t h e rs ,

E loh i s t i c ; t he wh o l e divi s i on i s a rbi t ra ry a n d pr e c a

ri o n s o n e o f t he m o s t s t riki ng p roof s t h at t he e ri t i
,

c a l a n a ly s i s i f eo n s i s t e n t ly c a rri e d o u t i s s u e s i n
, ,

a b s urdi t i e s .Of t e n a S ingl e v e r s e i s s und e r e d o u t ,

b e c a u s e i t pr e s e n t s t r a c e s o f t he E loh i s t A n d a f t e r
.

al l,
K ay s e r h im s e l f i s o b lig e d t o c onf e s s t h at t he
e lim in a ti on o f t he n e w s o urc e ( l a w o f
“

t h ough c on s t i t u t ing a c on n e c t e d a n d s om e wh a t c og

n at e w h ol e l e av e s t he r e m a i ni n g p a rt s in c oh e r e n t
,

a n d d e t a ch e d wi t h o u t a n y c e n t r a l id e a or guiding
, ,

prin c ipl e of c onn e c t i o n .

It m ay s t ill f urth e r b e r e m a r k e d t h at t he d e n i a l of
,

t he E l oh i s t o rigin o f Nu m v iii 2 3—2 6 ( K ay s e r a s s ign s

. .

it t o t he r e d a ctor ) d o e s n ot r e s t on l i t e ra ry c o n s i d
e r at i o n s ,b u t i s m a in t a i n e d i n di r e c t oppo s i t i on t o
t he d e cid e dly E loh i s t i c l a n g u a g e o f t h e s e v e r s e s ,
SO THE P E Z VTA TE U CH A L C ODE S MOSA I C .

s ch e m e s a t t he b a s i s of wh i ch l i e h i s t oric a l c o n c e p
,

t ion s t h a t w e ca n n e v e r m a k e o ur own
,
. The cri t
i c s m ay j ump wi t h ou t h e s i t a t ion from a c ompo s i t e
G e n e s i s t o a c ompo s i t e l e gi s l a t i o n : for u s t h e r e i s a
wid e gulf b e t w e e n t he t w o a n d m or e t h a n C h ri s t i a n
,

p rud e n c e pr e v e n t s u s from pl a ci ng wh a t cl a im s t o
b e o n e c on t inu ou s r e v e l a t i on of t he living G od on
o ur di s s e c t ing t a bl e s b e for e w e h a v e b e e n furn i s h e d
-

wi t h po s i t iv e a n d un e qu ivoc a l proof t h at i t i s c om
p o s i t e
. A ll t he e vid e n c e hi t he r t o pro d u c e d i s s uc h
t h a t i t c onvin c e s o nly h im w ho i s imb u e d wi t h t he

a p r i or i b e li e f th a t t h e r e i s n o d ivi n e r e v e l a t i on i n
,

t he l a w : fo r a ll o t h e r s w ho r e pudi a t e s u ch a b e li e f
, ,

i t i s n o m or e t h a n t he o u t c om e of a s ub t i le a n d i n
n i o u s b u t n on e t he l e s s u nfound e d a n d d e c e p t i v e
g e , ,

im a gin at io n .
 I NC O MP L E TE NE SS OF THE C OD E S .
SI

C H A PT E R IV .

I N CO M P LE T E N ES S OF TH E CO DES .

F we exp e c t i n t he M o s a i c C od e s a c ompl e t e l e gi s
la t ion i n t he m od e r n s e n s e of t he word w e s h all ,

s ur e ly b e d i s a ppoin t e d A s m od e rn s o c i e t y o r e v e n
.
,

R om a n lif e s h a p e d it s e l f i t pr e s e n t s m a ny a f e a tur e
, ,

i n i t s l e gi s l a t io n fo r wh ic h t he C od e s of a n c i e n t
I s r a e l ha v e n o c orr e l a t iv e B ut t he prin cipl e o f
.

’
I s r ae l s c on s ti t u ti o n w a s r a dic a lly diff e r e n t The .

t h e oc r a t i c id e a m a d e e v e ry t h ing s ub ordin a t e t o i t
s e lf ; a n d t he l a w p r e s e n t s t hi s id e a cl o t h e d i n o u t

w a rd c e r e m on i a l a n d c ivil fo rm s
, A c c ording ly
.
,

wh at e v e r i s n o t s o dir e c t ly r e l a t e d t o t h i s o n e ce n
t r a l c on c e p t i on a s t o b e m ould e d a n d t r a n s form e d by
i t i s om i t t e d a n d l e f t t o e xi s ting u s a g e o r fu t ur e
‘

, ,

provi s io n I n t h i s r e s p e c t t he la w do e s n ot p r e clud e
.
,

d e v e l opm e n t o r in c r e a s e It ha s a S pi ri t a s w e ll a s a
.

l e t t e r h ow e v e r t he m o s t r e c e n t c ri t ic s m ay e mph a s iz e
,

t he l a t t e r in ord e r t o s ub s t i t u t e t he n o t io n of d e v e l
,

O p m e n t fo r t he form e r O n t hi s point di a m e t ri c a lly

.
,

O ppo s i t e obj e c t i on s m e e t ; fo r whil s t o n e fi nd s f a ul t

,

wi t h t he la w o n a c c oun t of i n c ompl e t e n e s s a n o t h e r ,

fi n d s i t fa r t o o e l a b or a t e a n d p e rf e c t fo r a n om a d
t rib e j u s t a w a king t o t he fi r s t c o n s ci ou s n e s s of a lif e
of c iviliz a t ion B o t h e x t r e m e s m ay s uppl e m e n t a n d
.
5 2 THE P E N TA TE U CH A I . C ODE S MOSA I C .

c orr e c t ea c h o t he r W e s h ould c on s t a n t ly k e e p i n
.

m ind t h a t t he M o s a i c l e gi s l a t ion w a s i n t e nd e d for

,

a p e c uli a r p e opl e t h a t ha d a p e c uli a r d e s t iny

,
It .

w a s t o liv e t o a l a rg e e x t e n t i s ol a t e d a n d t he m or e
, , ,

i t c oul d b e prot e c t e d a g a in s t c on t a m i n a t i on by fo r
e i g n in fl u e n c e s t he b e t t e r
, Th e r e w as n o n e e d of a
.

C od e t h a t w ould provid e fo r a ll t he c om plic a t e d r e

l a t i o n s t h a t a ri s e from a l ive ly in t e r c o u r s e wi t h s u r
rou n d ing p e opl e s O n t he o t h e r h a nd t he a gr a ri a n
.
,

prin cipl e o n whi c h t he c ivil l a w proc e e d e d s e cur e d

, ,

t o e v e ry m e mb e r of t he C o v e n a n t p e opl e a n e qu a l
-

s h a r e i n t he prom i s e d in h e ri t a n c e of C a n a a n It i s .

obvi ou s ho w l arg e ly t hi s t e n d e d t o s impl ify b o t h

publi c a n d priv a t e lif e am o ng t he ch o s e n p e opl e It .

w oul d b e h i s t ori c a lly w ron g t o i n s t i t u t e a c om p a ri s on

b e t w e e n t he M o s a i c C od e s a n d t he R om a n b o dy o f
la w . The Ro ma n s w e r e t he p e opl e of la w p a r er
ce ll e n ce : i n I s r a e l t he l a w w a s a s u b ordin a t e m e a n s

t o a high e r a n d s piri t u a l e n d s u b s e rvi e n t a n d a d a pt e d

,

t o t he p e culi a r po s i t i o n wh i ch t he n a t ion o c c u pi e d ,

a n d t o i t s u ni u e ca lli ng i n t he hi s t o ry o f God s
’

q
C h u rch .
 S YS TE M , OR DISOR DE R 53

C H A PT E R V .

SYS T EM , OR D I S O R DE R

NOT H E R o b j e c t io n fr e qu e ntly r a i s e d gai n s t a

t he un i t y o f t h e s e l a w s i s t ha t th e y pr e s e n t a ll
,

t he f e a t ur e s of a c ompil e d body wh e r e n o guiding ,

t h r e a d c omb in e s t he c oll e ct e d m at e ri a l Thi s i s i n .

d e e d doing li t t l e h on or t o t he r e d a c t o r o n t he p a r t
o f t h o s e w ho h old t he divi s iv e th e ori e s B u t eve n .

a m ong b e l i e v e r s i n t he M o s a i c o rigi n a n d e s s e n t i a l

u ni t y of t he C od e s i t i s n ot un c omm on t o h e a r t he
,

r e m a rk m a d e t h a t th e y are n ot a rr a ng e d s y s t e m a t i
,

c a lly o n a n y l e g a l o r r e ligi ou s p rin c ipl e a n d t h a t t he

,

s e qu e n c e of t he l a w s i s o nly d e t e rmin e d by t he c hr o

n o l og of t h e ir prom ulg a tio n Th i s s t a t e m e nt , h ow

y .

e v e r c omm o n i t m a b e invol v e s a doubl e m i s t a k e

y ,

Fir s t by l aying s o mu c h s t r e s s o n t he c h ron ologic a l

,

p rin cipl e it t e nd s t o a w a k e n t he id e a th a t a s y s t e m
,

a t i c a n d a c h ron ologi c a l a rr a ng e m e nt e xcl ud e e a ch

ot h e r ; an d s e c ondly i t woul d s e e m improp e r t o

,

as s e rt t h a t God wh e n r e v e a ling h im s e lf a n d hi s
, ,

will c on c e rning I s r ae l i n s uc c e s s iv e a c t s o r s t a g e s
, ,

s h ould do s o wi t h ou t a n inh e re n t o rd e r
y .

’
C hronology i s t he fr a m e of hi s t ory ; a n d I s r a e l s
’
h i s t ory i s n o t hin g b ut t he r e cord of God s r e v e l a t ion ,

i t s be g m n m g progr e s s an d f ulfilm e nt
, , S e p a ra t e d
.
54 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

f rom t h e w orld h a t i t m igh t b e h oly u n t o G od wi t h

, t ,

I s r a e l e v e ry t hing b e c om e s s ub s e rvi e n t t o t h i s hi g h
c a lling H e n c e i t s hi s t o ry i s n ot s h a p e d by a cci d e n t
.

o r c h a n c e o r a c c or d in g t o e a r t h ly purpo s e s : i t d o e s
,

n o t ru n i t s c our s e i nd e p e n d e n t of G o d s i n t e n t ion s
’

wi t h r e g a rd t o hi s p e opl e but fl o w s f rom b e gin ning ,

t o e n d i n t he c h a n n e l s o f hi s r e v e a ling gr a c e .

G od i s a God o f o rd e r W e m u s t t h e r e for e e xp e c t
.
,

if t he law b e hi s r e v e l a t i on a n d n o t t he frui t of a ,

blind pro c e s s of d e v e l opm e n t t o fi n d i n i t a s y s t e m , ,

a n i n t e nd e d a dj u s t m e n t of p a r t t o p a r t a n d of e a ch ,

p a rt t o t he wh ol e a gr a du a l progr e s s a n d a d va nc e
,

from t he m o r e fund a m e n t a l a n d s impl e t o t he m or e

c ompl e x a n d s p e cifi e d i n d e t a il .

Thi s o rd e r if t h e r e b e a n y m u s t b e a g e n e t i c o n e
, , .

G od m a d e I s r a e l hi s C ov e n a n t p e opl e a t S i n a i H e -
.

d id n o t pr e s e n t t o t h e m a ll a t on c e t h e ir p e rf e c t a n d
c om pl e t e c o n s t i t u t ion r e q uiri ng im m e di a t e c onform
,

i t y t o i t s d e m a nd s Gr a du all y a n d progr e s s iv e ly t h e y
.

w e r e org a niz e d a n d b u ilt in t o a t h e o c r a t i c n a t i on ,

fi r s t o n a bro a d b a s i s t h e n o n a m or e s p e c ifi e d pl a n
, ,

t ill fi n a lly t he s up e r s t ruc t ur e a pp e a r e d i n i t s divin e ly

i n t e n d e d p e rf e c t io n a n d b e a u t y The pro c e s s or l ogi c .

ha s h e r e b e c om e a pro c e s s i n t im e : t he org a ni s m i s
t o u s n o t i n t he r e a li t y of c ompl e t ion b u t in
, ,

h i s t ory only for t hi s v e ry r e a s on t he

,

m or e cl e a r a n d d i s t in c t .

B e r t h e a u ha s foun d in t he C od e of E xodu s Nu m —

b e r s s e v e n g roup s of M o s a i c l a w s e a ch of t h e m c on ,

t a ining s e v e n s e ri e s e a c h s e ri e s t e n c omm a n d m e n t s
,
.

T he four h un d r e d a n d nin e t y c om m a nd s t h u s o h
t a i n e d a c c ording t o h im o nc e c on s t i t u t e d a C od e o f
, ,
 S YS TE M OR D ISOR D E R ? 55

pu r e ly l e g a l c on t e n t s a n d e xi s t e d prior t o t he n a rr a
,

t iv e wh ic h n ow d ivid e s t he group s a n d i s of t e n in t e r ,

w ov e n wi t h t h e m The hypo t h e s i s i s v e ry ing e ni ou s

.
,
'

b ut c a n no t b e c a rri e d o u t wi t h out gr e a t p r e c a ri ou s
n e s s i n d e t a il s R e u s s has ch a r a c t e riz e d i t a s
. a
“

b e a u t iful illu s io n W e s h all h a v e o c c as ion t o r e f e r

.

t o i t m or e t h a n o n c e .

F ir s t of a l l w e m u s t c on s id e r t he ch a rg e s t h a t
v e b e e n m a d e a g a in s t t he uni t y of t he f e a s t l a w s in -

E xod xii a n d xiii

. . A s urv e y of t he num e rou s e ri t i
.

cal divi s ion s prop o s e d c a n n o t b e giv e n h e r e The .

m a in d ivi s i on s o n wh i ch a ll cri t i c s m or e o r l e s s
,

a gr e e , h av e b e e n s t a t e d b e for e T h e y a r e E xod .
, .

xii 2 4 2 7 2 9 3 9 (e x c e pt v e r
.
— —
, xiii 3 1 6 j e ho v i s
— . .
,

t i e t he r e s t E loh i s t i c
, .

A p o s i t iv e e xpo s i t i on o f t he e s s e n t i al unity will

p r ov e t he b e s t a rgum e n t a g a in s t a ll t h e s e di s s e c t i on s .

I) xii c on in h divin i n t i u i on of P ov r
( 1 —
. 2 0 t a t e e s t t as s e

a n d M a z z o t h ( unl e a v e n e d br e a d ) a s i v e n t o M os es
g
a n d A a ron ( )
2 . xii 2 1 — 2 7 T h e
. c om muni c
. a t i on of
t hi s d ivin e c omm a n d t o t he e ld e r s of t he p e opl e s o
'

f a r a s i t w a s re u i r e d b
q y i m m e d i a t e n e ces s i t
y F o r .

t he l a t t e r r e a s o n only t he pr e s crip t io n s c on c e r n i ng
,

t he P a s s ov e r l a m b a r e r e p e a t e d whil s t t he a nno un c e
-
,

m e nt of t he M az z o t h la w i s r e s e rv e d fo r a l a t e r o c c a
-

s i on . V e r 2 8 s t a t e s t he ful film e nt of t hi s c o m m a n d
.

o n t he p a r t of t he p e opl e in t he e mph a t i c ph r a s e ,

“
so did t h e y (3) V e r 2 — 2 d e s crib e t he l a s t
9 4 .

pl a gu e t he e xodu s a n d ho w t he c hildr e n of I s r a e l
, ,

w e r e provid e n t i a lly c omp e ll e d t o l e a v e E gyp t wi t h

u nl e a v e n e d dough V e r 4 0 s eqq c on t a i n a r e t ro
. .
, .
,

s p e ct i v e gl a n c e a t t he wh ol e s oj o u r n i n E gyp t d uri ng
5 6 THE P E N TA TE U CH A I , C OD E S IOS A I C
lV .

f our h und r e d ir y y e a r s whi ch s e rv e s t o

an d th t ,

e nforc e a n e w t he s a cr e dn e s s of t he f e a s t i n s t i t u t e d

a s a m e m o r i a l o f t h i s e xodu s S i nc
(4 ) e v e r 3 8 h ad . .

s t at e d t h at a m ix e d m ul t i t ud e w e n t up wi t h t he
I s r ae lit e s a n e w provi s io n w a s m a d e n e c e s s a ry fo r
,

ob s e rv a nc e of t he f e as t by s t r a n g e r s Th i s i s giv e n .

i n v e r 4 3— 5 1 ( 5 ) The d ivin e c om m a n d t o M os es
. .

t ha t t he fi r s t b orn h e n c e for t h s h a ll b e l ong t o j e ho

-

v a h xiii 1
, 2
.
(,6 ) T .he c om m uni c a t io n o f t h i s t o t he

p e opl e v e r 1 1 — 1 6 a f t e r M o s e s had fi r s t di s ch a rg e d
, .
,

t he s e c on d h a lf o f t he c omm i s s io n r e c e iv e d b e for e
t he e xodu s xii 1 — 2 0 wh ic h w a s t h e n only p a r t i a lly
, .
,

gi v e n t o t he p e opl e o n a c c o un t of t he p e c uli a r c ir
c u m s t a n ce s , v e r .
3
— 10 .

A ll t hi s form s w e ll c o n n e c t e d c ompl e t e n a rr at iv e ;
a -

a n d a s w e s h all s e e i t i s o nly a p e r s i s t e nt r e f u s a l t o
, ,

c on s id e r e a c h s ingl e p a r t i n t he ligh t of t he wh ol e ,

t h a t ca n giv e s om e s e m bl a n c e of n e c e s s i t y t o t he

a ppli c a t i on of t he c ri t i c a l kn if e .

A ch ro n ologic a l obj e c t i on ha s b e e n r a i s e d a g a i n s t
x i i 3 ; fo r wh il s t xi 4 f a ll s e vid e n t ly on A bib 1 4 t he
. .
,

d ivin e inj un c t i on t o M o s e s a n d A a ro n m u s t h a v e
b e e n giv e n b e for e t he l o t h a s o n t he l a t t e r d a t e t he ,

l a mb w as t o b e s e l e c t e d a n d s e t a p a r t The di ffi c ul t y .

d i s a pp e a r s o n t he n a t u r a l s uppo s i t i on t h a t t he a u t h o r ,

zl i d n ot wi s h t o i n t e rrup t hi s n a rr a t iv e of t he pl a gu e s

by t h i s l aw a n d t h e r e for e h avi ng r e s e rv e d i t up t o
, ,

t h i s poi n t u s e s t he a c c oun t of i t s e x e c u t i on t o m e n
,

t ion a l s o i t s pro mulg a t i on t h o u g h t he l a t t e r a c t u a l l y

,

t o ok pl a c e a t l e as t fou r d a y s b e fo r e T he e xpr e s .

s io n T u n i n v e r 8 d o e s n o t c on t r
. a d ic t t h i s ;
fo r it d o e s n ot d e s ign a t e t he pr e s e nt nigh t b ut t he ,
58 TH E P E A/ TA TE U CH A L C OD E S MOSA [C .

of s u c h a n imp ort a n t u s a g e t o s o t ri fl in g a n a c cid e n t ,

wh o in t i m a t e s t he r e al s i g nifi c a n c e of e a t ing M a z z o t h .

B u t w e a r e t old v e r 8 of t he E loh i s t i s i n co n s i s
.

t e n t wi t h v e r 3 4 I f t he fl e s h of t he P a s s ov e r l a mb
. .
-

w a s t o b e e a t e n w i t h unl e a v e n e d b r e a d a n d fo r t hi s ,

pu rp o s e a c c o rdin g t o v e r 1 5 all l e av e n ha d t o b e
, .
,

r e m ov e d h ow ca n i t b e a s c rib e d t o t he h a s t e of t he
,

I s r a e li t e s i n d e p a r t in g t h a t t h e y t o ok t h e i r d oug h
,

b e for e i t w a s l e a v e n e d
The a n w e r s obvi o u s
s i A c c ord ing t o v e r 2 1 2 7
.
— .
,
’
o nly t he fi r s t h a lf of G od s c om mi s s ion t o M o s e s
w as c omm uni c a t e d t o t he p e opl e b e for e t he e xo d u s .

C on c e rn ing M a z z o t h a s y e t n o t hi ng w a s s a id The
, .

I s r a e li t e s w e r e s imply in s t ruc t e d t o kill t he P a s s

ov e r l a mb a n d e a t i t wi t h u nl e a v e n e d br e a d G o d
-
, .

e vi d e n t ly i n t e nd e d t h a t M o s e s s h oul d c onfi n e hi s

imm e d i a t e i n s t ruc t i on s t o t hi s p o m t Th a t only t he .

P a s s ov e r la w w a s t o go i n t o e ffe c t b e for e t he e x o d u s
-
,

i s in t im at e d by t he p e c uli a r po s i t ion of v e r 1 1 — 1 4 . .

Th e y a pply o nly t o t he Ob s e rv a n c e i n E gyp t ; a n d

t h e ir i n s e r t ion b e t w e e n t he P e s a ch c omm a n d a n d -

t he M a z z o t h l a w s h ow s t h a t t he form e r w a s
-
t he ,

l a t t e r w a s n o t d e s t i n e d fo r im m e di a t e ob s e rv a nc e i n
,

E gyp t . H e n c e t he r e gul a t i on s c on c e r n ing M a z z o t h

a r e k e p t g e n e r a l t h ro ugh o u t a s t h e y w e r e e vid e n t ly
,

a d ap t e d t o a m or e r e m o t e p e ri od i n t he fu t ur e .

C omp a r e v e r I9 a n d 2 0 . .

N ow if M o s e s i n a gr e e m e n t wi t h G od s pu rpo s e
’

, , ,

publi s h e d on ly t he P a s s ov e r l a w im m e d i a t e ly ; if -
,

fur t h e r t h i s l aw n e i t h e r c omm a n d s n o r fo rbi d s t h a t

,

l e a v e n s h o ul d b e a l t o g e t h e r r e m ov e d b u t s imply p re ,

s crib e s t h a t t he l a mb S h o u l d b e e a t e n w i t / z u n lea v e n e d
 S YS TE M OR D ISOR D E R ? 59

b — t
h e n i t i s e n t ir e ly n at u r a l th a t t he I s r a e l i t e s
r ea d ,

a s y e t n o t kn owing t h a t t he P a s s ov e r woul d b e fol

l o w e d by M az z o t h a n d t h a t t he l a t t e r f e a s t w ould for
,

bi d t he p r e s e n c e of a n y l e a v e n i n t he hous e s s ho uld ,

h a v e k e pt t h e i r l e a v e n a n d w e r e only pr e v e nt e d by
,

t h e i r h a s ty d e p a rt ur e i n t he m orning from u si ng i t

i n t he pr e p a r at ion o f t h e ir d ough a n d br e a d .

B u t e v e n if w e a dmi t t h a t al l l e a v e n w a s a c t u ally
r e m ov e d for t he ob s e rv a n c e of t hi s fi r s t P a s s ov e r ,

s t ill i t i s n o t lik e ly t h a t t he I s r ae li t e s int e nd e d t o

,

go o n t h e ir j o urn e y w i t hou t providing l e av e n Th e y .

e vid e n t ly th ough t t h a t wh e n t he P a s s ov e r n igh t w a s

, ,
-

p a s t t he prohibi t io n had c e a s e d G od s provid e n c e

, .
’

h ow e v e r a s w e h av e s e e n i n t e rv e n e d pr e p a r a t or y t o
, ,

t he promulg a t ion of t he M a z z o t h l a w A s R a nk e ha s -
.

b e a u t ifully e xpr e s s e d it J e h ov a h s h i s t o ry a n d j e h o
,
“ ’

v a b s law w e r e m a d e by hi m t he m irror of e a ch o t h e r
’

’
K ay s e r s a ll e g at io n t h a t v e r 1 1 — 1 3 m a k e a vi ol e n t
.

s e p a r a t ion b e tw e e n 1 0 a n d 1 4 a n d a r e a cc ordingly ,
1

a j e h ovi s t i c s e c t ion in t e rp ol a t e d by t he r e d a c t or i s ,

groun d l e s s The v e r s e s a r e e n t ir e ly a ppropri a t e i n

.

t h i s c on n e c t i o n w he n w e u nd e r s t a nd t h e m a s w a s ,

i n t im a t e d a bov e Th e y s e rv e d ind e e d t o m a k e a
.
, ,

s e p a r a t ion b e t w e e n v e r 1 0 an d 14. t h ough n o t a ,

vi ol e n t but a n e c e s s a ry o n e wh ich s h o u ld i n d ic a t e
, ,

t h a t only t he P a s s ov e r ord in a n c e w a s t o b e publi s h e d

-

imm e d i at e ly b e fo r e t he E xo d u s .

N e i t he r i s i t t ru e a s K ay s e r a l s o a s s e r t s t h at v e r
, , .

2 2 c on t r a d ic t s v e r 4 a n d 7 .Th a t s m a ll h ou s e h old s
.

s h ould c ombin e fo r t he purpo s e of c on s uming t he

l a mb d o e s n o t prov e t h at t h e y j oin e d e a c h o t h e r
,

during t he nigh t T h e y c ould d o th i s t he e v e ning

.
60 TH E PE N TA TE U CH AL C OD E S M OS H I C .

b e for e To pr e s s t he po s s e s s iv e p ron ou n i n v e r 2 2
. .
,

b i s h ou s e i s a b s ur d
, .

It i s cl a im e d by H u p fe l d a n d D i ll m a n n th a t v e r , .

4 2 s t a nd s v e ry a b rup t i n i t s p r e s e n t c onn e c t ion .

H u p fe l d a s s e r t s t h a t i t form e d origi n ally t he clo s e

of t he s e ct i on v e r 1 — 1 3 ; wh il s t he m a k e s v e r 1 4
, . .

pro s p e c t iv e a n d b e longing t o t he M a z z o t h l aw A s
,
-
.

B a chm a n n h ow e v e r r e m a rk s t he t r a n s i t ion fro m t he

, , ,

s e c o nd p e r s o n i n v e r I— 1 3 t o t he t hi rd i n v e r
.
4 2 .

woul d b e v e ry s t r a n g e F o r t h i s r e a s on .

D i ll m a n n h e lp s h im s e lf in a n o t h e r w ay by c a rryin g
t he v e r s e b a ck t o v e r 3 9 a n d a s s igning i t t o B ; .
,

t h ough he fi n d s t hi s ha rd t o r e c o n cil e w i t h t he e xpr e s

-
s i on ari a 15 ( prop e r t o A ) s o t h a t he m u s t a l s o c a ll i n
,

t he r e d a c t or t o a c c o un t fo r i t s i n s e r t io n A ll t h i s .

t roubl e i s a vo id e d by givin g t he v e r s e i t s n a t ur a l
a n d unfor c e d m e a n ing I n c onn e c t i on wi t h t he r e
.

t r o s p e ct i v e gl a n c e a t t he wh ol e s o j ourn i n E gyp t

( ver .
4 0 ,
i t c on t a in s a n ew r e m in d e r of t h e

s a c r e dn e s s of t he f e a s t i n s t i t u t e d i n m e mory o f t he

d e li v e r a n c e from s o l ong a b on d a g e .

D i ll m a n n m or e ov e r O bj e c t s a g a in s t t he u n i t y o f
, ,

t h e s e c h a p t e r s t h a t w e h a v e h e r e t wo l a w s c on c e rn
,

i ng t he c on s e c r a t i on of t he fi r s t bor n t w o c on c e rning -
,

M a z z o t h a n d t h r e e a bou t t he P a s s ov e r of wh i ch t he
, ,

s e c o nd ( xii 2 1 s e qq ) d iff e r s s om e wh a t from t he fi r s t

.
, . .

T he righ t vi e w of t he r e l a t i on of t h e s e l a w s t o e a c h
o t h e r ha s b e e n giv e n a lr e a dy a n d n o o t h e r a n s w e r i s ,

n e c e s s a ry .

Fi n ally t he r e m a rk ha s b e e n m a d e t ha t M o s e s in
, ,

hi s in s t ru c t i on t o t he e l d e r s ( v e r 2 1 make s n o .
,

m e n t ion of u nl e a v e n e d b r e a d a t a ll ; wh i ch woul d f a ll
 S Y S TE l lI, OR D ISOR D E R ?
’
i n with K ay s e r s vi e w w ho c ombin e s t h e s e v e r s e s
,

wi t h t he foll o w ing j e h ovi s t i c s e c t i on It i s obvi ou s .

t h a t w e h a v e h e r e n o v e r ba t i m r e port of M o s e s
’

word s b u t S imply a s u m m a ry wh i c h Could b e a ll

, ,

t he s h or t e r s in c e t he d ivi n e inj un c t ion ha d b e e n

s t a t e d i n full .The u s e of t he a r t icl e i n 11 09 71 i s a n
i nd e p e nd e n t proof t h a t t he ips i s s i m a v e r ba o f M o s e s
a re n o t r e t a i n e d h e r e .

I f t h e n a l l t he obj e c t ion s u rg e d a g a in s t t he un i t y
, ,

o f t h e s e f e a s t l a w s pro v e i rr e l e v a n t w e m a
- p ro c e ed
y ,

t o t he b ook of t he C o v e n a n t The n a m e i s d e riv e d .

fro m E xod xxiv 7 a n d t he M o s a i c a u t h or s hip e x

. .
,

pr e s s ly s t a t e d i n xxiv 4 W h e t h e r it in c lud e d t he
. .

D e c a logu e i t i s di ffi c ul t t o d e t e rm in e ; b u t t he v i e w
,

t h a t t he p a s s a g e l a s t qu o t e d r e f e r s t o t he D e c a l ogu e

a lon e i s c e rt a in ly u n t e n a bl e
,
A ll c ri t i c s a gr e e t h a t .

w e fi n d i n b oth t he old e s t p r e s e rv e d C od e t h ough ,

n o t e v e n t hi s in i t s origin a l form K u e n e n pl a c e s i t s .

o rigi n i n t he r e ign of D a vid if n o t e a rli e r : s t ill he “

, ,

ha s s e ri ou s obj e c t i on s a g a in s t t he M o s a i c a u t h or s hip .

R e u s s a s s ign s it t o t he r e ign of j e h o s h a ph a t ; o t h e r s ,

t o y e t o t h e r d at e s P ro of s i n t he s t ric t e s t s e n s e of
.

t he wo rd a r e n ot giv e n W e s imply r e m a rk t h at .
,

wh at e v e r a rgum e n t s ar e u rg e d i n f a vo r of t he r e l a
t iv e a nt iqui t y of t hi s C od e a r e e ntir e ly d e riv e d fro m ,

i t s p e culi a r s igni fi c a n c e a n d uniqu e pl a c e i n t he c on

s t i t u t i o n of I s r a e l Wh e n K u e n e n cl a im s t h a t t he
.

l a w s of E xod xx xxiii di s t ingui s h t h e m s e lv e s by

.
— . .

t h e i r s implici t y a n d origi n a li t y t h i s i s e x a c t ly wh a t ,

w e woul d e xp e c t of a C od e d e s t in e d t o b e t he fund a
me nt a l law of I s r ae l a n d t o pr e s e nt i n a fe w g e n e r a l
,

t o mm a n d s t he prim a ry r e l a tio n s a n d du t i e s d e v olvi n g

 TH E P E N TA TE U CH A I , C OD E S l lIOS A I C .

upon t he C ov e n a n t p e opl e T o s p e a k of origin al i t y

-
.

i s b e gging t he q ue s t i on a n d t he s impli ci t y i s fully

,

a c c ou n t e d fo r by t he hi s t oric a l S i t u a t i on i n whi ch

t he P e n t a t e uch pl a c e s i t I n d e e d w e s h oul d b e s u r
.
,

pri s e d i f t h e s e c omm a nd s w e r e l e s s s im pl e if G od ,

ha d a t t he o u t s e t ov e rwh e l m e d t he I s r a e li t e s wi t h
a m as s of c e r e m oni a l d e t a il a n d o n s uch a b a s i s
,

e n t e r e d wi t h th e m i n t o a s ol e mn c ov e n a n t Je r . .

v ii. 2 2 giv e s t he right poin t of vi e w O n t he o t h e r .

h a nd ho w n a t u r a l a n d fi t t i ng i s t he pl a c e of t h i s
,

C o d e a t t he b e ginn ing o f t he gr e at c a r e e r u po n
wh i ch I s r a e l w a s t o e n t e r The wh ol e i s a n a p p l i
.

c a t ion o f t he D e c al ogu e t o t he m o s t g e n e r a l f e at u r e s
of n a t i on a l lif e C on s e q u e n t ly i n c h a p xxi I w e
.
, . .

m e e t t he w ord D u g rj n d e s ign a t ing t he righ t s by

‘

,
“

w h ich t he n a t ion a l lif e w a s form e d i n t o a c ivil

c om m onw e al t h a n d t he poli t i c a l ord e r s e c u r e d In .

t i m a t e ly c on n e ct e d wi t h t he D e c a logu e t h e y s t a r t ,

wi t h e m ph a s izing t he s a m e prin cipl e — v i z t he uni t y , .

,

a n d s piri t u a li t y of God — a n d c ov e r n e a rly t he s a m e

,

gro und E xc e p t ion has b e e n t a k e n t o t he l a ck of

.

t he r e ligi ou s e l e m e n t ; b u t t he obj e c t i on l e a v e s o u t

of V i e w E xod xx 2 2— 2 6 a n d xxiii
. . whi ch c e r .

t a i n ly form e d a p a r t of t he b ook of t he C ov e n a n t

N e xt c o m e t he d ir e c t i on s c on c e rnin g t he buil d i ng
of t he s a n c t u a ry ( ch a p xxv — xxx ) A f t e r t he p e opl e
. . .
,

by t h e ir a d h e s i on t o t he C ov e n a n t ha d b e e n c on s t i ,

t u t e d t he p e c uli a r prop e r t y of G o d t h e i r Th e oc r a t i c ,

Kin g p rovi s io n s a r e m a d e for hi s dw e lling a m ong s t

,

t hem . The r e l a t ion h a vi n g b e e n d e fi n e d t he fi r s t ,

s t e p i s t a k e n t o r e a liz e i t in t he a c c ur a t e d e s crip t i o n

of t he t a b e rn a cl e w hi c h would b e i t s s ymbol a n d
,
 S YS TE M , OR D ISOR DE R 63

pl e dg e A S K e il e xpr e s s e s i t A d e fi n it e e xt e rn al
.
,
“

fo rm m u s t b e giv e n t o t he c ov e n a n t j u s t c o n clu d e d ,
”
a vi s ibl e bon d of f e llow s h ip c on s t ruc t e d Thi s i s .

e xplici t ly s t a t e d i n c h a p xxv 8 wi t h a c l e a r a llu s ion

. .
,

t o xxiii 2 0 2 1 .
, The c ri t i c s o t h e rwi s e s o a c u t e i n
.
,

d i s c ov e ring t r a c e s o f a ffi n i t y wh e r e d e t a il s a re c on
,

c e rn e d s ee m t o b e blin d for t h i s m o s t i n t im a t e r e
l a t ion wh i c h m a k e s o n e p as s a g e grow o u t of t he
,
-

othe r i n t he m o s t n a t ur a l w a y Th e i r di s s e c t ing .

m e t hod s s e e m t o h av e di s q u a lifi e d t h e m fo r a t ru e
a ppr e ci a t ion of t he t h e o c r a t i c id e a wh i ch g e rm in a t e s ,

i n t he s oil of God s C ov e n a n t a n d t h e n c e d e v e lop s

’

i t s e lf i n t o t he m a n ifol d form s of a s y s t e m i n w hic h

t he s oci al a n d r e ligiou s lif e i n t e rp e n e t r a t e .

A t fi r s t s igh t t he s e c t io n ch a p xxxi 1 2 — 1 7 m igh t

, . .
,

a pp e a r s up e rfl uo u s a n d o u t of pl a c e K e il j u s t ifi e s .

i t s o c c urr e n c e by s ugg e s t ing th at t he I s r a e li t e s

m igh t h a v e t h ough t i t u nn e c e s s a ry or n on -oblig a t ory
t o ob s e rv e t he S a b b at h c om m a ndm e n t d uring t he
-

e x e c u t i on of s o gr e a t a w ork i n h onor o f j e h ov a h .

Wi t h h im a gr e e Kn ob e l a n d G r a f Th e r e i s no t hing .

i n t he c on t e x t h ow e v e r t o f a vor t hi s V i e w ; a n d i t
, ,

s e e m s b e t t e r t o e xpl a i n t he e mph a t i c r e p e t i t ion of .

t hi s l a w from t he gr e at i mp o r t a n c e of t he S a bb a t h a s

a C ov e n a n t s ign b e t w e e n I s r a e l a n d t he L ord
- In .

1 3 i t i s c a ll e d a n hi s i n v e r 1 6 a D WB F or t hi s ‘
v er .
, . .

r e a s on i t i s s ubj oin e d t o t h a t o t h e r vi s ibl e b ond of

f e llow s hip t he t a b e r n a cl e A s i n t he l a t t e r God by
, .
,

hi s g l oriou s pr e s e n c e s ign ifi e d hi s gr a c i ou s a t t i t ud e
t ow a r d s I s r a e l s o I s r a e l by t he ob s e rv a n c e of t h i s
,

d a y of r e s t would s h ow i t s f a i t hful a dh e r e n c e t o j e h o
v a h s Cov e n a nt
’

.
64 THE P E NTA TE U CH A I , C OD E S l lI OS A I C .

W e p as s o n t o ch a p xxxiv .
7 A s w e h av e
.
—
10 2 .

s e e n a lr e a d y D i l l m a n n r e c ogniz e s i n t h e s e v e r s e s t he
,

C ov e n a n t la w of C a s i t onc e s t ood a f t e r xx 2 0 a n d
-
.

xxiv 1 2 whil s t W e ll hau s e n po s t ul a t e s a n e w s ourc e

.
, ,

for t h i s p a s s a g e a l on e The f a c t i s t h at w e h a v e h e r e
.
,

n o t hing b u t a s h or t e r r e e n a c t m e n t a n d r e s t at e m e n t
-

of t he C ov e n a n t la w t h a t ha d b e e n brok e n by idol a
-
,

t ry . A s t he fi r s t s ol e m n c o n cl u s i on of t he C ov e n a n t
pr e c e d e d t he gif t of t he fi r s t t a bl e s s o a f t e r t he l at , ,

t e r ha d b e e n b rok e n t he fo rm e r m u s t b e r e n e w e d
,

b e for e t he n e w t a bl e s of t he D e c a l ogu e c a n b e h a nd e d
t o M o s e s It w a s a d e e p i n s igh t in t o t he S inful
.

n a t ur e of t he p e opl e a n d a cl e a r a ppr e h e n s io n of t he
c orrup t t e n d e ncy m a nif e s t e d i n th i s s ingl e act o f
id ol a t ry t h a t l e d t o e mph a s izing s p e c i a lly t he p r o hi
,

b i t i o n of in t e rc our s e wi t h t he C a n a a n i t e s A l s O t he .

r e f e r e n c e t o t he gold e n ca lf i n v e r 1 7 3 59 5 is .
,
”
,

obvi ou s B o t h poin t s of c on t a c t wi t h t he pr e c e din g

.

ch a p t e r s a r e d i s r e g a rd e d by t he d ivi s iv e c ri t ic s .

It i s m or e di ffi c ul t t o s e e why from v e r 1 8 Onw a r d , .

,

t he f e a s t l a w s ar e r e s t a t e d wi t h S li g h t di ff e r e n c e s i n
-

form fro m E xod xxiii P a r t ly t h e ir r e ligi ou s a n d t he

. .

o c r a t i c i mpor t a n c e m a h v c a u s e d t h e i r a pp e a r a n c e
y a e

i n t hi s c on n e c t io n : p a r t ly t h e i r pl a c e a t t he e n d of t he
C ov e n a n t la w ( ch a p xxiii ) m ay a c c ou n t for t he f a c t
-
. .

th a t t h e y a n d n o t o t h e r l a w s a r e r e p e a t e d A s t he
, , .

fi r s t c ov e n a nt b e g a n wi t h t he D e c a logu e e ngr a v e n ,

i n s t on e a n d c lo s e d wi t h t he f e a s t —l a w s s o a f t e r t he
, ,

br e a king t h ough t h e r e b e n o form a l r e s t a t e m e n t of

,

e v e ry p a r t i cul a r s t ill w e fi n d t he b e g i nnin g a n d e n d

,

of t he form e r law r e p e a t e d t o i ndi c a t e t h a t t h i s n e w

,

c ov e n a n t r e s t s o n e s s e n t i a lly t he s a m e b a s i s a s t he
66 TH E PE N TA TE UCH A I C OD E S MOSA I C .

ing t he t im e for pr e s e n t a t i on of s a c rifi c e s or t he ord e r ,

i n wh i ch t h e y w e r e t o s uc c e e d e a c h o t h e r o r t he ,

n umb e r of t he a ni m a l s t o b e off e r e d a t t he v a riou s

o c c a s i on s a ll w hi ch w a s t o b e r e gul a t e d a f t e rw a r d s
, ,

t he C o d e c o nfi n e s i t s e l f t o wh a t w as i t s e vi d e n t pu r

p o s e ; viz t he l aying down of t he g e n e r a l princ ipl e s

.
,

of s a c rifi c i a l s e rvi c e a s a n e c e s s a ry s uppl e m e n t a n d

c ompl e t io n of t he t a b e rn a cl e wo r s hip The e num e r a
-
.

t i on of a l l C h i e f t opi c s prov e s b e yon d d oub t t h a t w e ,

po s s e s s t he C od e i n i t s origin al un a l t e r e d c o n d i t ion
, .

T he l as t t w o ch a p t e r s r e f e r t o t he pri e s t s a n d giv e ,

s p e ci a l in s t ru c t ion s c o n c e rning t h e i r t r e a t m e n t of
s a crifi c e s ,
wh ich a cc oun t s for s o m e r e p e t i t i on s of p r e
v io n s s t a t e m e n t s .

C h a p vii i — x d e s c rib e t he i nd u c t i on of A a ro n a n d
. .

hi s s on s i n t o t he pri e s t ly o ffi c e The ful film e n t of

.

t he c omm a n d giv e n a t t he s a m e t im e wi t h t he d i r e c

t ion s for t he buil d ing of t he t a b e rn a cl e c o uld n o t

h a ve b e e n pl a c e d e a rli e r b e c a u s e t he l a w s of s a c ri
,

fi c e s ha d a b e a ring up o n t h i s a ct It could n o t h a v e
.

o c c urr e d l a t e r b e c a u s e t he c om pl e t e d r e gul a t ion of

,

t he t a b e rn a cl e c e r e m oni a l r e q uir e d an o ffi ci a t ing

pri e s t ho od a n d w a i t e d b ut fo r t h e i r inv e s t i t ur e t o go
,

i n t o full op e r a t ion Th u s w e fi n d t he pl a c e of t h e s e
.

t h r e e ch a p t e r s a g a in n a t ur a lly a n d n e c e s s a rily d e t e r

m in e d by wh a t pr e c e d e s a n d fol l ow s Th e i r om i s s i on
.

woul d l e a v e a g a p a n d t h e i r i n s e r t io n a t a n y o t h e r
,

j unc t ur e woul d c r e a t e a di s t urb a n c e i n t he s y s t e m a t i c

or d e r of t he wh ol e .

I n ch a p xi — x x v w e fi n d t he l a w s c on c e rn in g n u
. . .

cl e a n n e s s p urifi c a t ion a n d h oli n e s s Th e y a d d a

, , .

n e w f e a t ur e t o t he h i t h e r t o i mp e rf e c t s c h e m e of t he
 S YS TE M
, on D ISO R D E R 67

Th e o c r a c y W e s a w i t s c on s t i t u t i on i n t he C ov e n a n t
.
~

l a w i t s ini t i a l r e a liz a t io n i n t he l a w s of t he s a n c t u a ry
, ,

t he s a c rifi c e s a n d t he pri e s t h o o d
,
h e r e ou r a t t e n t i on
i s c all e d t o t he fru i t s of puri t y a n d h olin e s s whic h
t hi s org a niz at ion w a s i n t e n d e d t o pro d u c e b o t h i n a
,

c e r e m oni a l a n d m or a l a s p e c t H olin e s s w as t he
.

e v e r r e currin g c ond i t ion of G od s d w e lling a m ong s t

’
-

t h em —
,t he o n e gr e a t d e m a n d whi ch t he ri t u a l w a s
,

b o t h t o s ymb oliz e a n d t o e ff e c t F ir s t i t i s o nly a

.

c e r e m oni a l a n d ou t w a rd puri t y a nn ounc in g i t s e lf i n

,

t he di s c rim in a t ion b e t w e e n cl e an a n d un cl e a n a n i

m al s a n d in t he p uri fi c a t i o n of t he b ody (x i xv ) b u t
,
— .

t h i s in i t s t urn b e c om e s a t yp e of t h a t h igh e r S pi ri t

u a l a n d m or a l d oin g a w a y of s i n wh o s e c o mpl e t ion

,

w a s for e s h a dow e d in t he D ay of A t on e m e n t (x v i ) a n d ,

d ir e c t ly urg e d on t he p e opl e by t he m or a l c omm a n d s

from c h a p xvii o n w a rd It i s imp or t a n t t o n o t i c e
. . .

h ow a t t hi s v e ry j un c t u r e wh e r e t he c ri t i c s c l a im t o
,

h av e di s c ov e r e d t he a t t a ch m e nt of an e a rli e r C o d e
(
“
l a w of h olin e s s t o a l a t e r o n e t h e r e i
,
s t he m o s t
i n t im at e c oh e r e n c e a n d c o nn e c t i on m a nif e s t e d i n a
gr a du a l a dv a n c e from t he o u t w a rd t o t he inw a rd ;
from t he ri t u a l t o t he m or a l fro m wh at i s d e m a n d e d
of t he p e opl e t o wh at i s imp o s e d o n t he pri e s t s t o
, ,

wh o m t he c a ll fo r h olin e s s ca m e w i t h d oubl e fo rc e ,

a n d in a m or e S p e c i a l s e n s e from t he e v e ry
d ay lif e wi t h i t s d i s t in c t i on i n t he d a ily fo od t o t h o s e
, ,

h oly e x e rc i s e s a t t he s a n c t u a ry wh ich w e r e t o b e t he
,

h igh e s t a n d mo s t a d e qu a t e e xpr e s s i on of a n a l l p e r v a d-

i ng s a n c t i t y a n d e n t ir e c on s e c r a t i o n t o G od
H o w t he t h e o c r a t ic prin cipl e ha s s h a p e d t h e s e l a w s ,

a n d d e t e rm in e d th e ir s e qu e n c e i s s e e n i n t he f a ct t h a t
, ,
68 TH E PE N TA TE U CH A Z , C OD E S MOSA I C .

h oli n e s s t h ough r e qui r e d i n t he m o s t S impl e a ct s a n d

,

form s of lif e i s ul t im a t e ly r e f e rr e d t o a s fi n d ing i t s

,

full r e a liz a t i on i n r e ligiou s O b s e rv a n c e s i n s a c ri fi c e s ,

a n d h oly c o nvoc a t ion s an d i t s m o s t

S ignifi c a n t r e pr e s e n t a t i on i n t he burni ng l a mp s a n d
S h ow br e a d of t he t a b e rn a cl e (xxi v 1
-
.

The un i t y of c h a p xxiii ha s b e e n d oub t e d a n d

. .

d e n i e d on v a rio u s grou nd s Chi e fly t he fr e qu e n t .

r e p e t i t i on of t i t l e s v e r 1 9 2 3 2 6 3 3 ha s l e d t o t he
, .
, , , , ,

i nf e r e n c e t h at t he c h a p t e r pr e s e nt s a c ompil a t ion o f
,

f e a s t l aw s n o t wi t h s t a n ding t he u nd e n i a bl e f a c t t h a t
-
,

t h e y a r e a l l r a ng e d und e r o n e g e n e r a l prin c ipl e — t he ,

h olding of a row M gr; (li oly con v oca t i on ) — an d p r e ,

s e n t e d i n t he s t ri c t e s t c h ro n o l ogi c a l ord e r D ill .

m n a n t h ink s t h at v e r 9 — 2 2 —
23 3 2 —
33 43. on c e , , ,

form e d in d e p e nd e nt r e gul a ti on s c on c e rn ing t he r e

s p e c t i v e f e a s t s of wh ich t h e y t r e a t G e org e H u p fe l d .
, ,

an d r e c e n t ly W e ll hau s e n a s s um e d t w o c om pl e t e ,

f e a s t C od e s — o n e of t he E l oh i s t v e r 1 — 8 2 3— 3 8 ;
-
, , .
,

a n d o n e of a n o t h e r h a nd v e r 9 2 2 3 9 4 3 in t e rwov e n
— —
, .
, ,

b y t he r e d a c t o r B o t h a s s e r t i on s a r e e q u a lly g ra t u i
.

t o u s The t w o C od e s a s s e p a ra t e d by W e llha u s e n
.

a r e n ot c ompl e t e ; S in c e t he o n e l a c k s t he f e a s t o f

w e e k s t he o t h e r M a z z o t h A nd a g ain s t b oth vi e w s
, .
,

t h a t of D ill m a n n a s w e ll a s W e llha u s e n s s t a n d t he
’

u niformi t y of t r e a t m e nt t he S i mil a ri t y t h roughout i n

,

e xpr e s s i on a n d t he r e t e n t ion of t he s a m e l e a din g

,

i d e a i n a ll t he p a rt s The a pp e a r a n c e of a s e co nd
.

t i t l e i n v e r 4 i s a c c o un t e d for by t he c on s i d e r a t ion
.
,

t h a t h e r e t he D WIZF D t he a ppoi n t e d s e a s on s prop e r

‘
,
,

b e gi n i n d i s t in c t io n from t he S a bb at h A nd ho w .

t he r e c urring t i t l e s ca n a w a k e s u s picio n in c ri t ic s
 S YS TE M , OR DISOR D E R 69

wh o ar e a c cu s t om e d t o c om m e n t upon t he r e dun
d an cy of t he E l oh i s t w e d o n o t un d e r s t a n d,
By .

t a king v e r 3 7 3 8 n o t a s t he clo s e of t he wh ol e p r e
.
, ,

c e ding ch ap t e r bu t only of v e r 4 3 6 ( of t he U n i t?
,
— .

prop e r) t he di ffi c ul t y a ri s ing from t he word s b e s id e

,
“

t he S a bb a t hs i s r e li e v e d a n d a t t he s a m e t im e t he
'

r e f e r e n c e of v e r 4 t o t he y e a rly r e c urring f e a s t s
.

s t rikin g ly c onfi rm e d Thi s vi e w a l s o l e a v e s room for

.

t he s uppl e m e n t a ry S uc c o t h l a w (v e r 3 9 s inc e
-
.
,

a c cording t o i t v e r 3 7 3 8 d o n o t cl o s e t he whol e
, .
, , ,

b u t only a s ubdivi s ion o f t he t opi c , The fi n a l cl o s e .

do e s n o t foll ow u n t il v e r 4 4 The po s i t iv e e xpl a n a. .

t ion of t he s uppl e m e n t a ry ch a r a c t e r of v e r 3 9 — 4 3 i s .

b e s t giv e n by B a chm a n n ; v i z t h at t he a s p e c t of t he .
,

ob s e rva n c e d e s c ri be d in t h e s e v e r s e s s t oo d i n n o
di r e c t r e l a t ion t o t he “fl P M P } : a n d t h e - s a nc t u a ry ,

a n d th e r e fo r e c ould b e b e tt e r a d d e d s ub s e qu e n t ly

t h a n c on n e c t e d wi t h 3 4— 3 6 s in c e t he l a t t e r would ,

ha v e d e s t roy e d t he un i t y of t he ch a p t e r wh i ch i s up ,

t o t h at poin t gov e rn e d by o n e c e n t r al id e a N e g a .

t i v e ly t he vi e w wh ic h h old s v e r 3 9 — 4 3 t o b e a n a d
,
.

di t i on of t he r e d a ct o r from a di ff e r e nt s ourc e i s
u n t e n a bl e as D i ll m an n r e m a rk s a g a i n s t W e llha u s e n
, ,

a n d K ay s e r .For (a ) The E loh i s t mu s t h av e giv e n .

full e r dir e c t ion s c on c e rn in g S uc c o t h wh ic h he ha d ,

n ot as e t t r e a t e d in d e t a il t ha n t h o s e c on t a in e d i n
y ,

v e r 3 4— 3 6
. . b
( ) V e r —
39 4 3 i.s in c ompl e t e : i t d o e s n o t

e v e n c on t a in t he n a m e of t he f e a s t r e f e rr e d t o a n d ,

r e quir e s wh a t pr e c ed e s fo r i t s e xpl a n a t i on (c) The .

l a ngu a g e i s E lohi s t ic W e m ay fi n ally r e m a rk t h a t

.
,

i n c ha p xxi ii s p e ci a l a t t e n t ion i s p a i d t o t he f e a s t s
. .

n o t e xh a u s t iv e ly t r e a t e d b e for e ( P e n t e c o s t S uc c o t h ) ,
.
7 0 THE P E /VTA TE U CH A L C OD E S l lIOS A I C .

whil s t o t h e r s for whi ch full provi s io n ha d b e e n p r e

,

v i ou s l m a d e a l r e a d y a r e h e r e m or e s um m a rily d i s
y ,

m i s s e d ( P a s s ov e r D ay o f A t on e m e n t )
,
.

The prom ulg a t i on of t he l a w s c on c e rning m urd e r ,

d a m ag e a n d b l a s p he my (xxiv 0 2 3 ) w a s o c c as i on e d
,
1 — .

by t he bl a s ph e my of S he l o m i t h s s o n ’
.

The h e a d ing of c h a p xxv i ndic a t e s th a t i t s c on

. .

t e n t s clo s e t he m a in b ody of S in a i t i c l e gi s l a t ion

wh i ch a c c ordingly e nd s wi t h t he r e gul a t ion s for t he
S a bb a t h y e a r a n d t he y e a r of j ubil e e
-
Thi s po s i t io n .

i s e n t i r e ly a ppropri a t e By t h e s e in s t i t u t ion s t he e x
.

i s t e n c e a n d c on t in u a n c e of t he t h e o cr at i c c omm un i t y
w a s in s ur e d by s e cu ring a p e rm a n e n t v a li d i t y t o i t s
,

a gr a ri a n b a s i s wh ic h d e p e n d e d of c ou r s e on t he
, , ,

e qu a l d ivi s io n of p rop e r t y a m on g a l l i t s m e mb e r s .

C h a p xxvi form a lly cl o s e s t he L e vi t i c a l C od e wi t h

. .

a p r Op he t i c a pp e a l t o t he p e opl e u r g ing upon t h e m ,

f a i t hf u l ob s e rv a n c e of G o d s l aw a n d t hr e a t e ning a
’

c ur s e a g a in s t a ll di s ob e d i e n c e s h owin g i n a w a rnin g
, ,

di s clo s ur e of fu t ur e a p o s t a s y t o wh a t d a ng e r s t he ,

p e opl e would b e e xpo s e d wh e n on c e in po s s e s s i on of

t he pro mi s e d l a n d T h e r e i s a m a nif e s t S imil a ri t y i n
.

t he clo s i ng s e c t ion s of t he C ov e n a n t l a w t he L e vi t i -
,

c a l C o d e a n d t he D e u t e ronom i c l e gi s l a t io n which b e
, ,

t r a y s t h e i r e s s e n t i a l u ni t y The C ov e n a n t l a w m a d e
.
-

l a s t of a ll provi s io n fo r t he f e a s t s : s o d o e s L e vi t i cu s .

A n d a s t he form e r w as s a n c t i on e d by s p e ci a l prom
i s e s i n a c c or d a n c e wi t h i t s s p e ci a l s cop e a n d ch a r a c
t e r ( E xo d xxiii 2 0
. . s o t he m or e volum in ou s l a w

of L e vi t icu s ha s i t s m or e c o mpr e h e n s iv e s t a t e m e n t
of t he bl e s s in g a n d c ur s e a t i t s cl o s e S u ch u n d e r .

lying h a rm o n i ou s uni t y fa r o u t w e igh s t he n um e ro u s

 S YS TE M OR D ISO R D E R ?

e x t e rn a l c on t r a d ic t i on s whic h t he c ri t i c s cl a im t o
h av e d i s co v e r e d i n d e t a il U ni t y li e s a t t he bo t t om :
.

t he d i s c or d i s s up e rfi ci a l a n d im a gin a ry .

C h a p xxvii t r e a t s of vow s Pr o b a b ly t he n on o b
'

-
. . .

lig a t ory c h a r a c t e r of t h i s r e l igiou s s e rvic e c a u s e d i t s

t r e a t m e n t ou t s id e of t he m a i n b ody of l a w s .

D uring t he promulg a t ion of t he L e vi t i c a l C od e t he ,

h i s t ory of t he C ov e n a n t p e opl e ha d o ff e r e d n o t hi n g
-

r e m a rk abl e which c ould h a v e b e e n t he o c c a s ion of

,

t he e n a c t m e n t of a n e w l a w Wi t h a fe w e xc e p t i on s
.

i n ch a p viii ix x L e vi t i c u s c on t a in s n o n a rr a t iv e
. .
, .
, .
, .

I n Nu m b e rs t he hi s t ori c a l pri n cipl e b e c om e s a g a in

'

pr e d omin a n t a s i t w a s i n E xodu s Th e r e i s t hi s d if
, .

f e r e n c e h ow e v e r
, t h a t in E xodu s t he m a j ori t y of t he
,

l a w s w e r e S O i mpor t a n t t h a t t h e y infl u e n c e d h i s t ory ,

a n d dr e w it i n t o t h e ir own a ppoin t e d c ou r s e s o t h at ,

i t b e c a m e s ub ordin a t e t o l e gi s l a t i on I n N u mb e r s
.
,

o n t he c on t r a ry m uch r e f e r s t o t he t e mpo r a ry cir

,

c u m s t a n ce s of t he d e s e r t j ourn e y a n d t h e r e for e a p ,

p e a r s a s t he h i s t ori c a l o c c a s i on s offe r e d t h e m s e lv e s .

A c c ordingly t he s y s t e m a t i c a rr a ng e m e n t ha s m or e
,

a n d m or e t o giv e pl a c e t o an e x t e rn a l a t t a chm e n t

of l e g a l fr a gm e n t s t o t he f a c t s of h i s t ory
S t ill ev e n wh e r e t he ou t w a rd un i t y a n d c onn e c
,

t i o n a r e w a n t ing t h e r e i s a ruling id e a whi ch a s it

, , ,

ha s d e t e rmi n e d t he h i s t o ry of t h i s p e riod a l s o ha s ,

giv e n a c omm on ch a r a c t e r t o i t s l a w s Th e y a l l .

r e l a t e i n s om e w ay t o t he c ivil a n d poli t i c al c on s t i
t u t i o n of I s r ae l t o t he e x t e rn a l an d in t e rn a l org a ni
,

z a t i o n of t he t rib e s a s t he a rmy a n d t he c ongr e g a t i o n

of j e hov a h e i t h e r a s t h i s w a s d e t e rmin e d for t he pr e s

,

e n t by t he j o urn e y t ow a rd s C a n aa n ( ch a p i — x . . .
7 2 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C OD E S IOS A I C
II .

o r r e quir e d fo r t he fu t ur e by p o s s e s s i on o f t he H oly
L a n d ( xxii . T he form e r of t h e s e s e c t io n s i s
ch i e fly l e g a l t he l a t t e r of a mix e d c h a r a c t e r : a ll t h a t
,

f all s b e t w e e n t h e m giv e s t he hi s t o ry of t he j ourn e y

fro m S in a i t o t he J ord a n i n t e rrup t e d by l e g al s e c
,

t i on s i n ch a p xv . xvi i xviii xix

.
, , .
, .

B e rt h e a u up t o t h i s poin t h aving b e e n a bl e t o
,

t r a c e a c o mbin at io n of t he s ignifi c a n t n umb e r s 7 a n d

1 0 i n v a ri o u s group s a n d s e ri e s a n d d e c a logu e s is ,

n o w oblig e d t o c o nf e s s t h a t only a c e r t a in a rr a ng e
,

m e nt on t he pri nc ipl e o f d e c a d e s ca n b e di s c ov e r e d
h e re .

The r e m a rk s m a d e a b ov e c on c e rn ing t he ch ron o

l ogi c a l p o s i t i o n o f t he l a w s wh i ch o c c ur h e r e S h ow ,

t h a t a p o s i t iv e vin di c a t i o n of t h e i r s y s t e m a t i c uni t y

w ould b e i n v a in W e m ay c on t e n t o ur s e lv e s wi t h
.

a n s w e ri ng a fe w obj e ct ion s r a i s e d a g a in s t t he go od

ord e r of t h e s e l e g a l p as s a g e s
B e r t h e a u c on s i d e r s N um 1 11 1 — 4 a s a n in s e r t i on
. .
,

l a cki ng a l l c on n e c t ion b o t h wi t h wh a t pr e c e d e s a n d
wi t h wh a t foll ow s lo o s e ly s u s p e nd e d b e t w e e n ii
, .

a n d iii .

The r e a s on h ow e v e r why t he g e n e r at ion s of A a ro n

, ,

S h oul d b e g i v e n a t t h i s j un c t u r e i s obvi ou s ; v i z t o , .
,

d i s t ingui s h t he pri e s t s a t t he ou t s e t from t he L e vi t e s .

H a d t he s e rvi c e of t he l a t t e r b e e n d e s c rib e d wi t h ou t
t hi s d i s t in c t i o n b e ing m a d e i t wo uld h a v e a pp e a r e d
,

a s if t h e y s t o od on a p ar wi t h t he pri e s t s Ve r 6 . .

s t a t e s e mp ha t i c a lly t h a t t he L e vi t e s w e r e t o m in i s

t e r u n t o A a ron t /e p r i e s t
z
.

The fi r s t p a r t of ch a p ix ha s s ug g e s t e d t o m a ny
.

a t wofold d i ffi c ul t y ( a
) . It s e e m s unn e c e s s a ry t h a t
74 THE PE N TA TE UCH A L C O D E S MOSA /C
.

gro un d of t h e s e v e r s e s i n s o fa r a s t he po s s e s s ion of
,

C a n a a n i s a ll ud e d t o Prob a bly t h i s w a s d o n e t o
.

r e min d t he ri s ing g e n e r a t io n t h a t t o t h e m G od w ould

k e e p hi s promi s e a n d b e s t ow upo n t h e m t h e s e b e n e
,

fit s whic h t h e ir f at h e r s ha d forf e i t e d by t h e i r r e b e l
lio n an d u nb e l i e f .

Th i s p a rt al s o o f o u r t as k i s n ow a c c ompli s h e d
, , .

H a ving S h own t h at a ll t he l a w s i n E xodu s N um b e r s

—
,

S O fa r a s l a ngu a g e a n d c o n t e xt a r e c onc e rn e d form ,

on e s y s t e m at i c
,
progr e s s iv e w e ll c onn e c t e d wh ol e
,
-
,

w e p o s s e s s a v a n t a g e grou nd on whi c h t o m e e t t he
-

c ri t i c s i n t h e ir n e x t a tt a c k up on t he uni t y of t he p r e
D e u t e ron omi c C od e s .
 C ON TR AD I C TI ONS AND R E P E TI TI ONS .
75

C H A PT E R VI .

O N T RAD I CTI O N S A N D R E P E TITI O N S

C .

T i s c l a im e d t h a t t he P e n t a t e uc h a l C od e s e v e n ,

wh e n D e u t e ro nomy i s l e f t o u t of vi e w c onfron t ,

u s wi t h c as e s of fl a t a n d i rr e c onc il a bl e c on t r a dic t ion .

O f c o ur s e if t hi s b e t ru e i t pr e cl ud e s m o s t po s i t iv e ly
, ,

a l l u nity of a u t h or s hip T w o c o n t r a di c t ory l a w s ca n

.

n o t h av e b e e n i n op e r a t ion a t t he s a m e t im e : t he
o n e m u s t h a v e b e e n a n t iqu a t e d wh e n t he o t h e r w e n t

i n t o e ff e c t A nd l e as t of a ll i s i t t h i n k a bl e t he
.
,

c ri t i c s s ay t h a t t he s a m e l e gi s l a t o r S ho uld h a v e p r e
,

s crib e d t w o c on t r a d i c t o ry l a w s a n d t h u s d e s t roy e d
,

hi s o w n work a n d a u t h ori t y .
1

1
. It m u s t b e a d mit t e d if a numb e r of co n t ra d i c
,

t ory l aw s e xc l u s iv e of e a ch o t h e r c a n b e poin t e d o u t
, , ,

w i t hou t a n y r e a s on t o a c c ou n t fo r t h e i r d iff e r e n c e i n
t he a l t e r e d circum s t a n c e s o r a n y e xplici t s t a t e m e n t
,

t h a t t he o n e has b e e n s ub s t i t u t e d for t he o t h e r th a t ,

i n t hi s c a s e w e s h a ll b e S h u t u p t o t he d e n i a l of t he
u ni t y a n d c on s e qu e n t ly t he M o s a i c a u t h or s hip o f
, ,

t he C od e . O n t he o t h e r ha nd no t h i ng l e s s t h a n t h i s
,

c a n a c c om pli s h t he r e s ul t wh ich t he c ri t i c s wi s h t o
,

p roduc e of put t ing M o s e s a t v a ri a n c e wi t h h im s e lf

, .

A s e c o n d c ondi t i on t o wh ic h t h i s a rgum e n t i s t i e d ,

s hould b e t ha t a co n s id e r a bl e n umb e r o f di s cr e p a n c i e s
 7 6 TH E PE N TA TE UCH H A C OD E S MOSA I C .

be a ddu c e d To a rgu e from a fe w i s ol a t e d c a s e s a n d

.
,

t o l e a v e t he p e rf e c t a gr e e m e n t o n t he wh ol e o u t of

S igh t i s t o s ub s t i t u t e t he l e t t e r f o r t he s pi ri t a n d
, ,

1 0 a w a k e n fi a s t rong s u s p ici on a g a i n s t t he c ri t i c s t h a t ,

t h e y a r e in t e n t up on m a king o u t a c a s e ; t h at i t i s

n o t t he c o n t r a d i c t i o n s whic h c om p e l t h e m t o d e ny

t he u ni t y b u t t h a t t /zey s t r a i n a n d p r e s s t he f orm e r
,

u nduly t o s u m mon t h e m a s wi t n e s s e s a g a i n s t it It .

r e qui r e s a v e ry s t ron g c ombin at i on of in d ivi du a l f a c t s

t o o v e r t h ro w t he pr e s u m pt i v e e vid e n c e i n f a vor of
u ni t y whic h w e h a v e di s c ov e r e d in t he r e m a rk a b l e
,

S imil a ri t y a n d a gr e e m e n t of a l l t he C od e s .

2 . Ab s t r a c t ly a ll a dm i t t he po s s ibili t y t hat t w o
,

l aw s m igh t a pp a r e n t ly c on t r a d ic t e a ch o t h e r whil s t ,

t he diff e r e n c e m igh t S imply a ri s e from t he p e c uli a r

ai m of e a ch I n m od e rn la w in s t a n c e s of s uch a
.
,

c h a r a c t e r are n um e ro u s ; b u t wh il s t t h e y a r e a b
,

s t ra ct l
y oblig e d t o m a k e t hi s c on c e s s i o n t he cri t ic s
,

n e v e r e n d e a v o r t o h a rm oniz e i n c on c r e t e c a s e s Th i s .

ly prov e s t h a t t he q u e s t i o n a t i s s u e i s b e gg e d
t he o u t s e t it i s a s e t t l e d a ff a ir wi t h t he c ri t i c s
t he C od e s a r e di s t i n c t . T hu s pr e j udi c e a n d
d e a l wi t h t he la w i n a n u nl a w f ul w ay a n d d e ,

e it of i t s inh e r e n t righ t t o S p e a k fo r i t s e l f The .

i v e r i s s t opp e d i n t he m id s t o f hi s in s t r u ction s ;
a n d t he d i s l o c a t e d a n d d e t a ch e d s e n t e n c e s o f l a w s

t h u s r e nd e r e d i n c o m pl e t e a r e t ri u mph a n t ly h e ld u p
,

a s c ont r a di c t i n g e a c h o th e r . A ll s u c h m e t h od s m u s t
b e m e t w i t h a b ol d prot e s t a n d n o r e a s o n in g whi c h
i n i t s pr e m i s e s a n t i c ip a t e s an e l e m e n t o f t he c on c l u
s io n t o b e r e a ch e d ca n b e c on s id e r e d a s v a lid
, .

3 . D r. K u e n e n di s t ingui s h e s t w o s o rt s o f c ontr a
 C ON TR A D I C TI ONS A /VD R E P E TI TI O NS . 7
I 7

d ic t i on s : 1 The di s c r e p a n cy th oug h it a ct u ally e x

.
,

i s t s i s of s uc h a ch a r a c t e r t h a t e x e g e t ic a l ing e n ui t y
, ,

c ombin e d wi t h t he a r t s of j u ri s prud e nc e c a n s olv e ,

t he h a rm oni s t i c probl e m . 2 The o n e l a w p o s i t i v e ly

.

e xclu d e s t he o t h e r . W e m u s t pro t e s t a g a in s t t hi s
a p r i o r i d e ci s i on o f ho w m uch j uri s p ru d e n c e m a b e
y
a d mi t t e d i n t he e xpo s i t i o n of l a w If hi s t ori c a l i n
.

t e rp r e t at i o n m a y b e guid e d b y h i s t ori c a l c a n on s ,

why n ot f a cili t a t e t he e xpl a n at io n of law by a ll l e g a l

m e a n s ? T h at t he s ol u t i o n of a c omplic at e d l e g a l
probl e m c a n b e r e a ch e d o nly wi t h t he h e lp o f fi n e
di s t in c t i on s giv e s D r K u e n e n n o rig ht t o a ffirm t ha t
, .

t he di s cr e p a n c i e s a c t u ally e xi s t e d i n t he m in d of t he

l a w giv e r .

4 I f it b e a dmitt e d t h a t l a w m ay a n d m u s t be
.

in t e rp r e t e d a n d h a rm oniz e d o n l e g a l prin c ipl e s w e ,

fi n d th a t t h e r e a r e i n g e n e r a l t w o w ay s i n wh i c h .

a pp a r e n t c on t r a dic t i on s c a n b e r e m ov e d ; a n d i t i s

b ut f a i r t o t ry e i t h e r o f t h e m b e for e a n a b s olut e
d i s a gr e e m e nt i s a ll e g e d .

( a) Sy s t e m a t i ca l l
y w e h a rm oniz e t w o s t a t e m e nt s

by a s s ign ing t o e a c h i t s prop e r d om a in c on s i d e ring ,

t h e m from t he p e c uli a r poi n t of V i e w wh ic h t he l a w

giv e r ha d in m in d wh e n he pr e s c rib e d t h e m by ,

m a kin g t he o n e s uppl e m e n t t he o t h e r .

b
( ) H i i l l h c h ron ologi c lly l r p g
”
s t or ca y t e a a t e a s s a e

mu s t b e giv e n t he p r e f e r e n c e ov e r t he o n e e n a c t e d
e a rl i e r . Th e r e i s n o t h in g un r e a s on a bl e i n t he a s
s ump t ion t h a t provi s i on a l d ir e c tion s w e r e s u b s e
qu e n t ly m o d ifi e d e s p e c i ally wh e n a t fi r s t only s t a t e d
,

i n o u t lin e r at h e r fo r t h e or e t ic a l t h a n pr a c t ic a l pur
p o s e s Th i s right o f hi s t ori c al h a rm o n iz a t i o n m u s t
.
78 TH E RE N TA TE U CH A Z . C ODE S M OSA I C
.

be in s i s t e d on t he m o r e fi rm ly s i nc e t he P e n t at e u c h
,

pr e s e n t s c odifi e d la w i n t he fr a m e w ork of h i s t ory ,

from a hi s t oric a l poi n t of vi e w I n m a ny c a s e s t he .

,

e a rli e r e nac t m e nt w as n o t giv e n for a l e g a l b u t

"

s imply fo r a hi s t ori c a l pu rpo s e o r o n ly i n t e n d e d t o

, ,

s uit a t r a n s i e nt s t a t e of a ff a i r s Wh e n t he l a t t e r .

c e a s e d i t b e c a m e s e lf e vid e n t th a t t he p rovi s i on a l
,
-

l aw ha d l o s t i t s b inding forc e Th i s prin cipl e i s of

.

wid e a pplic a t i on i n c o mp a ring D e u t e ron omy wi t h

t he L e vi t ic a l C od e .

To b o t h m e t h od s a s pr e s e n t e d b y D e li t z s ch ( G e n e s .

Ein l 4 3.
, , D r K u e n e n a g a in t a k e s e xc e ption
. .

D e li t z s c h ha d r e f e rr e d t o t he corp u s j u r i s 7 u s t i n i a
n e u m a s a p a r a ll e l a n d S h own by a qu o t a t i on from
,

S avigny ho w j uri s t s r e s or t t o t he s a m e prin c i

,

p l e
, wh e n t he D ig e s t a I n s t i t u t i on e s
,
an d t he C od e x ,

o cc a s i on a lly c on t r a di c t e a ch o t h e r or t h e m s e lv e s .

K u e n e n r e m a rk s I d o n ot b e li e v e t ha t t he M o s a i c
,
“

o rigin of t he P e nt a t e u c ha l C o d e s i s m a d e m or e prob
a bl e by t h i s a n al ogy D o e s n o t t he d i s c r e p a n cy b e
.

t w e e n t he v a ri ou s p a r t s of t he cOIp u s j u r i s a ri s e
from t he o r i g i n of i t s l a w s in v a riou s p e ri o d s ? If ,

th e r e for e t he c a s e b e t he s a m e wi t h t he P e n t at e u ch
, ,

t he s u c c e s s iv e o rigin of t he M o s a ic C od e s b e c om e s
h ighly prob a b l e Th i s r e t or t of hi s own a rgum e n t
.
”

upon D e l itz s ch w o u ld b e j u s t i fi e d if w e ha d t he s a m e
hi s t ori c a l t e s t im ony for t he gr a d u a l o rigi n a t i on of
t he M o s a i c in s t i t u t i on s a s t h e r e i s for t he d e v e l op

m e n t of R om a n la w The Oppo s i t e of t h i s i s t ru e
. .

A nd D r K u e n e n ov e rl o ok s t h a t t he poi n t of a n a l ogy
.
,

c on s i s t s S imply i n t he f a c t th a t a C od e m ay b e i n
O p e r a t i o n o f wh i c h t he i n dividu a l l a w s s e e m t o c on
 C ON TR AD I C TI ONS AND R E P E TI TI ONS .
79

t r a di c t e a c h ot h e r Wh a t m ay b e t he c a u s e o f t hi s
.

d i s c r e p a n c y i s n o t t he qu e s t ion h e r e : i t i s e n ough
t h a t t he f a c t b e v e rifi e d I f t he coi p u s j u r i s w a s
.

v a l id l a w a t a c e rt a in t im e why n o t t he M o s a i c law
,

al s o ? A n d if i t b e prov e n t h at t he v a ri at i on s in t he
form e r a r e d u e t o div e r s i t y of origin w e will Wa i t t ill ,

t he s a m e e v id e n c e i s p r e s e n t e d for t he M o s a i c l aw s .

The c on t r a di c ti on s i n t h e m s e lv e s d o n o t pro v e a n y
t h in g a s l ong a s
( )
a Th e y ca n b e h a rm oniz e d .

b
( ) T h e diff e r e n c e e xpl a in e d o n ot h e r groun d s .

c) The po s i t iv e pro of t h a t t h e y o w e t h e i r origi n

(
t o d iv e r s ity of a u t h o r s h ip i s no t giv e n .

W e c a n not e n t e r h e r e u pon t he di s cu s s i o n of i
d ividu al c a s e s m o s t o f wh i c h will m o r e o v e r c om e up
, , ,

a t l a t e r p oint s of o u r inqu iry A nd i t ca n b e c on

.

fid e n t ly c l a i m e d t h a t al l o f t h e m h av e m e t wit h a
s a t i s f a c t ory s ol u t ion l ong a g o .

Wi t h r e g a rd t o r e p e t i t i on s a fe w r e m a rk s m ay
,

s u ffi c e :

1. The obj e c t io n b a s e d on t he fr e qu e nt r e s t at e m e nt
o f e s s e nt i a lly t he s a m e l a w d i s r e g a rd s t he p e culi ar
,

r e l at ion i n wh i c h t he l iving God s t oo d t o hi s Cov

e n a n t -p e opl e I s r a e l
. H e w as t he gr e a t La w giv e r -

an d Th e o c r a t i c King b ut at t he s a m e tim e t he
,

f at h e r of hi s s ubj e c t s a n d wh e r e he ha d t o c om m a n d
i n t he form e r c a p a ci t y he c oul d urg e a n d b e s e e c h
,

r e p e a t e dly i n t he l at t e r .

The P e n t a t e uch a s a wh ol e i s n ot a l e g al C od e
\
2.
, , ,

b u t a hi s t ory of t he found a tio n of t he Th e oc r a cy .

Wh a t m ay b e l e s s a ppropri a t e i n a n o ffi c i a l C od e ,

b e c om e s qui t e n at ur a l in i t s hi s t ori c al e n v iro n m e nt .

80 TH E PE NTA TE U CH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

3. T he c h a r a c t e r of t he r e p e a t e d l a w s a ff ord s a n
e as y e xpl a n a t i on of t hi s f a c t . M o s t of t h e m ar e of
’

t he high e s t imp or t a n c e fo r I s r a e l s r e ligi o u s lif e . AS

an e x a mpl e ,
w e m ay r e f e r t o t he S a bb a t ic a l l aw s .

N ot l e s s t h a n e l e v e n s ub s t a n t i a lly t he s a m e a re
f ound i n E xodu s N umb e r s -
.

4 . V e ry f e w a c t u a l r e p e t i t ion s e x i s t wh e r e t he s u b
i n o t a pp ro a c h e d i n e v e ry n e w t r e a t m e n t from
j e c t s

a diff e r e n t s id e , o r wit h t he purp o s e t o intr o du c e

s om e m o di fi c a t io n .
82 TH E PE NTA TE U CH A L C OD E S MOSA I C .

The l aw c c ording t o W e llha u s e n i s a n a c co m m o

a

d a t i on t o t he n a t ur a l t e nd e n c i e s of t he p e opl e O rigi .

n ally t he c e r e m oni a l c ul t u s w a s roo t e d i n t he s oil of

h e a t h e n n a t ur e wor s h ip a n d in i t s prim i t iv e form i t
-
,

w a s t he s p ont a n e ou s e xpr e s s ion of a n a t u r a l r e ligiou s

i mpul s e To t he fi r s t p a r t of hi s P rol e gom e n a t r e at
.
,

i ng t he hi s t ory of t he c ul t u s he ha s pr e fix e d t he ,

m o t t o Leg e m n on li a be n t es n a t u ra f a ci a n t leg i s op e ra
, .

Wh a t d i s t ingui s h e d I s r a e l from t he G e n t il e s w as n o t
i t s c e r e m oni a l in s t i t u t i on s — r a t h e r t he Oppo s i t e ; for
,

t he c ul t u s i s t he h e a t h e n e l e m e n t i n t he j e wi s h r e
“

li g i o n . O nly a f t e r t he c odifi c a t i on a n d s y s t e m a t i z
i ng of t h e s e primi t iv e e l e m e n t s du ring a n d af t e r t he
e xil e di d t he l a w b e c om e t he e xpon e n t of t he p e opl e s
’

p e c uli a r c h a r a c t e r Fir s t proph e cy ha d r a i s e d i t s

.
,

p ow e rful voic e i n oppo s i t ion t o a ll o u t w a rd rit e s a s ,

b e ing roo t e d i n cl o s e ly a lli e d t o a n d i n n e c e s s a ry

, ,

c onn e c t i on wi t h t he wor s hip of o t h e r god s

, P ur e .

j a h v e i s m i n a s piri t u a l s e n s e w a s t he id e a l wh i c h t he
p roph e t s c on t i n u a lly h e ld up b e for e t he p e opl e wi t h ,

o u t b e ing a bl e t o r e a liz e i t a m ong s t t h e m H ow w e.

s h a ll a c c o unt fo r t he s ud d e n a pp e a r a nc e o f a c l a s s of

m e n wi t h s uc h s piri t u a l i d e a s a n d l oft y a s pi r a t i on s ,

a m ong a p e opl e s c a rc e ly a w a k e n e d o ut of t he my s t i c

S l e e p of O ri e n t al n at ur e wor s hip t o t he fi r s t f a i n t
-
,

c o n s cio u s n e s s of s om e t h ing m or e d e fi n i t e a n d p e r
s on a l ,
w e a s k in v a in T he f a c t i s s ur e ly n o t l e s s
.

m i r a c ul ou s a n d a s t oundin g t h a n t he prom u lg a t i on of
a d ivin e l a w o n S i n a i B u t t he proph e t i c a l voic e s o
.

pow e rfully r a i s e d a t fi r s t b e c am e w e a k e r a n d w e a k e r
, ,

a n d a t l a s t w a s S i l e n c e d e n t ir e ly S pi ri t u a li s m ha d
.

t a k e n up a rm s a g a in s t ritu ali s m a n d lo s t t he b a ttl e

, .
 D E VE L OP ME NT OF LA W . 83

S e e ing t ha t it c oul d n ot s u c c e s s fully r e s i s t t hi s n a t u

ra l t e nd e ncy of I s r a e l i t b e g a n t o a c c om mo d a t e i t s
,

d e m a nd s t o t he d e s ir e s of t he p e opl e a n d t ri e d t o ,

a s s i m il a t e t he e s s e n t i a lly h e a t h e n e l e m e n ts t o i t s o w n

J a hvi s t ic id e a s ; a n d by t hi s s t r a ng e b u t d e x t e rou s
r e n ou nc e m e n t Of for m e r pri n cipl e s t he s t ron g e s t
,

o b s t a c l e in t he w a of j hvi s t i c m ono t h i s m w a a l l
y a e s

a t on c e t r a n s form e d i n t o i t s m o s t pow e rful i n c e n t iv e

a n d r e li a bl e s a f e gu a rd . Wh a t h a pp e n e d a c c ording ,

t o W e llha u s e n fi nd s a n illu s t r a ti on i n t he m e t h od s
,

follow e d by t he C hri s t i a n C hurch i n a dop t i ng he a

,

th e n pr a c t i c e s a n d c u s t om s a n d m a ki n g t h e m t he
,

s ym b ol s of C hri s t i a n f a c t s a n d id e a s .

I t i s t ru e t h i s s c h e m e p r e s e nt s a di ffi c ulty wh i c h
has n o t e nti r e ly e s c a p e d t he c rit i c s t h e m s e lv e s
-
.

W e llha u s e n c o n f e s s e s t h a t t he L e viti c al Th e o c r a cy
i ndi c a t e s a r e t rogr e s s iv e m o v e m e n t i n t he r e ligiou s
growt h of I s r a e l H e ch a r a c t e riz e s t he in t rod uc t io n
.

of t he P e n t a t e u c h a l C od e s a s a s y s t e m a t i c r e l a p s e
i n t o t h at h e at h e ni s m wh ic h t he proph e t s ha d c on
d e m n e d a n d O ppo s e d wi t h a l l t h e i r m ight Th e r e i s
.

a b r e a k i n t he proc e s s h e r e . P roph e t i s m ha d pro

c l a im e d s pi ri t u a l Ja hv e i s m a n d c on d e mn e d ri t u ali s m
,

in s t e a d of a dh e rin g t o th i s vit a l prin cipl e ( i t s o nly

ra i s on a n d e x a l t i n g t he id e a a b ov e t he fo rm ,

whi c h w as t he t ru e impo r t of i t s m i s s ion it n ow fo r ,

s a k e s t he e s s e n t i a l a n d S piri t u a l a i m of a l l i t s s t r i v

i ng s a t i s fi e d if m e r e ly t he form b e s av e d if only a
, ,

s or t of J a hv e i s m b e i t e v e r s o gro s s a n d s u p e r s t i
,

t i ou s a n d c e r e m oni al b e pr e s e rv e d
, .

No t a ll c ri t i c s a gr e e a s t o t he pr e ci s e ord e r i n
whi c h the s e v e r al p ort ion s o f t he v a r i ou s C od e s
84 TH E RE N TA TE U CH A L C ODE S MOSA I C .

o rigin a t e d A s t o t he C od e s t h e m s e lv e s t he m o s t
.
,

f a vo ri t e s u c c e s s i o n i s t h at p ropo s e d by t he r e c on
s t r u ct i o n i s t s of \Ve l l ha u s e n s t yp e b e ing C ov e n a n t
’

D e u t e ro n omy E z e ki e l s Progr a m m e Pri e s t

’
l aw , , ,

C od e . Gr a f d i s t ribu t e s t he l e g a l c on t e n t s of t he
P e n t a t e u c h i n t he followin g w ay z
1
. The J e h ovi s t ic r e c e n s io n of t he E lohi s t ic n a rr a
t i v e ( which he a s s ign s t o t he t im e of K in g A h a z )

c on t a in e d E xod xii i . xxxiv .

, .

2
. The l a w —b o ok di s c ov e re d i n t he e ight e e nth y e a r
of K in g J o s i a h a n d wri t t e n during hi s r e ign c on
, ,

t ai n e d D e u t
iv 4 5 xxviii 6 9
—
. . O f t hi s h ow e v e r
. .
, ,

ch a p xxi — xxv b e l o ng t o a n e a rli e r t im e a n d form e d

. . .
,

o rigin ally a s uppl e m e n t t o t he l a w s of E xodu s .

Gr a f i s i n c li n e d t o i d e n t ify t he D e u t e ron o mi s t wi t h
J e re m i ah .

3
. E z e ki e l i s t h e a u t h o r of L e v xviii — xxvi a n d . . .
,

o f t he S a bb a t h l a w i n E xod xxxi -
. .

4
. I n t h e t im e of E zr a a n d prob a b l y b y E zr
, a h i m
s e lf w e r e wri t t e n E xod
,
xii 1 2 8 43 5 — 1 . xxv — xxxi .
-
, , . .

an d xxxv — x i ;
. L e v i — xvi ( only ch a
. p xi c on t a in s . .

a n O ld e r l a w ) xxiv 1 0 2 3 N um i 4 8 x 2 8 xv xix
—
, .
— — . . .
, . .
,

xxvii i — xxxi xxxv I6 — xxxvi I 3

. .
, . . .

5
. S oon a f t e r t h e t i m e of E zr a t h e wh ol e w a s c om
p l e t e d by t h e a ddi t i on of L e v xxvii a n d s om e min or . .

p art s .

S in c e l a t e s t s ch e m e s pl a c e D e ut e ro n omy b e
t he
t w e e n t he C ov e n a n t b ook a n d t he L e vi t ic a l l a w s w e —
,

m u s t a n t i cip at e s om e p a r t s of ou r d i s c u s s i on The .

hi s t oric a l S i d e of t he p robl e m will a l s o c om e h e r e ,

a lr e a dy m or e o r l e s s un d e r c on s id e r a t ion .
 UNI T Y , OR P L UR A L I T Y , OF SA NC TUA R Y ? 85

C H A PT E R V II I .

U N IT Y , OR PL URA L IT Y , OF S A N CTU A R Y ?

T is a ll e g e d th a t b e for e t he D e u t e ronom i c r e f orm

,

a n d t he c e n t r a liz a t i o n wh ic h i t e ff e c t e d s a c rifi c e s ,

w e r e Off e r e d e v e n by t he m o s t pi ou s I s r a e li t e s a t a ll
, ,

pl a c e s t h rough ou t t he l a n d s p e c i a lly o n t he B a m o t h o r
, ,

h igh pl a c e s t o whic h a p e c uli a r s a n c t i t y w a s a s c rib e d

, .

T he C ov e n a n t -law i s cl a i m e d t o t e s t ify t o t hi s s t a t e o f
a ff a ir s ; a n d t he cl a s s i c a l p a s s a g e E xod x x 24—26 i s
, . .
,

g e n e r a lly q uo t e d a s d e c i s iv e for t he vi e w t ha t l ong , ,

a f t e r t he c onqu e s t of t he l a nd a pl ur a li t y o f s a n ct u
,

a ri e s w a s n o t only t ol e r a t e d b u t l e g a liz e d
, .

A ll will of c our s e d e p e nd o n t he e x e g e s i s o f thi s

, ,

p a s s a g e ; a n d t he l at t e r will b e d e t e rmin e d by t he
c on t e x t A s w e h a v e h i t h e r t o d i s c ov e r e d n o e v i
.

d e n c e of t he c omp o s i t e ch a r a c t e r of t he C o d e s w e ,

v i n d i c a t e ou r righ t t o i n t e rpr e t t h e s e v e r s e s in t he
ligh t of wh a t pr e c e d e s an d foll ow s Th u s vi e wing .

t h e m w e would s t a t e t h e i r b e a ring o n t he pr e s e n t
,

qu e s t i on und e r t he foll owi ng h e a d s

I
. T he y c ont a i n s i mply s o m e pro v i s ion a l d i r e c
tion s
a ) Fo r t he a lt a r t o b e e r e c t e d f or t he C ov e n a n t
(
s a crifi c e ( E x o d .

b
( ) F or a l l s a c rifi c e s t o b e o ff e r e d b e f or e t he t a b e r
n a e l e w as r e ady c omp a r e a l s o J o s h viii
( . .
86 THE PE NTA TE U CH A Z . C OD ES MOSA IC .

The only obj e c t ion s t h at c a n b e r e a s o n a bly u rg e d

a g a in s t t hi s n a t ur a l e xpl a n a t ion a r e t he followin g

t wo :

( )
I T he t im e b e tw e e n t he prom ulg a t ion of t h i s

c om m a nd a n d t he e r e c t ion of t he t a b e rn a c l e w a s
t o o s hor t t o r e qui r e a s p e ci a l provi s i on .

A cc ording t o E xod x 1 I t he t a b e rn a cl e w a s n ot
. .
,

r e a r e d b e for e t he fi r s t d ay of t he fi r s t m on t h of t he
s e c o nd y e a r a f t e r t he e xodu s A n d e v e n t h e n t he
.

t a b e rn a cl e s e rvi c e c ould n o t go in t o e ff e c t b e c a u s e
-
,

t he s a c rifi ci a l l a w s ha d n o t y e t b e e n giv e n No t .

b e for e Le v viii d o w e fi nd t he c omm a nd t o c on s e c r a t e

. .

A a ro n a n d hi s s o n s ( c om p a r e a l s o N um i T hu s . .

t he t im e b e t w e e n t he publi c a t ion o f t hi s c om m a n d

a n d t he in a ugur a t i o n o f t he t a b e rn a cl e s e rvi c e w a s a t -

l e a s t e igh t full m on t h s W e r e t he c h ildr e n of I s r a e l

.

wi t h ou t s a c rifi c e s all t hi s t im e ? I f n o t a n d if e a c h ,

w a s hi s o w n pri e s t a n d built hi s own a l t a r wh a t w a s

, ,

m or e n at ur al t h a n a provi s io n of t h i s c h a r a c t e r ?

A f t e rw a rd s of c our s e i t w a s p a r t i a lly a brog a t e d by

, ,

t he full e r a n d p e r m a n e nt a rr a ng e m e n t of t he ri t u a l
sys t e m .

( )
2 T h e dir e c t ion s th a t t h e a l t a r s h ould b e of u n

h e w n s t o n e a n d t h at i t s h ould n o t b e a s c e nd e d by
,

s t e ps ,ar e cl a im e d t o b e of g e n e r a l ch a r a c t e r a n d ,

t h u s t o pr e c lud e t he s ub s e qu e n t promulg a t ion of t he

L e vi t ic al la w whic h c on t r a d ic t s t h e m
, .

A s t o t he fi r s t of t h e s e poin t s w e c l a im on ou r ,

s id e t h a t t he c omm a n d i s n o t g e n e r a l b u t s p e c i al ,

a n d t e mpor a ry B e c a u s e t he a l t a r whi ch e a c h m a n
.

would build for him s e lf c oul d n o t b e c on s e c r a t e d i t ,

s h o uld c on s i s t of s impl e u n d e fil e d n at ur a l m a t e ri a l
, ,
.
 UNITY , 01? P L UR A LI T Y , OF SANC TUAR Y ? 87

Of c our s e t o t he a l t a r of t he t a b e r n a cl e m a d e a o
, ,
’

: or d ing t o God s o w n p r e s crip t i on s s ol e m nly co n s e ,

c r a t e d a n d s e rv e d by a n o ffi ci a l p ri e s t ho od th e s e ,

r e s t ri c t ion s d id n ot a pply .

The prohibi t i on t o a s c e n d t he a l t a r by s t e p s ha d ,

i n i t a n e l e m e n t of p e rm a n e n t v alidi t y a s v e r 2 6 ,
-
.

i nti m a t e s O nly t he s p e c i al w ay in whi ch t hi s me c e s

.

s it w as m e t ha d n o p e rp e t u a l bi nding forc e H n c
y , e e .
,

whil s t t he L e vi t ic a l law pr e s e rv e d t he form e r i t c ould ,

di s r e g a rd t he l a t t e r The prin cipl e w a s m a in t a i n e d

.
,

b u t i n t he m a nn e r s t at e d i n E xo d xxviii 4 2 xxxix 2 8 . .
, . .

2
. The c ri t ic s c a n n o t Sa ti s f a ct ori ly a c c oun t fo r t he
a ddi t io n , wh e r e I r e c ord m y n a m e
“
W e llha u s e n .
”

di s mi s s e s t he s ignifi c a n t ph r a s e wi t h t he following
in s ign ifi c a n t r e m a rk Th i s o nly m e a n s th at t he
“

pl a c e of c om m un i on b e tw e e n h e a v e n a n d e a r t h i s
n o t t o b e r e g a rd e d a s a rbi t r a rily c h o s e n bu t as i n ,
”
s om e w a
y d e s ign a t e d by G od h im s e lf T h e r e fe r .

e nc e of t hi s cl a u s e t o t he s u c c e s s iv e s t a ti on s of t he

t a b e rn a c l e during t he d e s e r t j ourn e y i s n ot e xcl ud e d

-
, ,

b u t d o e s n ot do full j u s t i c e t o t he m e a ning It i s i n .

t e n d e d t h a t a ll pl a c e s b e c om e s a c r e d by a m a nif e s t a

t i on of God wh e t h e r i t b e i n a t h e oph a ny o r by t he
, ,

S h e chi n a h or i n s om e o t h e r w ay O n S in a i G o d r e
,
.
,

c ord e d hi s n a m e in a glori o u s r e v e l a t ion ; a n d t hu s t o

t he I s r ae li t e s t he provi s ion a l rig ht c o uld b e giv e n

t o build a n a l t a r t h e r e A f t e rw a rd s w he n t he m a ni
.
,

fe s t a t i o n o f G od s glory w a s t r a n s f e rr e d t o t he t e n t of
’

t he t e s t im ony t h i s of n e c e s s i t y b e c a m e t he only
,

r e c ogniz e d s a nct u a ry The p a s s a g e cl e a rly in t im at e s

.
,

t h a t a s of t e n a s a lt e r e d c ircum s t a n c e s w o uld i n t he
,

f u t ur e r e nd e r c e ntr a liz a t ion of wor s hip p r a c t i c ally

88 TH E P EN TA TE UGHA Z . C OD E S M OSA [a

impo s s ibl e t he s a me fr e e d om would b e r e s to r e d

, ,

a l w ay s ,of cour s e wi t h t he s a m e r e s t ri c t ion t h a t n o

, ,

pl a c e of s a c ri fi c e s h ould b e a rbi t r a rily c h o s e n b u t ,

only s uc h a s w e r e s a n c t ifi e d by a r e c o r d ing of G o d s “ ’

”
n am e . A c t u a lly w e fi nd i n s ub s e qu e n t hi s t ory t h a t
,

a ll s uc h c on s e c r a t e d s p o t s ha d b e e n t he s c e n e of a

t he Op ha n y : t h e y w e r e s o m a ny S in a i s wh e r e t he
“
,

s am e c omm a n d c o uld b e r e p e a t e d a n d t he piou s ,

I s r a e l i t e on c e m or e e r e c t hi s s im pl e a l t a r of e a r t h o r
u nh e wn s t on e a n d s a crifi c e hi s b u rn t offe ring a n d
,
-

p e a ce o ff e ri n g hi s s h e e p a n d ox e n
-
, .

T h a t t he C ov e n a n t la w p o s i t iv e ly p re s u pp o s e s un i t y
-

of w o r s hi p a n d c ul t u s i s s e e n from t he f e a s t l aw s
,
-
,

E xod xxiii I 7 1 9 wh e r e e v e ry m a l e i s r e quir e d t o

. .
, ,

a pp e a r t h r e e t i m e s i n t he y e a r b e for e t he LO R D God .

I f t he s a nc t u ar i e s w e r e s o n um e rou s a s t he c ri t i c s
a s s e rt , an d a c c or d ingly vi s i t e d c on t i nu a lly a n d fr e

qu e n t ly by a ll I s r ae li t e s a c o m m a nd lik e t hi s t o
,
-
,

a pp e a r flam e t i m e s b e for e t he L O R D would h a v e b e e n ,

s up e rfl u o u s a n d unm e a n i n g .

W e s e e t h a t t he a t t e mpt t o bri n g t he C o v e n an t
l a w in t o c on t r a dic t i on wi t h t he s ub s e qu e n t C o d e s ,

or t o s h ow t h a t i t s a n c t ion s a m o r e pri m i t iv e fo r m of
s a n c t u a ry wo r s h ip r e s t s o n a v e ry f o r c e d i n t e rp r e t a
-
,

t ion of a s ingl e p a s s a g e s e v e r e d from i t s c o n t e x t .

Th a t t h e r e w a s a r e l a t iv e e l e m e n t i n t hi s r e gul a t i on ,

i s a b s urd t o d e ny ; a n d t he a b s ol u t e pr i n c i pl e s i nvolv e d
w e r e r e t a in e d t h o ugh i n a s om e wh a t m odifi e d form
, ,

i n t he L e vi t i c a l l a w s o t h a t n o di s c r e p a n cy e xi s t s
, .

S ur e ly n o d e v e l opm e n t o f c e n t uri e s w a s r e quir e d t o

e ff e c t t he u n e s s e n t i a l d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e v e r s e s

a n d t he d e s c rip t io n of t he a l t a r i n t he t a b e rn a cl e ,
9 0 TH E PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA I C .

t a in s w e
,
ar e t old t he r e m i n i s c e nc e s of wh at t he
,

C ov e n an t -
l a w r e pr e s e n t e d a s i ndi s p e n s a bl e r e a li t y .

'

The D e u t e r o n o m i s t wri t e s t hrough ou t in a p ol e m i c

t o n e a n d a s s um e s t he ch a r a ct e r of a r e fo rm e r It
, .

i nd ic a t e s c e r t a inly n o gr e a t c on c e s s i on wh e n w e a d
m i t t h at t he D e u t e ron o m i c C o d e e nfo r c e s a n d i n c u l
c at e s unity of wor s hip m o r e t h a n a n y t h ing e l s e To .

d r a w fro m thi s t he dir e c t i n f e r e n c e t h a t i t m u s t b e ,

b o t h t he produc t o f a n d t he n o rm fo r t he r e a c t i o n
, ,

a g a i n s t B a m oth wo r s h ip in t he l a t t e r p a rt o f t he s e v
-

e n t h c e n t ury B C i s v e ry h a s t y a n d s w e e pin g
, .

W h at t he c ri t i c s m ay b e c a ll e d upon t o prov e i s n o t ‘

t h a t D e u t e ron omy ha d a s t riking fi t n e s s t o s e rv e a s

a r e form -C od e in t he d a y s of Ki n g J o s i a h N ob o d y .

d e ni e s t hi s an d th e r e i s ab und a nt e vid e n c e t ha t i t
,

w a s a c t u ally u s e d t h u s N e i t h e r will t he e vid e n c e

.

t h a t t he C o d e c ould a c c ompli s h a gr e a t e r a n d m or e
i mp o rt a nt m i s s i o n i n t he s e v e n t h c e n t ury t h a n i n
t he M o s a i c ti m e j u s t ify t he c on c lu s i o n t h a t it ow e s
,

i t s o rigin t o t he form e r a n d n o t t o t he l a t t e r
,
Go d .

did n ot i n s pir e hi s h oly w ord fo r a s i ngl e a g e o r g e n

e r a t i o n : i t n e v e r r e t u rn e t h v oid b u t a c c ompli s h e s
,

s oon e r o r l a t e r a ll th a t wh i ch he pl e as e s The o n e .

a n d t he e s s e n t i a l p oin t wh i c h w e wi s h t he high e r
c r i t ici s m t o e s t a bli s h i s t hi s t h a t t he C od e d o e s n o t
, ,

fit i n t o t he hi s t oric a l s i t u at i on by wh ich a c c ording t o

, ,

i t s ow n t e s t im ony i t w a s c a ll e d for t h
,
A s fa r a s w e .

kn ow t h i s ha s n e v e r b e e n d on e The t w o pr e c e din g
, .

poin t s h a v e b e e n s e t t l e d whic h i t r e quir e d s u r e ly n o

,

h igh e r cri t i c i s m t o d o b u t w e obj e ct t o a u s e of t h e m

a s if t h e y w a rr a n t e d a n i nf e r e n c e t h a t ca n only b e

dr awn f rom t he t hird Is t h e r e a n y impropri e t y i n

.
 UNf T Y , OR PL URAL ITY O F SA NC TUA R Y, ? 9 1

t he t one an dc ont e n t s of t he bo ok w he n w e r e aliz e

,

t h a t t he I s r a e li t e s w e r e t o e n t e r u p on t he po s s e s s ion
of a l a nd fo r c e n t uri e s d e fil e d by a h e at h e n c ul t u s s o
,

t h a t alm o s t e v e ry high pl a c e would b y i t s a s s oci a

t i on s e xpo s e t h e m t o t he u t m o s t d a ng e r of r e l ap s ing
in t o i dol at ry a n d n a t ur e wo r s hip - ? If e v e r a t im e ‘

c all e d fo r a n urg e n t app e a l t o t he p e opl e t o m a in t a i n

t he c e n t r a l iz a t i on of t h e ir c u l t u s a s a s a f e gu a rd

a g a in s t C a n aa ni t i s h i nfl u e n c e s i t w a s t he l a t t e r p a rt
,

of t he M o s a i c p e ri od A n d t he r e m a rk a bl e fa c t t h at
.
,

D e u t e ron omy e mph a s iz e s a s m uc h t he p e rm a n e nc e

of t he on c e e s t a bli s h e d s a n ct u a ry as i t s u ni t y s ui t s ,

fa r b e t t e r t he M o s a i c t im e t h a n t he s e v e n t h c e n t ury ,

wh e n t he t h ough t t h a t t he t e mpl e c ould b e r e m ov e d

from J e ru s a l e m wo ul d h a v e b e e n c on s id e r e d ab
s urd . E n t ir e ly t o o m uch ha s b e e n m a d e of t he fr e
qu e n t ly r e c urrin g e xpr e s s ion s t he pl a c e whic h t he

L O R D you r G od s h a ll ch o o s e o u t of a ll yo ur

t rib e s t o p u t ( 0m) hi s n a m e t h e r e Ri eh m
as s e r t s t h at t h i s c o uld n o t h a v e b e e n s pok e n by
M o s e s wi t h r e f e r e n c e t o t he u nc e r t a in pl a c e of t he
t ab e rn a cl e But h e r e cri t ici s m o t h e rwi s e s o a v e r s e
.
,

t o proph e t i c for e s igh t s e e m s t o cl a im for M o s e s a

,

m inu t e kn owl e dg e of t he fu t u r e f a t e of t he s a n ctu a ry .

Wh a t e l s e c ould Mo s e s e xp e c t t h a n t h a t af t e r t he ,

c on q ue s t of C a n a a n a d e fi ni t e pl a c e woul d b e cho s e n
,

by God t o dw e ll th e r e e i t h e r i n t a b e rn a cl e or t e mpl e ?
,

E v e n long a f t e r t he M o s a i c a g e i n t he s a m e t i m e t o
,

which c ri t i c s a s c rib e t he origi n of D e u t e ron omy a ll ,

t h e s e t e rm s w e r e a ppli e d t o t he t a b e rn a cl e a n d i t s
loc a li t y by Je r vii 1 2 or} Wm W M ?) rm: i b rzjn
. . .
" ‘
.

S o muc h a b out t he pro s p e c tiv e ch a r a ct e r o f D e u

 THE PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t e ron o m y . r et ro s p e ctiv e s i d e a l s o w e
S i n c e i t ha s a ,

mu s t bri e fly i nqu ir e w h e t h e r t hi s l e n d s s t rong e r

s upp or t t o t he cri t i c a l v i e w D o e s D e ut e ro n omy
.

p a in t t he p a s t wi t h s uch c olor s a s c omp e l u s t o p o s

t ul a t e b e t w e e n i t a n d t he C o v e n a nt l a w a p e rio d of -

a t l e a s t t w o c e n t uri e s ?

W e a r e r e f e rr e d ch i e fly t o s u c h e xpr e s s i on s a s t he
followi ng : Y e s h a ll n o t d o a f t e r all t he thing s
t h a t w e do h e r e th i s d ay e v e ry m a n wh a t s o e v e r i s
,

righ t i n hi s own e y e s (xii 8 S 6 9 4 ) D e u t e ronomy i t

.
, .
,

”
i s s a id ,
opp o s e s c on s ci o u s ly wh at w e a r e n o w a c
customed to do It s r e form i s n ot m e r e ly m od ify
.

i ng b u t c ond e m ning pr e vi ou s l e gi s l at i on n ot only

, , ,

r e form a t ory b u t pol e mi c A nd t o e xpl a in t hi s

, .

m a rk e d d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n i t a n d t he J e h ovi s t a ,

c o n s id e r a bl e i n t e rv a l of t im e m u s t b e as s um e d I t i s .

i mp o s s ibl e if t he C ov e n a n t l a w ha d b e e n promulg a t e d
,
-

a t S in a i a n d D e u t e ro no my i n t he pl a in s of M o a b t h a t ,

t he l a t t e r s ho ul d c ond e m n wh a t t he form e r ha d ap

p rov e d of .

I n a n s w e r t o t h i s w e r e m a rk ,

I
. The prom ulg a t i on of t he L e vit i c al C od e whi c h ,

a c c ording t o our vi e w f a ll s b e t w e e n t he C ov e n a n t l a w -

a n d D e u t e ro n omy ha s b e e n ov e rl ook e d h e r e by t he
,

c ri t i c s The t a b e rn a cl e r e pr e s e n t e d a b s ol u t e u ni t y
.

of wor s h ip ; a n d t h i s h a ving b e e n a b a ndon e d i n t he

,

d e s e r t i t i s n o t St r a n g e t h a t D e u t e ron omy c o n
d em
,

n s in t he m o s t pol e m i c t e rm s a s ub s e qu e n t r e

l a p s e in t o pr e viou s cu s t om s whic h ha d n o w b e c om e
,

u n a ll o wa bl e .

2 . Th a t s u ch a s ub s e qu e nt r e l ap s e t ook pl a c e dur
i ng t he t hir t y e ight y e ar s of w a n d e ring i n t he d e s e rt
-
94 THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES MOSAI C .

3 . The
pro t e s t a g a in s t a pl ur a lity of pl a c e s o f s ac

r i fi c e i s b rough t i nt o c lo s e c on n e c t i on t h rough ou t t he

C od e wi t h t he w a rn ing ag a in s t h e a t h e n idol a t ry ( D e u t .

xii 2 3 a n d s o p a s s zm ) B ut t he c ri t ic s a re e mph a t i c
'

.
.
, ,

i n t e lling u s t h a t B a m o t h wor s hip w a s J a hv e h wo r

- -

s hip .A c c ording l y t h i s f e at ur e s ui t s t he M o s a i c
,

p e riod fa r b e t t e r t h a n t he a g e of t he l a t e r J u d a i c
k ing s The d a rk fu t u r e a n d t he s t ill d a rk e r p as t
.

c ombi n e d i n t he s e d ay s of M o s e s t o in s p i r e h im wi t h
f e a r fo r I s r a e l s c orrup t t e nd e n ci e s i n t h i s d ir e c t i on
’

4 . Th a t D e u t e ron o my i n i t s g e n e r a l r e p re s e n t a
t ion s of t e n a ppro a ch e s v e ry cl o s e ly t o t he l a t e r t i m e s ,

prov e s n o t hing m or e t h a n th a t w e h a v e h e r e a n e x
a mpl e o f g e n e ri c proph e cy Th e s e l at e r e vil s w e r e
.

t he n a t ur a l r e s ul t s of t he d a ng e r s t o wh i c h I s r a e l w a s

e xpo s e d in t he m id s t of a h e a t h e n e nvironm e n t It .

d i d n o t r e qu ir e a gr e a t a m oun t of s up e rn at ur a l for e
s igh t t o di s c e rn t h e m b e for e h a nd A nd all c ri t ic s
.

a d mi t t h a t D e u t e ron om y o n t he wh ol e ha s a pro
, ,

p h e t i c ch arac t e r H. ow ca n i t a w a k e our s u rpri s e ,

t h a t t he pr e s c rip t io n of a g e n e r a l r e m e dy for a g e n

e r a l cl a s s of e vil s w a s fou nd a ppropri a t e a s of t e n a n d

a s l a t e a s t he o c c a s i on o r t he n e c e s s i t y r e q uir e d

5 . W e clo s e wi t h t he r e m a rk t h a t i,n vi e w of t h e

s t riking r e s e mbl a n c e b e t w e e n t he M o s a i c t im e a n d

t he s t a t e of r e ligi o n i n t he s e v e n t h c e n t u ry a n d t he ,

a lm o s t p e rf e c t fi t t in g of D e u t e ron omy in t o t he hi s

t o r i ca l ci rcu m s t a n c e s of b o t h i t m u s t s urpri s e u s t h a t
, ,

t he c ri t ic s h a v e n o t b e e n b ol d e n ough t o r e j e ct t he

wh ol e hi s t ory of I s r a e l s a po s t a s y a n d w a nd e rin g i n
’

,
”
t he d e s e r t a s a hi s t ori c a l fi c t i on a n e w a n d u n p r e
“
, ,

ce d e n t e d e x a m pl e of c a rrying b a c k t he pr e s e n t in t o
 UNITY OR P L UR A LI T Y , O F SA NC TUA R Y ?
,
95

t he p a s t wi t h a J e s u i t i c a l i nt e n t io n I f t he a tt e mp t
.

has b e e n s u c c e s s ful in t he c as e of t he t a b e rn a cl e w e ,

d o n o t s e e why i t s h o uld n o t b e pr a c t i c a bl e h e r e .

B ut if t h e r e a r e s o m a ny t e mp t a t ion s t o r e i t e r a t e t he -

b ol d hypo t h e s i s a n d n e v e r t h e l e s s t he s t e r n r e a li t y of
,

hi s t ory would n ot a llow t h e m it m ay w e ll s e rv e u s a s

,

a w a rni ng n o t t o yi e l d to o r e a dily t o s im il ar f a ct s ,

pr e s e nt e d 1n t he s a m e a t t r a c t iv e ligh t wh e r e wi t h a , ,

l i t t l e l e s s hi s t or i c a l t e s t im ony t he c ri t i c s h a v e a c t u
,

a lly ri s k e d t he d a ng e ro u s s t e p o f procl aiming th a t

t he h i s t ory of t he p a s t i s b u t an e m b e lli s h e d r e pro

d u c t i o n o f a s ub s e qu e n t pr e s e nt W e are c o n t e n t t o
.

c a ll n e i t h e r a c o un t e rf e it of t he ot h e r b ut t o fi nd i n
,

b o t h t he g e n uin e r e fl e c t i on wh i c h i n all t im e s an d all

,

pl a c e s t he i n v a ri a bl e m e t h od s o f G od s d e a ling wi t h ’

m e n will produc e i n t he m irr o r of h i s t ory .

A c c ording t o W e llha u s e n th e r e i s n o ot h e r di ff e r
,

e nc e b e t w e e n D e u t e ron omy a n d t he Pri e s t C od e o n

thi s point t h a n t h a t t he l at t e r t a k e s fo r gr a n t e d
wh a t t he form e r r e quir e s W i t h r e ga rd t o a s e c on d
.

p oin t c lo s e ly alli e d t o t he o n e j u s t di s c u s s e d t he ,

c a s e s t a nd s diff e r e n t . W e m u s t i n t he s e c on d
,

pl a c e e x amin e t he pr e t e n d e d d e v e lopm e nt o f t he
,

s a c rifi c i a l s y s t e m.
9 6 TH E P EN TA TE O CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

C H A P TE R IX .

TH E SAC R I F I C I A L S Y ST E M .

E R E t he J e h ovi s t a n d D e u t e ron om i s t g o t o
g e th e r an d s t a n d d i a m e t ri c a lly opp o s e d t o E z e
,

ki e l a n d t he Pri e s t C o d e A n d e v e n wi t h in t he .

limit s of t he Pri e s t C od e i t s e lf a n e xp a n s i on of ,

t he c e r e m on i al i s t r a c e a bl e W e llha u s e n m a k e s
s ub s t an t i a lly t he following s t a t e m e n t s

I. A c c ordin g t o t he J e h ovi s t a n d t he D e u t e r o n o
m i s t s a c rifi c e s ar e a u niv e r s a l a n d e x t r e m e ly s imp l e
,

m e a n s of h on oring t he D e i t y a n d c on c ili a t ing hi s ,

f a v o r Th e y are p re -M o s a i c a n d a l ong t he lin e of

.
,

J a c ob I s aa c A b r a h a m N o a h g o b a ck t o t he b e gin
, , , ,

n i n g s o f h um a ni t y t o C a in a n d A b e l
,
The E loh i s t .
,

o n t he o t h e r h a nd r e p r e s e nt s t he s a c rifi ci al wor s hip

,

a s a n im m e di a t e d ivin e i n s t it ution ch a r a c t e ri s t ic a lly ,

M o s a i c i n o rigin .

2 . Wi t h t he J e h o v i s t an d i n D e u t e ron omy t he
”
i mp or t an t q u e s t i on i s To wh o m ?
,
“
The E l ohi s t
e m ph a s iz e s t he qu e s t ion s W h e n w he r e an d by
,
“
, ,

”
w h om ? I n oth e r wo rd s t he J e h ovi s t has n ot a n d
, ,

t he E lohi s t has a n e l a b o r a t e progr a m m e o f ri t u a l

, .

3. I n t h e J e h o v i s t i c a n d D e u t e ro n omi c C od e s n o ,

o t h e r t h a n b urn t o ff e rin g s (old /z) a n d p e a c e ( o r t h a nk

-

off e ring s z CO a/ z z eO a/z

, a pp e a r .
 8 PEN TA TE U CH A L C OD E S M OSA I C
“

9 TH E .

( )
d I n t he clza zfa zlz ( s i n off e ring) an d [ZS /222772 (tr e s
‘ ‘
-

p a s s off e ring ) e v e n t h i s i s l o s t ; s in c e n on e of t he
-
,

fl e s h i s bro ught up on t he a l t a r b u t t he wh o l e ,

e a t e n by t he pri e s t s A ll t ha t c oul d r e m in d of a
.

s a cri fi ci a l m e a l a s fl ou r oil win e s a l t i s w a n t ing ; s o

, , , , ,

t h a t t he l a s t t r a c e of t he origin a l i d e a i s e ff a c e d .

5. A s an e x a mpl e of m odifi c a t ion wi t hi n t he

l im it s of t he Pri e s t C od e i t s e lf s t a nd s t he c a s e of ,

t he off e ri ng of in c e n s e a n d a l t a r of i nc e n s e The .

l a t t e r i s unkn own t o t he old e r p a r t s of t he C od e not ,

m e n t ion e d a m on g t he u t e n s il s of t he t a b e r n a cl e
E xod xxv xxix b u t s p ok e n of a t t he e n d in a s e p a
.
— . .
, ,

r a t e p a s s a g e e vid e n t ly o f l a t e r origi n (xxx 1

, .
,

The ri t e of t he m o s t s ol e m n s i n off e ring a c c or d ing -

,

t o E xod xxix . Le v v iii a n d ix w a s n o t p e rform e d

.
, . . .
,

at t h i s al t a r O n t he D ay of A t on e m e n t A a ro n
.
, .

o ff e r s inc e n s e n ot o n t he a l t a r b u t in a c e n s e r b e
, ,

for e t he m e rcy s e a t wi t h in t he v e il S o a l s o Le v x
-
. . .
,

N um x v i xvii
. .
,
I n a ll th e s e ch a pt e r s t he a l t a r of
.
,

b urn t off e ri ng i s c a ll e d Aa
-
wh ich pr e clud e s
t he e xi s t e n c e of a n o t h e r a l t a r I n t he l a t e r s e c t i on s .

of t he P e n t a t e uc h al C od e t he n a m e m zz OO /z lza O/a /z
’

- -
,

a pp e a r s ; a n d t h e s e a r e e x a c t ly t he p as s a g e s whic h

know t he a l t a r of i nc e n s e Th i s wh ol e i d e a of a .

gold e n a l t a r w as a n a f t e r d e v e lopm e n t fro m t h a t of -

t he gold e n t a bl e of s h ow b r e a d O t h e r p oi n t s i n -
.

wh i ch a d e v e lopm e nt i s t r a c e a bl e a r e m e n t i on e d by
W e ll hau s e n e g t he fl our fi r s t u s e d w a s “D P( m ea l )
. .
, , ,

t he Pri e s t C od e d e m a nd s n ho (fi n e fl ou r ) The old

’

c u s t om of boilin g t he m e a t g av e pl a c e t o ro a s t ing ,

— a r e fin e m e n t i n t he ri t e of c our s e a r i s m fro m
g , ,
’
a r e fi n e m e n t of t he e a t e r s t a s t e .
 THE SA CR IFI CIA L S Y S TE IYI .

Wi t h r e f e r e n c e t o all t h e s e poin t s w e would ,

r e m a rk ,

1
. If D e ut e ron omy l ay s so m uch s t r e s s on t he
c e ntr a liz a t ion of t he c ul t u s i t w oul d b e n at ur ally
,

e xp e c t e d provi d e d t hi s w e r e t he form a t iv e pri ncipl e

,

of t he d e v e l opm e n t a s W e ll ha u s e n c l a im s t h a t a
, ,

c orr e s ponding ch a ng e w ould b e n o t ic e a bl e i n i t s s a c

r i fic i a l pr e s crip t ion s Thi s h ow e v e r i s n o t t he c a s e
.
, , .

W e h ave W e llha u s e n s own c onf e s s io n t h a t D e u t e r

’

o n om
y f a ll s i n wit h t h e J e h ovi s t on t he wh ol e lin e .

Thi s i s a cl e a r proof t h a t t he a ll e g e d di s cr e p a n ci e s
a r e n o t t o b e e xpl a i n e d o n t he prin cipl e of d e v e lop

m e n t b u t o u t of t he p e c uli a r a i m of e a ch C od e i n
, .

p a r t i cul a r I n D e u t e ron omy t o s ay t he l e a s t w e

.
, ,

h a v e po s i t iv e proof t h a t t he t w o c on c e p t ion s of s a cri

fi ce — th a t of a c e r e m oni a l a ct b o und t o a s ingl e
pl a c e a n d t h a t of a j oyful m e al
,
ar e n o t e x c lu s iv e ,

b ut m u t u ally s uppl e m e n t e a ch o t h e r .

2
. T he c on t r a s t t h at t he J e hovi s t ic l e gi s l a t ion i s
”
only c on c e rn e d wi t h t he qu e s t i on t o wh om ? a n d “

t he Pri e s t C od e e xclu s iv e ly e mph a s i z e s ho w wh e n , , ,

wh e r e a n d by wh om ? i s by fa r t o o s h a rply dr awn
,
.

W e fi n d wi t h t he J e h ovi s t p rovi s ion s in t he l at t e r

,

d ir e c t io n ( E xod xx 4 2 6 xxi ii 1 8
2 —
. .
,
O n t he
.
,

c on t r a ry t he L e vi t i c al l a w e nforc e s pri n cipl e s whi ch

, ,

a c c o rding t o t he c ri t ic s a r e J e h ovi s t i c,
Le v xix . .

4, 5 , XX ' I_ "
S
3 . Th a t s a c rifi c e s w e r e origin a lly e x t r e m e ly s impl e

i n t h e ir ri t u al a n d p r e M o s a i c in t h e ir e s s e n t i a l fe a
,
-

t ur e s do e s n o t prov e a n y t h ing a g a i n s t t he M o s a i c
,

origi n of t he Pri e s t C od e
. The L e vi t i c a l l a w
.

n o w h e re a s s e rt s th a t M o s e s for t he fi r s t t im e i n
1 00 THE P EN TA TE U CH A L C ODES Il/OS A I C .

st it ut e d s a c ri fi c e s : i t s imply s t at e s t h a t t he rit u a l
s y s t e m a s a d a p t e d t o I s r a e l s n e w p o s i t i on a s G od s
’ ’

C ov e n a nt p e opl e d a t e s from t he M o s a i c p e riod

-
, .

4 .Th a t t he o l d /z did n ot origin ally c on s t it ut e a

s e p a r a t e c l a s s of s a c rifi c e s for i t s e lf r e qui r e s s t ro n g e r ,

pro of t h a n W e llhau s e n ha s b e e n a bl e t o produ c e .

A ll t h a t he s h ow s i s t h a t Ola /z a n d z COa /zzm w e r e

'

fr e qu e n t ly c ombin e d Th i s h ow e v e r i s a l s o t he c a s e .
, ,

i n t he Pri e s t C od e The impo s s ibili t y o f c on s id e r

.

i ng t he old /z a s a s ub ordin a t e p a r t of t he z e Oa /z i s
m a nif e s t ; b e c a u s e t he fa t a n d blo od of a n i ndividu a l
Z EO Q /l a r e n e v e r c a l l e d Ola / z a s W e l l hau s e n i s oblig e d
,

t o a d mi t The t e rm i s e xclu s iv e ly e m ploy e d of

.

wh ol e b u rn t off e ring s ” éxé

-
It i s pl a in t h e n
xa u c
r ra .
, ,

t h a t t he s p e cifi c diff e r e n c e li e s n o t i n t he c om ing

u pon t he a l t a r : i n o t h e r word s Ola /z an d z e O O/ z ar e ,

CS S Cm zcz/ ly d i s t in c t
'

‘
.

5 .It i s t ru e t h a t i n t he J e h ovi s t i c C o d e only ,

bu rn t a n d p e a c e o ffe r i n g s ar e m e n t ion e d ( E xod xx

~
. .

2 4 xxiv
, .B u t on t he o n e h a nd n o t hi ng can b e
, ,

inf e rr e d fro m t w o p a s s a g e s : o n t he o t h e r h a n d a s ,

t he L e vi t i c a l C od e ha d n o t y e t b e e n prom ulg a t e d ,

t he C ov e n a nt l a w r e t a in e d provi s i on a lly t he old e r

-

p r a c t ic e a n d TzzzzS
'

‘
.

6 C on c e rning W e l lha u s e n s d e n i a l of t he a c t u a l
’
.

e xi s t e n c e of t he a l t a r of in c e n s e w e r e m a rk
’

, ,

( )
O I t c a nn o t b e m a i n t a in e d t h a t E xod xxx 1 — 1 0 i s . .

o u t of pl a c e a n d prov e s i t s e lf by t h i s p o s i t i on a l a t e r
,

a pp e ndix The d e s c ripti o n of t he ut e n s il s of t he

.

t a b e rn a cl e b e g a n wi t h t he a r k a n d e nd e d wi t h t he ,

a l t a r of in c e n s e ; b e c a u s e b o t h c on s t i t u t e d a s i t w e r e , ,

t he t w o p ol a r point s of t he s a n c tu a ry H e nc e t he .
1 02 TH E PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES MOSA IC .

t r a d i ct s thi s : from v e r 1 4 — 20 t he ord e r i s t he s a me

.

as i n t he r e c a pi t ul at ion of v e r 3 3 I n t he l at t e r . .

v e r s e t he a l t a r c a nn ot b u t d e s ign at e t he Ola /z a l t a r .

A ccordingly w e m u s t un d e r s t a n d v e r 1 8 in t he s a m e .

s ens e The ch a p t e r di s t ingui s h e s t hrough ou t b e

.

t w e e n (a ) t he h oly pl a c e ( h e r e t he H oly of h oli e s ) ,

( O ) t he t a b e rn a cl e o f t h e c on gr e g a t ion ()
c t he a l t a r ,

t h a t i s b e for e t he L O R D whi c h ca n o n ly m e a n t he ,

a l t a r i n t he c o ur t .

The t ru e e xpl a n at i o n why t he a lt a r o f in c e n s e i s

'

n o t s p e c i a lly m e n t i o n e d i s t h a t it w as i n c lud e d und e r

,

t he g e n e r a l t e rm t he t a b e rn a cl e of t he c ongr e g a
“
,

t ion , t og e t h e r with t he c a n dl e s tick a n d t a bl e of

s how b r e a d - O n t he c on t r a ry t he ol d /z a l t a r i s
.
,

m a rk e d o u t b e c au s e i t w a s t he o nly th in g i n t he
,

c o u rt t o b e a t on e d for The p hr a s e . b e for e t he “

L O R D i s e vid e n t ly i n t e nd e d in a wid e r s e n s e h e r e ,

t o d e n o t e t h a t t he a l t a r of b urn t o ff e ri ng s t ood in —

’
fro n t of t he wh ol e t a b e rn a c l e G od s dw e lli n g pl a c e ,
-
.

( )
a L e v x . a n d N
. u m x v i ~

xvi i as e
. x t r a or,
d in a ry ,

o r u nl awful t r a n s a c t io n s d o n o t c om e u n d e r c on s id e r
,

a t i on h e r e .

( )
a I t i s u n t ru e th a t t h e n a m e lz cz a ppli e d
t o t he Ola / z a l t a r pr e cl ud e s t he e xi s t e n c e of a n o t h e r
,

al t a r The form e r c o uld b e a ppropri at e ly d e s ign a t e d

.

by t h a t n am e b e c a u s e i t w a s t he pl a c e of s a c rifi c e
, ,

if n ot e xclu s iv e ly y e t p a r ex ce l/CO CO
, .

(f ) N o m or e d i ffi c ul t y i s c r e a t e d by t he f a c t t h a t ,

t h o s e s e cti on s of t he P e n t a t e u ch whi c h s h ow a c
“

q u a in t a n c e wi t h t he a l t a r of in c e n s e u s e t he m or e ,

d e fi ni t e n a m e fo r t he Ola /z a l t a r whil s t t h o s e w hich ,

d o n o t kno w t he form e r c a ll t he l a tt e r lza ,

 THE SA CR IFICIAL S Y S TE /I
I . 103

The s impl e e xpl a n at ion i s th at i n p as s a g e s wh e r e

, ,

b o t h a l t a r s a r e r e f e rr e d t o a clo s e r di s t inc t io n w as
,

n e c e s s a ry t o p r e v e n t c onfu s i on I n o t h e r p a s s a g e s .
,

wh e r e only t he old /z a l t a r w as m e n t ione d t hi s w a s ,

s up e rfl uou s a n d t he s impl e n a m e lza m zz O Ca /

’

, z w as -

s u ffi ci e n t t o i ndi c a t e t h a t t he a lt a r p a r ex ce l l e n ce

w as m e an t .

(g ) W e llhau s e n a ll e g e s t h a t t he id e a of a gold e n
a l t a r i s a m e r e d e v e l opm e n t of th a t o f t he gold e n

t a bl e o f s h owb r e a d a n d fi nd s c on fi rm a t ion for t hi s

,

t h e ory i n E z e k xli 2 2
. . The a lt a r of wood
.
“
et c , .

t hi s i s t he t a bl e t h a t i s b e for e t he L o rd
”
“
The f a c t .

i s t h a t i n E z e ki e l s s a n c t u m n e i t h e r c a ndl e s t i c k n or
’

, ,

t abl e of s h ow b r e a d a pp e a r s — wh ic h on c e m or e
-
,

prov e s h ow a b s urd it i s t o dr aw from hi s T h ora a n y

-

i nf e r e n c e a s t o t he s t at e o f t he ri t u a l i n hi s d ay s .

The s t at e m e n t i n v e r 2 2 a ppli e s t o n o t hing e l s e t h a n

.

t o t he v e ry alt a r who s e e xi s t e n c e W e llha u s e n d e n i e s .

It i s c e r t a inly m or e p rob a bl e th a t t he proph e t c a l l e d

t he a lt a r a t abl e t h a n t he t a bl e a n a l t a r
, The d e s .

i g n a t i o n of t he a l t ar a s a t abl e 1 s w a rr a n t e d by
po s t -e xili c u s ag e Fur t h e rm or e E z e ki e l cl e a rly d i s
.
,

t i n g u i s he s t w o a l t a r s i n t he t e mpl e ( ix .
 TH E P E N TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC
‘

1 04 .

C H A P TE R X .

P R IE STS A N D L EV I T E S .

UR n e xt point of i nqui ry c on c e rn s t he pri e s t s

a n d L e vi t e s a n d t h e ir r e l a t i on t o e a ch o t h e r
, .

C ri t i c s cl a im t h a t i n n o p oin t i s t he d e v e lopm e n t
m or e cl e a rly t r a c e abl e s t e p by s t e p t h a n h e r e By .

a gr a du a l r e s t ric t i on t he p ri e s t ly o ffi c e b e c a m e t he
,

e xcl u s iv e pr e rog a t iv e of t he s o c a ll e d s o n s of A a ron

-
.

E z e k x liv 6 — 1 1 d e s c rib e s t he d e gr ad a t ion of t he

. .

gr e a t m as s of L e vi t e s from pri e s t s t o t e m pl e -s e r
v a n t s a n d i s t he bridg e b e t w e e n D e u t e ro n omy
, ,

wh i c h r e c ogn iz e s all L e vi t e s a s pri e s t s a n d u s e s ,

t he t w o t e rm s in t e r c h a ng e a bly o n t he o n e h a nd a n d
, ,

t he Pri e s t C od e on t he o t h e r h a nd wh e r e only t he ,

s o n s o f A a ron a r e a llow e d t o a pp e a r b e for e J a hv e h .

A c c o rdin g t o 1 Ki n g s ii 2 7 3 5 A bi a th a r w a s r e
.
, ,

m ov e d by S ol om on from t he p ri e s t h o o d for p oli t ic a l

r e a s on s a n d r e pl a c e d by Z a d ok wh o s e d e s c e nd a n t s
, ,

from th at t i m e onw a rd s e e m t o h a v e m on op oliz e d

t he t e mpl e s e rvi c e
- A s D e u t e ron omy s h ow s i n t he
.
,

d ay s of K ing J o s i a h t he L e vi t e s could s t ill cl a im a n

e qu a l righ t t o t hi s s e rvi c e The di s t i n ct i on b e t w e e n
.

t he s on s of Z a d ok a n d t he o t h e r L e vit e s w a s n o t

o n e of r a n k b u t s imply of a c t u a l s e rvi c e
, A c c ord .

i n g ly w e fi nd t h e m i n j ux t a po s i t i on i n s t at e m e n t s lik e
1 06 THE P E N I ZA TE U CH A L C ODES III OS A I C .

e xil e wh e n t he t h r e a d of t r a di t i on ha d b e e n l o s t
, ,

c ould t he Pri e s t C od e pr e s e n t t h i s cl a im a n d t he ,

c h roni cl e r e s t a bli s h i t by a s e ri e s of a r t i fic i al g e n e
a logi e s .

‘
Ne h a v e a c c o rd ingly i n t hi s d e v e lopm e n t t he fol
l owing s t a g e s :
1 . J e h ovi s t i c C od e No m e n ti on o f pri e s t s Y oun g
. .

m e n o ff e r s a c rifi c e s ( E xod xxiv 3 A pri e s t ly

. .

ord e r b u t n o pri e s t ly f a m ily

, .

2 . D e u t e ro n omy r e c ogniz e s a h e r e di t a ry 6 16 7 l ’

c on s i s t i ng of num e rou s f a mili e s wi t h e xcl u s iv e a n d

i ndi s pu t a bl e privil e g e s A l s o t he n a m e
. L e vi t i c a l “

pri e s t s a pp e a r s The prin cipl e of h e r e di t y t h ough

.
,

a f t e rw a rd s c a rri e d b a c k in t o t he M o s a i c a g e a c tu a lly ,

d a t e s f rom t he l a t e r t im e s of t he kingd om a n d w a s ,

e n t ir e ly J ud a i c i n o rigin .

3 E z e ki e l l e g a liz e s t he di s t in cti on b e tw e e n t he
.

pri e s t ly f a mily c onn e c t e d wi t h t he t e mpl e a n d t he

f a mili e s b e for e c on n e c t e d wi t h t he B a m o t h Th i s .

d i s t i nc t io n ha d long b e e n v a lid a s a m a t t e r of f a c t ;
v iz.
, e v e r s in c e t he B a m o t h w e r e d e s t roy e d No w .
,

how e v e r i t i s cl o t h e d wi t h divi n e a u t h ori t y

, .

4 Wh a t E z e ki e l s a w i t n e c e s s a ry t o j u s t ify a s a
.

d ivi n e ly a u t h e n t ic a t e d inn ov a t ion t he Pri e s t C od e ,

fi nd s i t po s s ibl e t o p ro c l a i m a s a n e t e rn a l s t a t u t e .

R e mini s c e n c e s of oppo s i t i o n a pp e a r in t he h i s t ory

of K ora h s r e b e lli on ( c omp a r e a l s o N um xvii IO
’
. .
,

x v 1 11 . H e r e w e h a v e t he r e gul a r gr a d a t i on
i n d e s c e ndi ng or d e r : A a ron a s h igh p ri e s t hi s -
,

s on s as pri e s t s hi s t rib e a s L e vi t e s c on s t i t u t e
, ,

a s y s t e m a t ic hi e r a rchy I n p re e xilic h i s t o ry a n d
.
-

l i t e r at ur e a n impo s i ng fi gur e lik e t h a t of t he high

,
 PR IES TS A ND LE VITES . 107

pri e s t w as wh olly unkn own The pri e s th ood w a s .

r a t h e r a roy a l d e p e nd e n cy B ut i n t he Pri e s t C o d e
.

t he high pri e s t i s s ov e r e ign t he t o p of t he pyr a mid

-
,

of I s rae l s c ongr e g at io n r e a ching in t o h e av e n a n d

’

u n t o J a hv e h him s e lf A t h e o cr a t i c king b e s id e hi m
.

i s u nth ink a bl e Th a t t he h e a d of t he cul t u s i s a t

.

t he s a m e t i m e h e a d o f t he n a t ion poin t s u s t o a ,

t im e wh e n t he n a ti o n w as robb e d of i t s s e c ul a r ind e

p e n d e n ce a n d h, a d no t h i ng l e f t b u t i t s e c c l e s i as t ic a l
o rg a niz a t ion I s r ae l has b e c om e a c o ngr e g at ion
.
,

71 1 1 1
.D e p e nd e n c e o n fo r e ign p ow e r i s t he me c e s
s a ry pr e r e q ui s i t e for t he origin of a hi e r a rchy .

H e n c e t he Pri e s t C od e m u s t b e p o s t e xili c .

I n c om m e n t ing up on t hi s i n g e ni ou s t h e ory i t will ,

b e n e c e s s a ry m or e t h a n o n c e t o c a s t a s i d e gl a nc e a t -

the h i s t ori c al a rgum e n t s by whi c h i t i s for t ifi e d .

O u r r e m a rk s a r e t he foll owing
1 I t i s po s i t iv e ly un t ru e t h a t t he J e h ovi s t i c law
.

kn ow s n oth ing of a pri e s t ly ord e r Th a t i t i s only .

o cc a s ion a lly a llu d e d t o a n d n o t r e p e a t e dly m e n t ion e d

, ,

c a nn ot a w a k e s u s pic ion : fo r (a ) i t did n o t e xi s t wh e n

t he C ov e n a n t l a w w a s p rom ulg a t e d ; ( O) t he purpo s e
-

o f t h i s l a w w a s n ot t o r e gul a t e t he ri t u a l s y s t e m b u t ,

s imply t o f urni s h a b a s i s o n w hi c h i t c ould b e c on

s t ru c t e d .O n t he o t h e r ha nd t ha t in c id e n t a l a llu ,

s ion s a n d pro s p e c t iv e r e m a rk s s hould b e m a d e i n

°

r e f e r e n c e t o t he s ubj e c t ca n b e e xp e c t e d The fol .

l owing p as s ag e s wh ic h a r e J e h ovi s t i c fully w a rr a n t

, ,

u s i n s aying t h a t t he C ov e n a nt l a w i s n ot c o n t ra d i c -

t ory t o but r a t h e r p r e p a r a t ory for t he m or e full

, ,

L e vi t i c al l e gi s l a t i on ( E xod iv 1 4 xix 2 2 xxxii I

. .
, .
, .
,

29 ,
xxxiii 7 . W e llhau s e n rul e s o u t s uch p a s
108 TH E P EN TA TE U CH A L C ODES M OS A TC .

sa g e s from t he li s t of a rgum e n t s by m e r e c a pric i ou s _

r e m a rk s lik e t he followi ng : E xod xxxii 2 9 s t a nd s “

. .

on t he b a s 1 s of D e u t e ro nomy a n d E xod xix 2 2 ,

“
. .

ca n h a r d ly ( ) h a v e b e l ong e d t o t he origin a l J
P e ho v i s

t ic s ourc e s ( Pro l e gom e n a 2 d e d p ,

.
, .

2
. It i s in a c c u r a t e a l s o t o s ay t ha t D e u t e ron omy
, ,

pu t s t he pri e s t s a n d L e vi t e s o n a p a r No a rgum e n t .

for t h i s c a n b e d r a wn from t he a b s e n c e of a s t rongly

m a rk e d a n d e v e rywh e r e e m ph a s iz e d di s t in c t i on A s .

w e h op e t o s h o w h e r e a f t e r t h i s a b s e n c e i s wh olly i n
,

a cc o rd a n c e wi t h t he g e n e r a l ch a r a c t e r of t he b ook .

M o r e ov e r D e u t e ro nomy d o e s n o t a i m t o giv e c om
,

p l e t e o r p r e c i s e ly form ul a t e d dir e c t ion s b u t only ,

c omp a c t p opul a r r e s t a t e m e n t s of m a t t e r s m inu t e ly

r e gul a t e d e l s e wh e r e Th a t t he a u t h or s p e a k s of
.

L e vi t e s i n g e n e r a l in n o t a fe w p a s s a g e s wh e r e m or e , ,

a c c ur a t e ly e xp r e s s e d t he pri e s t s a r e m e a n t mu s t b e
, ,

e xpl a in e d o n t he rul e t ha t t he g e n u s m ay b e u s e d t o
,

d e s ign a t e t he s p e c i e s wh e r e t h e r e i s n o d a ng e r of
,

a m bigui t y . T he s a m e i n a c c ur a cy o c cu r s i n t he hi s
t o r i c a l b o ok s ( c omp a r e J o s h i ii 3 vi ii 3 3 xi ii. 14
.
, .
, .
,
.
xviii 7 ; I S a m i i 2 7 ; 2 C hron v 5 xxx
. . . e ve n
. .
, .

M a l a c h i wh o wro t e a f t e r t he pr e t e nd ed prom ulg at io n

,

o f t he Pri e s t C od e s p e a k s i n t he s a m e m a n n e r ( ii
, .

The pri e s t s w e r e L e vi t e s i n r e a li t y Is i t n o t .

n a t u r a l t h at i n t he m i d dl e book s of t he P e n t a t e uch ,

i n l aw s e n a c t e d wh il e y e t A a ro n a n d hi s s on s o c e n
pi e d t he pri e s t ly o ffi c e t he pri e s t s s h o uld h av e b e e n
,

d e s i gn at e d by t he f a m ili a r t e rm s on s of A a ron
a n d t h a t a f t e rw a rd s wh e n b o t h A a r o n a n d t w o of hi s
,

s on s ha d d i e d i n a book of p roph e t i c c h a r a c t e r t he
, ,

m or e g e n e r a l t e rm L e vi t ic a l p ri e s t s s h ould h a v e
“
1 10 THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES MOSA IC .

in Pri e s t C od e t he e xclu s iv e pr e rog a t iv e s o f t he

t he

A a ron i c pri e s t s .

Th e s e e xpr e s s i on s oc c ur i n fiv e p a s s ag e s (x 8 xvi i .
, .

I 2 xviii 5
, 7 xxi .
,
I n t
,
w o h ow e v e r t he fun c t ion s
.
, ,

r e f e rr e d t o a r e pr e dic a t e d of t he pri e s t s n o m e n t io n ,

b e ing m a d e of L e vi t e s ; v i z xvii I 2 a n d xxi 5 W e .

, . . .

h a v e only t o e x a mi n e t he r e m a ining on e s x 8 xviii , .

, .

5 7
, . It i s a r e m a rk a bl e f a c t t h a t in t h o s e v e ry bo ok
, s ,

whi ch a c co rding t o t he c ri t ic s h av e r e con s t ruc t e d

, ,

t he h i s t ory a n d t hu s a r e b e yon d s u s pi ci on of n on c on
,
-

formi t y t o t he L e vi t ic a l l aw — t h at in t h o s e v e ry ,

b ook s w e s ay t he id e n t i c a l expr e s s ion s are a ppli e d t o

, ,

t he L e vi t e s H ow a b s urd i t w ould b e t o i nf e r fro m

.

2 C hro n xxix 4 5 1 1 1 2 wh e r e t he L e vi t e s a r e
. .
, , , ,

a ddr e s s e d by H e z e ki a h a s s t a nding b e fo r e t he L O R D ,

a n d s e rvi n g a n d m ini s t e rin g un t o him t h a t t he ,

a uth or of C h ronicl e s did n ot di s t ingui s h b e t w e e n

pri e s t s a n d L e vit e s "(c omp a r e a l s o 2 C hron xxiii . .

Why s h a ll w e m a k e t he e xpr e s s io n t o p rov e in D e u

t e r o n o m y wh a t i t c a n n o t prov e wi t h a n y po s s ibili t y
i n C h ro ni cl e s ? I f D e u t e ron omy b e wri tt e n b e for e
t he Pri e s t C od e t h e n C hroni cl e s a l s o ,
.

W e n e e d n o t d e ny t h a t t h e s e phr a s e s origin a lly i n

d i ca t e d a fun c t ion p e culi a r t o t he pri e s t h o od e s p e ,

95
c i a ll i n h e c as e of ( 51 41 7 1 4
c or e j e l /)
”
t ;
“

2 1191 O O z
y .

B u t i t i s e qu a lly pl a i n t h a t t h e y gr a du a lly a s s um e d a
,

l o o s e r a n d w id e r s ign ifi c a t ion w hi ch m a d e t h e m a lik e ,

a ppli c a bl e t o t he work of b o t h pri e s t s a n d L e vi t e s .

The n a m e for al l s e rvic e a t t he s a nc t u a ry w a s t a k e n

O p o zzor z fro m i t s m o s t h on or a bl e a n d i mpor t a n t p a r t
' '
‘

i n whi ch t he pri e s t s o ffi c i a t e d Thi s fully a cc ou n t s .

for t h e ir e x c l u s i v e u s e i n t he middl e book s w i t h r e f e r

 PR IES TS A ND LE VITES . III

e n c e t o t he pri e s t s a n d for th e ir modifi e d s e n s e i n

,

s ub s e qu e n t l i t e r a t ur e .

A ll t h at r e m a in s of t he a rgum e n t i s th at i n x 8 t he , .

phr as e t o bl e s s in hi s n a m e i s wi t h ou t a n y s p e ci
“

fi ca t i o n a ppli e d t o t he whol e t ri b e of L e vi Th e r e .

a r e n o o t h e r in s t a n c e s i n whi c h t hi s s a m e c on s t ru e

t io n , wi t h t he pr e po s i t io n 3 i s u s e d wh e n o t h e r s , ,

t h a n pri e s t s a r e s pok e n of S t ill t h i s i s fa r from a d

.
,

m it t i n g t hat t he v e r s e und e r c on s id e r a t io n t e a ch e s
t he e qu a li t y o f pri e s t s a n d L e vit e s The b e s t e x e .

g e s i s s e e m s t o b e t o t a k e t h e wh
, o l e v e r s e a s pr e d i
c a t e d in g e n e ra l of t he wh ol e t rib e of L e vi Of t he .

d u t i e s e n u m e r a t e d p a r t b e l ong e d t o t he L e vi t e s a n d
,

pri e s t s in c om mon as t o s t a n d b e fo r e t he L O R D
, , ,

t o mini s t e r u n t o h im ; p a rt t o t he L e vi t e s e s p e
c i a l ly a s t he b e a ri ng of t he a r k ; p a rt t o t he pri e s t s
,

t o bl e s s i n t he L O R D S n a m e
’
a lo n e a s ,
“
A ll t hi s .

w a s s o p e rf e ctly s e lf e vid e n t t h a t n o s p e c i fic a t io n
-
,

w as n e e d e d .

E e i h
’

3
. z ki e l s Th or a s f o r t e m od e r n c ri t i c s wh a t
hi s 86; ” f o? w a s fo r A rch i m e d e s
7 011 a n ) Wi t h t h e i r .

i n t e r p re t a t i o n o f it a n d t he i nf e r e nc e s dr a w n th e r e
from t he wh ol e s truc t ur e o f th e i r h i s t o ri c a l th e ori e s
,

s t a nd s o r f a ll s A t fi r s t bl u s h t he point would s e e m
.
,

t o h a v e b e en v e ry b a dly c h o s e n f o r h i s t o ri c a l a rgu
m e n t a t ion The wh ol e s e c t i o n i s o f a h ighly id e a l
.

ch a r a ct e r a n d w as wri t t e n i n a t im e wh e n fro m hi s
'

, ,

t oric r e a li t y t he c ul t u s ha d b e c o m e a l r e ady a di s t a n t
,

d r e am a n d t he proph e t i c id e a liz a t i on c o uld a c c or d

,

i n g ly b e giv e n fr e e pl a y It i s n e e dl e s s t o poin t o u t
.

i n d e t a il h ow m a ny f e at ur e s i n t h e s e ch a p t e r s will n o t
a dmit a h i s t ori c a l or li t e r a l int e rpr e t at ion a n d n e v e r ,
.
I IZ THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES MOSA IC .

re c e iv e d on e e ve n
h a n d of t he m o s t ob s tin at e
at t he
li t e r a li s t It ha s b e e n r e s e rv e d for t he h ig he r c ri t i
.

c i s m t o h a n d l e a n d u t iliz e t h i s u nwi e ldy m a t e ri a l i n

t he m o s t s ob e r a n d pr a c t i c a l w a y .

I n t he f a c e of t h e i r id e a l pro s p e c t iv e c h a r a c t e r t he
,
l
,

c ri t i c s h av e b e e n b ol d e n oug h t o m a k e t he s e ch a p t e r s
s p e a k for t he p a s t f org e t t i n g t h a t t he t h r e a d s of hi s
,

t o r i ca l t r a di t i o n ha d b e e n fr e e ly i n t e rwov e n wi t h

t h o s e of b old fo r e c a s t of t he futur e s o as t o form a ,

proph e t i c m a n t l e W e m u s t r e m e mb e r t h a t t hi s i s
.

a vi s i on a n d i n i t E z e ki e l s e e s only h igh e r s piri t u a l

,

r e a li t i e s t h rough t he m e diu m of a n e v e r c h a n gin g -

a n d e v e r growin g s ym b oli s m
-
Th ough t he l a t t e r ha d
.
,

of c our s e i t s p oin t s o f c o n t a c t wi t h t he p r e s e n t a n d
,

t he p a s t i t c o uld n o t b e lim i t e d by t h e m : t he e s s e n
,

t i a l ly n e w t ru t h wh i c h t he proph e t r e v e a l e d r e qui r e d
, ,

a l s o n e w a n d m odifi e d fo rm s i n whi ch t o cl o t h e i t ,

s e lf . It i s from t h i s poin t of vi e w t ha t t he c ri t ic s ,

s h oul d h a v e e s t im a t e d t he hi s t ori c a l s ign ifi c a n c e a n d

v a lu e of wh a t t h e y ar e a c c u s t om e d t o s t yl e E z e ki e l s
’
“

p rogra m m e .

B u t l e t u s gr a nt t h a t t h e r e i s a t l e a s t a b a ckgroun d
,

of h i s t ori c a l t ru t h i n t he s t a t e m e n t s of E z e k x l iv . .

5
— 16
, wi t h w hi c h w e h a v e h e r e s p e c i ally t o d e a l .

D o t h e y b e a r o u t t he cri t i c a l t h e ory of a d e gr a d a t i on
of s om e L e vi t i c a l pri e s t s t o t e m pl e s e rv a n t s a s t he -

fi r s t origi n of t he l e g a l di s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n pri e s t s
a n d L e vi t e s ?

The a n s w e r t o t hi s qu e s t i on ca n only b e obt a in e d

fro m a c a r e ful a n d f a i r e x a min a t i on of t he p a s s a g e
i t s e lf E z e ki e l m a k e s t h r e e s t a t e m e n t s : t he fi r s t
.

c ont a in s a n a c c u s a t ion t he s e c on d a n a n n oun c e

,
I I4 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA IC .

W e r e g a rd it a s s e t t l e d by t h i s in t e rpr e t a t i on t h at ,

E z e ki e l d o e s m o r e t h a n s pr e a d a m o r a l m a n t l e ov e r
h i s t oric a l f a c t s H i s wor d s i mply t h a t t he f a c t s
.

t h e m s e lv e s ha d a m o r a l qu a l i t y The L e vi t e s wh o .

s e rv e d a t t he B a m o t h ha d n o t a lw a y s b e e n t h e r e b u t ,

wilfully l e f t t h e ir o rigin a l p o s i t io n a t t he only l e g a l

s a n c t u a ry .

-
The proph e t do e s n ot fu r t h e r s p e cify w ho t h e s e
L e vi t e s w e r e Th at he c all s t h e m L e vi t e s ( v e r IO)
. .

d e c id e s n o t hing s i n c e hi s t e rm s a r e n ot d e riv e d from

,

t h e i r form e r po s i t io n b u t a l r e a dy from t he fu t ur e
,

d e gr a d a t i on he i mpo s e s N e i t h e r d o e s t he f a c t th a t
.

t h e i r d e s t iny t o o ffic i a t e a s t e m pl e s e rv a nt s i s c on -

s i d e r e d a s a puni s hm e n t p rov e o n t he o th e r ha n d , , ,

t h a t t h e y he ld a high e r po s i t io n a t t he s a n c t u a ry

b e fo r e The only t h ing t h a t ca n b e s a i d a bo u t i t i s

.
“

t h a t th e y w e r e L e vi t e s : w he t h e r e xcl u s iv e ly n on
A a roni c o r p a r t ly A a ron ic i s n ot s t a t e d
,
It i s highly
, .

prob a bl e h ow e v e r t h a t bo t h p ri e s t s a n d L e vi t e s i n
, , ,

t he m o r e s t rict s e n s e o f t he t e rm w e r e foun d a m ong s t ,

them .

The c ri t ic a l a ll e g a t i on t h a t t he y c o n s i s t e d of n o t h
,

i ng e l s e t h a n B a m o t h -p ri e s t s o u t o f oc c up a t i on r e s t s ,

o n t he a rbi t r a ry a s s ump t io n t h a t t he s on s of Z a dok ,

a r e h ono r e d n o t for t h e i r e xc e p t i on a l f a i t hfuln e s s t o

,

J e h ov a h b u t o n a c c oun t of t h e i r e x t r a ordin a ry po s i
,
.

t i on . T h e y w e r e t he pri e s t ly f a m ily fo r c e n t u ri e s i n
ch a rg e of t he t e m pl e wor s h ip H e n c e t he c ri t i c s
-
.
,

i nf e r E z e ki e l s a pprov a l of t h e i r a t t a ch m e n t t o J e h o
,
’

v a h ca n b ut m e a n a p rO p he t i c s a n c t io n of t he t e m

p l e a s t he o nly l e g a l s a n c t u a ry a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e ,

a s id e a tt a ck up o n a l l o t h e r pl a c e s o f wor s hip
- In .
 FR IES TS A ND LE VITES . 1 1 5

o th e r w ord s t he s on s of Z a dok w e r e n o t e x a mpl e s of

,

a r a r e a t t a ch m e n t t o J e h ov a h b u t t he f a vor e d i n c u m
,

b e n t s of a h ighly l u c ra t iv e o ffic e It w a s n o t a q u e s .

t io n of righ t a n d wrong b u t of f a c t s , If al l t hi s b e . -

t ru e if t h e y w e r e n o t only t he o rigin a l a n d h ig he s t
, ,

b u t a l s o t he e xclu s iv e o ffi c e r s of t he t e mpl e o ur po s i
, ,

t ion t h a t t he L e vi t e s n ow c o nd e m n e d t o p e rform
,

m e ni a l s e rvic e ha d on c e s h a r e d t h i s privil e g e wi t h
,

t he s on s of Z a dok c a n no t b e m a in t a in e d
, I f t he .

o n e p a r t y i s a pprov e d s imply fo r o ffi ci a t ing a t t he

t e mpl e t he n t he o t h e r w a s c ond e m n e d s imply fo r

,

o ffi c i a t ing a t t he B a m o t h ; a n d o t h e r m or a l c o n s i d
e r a t i on s c a n n ot h a v e i nfl u e nc e d t he d e gr a d a t ion of

t he l a t t e r .

The a n s w e r t o t he qu e s t ion F or w ha t s p e ci a l
,
“

”
r e a s o n did t he s on s of Z dok d e s e r e pr a i s e
a v ? will
d e cid e e v e ry t hin g A p r i m i i t s e e m s improb abl e
.
/

t h a t t he proph e t s h o uld b e s t ow upo n t h e m s uch a

e ul ogy s imply b e c a u s e th e y did n o t l e a v e t h e ir c o m

fo r t ab l e po s i t io n a t t he c hi e f s a n c t u a ry of t he l a nd .

It n e e d e d n o gr e a t a m oun t of s e lf a bn e g a t ion a n d -

pio u s a dh e r e n c e t o J e h ov a h t o m a k e t h e m s t ay
,

wh e r e t h e y w e r e B u t why m ay n o t t h e ir f ai t hful
.

n es s h v e m nif e s e d i t s e lf i n quit e a n o t h e r w ay
a a t ?

W e know fro m h i s t ory t h a t t he t e m pl e i t s e lf ha d

,

b e e n m or e th a n on c e t he c e nt ra l s e a t of a po s t a s y .

U rij a h w a s t he in s t rum e n t of t he idol a t rou s lu s t s of

King A h a z ; a n d wh e n M a n a s s e h d e fil e d t he t e mpl e
, ,

n o oppo s i t io n o n t he p a r t of t he pri e s t s i s s o much

a s h e a rd of . Th a t s uch a b omin a t ion s w e r e n o t n u
’

c omm on e v e n a f t e r J o s i a h s r e form t he proph e t s

,
’

v i s i o n i n c h a p v iii . s u ffi c i e n t ly s h ow s
. H e nc e t h e r e .
1 16 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES M OS A TC .

is all r e as on a bl e ground t o a s s um e t h a t t he m e ri t o f
t he s o n s of Z a d o k c on s i s t e d in s om e t hing m or e t h a n

a m a t t e r o f f a c t s e rvi n g in t he J e ru s a l e m t e mpl e
- -
.

Th e y e vi d e n t ly ha d r e m a in e d f a i t hful wh e n o t h e r s ,

o c cupying t he s a m e or s imil a r p rivil e g e s wi t h t h e m

ha d gon e a s t r a y A nd in s t e a d of a n obj e c t ion w e
.
, ,

m a y fi n d i n t hi s high pr a i s e wi t h whi c h t he ir c ondu c t

,

i s e x t oll e d a c onfi rm a t i on of our vi e w t h a t o t h e r s

,

ha d a b a n don e d t h a t s a m e t ru s t wh ich t h e y ha d s o
,

f a i t hfu l ly a n d piou s ly k e p t .

Th i s e xpl a in s h ow E z e ki e l wi t h t he Pri e s t Cod e

a n d a l l b e for e him c ould s t ill m a k e a d e gr a d a t ion out

of t h at w hich t he c ri t i c s h a v e d e cl a r e d t o b e e x p l i
c a bl e o nly o n t h e i r s uppo s i t ion s The wh ol e s ol u t io n
.

li e s i n t he f a c t t h a t p e rh a p s m a n y of t he a p o s t a t e s
,

ha d b e e n pri e s t s i n t he t e m pl e b e for e Th e y ha d
.

l e f t t he c e n t r al s a n c t u a ry a n d s ough t t he B a m o t h
, .

I n t he r e form of J o s i a h t h e y lo s t t h e ir p o s i t ion No w .
,

i n t h i s id e a l vi s i on E z e ki e l d e s c rib e s t h e ir d e gr a d a
,

t i on from pri e s t s whi ch t h e y ha d on c e b e e n l a wfully

, ,

a n d a f t e rw a rd s ill e g a lly t o L e vi t e s
, .

B u t i s n o t t h i s a n obj e c t io n t o our vi e w t h a t c e r ,

t a i n ly t he m aj o ri t y of t h e s e pri e s t s of t he B a m o t h
m u s t h av e b e e n o rigi n a lly L e vi t e s ? H ow i n t/ze zr
'

c as e w ill t he puni s h m e n t a pply ? Ca n t he r e s t o ra

t io n t o a pr e viou s s t a t e a f t e r a po s t a s y b e c a ll e d a

p e n al t y for t he l a t t e r ? I n r a s hly a n s w e ring t h e s e

q u e s t ion s i n t he n e g a t iv e t he cri t ic s h av e foun d a
,

t e mp t ing o cc a s ion t o di s pl a y t h e ir s a rc a s m Dr . .

K u en e n as k s ,
H ow c a n c om m on c i t iz e n s b e t h r e a t
e n e d wi t h t he p e n a l t y t h a t h e n c e forw a rd t h e y s h a ll

h av e n o s e a t a n d v ot e i n a c oun c il of nobl e m e n ?
 1 18 THE I E N TA TE U CH A I
’
, C ODES AI OS A I C .

t i e s but m a y c on s ol e o ur s e lv e s wi t h t he th ough t
, ,

t h a t e v e n wh a t r e m a i n s d a rk a n d my s t e ri ou s s t a n d s ,

o u t in a far m or e c r e dibl e form t h a n t he a b s urdi t i e s

t o wh ich t he c ri t i c a l t h e o ry n e c e s s a rily l e a d s We .

n o t i c e t he following poi n t s
I .A t t he t im e of t he fi r s t r e t u rn fro m e xil e un d e r
Z e rubb a b e l a n d J o s h ua t he di s t in c t i on of r a nk b e
,

tw e e n pri e s t s a n d L e vi t e s w a s s o fi rmly e s t a bli s h e d

th a t n ob ody qu e s t i o n e d i t s v a lidi t y a n y long e r The .

w h ol e popul a t i o n of J e ru s a l e m c on s i s t e d a c c ordi n g t o ,

1 C h ron ix . o f I s r ae l p ri e s t s a n d L e vi t e s Ni ta) O i rj a
.
, , , , ,
‘

D l” O n t h i s all c ri t i c s a gr e e B u t on t he c ri t i c a l
‘
. .
,

s uppo s i t i on t hi s uni v e r s a l r e c ogni t ion of t he A a ron i c

,

pr e rog at iv e i s a m o s t a s t o ni s h ing f a c t B e for e t he .

e xil e a vi ol e n t oppo s i t i o n w a s c o n t in u a lly c a rri e d on

by t he provin c i a l pri e s t s a g a i n s t t he Z a doki t e s a t

J e ru s al e m N o d oub t t he B a m o t h pri e s t s a rgu e d
.
,

t h a t t he s on s of Z a d ok po s s e s s e d t h e i r e xcl u s iv e

ri g h t s n o t O C j zzm b u t d e f a CfO Th e y o nc e o c c upi e d

,
’
, .

t he pl a c e an d,
i t w as i mpo s s ibl e t o e xp e l t h e m .

Thi s O ppo s i t i on c on t inu e d d u ring t he fi r s t p a r t o f

i

t he e xil e Wi t h t he a b o li t i o n of t he t e mpl e —s e rvic e

.
,

t he Z a doki t e s l o s t t h e i r only s t ro n gh old ; v i z t he .

,

a c t u a l o c c up a n cy of t he o ffi c e F ro m t h a t t im e o n .

w a rd t h e y w e r e n o m or e t h a n t he o t h e r L e vi t e s ,

lik e t h e m d e priv e d of Z/ze zr s a n c t u a ry I n s t e a d of

'

t h e r e b e ing r e a s on for t he oppo s i t ion t o s ub s id e ,

a n d for t he s up e riori t y of t he s on s of Z a d ok t o
g a i n s il e n t r e c ogni t ion a l l t h ing s s e e,
m e d t o work i n
t he o t h e r d ir e c t i o n A nd s t ill a fe w v e r s e s of t he
.
,

p roph e t E z e ki e l i n a n e v e r r e a l iz e d vi s i on w e r e s u ffi
,
-
,

c i e n t t o c onj ur e t he s t rif e a n d m a k e o u t of t he ,
 P M E S TS A ND LE VITE S . 1 19

pro u d B a m o t h pri e s t s h um b l e L e v it e s an d t e m pl e
,

s e rv a n t s Wh o would b e li e v e t h at fro m a ll t he fe a
,
’
t ur e s i n E z e ki e l s vi s ion t o wh ich t he r e t urning
,

e xil e s a t t a ch e d n o impor t a n c e t hi s s ingl e o n e w a s

,

e xc e p t e d a n d t ha t t he s l igh t e d L e vi t e s m e e kly s u f
,

fe r e d t he e xc e ption t o t h e ir own d e gr a d a ti on
2. A m ong t h o s e w ho r e t urn e d t h e r e w e r e far ,

m or e p ri e s t s t h a n L e vi t e s I n t he fi r s t e xp e di t i on
.
,

t he propo r t i o n w as t w e lv e t o o n e W i t h E zr a on l y
.
,

t hir t y e igh t L e v i t e s r e t urn e d

-
H ow will t h i s a gr e e
.

wi t h t he th e ory th at E zr a w a s t he wri t e r of t he
Pri e s t C od e ? S ur e ly t he propor t ion b e tw e e n Le ~

vi t e s a n d pri e s t s t h e r e a s s um e s a t o t a lly diff e r e n t

c h a r a c t e r a n d c a nn ot b e e xpl a in e d o ut of t he a c t u a l
,

s t a t e of a ff a ir s , im m e d i a t e ly af t e r t he e xil e W e ll .

h a u s e n a s s u m e s t h at t he pri e s t hood in J e ru s al e m
w a s as n um e rou s a s th a t of t he B a m o t h H e c on .

c l u d e s from t he g e n e a logi e s of t he ch roni cl e r th a t ,

t he propor t i on mu s t h a v e b e e n ch a ng e d i n c onform
i t y wi t h t he s t a t e m e n t s of t he Pri e s t C od e Thi s .

c ha ng e w as e ff e c t e d by Le v i t i z i n g s t r a ng e f am ili e s
of N e t h inim s in g e r s a n d j a niz a ri e s B u t t h a t t he
, .

Z a doki t e s w e r e a s n um e rou s a s all t he B a m o t h

p ri e s t s t og e t h e r i s highly improb a bl e for i n E z e k i e l
,

t h e y a pp e a r a s a s m a ll e xc e p t ion in c on t r a s t wi t h a n

a po s t a t e m a j ori t y Th e n t he a s s ump t i on t h a t n o n
.

L e vi t ic a l f a mili e s w e r e Le v i t i z e d r e s t s o n n o hi s
t or i ca l b a s i s wh a t e v e r .A n d fi n ally t he cri t ic s m u s t
n o t only a c c o un t fo r t he propor t i on i n C hronicl e s ,

b u t for t h a t in t he Pr i e s t C od e it s e lf .

3
. I t i s a r b i t r a ry t o a s s um e th a t only t hi s p a r t

of E z e ki e l s Th or a had bin ding forc e a n d th at al l

’

,
1 20 TIIE P E A/ TA TE U CH A L C ODES I OS A I C
II .

o t h e r p a r t s w e r e u t t e rly d i s r e g a rd e d I f t he d e gr a .

d a t i o n of p ri e s t s t o L e vi t e s w a s s o p e r s i s t e n t ly
a d h e r e d t o i t b e c om e s in c omp r e h e n s ibl e h ow a f t e r
,

w a r d s a c o n s ci e n t i ou s m a n lik e E zr a c o uld s ub s t i t u t e
a l e g a l fi c t i on for a d ivi n e ly a u t h ori z e d proph e c
y ,

of w hi ch he a d mi t t e d i n p a r t a t l e a s t t he oblig at ory
, ,

c h ara c t e r .

4 . I t c a n n o t b e prop e rly c a ll e d a gr a du a l r e s t ri c

t ion wh e n E z e ki e l limi t s t he pri e s t h oo d t o t he s on s

,

of Z a dok a n d t he Pri e s t C o d e c o n fi n e s i t t o t he
,

w id e r circl e of A a ro n s d e s c e nd a n t s ’
Thu s t he .
,

Pri e s t C o d e wo ul d n o t o nly h a v e c a rri e d o u t o n e

p a r t of E z e k i e l s s t at e m e n t s a n d di s r e g a rd e d o t he r s
’

, ,

b u t in t he s a m e m a t t e r a c c e p t e d o n e e l e m e n t a n d ,
’
r e j e c t e d t he o t h e r s O 11 E z e ki e l s a u t h o ri t y i t c on
.
,

t i n n e s t o k e e p d own t he L e vi t e s s t ill i t go e s b a c k ,

o n t he proph e t s l imi t a t io n s a n d wid e n s t he c ircl e of

’

f a vori t e p ri e s t s The s o n s o f A a ro n a r e s ub s t i t u t e d
.

for t h o s e of Z a dok T hi s i s n o r e s t ri c t io n but r e l ax a

.
,

t ion : G od s word s a r e m a d e of n o e ff e ct D oub t

’
.

l e s s t h e r e ha d b e e n A a ron i t e s a m on g t he B a m o t h
,

pri e s t s Th a t t h e y w e r e a f t e rw a r d s r e a dm i t t e d i n t o
.
-

t he pri e s t ho od w e ca n un d e r s t a nd wh e n w e r e c ogniz e
,

t he i d e a l ch a r a c t e r of E z e ki e l s proph e cy ; b u t t he
’

c ri t ic s c an by n o m e a n s d o s o w ho m a k e i t t he ,

b a s i s of h i s t o ri c a l a rgum e n t a t ion .

A ll t hi s s h ow s i n wh a t d i ffi c ul t i e s t he c ri t ic a l t h e o
ri e s involv e u s s o far a s t h e ir s o c a ll e d D e u t e r o n o
,
-

m i c p e riod a n d t he s ub s e q u e n t t im e a r e c on c e rn e d .

B u t wh e n w e go b a c k t o t he p r e D e u t e ron omi c t im e s-
,

t he d i ffi cul t i e s a r e n o t l e s s n u m e rou s a n d t he p r e ,

c a riou s m e t h o d s by wh ich c ri t ic s r e m ov e t h e m n o t
1 22 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES IOS A I C
II .

e ntir e ly w a n t ing It s e e m s a b s urd i n t he f a c e o f t hi s

.
,

hi s t ori c a l t e s t im ony fo r cri t ic s t o p e r s i s t e n t ly d e ny

,

an
y c on n e c t i on of t hi s di s t i n c t i on wi t h t he f a c t s t h a t

bo t h M o s e s a n d A a ron w e r e L e vi t e s a n d wi t h t he ,

m om e n t ou s ch a ng e s of t he e xodu s A hi s t o r1 ca l e x .

pl a n a t i on m u s t b e giv e n h e r e ; a n d wh e n o n e t h at i s
s ui t a bl e a n d a c c oun t s fo r a ll t he f a c t s a n d i s v e rifi e d
, ,

by h i s t ory pr e s e n t s i t s e lf t h e r e i s n o groun d fo r
, ,

r e j e c t i n g i t A nd fi n a lly e v e n a p a r t from a ll t hi s
.
, ,

t he f a c t t h a t fro m t he e a rl i e s t h i s t ori c ( a c c or d ing t o

t he c ri t i c s e v e n pr e h i s t oric ) t im e s t h i s di s t i n c t io n
, ,

b e tw e e n L e vi t e s a n d n on L e vi t e s e xi s t e d i s f a t a l
-
,

t o t he w hol e hypo t h e s i s of gr a du a l r e s t ric t i on It .

p rov e s t h at i n t he hi s t o ry of t he cult u s t h e r e w a s a
, ,

s t a bl e an d fix e d e l e m e n t from t he b e gin nin g wh ic h , ,

for t hi s r e as on a l on e c a n n ot hav e a ri s e n from u n

,

c on s c iou s d e v e lopm e n t b u t m u s t h a v e b e e n b a s e d
,

on i n t e n t ion a l a ppoin t m e n t .

I t i s a m u s ing t o s e e ho w t he c ri t i c s t ry t o g e t
a roun d t h i s f a c t W e l lhau s e n i n p a r t i c ul a r m a k e s
.

t w o s t a t e m e nt s h e r e wh o s e b ol dn e s s b ord e ri ng upo n
, ,

t e m e ri t y i s e vid e n t ly only a c ov e r for t he w e a kn e s s

,

of hi s p o s i t i o n on t h i s im por t a n t p oin t The fi r s t i s .

,

t h a t n o r e a l c on n e c t ion wh a t e v e r e xi s t s b e t w e e n t he

t rib e of L e vi ( e a rly di s s olv e d i n t o t he n e ighb oring

t rib e s ) a n d t he p ri e s t ly c a s t e a f t e rw a r d s d e s ign a t e d

by t h a t n a m e B o t h a c t u a lly e xi s t e d b u t n e i t h e r of
.
,

t h e m ha d a n y t hing t o d o wi t h t he o t h e r The t ri b e .

ha d l ong s in c e di s a pp e a r e d wh e n t he c as t e ro s e i n t o
promin e n c e A ll t hi s i s b a s e d on a c ri t i c a l in t e r
.

p r e t at i o n of G e ri xlix —
5 7 . a n d cl e
‘

.a rly inv e,
n t e d t o

e s c a p e t he c on s e q u e n c e s wh ic h t hi s a s w e t hink u n ,
 PR IES TS AND LE VITES . 1 23

a void a bl e c ombin a ti on i nvolv e s F or t he e xi s t e n c e

, .

o f L e vi a s a p r zes zly Z r zOe in t he t im e of J u d g e s c om

' '

p a r e xvii 7 — 9 xix 1 1 8 a n d a f t e rw a rd s 1 S a m vi
.
, .
, , . .

1 5 , 2 S am . vi .
7 .

W e ll hau s e n s s e c on d s t a t e m e n t i s a c oncl u s ion

’

dr a wn fro m a s e ri e s of pr e m i s e s whic h w e quo t e ,

from h im i n t h e ir l ogi c a l ord e r wi t h ou t a n y fur t h e r

c om m e nt s in c e t h e y s p e a k for t h e m s e lv e s
,
-

( )
1 J o n a t h a n t he L e vi t e wh o j oin e d t h e D a ni te s , ,

w a s a d e s c e nd a n t of M o s e s a c c ord ing t o J u d g xviii , . .

3 o .

( ) 2 The p ri e s tly f a m ily a t S hil oh s t ood a l s o i n

g e n e a l ogic a l c on n e c t i o n wi t h M o s e s a c c ording t o

1 S a m ii 2 7 . . .

( 3) Th e r e i s hi s t ori c prob a bili t y t h a t t h e h ou s e of

E li d e s c e nd e d f rom Phin e h a s wh o w as in t he e a rly , ,

p e ri od of t he J u d g e s pri e s t of t he a r k , .

(4 ) Thi s Ph in e h as a c c ordin g t o J o s h, xxiv 33 . .

( E loh i s t ic ) w a s a s o,
n of E l e a z a r .

(5 ) Th ough t r a di t i o n uniformly cl a im s E l e a z a r for

a s on of A a ro n it has n o right t o s p e a k i n t hi s ,

m at t e r .

6
( ) E l e a z a r do e s n o t di ff e r i n i t s or t h ogr a phy
from E li ez e r A n d E l i ez e r w a s a bro t h e r of G e r
.

s h om a s o n o f M o s e s
, .

Wh e n w e t h e r e for e r e a d E li e z e r in s t e a d of
, ,

E l e a z a r a n d di s r e g a rd t r a d iti on t he foll owing f a c t s

, ,

a r e e s t a bli s h e d : ( 0 ) J o n at h a n t he L e v i t e d e s c e n d e d

fro m M o s e s ; ( O) The pri e s t ly h ou s e a t S hiloh d e

s c e nd e d from M o s e s .

C on clu s io n : A ll t h at app e a r s of a n h e r e d i t a ry
pri e s t h ood m u s t b e e xpl a i n e d by d e s c e n t from M o s e s .
1 24 THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES Il/OS A I C .

In hi s f a m ily t he pri e s tly o ffi c e w as p e rp e t u at e d .

The pri e s t s a t D a n a n d S h iloh cl a im e d M o s a i c

e x t r a c t ion fo r t h e m s e lv e s A ll pri e s t s c on s i d e r e d
.

M o s e s if n o t a s t h e ir g e n e a logi c a l a nc e s t or s t ill a s
, ,

t he i n s t i t u t or of t h e i r guild I n J ud a h t he guild
.

b e cam e a ge n s “
L e vit e a t fi r s t t he n a m e of a n
.
,

o ffic e b e a r e r n ow b e c a m e a 720m m g ei zzzl e ; a n d t hu s

'
‘
-
,

t he L e vi t i c a l pri e s t h o od origin a t e d .

2 Wi t hin t he l im it s o f t he t ri be of L e vi it s e lf
.
,

h ow e v e r a di s t i ncti o n i s t r a c e a bl e F ir s t w e h a v e
, .

D e u t xxxiii 8— 1 1
. T he p a s s a g e a s a wh ol e a ppli e s
. .
, ,

t o t he t rib e o f L e vi ( n o t i c e t he t r a n s i t i on t o t he
b
plur a l n umb e r i n v e r 9 a n d . I n M o s e s an d
A a ron L e vi w a s prov e d hi s fi d e l i t y t e s t e d by t he
, ,

L ord B u t t he v e ry f a c t t h a t t h e s e t w o w e r e t r e a t e d
.

a s r e pr e s e n t a t iv e s of t he wh ol e t rib e s h ow s t h a t t h e y ,

s t oo d i n a c e r t a i n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e r e l a t i on t o i t n o t ,

m e r e ly a s l e a d e r s b u t i n t he c a s e of A a ron a s t he
, , ,

p e r s on i n wh o m t he pri e s t ly ch a r a c t e r c ul min a t e d .

T o s ay t he l e a s t w e h a v e a n a llu s i on h e r e t o t he
,

p e cul i a r po s i t ion whic h t he h ou s e of A a ro n o ccupi e d

i n t he t rib e of L e vi The s a m e r e pr e s e n t a t iv e c a p a
.

c i t y i s a s c rib e d t o A a ro n i n t he w ord s 1 S a m ii 2 7 . .
,

28 .

The xi s t e n c e of an A a roni c pri e s t h o od i s c on

e

fi rm e d by a bund a nt t e s t im ony b o t h fo r t he b e gin n ing ,

a n d t he clo s e of t he p e ri o d of J udg e s The f a c t s .

a re t h e s e : ( a ) The t a b e rn a cl e w as i n S hil oh (xviii .

O
( ) I t w a s c a ll e d t /
ze h ou s
“
e of t h e

a r e al/m ac e xcl ud i ng a t l e as t l e g a lly a ll o t h e r s ( xix

, , , .

1 8) ( )
r t h e a r k of t h e c ov e n a n t w a s a t B e t h e l ( xx 2 7) .

( )
O
’
Ph in e h a s t he s o n of E l e a z a r t h e s o n of A a ron
, ,
1 26 THE P E N TA TE U CH A I , C ODES III OS A I C .

th a t of L e vi t e s t wi c e i n S a m u e l ( 1 S a m vi 1 5 2 . .
,

S a m xv . on c e i n Ki ng s ( 1 K ing s viii
. Thi s .

pr e pon d e r a n t u s e of t he form e r s h ow s a lr e a dy t h at
bo t h t e rm s w e r e n o t s yn onym ou s Th a t t he t w o .

o ffi c e s w e r e d i s t in c t i s e vid e n t from t he l a s t r e f e r
ence 1 King s v i ii 4 t he pri e s t s a n d t he L e vi t e s
“
, .
, ,

on hm o Jn Jn
’

'
.

Th a t s p e cifi c pri e s tly du t i e s a r e n o t p a r t icu l a rly

e m ph as iz e d i s e a s ily a c c oun t e d fo r wh e n w e fi nd t h a t

i n n o n e of t he n um e rou s p a s s a g e s wh e r e t he n a m e
o c c ur s w a s t h e r e a n y oc c a s ion fo r i t (s e e t he s t a t e
,

m e n t in Cu r t i s s s L e vi t i c al Pri e s t s p
’
“
Th a t , .

L e vi t e s a r e m e n t ion e d a s ha ndl ing t he a rk ( 1 S a m v i . .

1 5 ) d o e s n o t prov e t h a t a l l L e vi t e s w e r e pri e s t s A ll .

w e ca n i nf e r i s t h a t i n B e t h s h e m e s h t h e r e w e r e
,
-

L e vi t i c a l p ri e s t s I f t he u s e of t he g e n e r al t e rm
.

”
L e vi t e s i mpli e s a d e n i a l of t h e i r d e s c e n t from
A a ron w e m ay j u s t a s w e ll i nf e r from t he s e c ond
,

h a lf of t he v e r s e t h a t t he m e n of B e t h s h e m e s h
,
“
-

wh o off e r e d a n d s a c rifi c e d w e r e n o t L e vit e s B e t h .

s h e m e s h w a s a p ri e s t ly ci t y s o t h a t t he pri e s t s m u s t ,

h a v e b e e n pr e s e n t a t t hi s s ol e m n oc c a s ion .

O f t he a ll e g e d d e vi a t i on s in t he p m s of th a t
t im e fro m t he L e vi t ic a l l a w w e s h a ll s p e a k he r e a f t e r , .

A fe w r e m a rk s c on c e rning t he h igh pri e s t m ay b e -

a dd e d .The c ri t ic a l opini on t h a t s uch a n i mpo s ing ,

fi gur e a s hi s w a s e n t i r e ly unkn o w n b e for e t he e xil e ,

ha s b e e n s t a t e d W e m u s t n ow e x a m in e t he a rgu
.

m e n t s a dd uc e d t o s u s t a i n t h i s s t at e m e n t
1. W e llhau s e n a s s e r t s t h a t in n o produc t of O ld ,

T e s t a m e n t li t e r a t ur e prio r t o t he Pri e s t C o d e d o e s
t he t e rm h igh pri e s t a pp e a r a s a s t a nding d e s ign a
-
 PRIES TS A ND L E VITES . 1 27

t ion of a p e culi a r
fi c e a n d th a t p e r s on s t o w hom
of ,

t he t itl e i s giv e n
a r e in o t he r pl a c e s c a ll e d s imply

1 713 71
( M e p r i es t ) O nly i n . t h e Pri est C od e a n d
t h e r e af t e r t he u s e o f t he t e rm b e c o m e s fix e d i n t he
‘

t rad i t i o n al s e n s e A t fi r s t blu s h t h i s f a ct m igh t

.
,

s e e m t o c orrobo r a t e t he c ri t i c a l t he o r y o f a g r a du

a lly o rigi n a t in g h i e r a rc hy Wh e n e x a m i n e d m or e .

cl o s e ly h ow e v e r i t lo s e s a l l v a lu e f o r t he f ollowing
, , ,

re a s o n s :

a ) The t e rm w ( ig f
l l i ) pp r
( i t h?
) 3 3 3
‘
z z r e s z a e a s as a -

s yno nym e .

O
( ) T h e r a r e u s e of t he n a m e pr o v e s n o t h i n g s i n c e ,

it o c c ur s o nly th ri c e i n t he Pri e s t C o d e i t s e lf ( Le v .

xxi . 1 0 Nu m xx x v 2 5
, . In all o t h e r i n s t a n c e s
.
, ,

t he s impl e ( f / i ) i mpl y d ‘
t ze r e Si s e o e .

e) The c h ro ni c l e r wh o m u s t h a v e a t t a c h e d s p e c i a l
( ,

i mport a n c e t o t he n a m e if t he o ffi c e w a s u n p re ce
d e nt e d i n impor t a n c e a n d r e qui r e d hi s t o ri c a l ju s t i fi
,

c a t ion wo uld c e r t a i nly h av e u s e d t he t e rm f r e q u e n t ly

, .

B u t t he O ppo s i t e i s t ru e I n mo s t c a s e s he d e s i g.
,

n a t e s t he h igh pri e s t wi t h t he s impl e D D t/ze p r i es t

-
( E ( ) .

I n E zr a J o s h u a t he s o n o f J oz a d a k has n o t i t l e a t
, , ,

a ll . N e i t h e r i s a n y f o und i n t he g e n e alogy of t he
‘

high pri e s t s ( Ne h xii 1 0 s q )

- . .
,

2 The s e c on d a rgum e nt i s t h a t n o hi s t o ri c a l e v i
.
,

d e n c e of s uc h an e m in e n t p o s i t ion oc c upi e d by a s i n
g l e pri e s t i s fou nd a nywh e r e i n t h e hi s to ric a l bo ok s .

W e a n s w e r j u s t a s m uc h t h e r e a s i n t he Pri e s t
,

C o d e Wh e n w e l e a v e t he p e ri od of J udg e s o u t of
.

t he a c coun t d o w e n o t fi n d E li A hij a h A h im e l e ch
, , , ,

A bi at h a r Z a dok J e h oi a d a H ilki ah A z a ri ah a ll
, , , , ,

c a ll e d ab s ol u t e ly 1713 73 w e a ring t he e ph od c on s ul t ing , ,

1 28 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t he U rim an Thum mim e vid e n t ly i n gr e a t a uth ori t y

d ,

a n d of gr e a t in fl u e n c e wi t h king s a n d p e opl e a lik e ?

Wh at m or e c a n b e d e m a nd e d ? If a n e xpli ci t a n d
a c c ur a t e d e s crip t i on o f t he h igh pri e s t s a pp a r e l a n d
’
-

hi s w ork w e r e giv e n ho w li t t l e wou l d t he cri t i c s

,

he s i t a t e t o d e cl a r e i t a glo s s o r i n t e rpol a t io n of l a t e r
d at e ? Wh e n a s s e r t ion s a re m a d e s o s t rongly a n d ,

t h e ori e s c on s t ruc t e d s o b oldly h a v e w e n ot t he righ t

,

t o d e m a n d a t l e a s t t he e vid e n c e t h at s om e b o d y o t h e r
t h a n t he h igh pri e s t o ffi ci a t e d i n t he H oly of h oli e s ?
-

A ll t h a t c a n b e a dd uc e d i s 1 S a m i ii 3 wh e r e S a m . .
,

u e l i s s a id t o h a v e s l e p t n e a r t he a r k The p a s s a g e .

s imply m e a n s t h a t S a m u e l s l e pt wi t hi n t he s a m e re
p
c i n c t s wh e r e t he a rk w a s .

E v e n W e l lha u s e n s e x a gg e ra t i o n o f t he pl e nipo
’

t e n t i ary a uth ori t y o f t he h igh pri e s t a f t e r t he e xil e

-
,

a s d e s c ri b e d i n t he Pri e s t C od e d o e s n ot e n t i r e ly
,

l a c k p a r a ll e l s i n p r e vi ou s t i m e s The e x a m pl e of
.

J e h oi a d a a n d t he im por t a n t p a r t a c t e d by h im i n t he
r e volu t i on t h at pl a c e d J o a s h on t he t h ron e m ay b e
r e m e mb e r e d he r e Th a t b e for e t he e xil e t he s a n c
.

t u a ry w a s a roy a l d e p e nd e n c y i s o n ly t ru e wi t h r e f e r
,

e n c e t o t he a po s t a t e id ol a t rou s N or t h e rn kingdom .

Wh il e A m a zi a h of B e t h e l s p e a k s of a ki n g s s a n c ’

t u a ry 315 13
,
t he t e mpl e a t J e ru s a l e m i s wi t hou t ,

e x c e p t i on c a ll e d
,
W ED t he s a n c t u a ry of J e h ov a h ;
,

a n d t he pri e s t s a r e a lw ay s OD D t he pri e s t s of,

J e h ov a h W e llha u s e n h im s e lf a dmi t s t h a t t he Pri e s t

.

C o d e n owh e r e cl a im s s e c u l a r p ow e r for t he h igh

pri e s t S t ill in t he n e x t s e n t e n c e he d o e s n o t he s
.
, ,

i t a t e t o m a k e t he b old a s s e r t io n t h a t b e s i d e him
, ,

n o t h e o c r a t i c king i s t h ink a bl e I f t he form e r b e

.
1 30 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A I , C ODES MOSA IC .

C H A P TE R XI .

LEV I T I CA L AN D P R IE ST LY R EV EN U E S .

LOS E LY r e l a t e d t o t he qu e s t io n j u s t di s c u s s e d ,

i s t h a t c on c e rn ing L e vi t i c a l a n d pri e s t l y r e v
en u es The m e a s ur e of pri e s t ly a u t h ori t y a n d i n
.

d e p e nd e n c e m u s t n e c e s s a rily h a v e d e t e rmin e d t he
pr i e s t ly in com e A c c ording t o G r a f a n d W e llhau s e n
.
,

t he following m odi fi c a t io n i n t he l a t t e r r e s p e c t i s

t r a c e a bl e i n t he C od e s an d i n t he c orr e s po n d ing hi s
t ory :

A The pri e s t s p a rt of t he s a c ri fi c e s
’
. .
‘

I n D e u t e ro n omy : The s h ould e r t he t w o c h e e k s , ,

t he m a w From t he a n a logy of t he L e vit e s i t m ay

.
,

b e s uppo s e d t h at pri e s t s s h a r e d i n t he s a crifi c i al

m e al s O rigi n a lly t h i s w a s t he only t hing whi c h
.

t he pri e s t s c o ul d l ay cl a im t o .

I n t he Pri e s t C od e : S a c r i fici al m e a l s b e c om e s u b
o rdin a t e M i zze/za /i ( m e a t off e ring ) a n d C/zO Zi O i /i ( s i n
.
-

o ff e ring ) a n d a S /zemz (t r e s p a s s o ff e ri ng ) ( a t l e a s t i n
-

s om e c as e s ) f e ll a s a wh ol e t o t he pri e s t
, , O f old /z .

( burnt -off e ring ) t h e s ki n w,a s for h im O f t h e S /z e /ez .

m i m ( p e a c e off e ring s ) t he b r e a s t a n d t he righ t s h oul

-
,

d er . W e ll ha u s e n fi n d s a n a ppro a ch t ow a rd s elza i mf/i

a n d a S/ za m i n t he fi n e s of m on e y m e n t i o n e d in 2
King s xii 1 6 t he t r e s p a s s m on e y a n d s i n m on e y
.
,
“ - -
.

W e r e m a rk on t h i s ,
 L E VITICA L A ND PR IES TL Y RE VENUES . 1 3 1

1 . di ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n t he Pri e s t C od e a n d
The
D e ut e ro nomy a s t o s a crifi ci a l m e a l s i s e n t ir e ly d u e
t o t he c ri t ic s im po s ing o n t he l a t t e r t h e i r s e lf m a d e -

t h e ory th a t a ll s a crifi c e s w e r e origin a lly n o t h i n g b u t

,
-

s a crifi ci a l m e a l s Th e r e i s n o w a rr a n t for t hi s i n t he
.

l e gi s l a t i on n e it h e r d o t he hi s t o r 1 cal b ook s f a vor t he

,

View .

2 . A ll th at n e e d s r e c on cili a t ion i s t he a pp a r e n t ly
c on t ra di c t o ry s t a t e m e n t t ha t a c c or d ing t o D e u t e r
, ,

on om t h e pri e s t s ob t a in e d t he s h oul d e r t w o c h e e k s
y , , ,

a n d m a w ; a c c or d i ng t o t he Pri e s t C od e Of S / ze /amim ,

t he br e a s t a n d t he right s hould e r H e r e e v e ry t hing .

will d e p e n d o n o u r i n t e rpr e t a t io n of t he p as s ag e
D e u t xviii 3 . Tw o opinio n s can b e a n d h a v e b e e n
. .

a c t u ally m a int a in e d c on c e rn ing i t it ha s b e e n t a k e n

e i t h e r a s a m odifi c a t io n o f t he L e vi t i c a l la w o r a s a ,

s uppl e m e n t a ry n e w l e gi s l a t ion The c ont e x t f a vor s .

t he l a t t e r w hich i s a l s o t he t r a dit ion a l int e rpr e t a t io n

,

f ollow e d b y J o s e ph u s a n d t he M i s h n a a n d t he l a t e r
pr a c t ic e W e t h e n u nd e r s t a nd t he p a s s a g e t o m e a n
.

'
,

t h a t of a ll a n im a l s s l a ught e r e d fo r fo o d t h e s e t h r e e
, ,

p a r t s f e ll t o t he pri e s t An a ddition a l r e a s on why .

w e s h ould und e r s t a nd t he v e r s e of priv a t e s l a ugh

t erin g i s fo u nd i n v e r 1 wh e r e t he in com e of t he .
,

r i e s t s i s s a i d t o c on s i s t i n h off ring of h “
p t e e s t e
”
L ord m a d e by fi r e The word .
(fi fi
r e O er i i z )
g
-

o c c ur s only h e r e i n D e u t e ron omy a n d e vid e n t ly ,

r e f e r s b a ck t o t he Pri e s t C od e wh e r e it i s of e x t e n ,

s iv e c urr e n cy Thi s woul d involv e t h a t D e u t e r

.

o n om r e f e r s t o t he L e vi t ic a l l a w for a m or e d e fi ni t e
y
s t a t e m e n t of t he pri e s t s s h a r e a n d v e r 3 b e c om e s
’

, .

o f n e c e s s i t y a n e w s uppl e m e nt a ry r e gul a tio n

, .
1 32 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES IOS A I C
II .

B . The t i t h e s .

A c c ording rl y p i a x i S ( G e n xxviii 2 2 ;
to t he ea f
. .

A m o s iv 4 S e qq ) a n d D e u t e ron omy ( xiv 2 2

.
, . t he .

t i t h e s a r e n o t d e liv e r e d t o t he pri e s t s b u t a r e c a rri e d ,

t o t he s a n c t u a ry for t he purp o s e of b e ing e a t e n i n

s a c rifi ci a l m e a l s O nly c orn win e an d oil a r e t i t h e d

.
, ,

( v er . E v e ry t hird y e a r t h e t i t h e w as t o be
d i s t ribu t e d a m ong t h o s e w ho p o s s e s s e d n o l a n d e d
p rop e r t y W e llha u s e n s e e s i n t he l a s t a ppoin t m e n t
.

a n in n ov a t i on of t he D e u t e ron omi s t m a d e i n vi e w ,

of t he d e s t ruc t io n of t he lo c a l s a n c t u a ri e s .

I n t he P ri e s t C od e t he Cl ef 21 ? l ay s cl a i m t o t he
,
/
.

whol e t i t h e A t fi r s t t he D e u t e ron om i c r e gul a t i on s

.

w e r e di s r e g a rd e d A f t e rw a rd s a s e c on d t i t he w a s
.

a dd e d i n c onform ity wi t h t he o ld e r an d o rigin a l

A n o t h e r p oin t of
di s c r e p a n cy i s th a t t he Pri e s t
C od e e x t e n d s t he t ith e s y s t e m t o c a t t l e ( Le v xxvii . .

a n d i n g e n e r al t o a l l produc t s o f h u s b a ndry .

W e llha u s e n d e n i e s t h a t t hi s l aw w a s e v e r e nforc e d .

1 .The h i s t ori c a l i n s t a n c e s r e f e rr e d t o by W e ll
h a u s e n — viz t h at of J a cob a n d t he proph e cy of
.
,

A m o s — d o n o t prov e a n y t h ing : unl e s s w e as s um e

t he n a rr a t iv e in G e n e s i s t o b e prol e p t i c a n d u n hi s
t o r i ca l wh a t J a c ob did will n o t d e c id e wh a t w a s l a w
,

c e n t uri e s t h e r e af t e r A n d A m o s i n t he p a s s a g e r e
.
,

f e rr e d t o d o e s n o t s ay wh a t w a s d o n e wi t h t he t i t h e s
,

b rough t t o B e t h e l a n d Gilg a l E v e n if w e a dmi t t h a t .

a j oyful m e a l i s r e f e rr e d t o al l m a b e e xpl a in e d by
y ,

fi n d ing t he s o c a ll e d s e c ond t i t h e s of D e u t e ron omy

-

m e n t ion e d h e r e S e e h ow e v e r und e r 2
.
, , .

2 .The t it h e s i n D e u t e ronomy do n o t e x c lud e th e s e

1 34 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

J e h o v a h wi t h r e f e r e n c e t o t he t i t h e s t o b e e a t e n at
t he s a n c t u a ry W e ar e n o t t h e r e for e w a rr a n t e d t o
.

und e r s t a nd t he p a s s a g e s E xod xxii 3 0 a n d D e u t xv . . . .

1 9 a s i mplying no t h i ng m or e t h a n t h a t a s a crifi ci a l

m e a l s h o u l d b e e a t e n Th at t h i s i s c a ll e d a giving
.
“

”
t o J e h ov a h m a k e s it n e c e s s a ry t o s uppo s e t h a t a
p a r t a t l e a s t f e ll t o t he pri e s t Wh at i s i n t im a t e d
, , .

i n E xodu s i s s t a t e d in D e u t e ron omy ; for t he e a t ing

whic h i s r e quir e d i n xv 2 0 an d t he s a c rifi c i ng wh ic h
.
,

i s forbidd e n i n v e r 2 1 a r e n o t s yn onym ou s b ut s t a nd
.
, ,

i n j ux t a po s i t i on s o t h a t a t wofold u s e of t he fir s t
,

l ing s i s a l s o i m pli e d h e r e T hu s u n d e r s t o od bo t h
.
,

t he C ov e n a n t -l a w a n d D e u t e ron omy will b e a r o ut

t he f a c t t h a t t he pri e s t r e c e iv e d t he fir s t l i n g s b u t
, ,

r e s t or e d s o m uc h of th e m t o t he off e r e r a s t o e n a bl e
him t o pr e p a r e a m e a l A n d t h i s a gr e e s fully wi t h
.

w h at t he Pri e s t C od e t e a ch e s N um xviii 1 5 , . . .

D The L e vi t i c a l c i t i e s
. .

N um xxxv a s s ign s for t y e igh t c i t i e s t o t he Le

. .
-

v i t e s of wh i ch t h ir t e e n f e ll t o t he pri e s t s
, Th a t t he .

righ t of full po s s e s s i on i s i n t e nd e d a dm i t s of n o ,

d oub t C om p a r e t he e x e cu t i on of t he c om m a nd
.
,

J o s h xxi I n a dd i t i o n t o e a ch c i t y a s qu a r e of t w o
. .
,

t h ou s a n d cubi t s w as s e t a p a r t t o s e rv e fo r s ubu rb s ,

o r c omm on s .

1 . The prin cip a l obj e c t ion r a i s e d by c ri t i c s a g a in s t

t h e s e a ppoi n t m e n t s r e g a rd s t he pr a c t i c a l i m p o s s i
b i l i t y of c a rrying t h e m o u t S o fi r s t Gr a m b e rg a n d
.
,

a f t e rw a r d s Gr a f a n d W e ll hau s e n The l a t t e r s a y s .
,

The d ir e c t ion s t o s e t a p a r t a c om m o n of t w o t ho u
s a nd c ubi t s s qu a r e a round t he c i t i e s in whi ch h
( t e

l a t t e r a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s m e r e poin t s ) t o s e rv e a s ,
 L E VITICA L A ND PR IES TL Y RE VENUE S . 1 35

p a s tu r e ground for t he L e vi t e s c ould p e rh a p s b e e x e

-
,

c u t e d i n a S ou t h R u s s i a n s t e pp e
-
, or i n t he c a s e of
n e wly buil t c i t i e s i n t he W e s t of N or t h A m e ri c a b u t ,

by n o m e a n s in m oun t a in ou s P a l e s t in e wh e r e s uc h ,

a g e om e t ri c a l s p a c e i s n owh e r e t o b e foun d et c
, .

2. H i s t ori c a l t r a c e s of t he e xi s t e n c e of t h e s e Le
v i t i ca l c i t i e s d o n o t a pp e a r ou t s id e of t he B ook of

J o s h u a A c o n s i d e r a bl e num b e r of t h e m w a s s t ill
.

i n t he p o s s e s s ion of t he C a n a a n i t e s during t he p e riod

o f J udg e s a n d t he e a rly king s ; e Gib e on G z
g. .
, e e,r ,

T aa n a ch S h e ch e m
, .

3 I n t he D e u t e ron omi c t i m e t he L e vit e s liv e d

.

s c a t t e re d ov e r a ll J ud a h e a c h pl a c e ha d i t s own n o ,

wh e r e di d t h e y liv e t og e t h e r i n a c omp a ct m as s .

4 E v e n a f t e r t he e xil e t he s i t u a t i o n of t he L e vi t e s
.

w as n o t m at e ri a lly c h a ng e d . The e x e cu t ion of t hi s

c om m a nd w as d e f e rr e d u n t il M e s s 1 a n 1 c d ay s : i nd e e d ,

i t d id n o t li e wi t hi n t he c omp as s of h um a n pow e r ,

a n d c a nn ot h a v e b e e n d e m a n d e d i n full e a rn e s t by

t he Pri e s t C od e i t s e lf .

5
. T h e fi r s t hi s t ori c a l g e rm s of t h e whol e c o n c e p
t i on m u s t b e s ough t in t he c i t i e s of a s ylum of D e u
t e ro n o m y A ll a l t a r s w e r e origin ally O Sy /ez B u t
. .

whil s t t he form e r w e r e d e s t roy e d by J o s i a h s r e form ’

o f c our s e t he n e e d o f t he l a t t e r r e m a in e d a n d w a s ,

provid e d for by t he a pp oin t m e n t of t h e s e c i t i e s of

r e fug e The t rut h i s t h a t a ll of t h e m w e r e pri e s t ly
.
,

or L e vi t ic a l ci t i e s m or e ov e r f a mou s s e a t s of t he old
,

c ul t u s H e n c e t he s ugg e s t ion t h at t he la w of t he
.
,

Pri e s t C od e a ro s e from n o t hing b u t t he r e m i n i s

c e n c e s of t he p r e e xili c plu r ali t y of pl a c e s of wor s h ip
-
.

The id ea of a l t a r a n d pri e s t h ood w a s a s s oci a t e d wi t h

 6 PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC
'

1 3 TH E .

m a ny a c i t y a n d foun d n a t ur a l e xp r e s s ion i n d e cla r

,

i ng t he for t y e igh t pl a c e s t o h a v e b e e n t he p e c uli a r

-

i n he ri t a n c e of t he e /e r zzS e v e r s i n c e t he M o s a i c tim e s .

Le t u s bri e fly s e e wh a t t h e s e s e ri ou s ch a rg e s
a m oun t to . The imp r a c t i c a bili t y of t he c omm a n d
m igh t b e c on s id e r a bly l e s s t h a n W e llha u s e n im a gi n e s .

H i s obj e c t ion t h at t he a ri t hm e t i c a l pr e c i s ion wi t h

,

w hich e v e ry t hi n g i s d e s crib e d p rov e s a n id e a l ch a r

a c t e r f a ll s im m e di a t e ly a w a y a s s oon a s w e c on s id e r
,

t he n u mb e r s giv e n a s ind i c a t ing t he a v e r a g e a llow

a n c e t o b e m a d e fo r p a s t u r e ground n ot hing m o r e
-
,

t h a n a g e n e r a l lim i t a m in imu m wh i ch m igh t b e

,

m odifi e d a c c ordin g t o t he c ircum s t a n c e s o r t he g e o

gr a ph i c a l c on di t i on of t he c oun t ry T ha t t he c iti e s .

a r e c on s id e r e d a s a poin t i s t ru e if w e t a k e t he poin t
, ,

n o t i n i t s g e om e t ri c a l s e n s e b u t a s h a vi n g t he s iz e of
,

e a ch i nd ividu a l ci t y I f W e llhau s e n m e a n s t hat t he

.

s qu a r e of t w o t h ou s a n d c ubi t s in clud e d t he c i t y t h e r e ,

i s n o t h ing i n t he t e x t t o j u s t ify t hi s vi e w T he c om .

p a ri s on wi t h n e wly bu il t c i t i e s i s n o t e nt ir e ly o u t of
pl a c e ; s in c e i n t he c on qu e s t of C a n aa n m a ny a c i t y
m u s t h av e b e e n d e s t roy e d a n d a cl e a n s w e e p m a d e
, .

Th a t L e vi t ic a l c i t i e s r e m a i n e d i n p o s s e s s i o n of t he
C a n a a ni t e s i s n o t hin g r e m a rk a bl e a n d m ay a t t he ,

s a m e t im e a c c o un t fo r t he s t a t e m e n t of D e u t e ron om y

a n d l a t e r h i s t ori c a l f a c t s wh ic h p r e s uppo s e a p a r t i a l
,

s c a t t e ri n g of t he L e vi t e s a ll ov e r t he c o un t ry W e ll .

’
h a u s e n s r e m a rk t h at n o t r a c e s of t he e xi s t e n c e of
,

L e vi t ic a l ci t i e s a pp e a r i n s ub s e qu e n t t im e i s m o s t ,

po s i t iv e ly un t ru e T he f a c t i s t h at s om e v e ry s t rik
.
,

i ng c oin c i d e n c e s m a k e t he e xi s t e n c e of t hi s l aw
h i g hly p rob a bl e W e r e f e r t o wh at h a pp e n e d i n
.
1 38 THE R E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

fully l i v e d u p t o f or t he s a m e r e as on s th a t pr e v e nt e d
t h e i r e x e c u t i on a f t e r t he e xil e ? A s t o i n e ff e c t iv e
n e s s t he c as e s t a n d s a lik e ; a n d a s t o hi s t ori c a l
,

i ndu c e m e nt s t o f r a m e s uc h r e gul at io n s t he M o s a i c
,

p e ri od c e r t a inly off e r e d m o re o f t h e m th a n t he t im e
of E zr a The l att e r m u s t ha v e k n ow n t h at t he l a w
.

w a s impr a c t i c a b l e : t he I s r a e lit e s i n t he d e s e rt n e e d
n ot The a n a l ogy wit h t he c i t i e s of r e fug e in D e u
.

t e ro n o m y a n d t he divi s i on o f t he l a nd i n E z e ki e l i s
s o fa r f e t c h e d a n d t h e r e a r e s o m a ny di s c r e p a n ci e s
-
,

b e t w e e n t he l att e r a n d t he Pri e s t C od e t h a t i t i s
,

i mpo s s ibl e t o a s s um e an y o t h e r r e a l c o n n e c t i o n t h an
,

t h a t t he pr o ph e t i n a f r e e m a nn e r r e produ c e d wh a t

w a s kn own t o h im f r om t he Pri e s t C od e .Th at s uc h

a n i n s t it u t i o n a s t he c i t i e s of r e fug e c ould n ot hav e

t ak e n i t s ri s e i n t he r e i gn of J o s i a h b u t m u s t a t t he
,

v e ry l e as t b e a nt e ri o r t o t he e s t a b li s h m e n t of t he
kingd om i s s t ro ngly a rgu e d by D r A P Bi s s e ll i n
,
. . .
,
”
The Law of A s yl u m i n I s r ae l , L e ipzi g 1 884
, .
 FEAS TS . 1 39

C H A P TE R XII .

F E ASTS .

H E l as t an d m os t im p o rt a n t p o int i n r e g a rd t o
whi c h t he c rit i c s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o poin t o u t a
m odifi c a t ion i n t he p m x i s f oll ow e d by a c orr e s pon d
,

i n g d e v e lopm e nt i n t he l a w s i s t h a t o f t he f e a s t s
, .

I n t he J e h ovi s ti c -D e u t e ro nom ic p a r t o f t he P e n t a
t e u c h a c y c l e o f t hr e e f e a s t s i s kn ow n ( E x o d xxiii
, . .
,

xxxiv D e ut x v i ) a n d a ll th e s e a r e d e s ign a t e d by t he
. . .

na me JT
J i
(p g/ r i n mg e f i
es t v a l ) M az z o t h , u n l ea v e n e d

Orea ez ;
'
K azi r Oa t v es t
,
/
( S h a b
Z EM OR
uoth S
) a n,d A s i p h ,

i tzg a t /t e r i t zg ( S u c c o t h t a Oe m OC/eS )
, Whil s t wit h r e
.
,

s pe ct t o t he t w o
la s t m e nt ion e d
-
t h e re i s p e rf e c t
,

a gr e e m e nt b e tw e e n t he J e h o v i s t a n d D e ut e ron omy ,

a di ff e r e n c e a pp e a r s with r e f e r e n c e t o t he fi r s t .

E xod xxxi v c on n e c t s t he o ff e ring of firs t li n g s wit h

. .

M az z o t h : D e ut e ron omy u s e s t he n a m e P e s a c h ( pa s s
for t he fi r s t t im e The inf e r e n c e i s th a t P e s a c h
.
,

a n d M a z z o t h a r e di s tin c t a n d origin a lly ind e p e nd e n t

from e a c h oth e r t he l a t t e r by far t he e ld e r of t he

,

t w o c on s t i t u t in g a t ri a d wi t h K a zir an d A s i p h
, A ll .

t h r e e a r e e s s e n t i a lly a gr a ri a n f e a s t s M a z z o t h indi .

c at e s t he b e gin ning of h a r v e s t ; a n d a c c ordingly a

s h e af i s off e r e d t o J a h v e h a s t he fi r s t prod uc e o f
,

t he g r oun d i n i t s m os t s i mpl e f o r m T hi s i s a l s o .
1 40 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES . M OSA IC .

a ll e g e d t o b e t he origin al m e a n in g of M a z z o t h ; v i z .
,

t h a t of h a s t ily pr e p a r e d i n a r t i fic i al br e a d s y m b o l i z
, ,

ing t he n e w fr e s h h a rv e s t wh ic h m e n d o n o t t a k e
, ,

t im e c a r e fully t o l e a v e n t o kn e a d a n d t o b a k e ( W e ll
, ,

h a u s e n ) K a zir cl o s e s t he gr a in h a rv e s t t o whi c h t he
.
-
,

lo a v e s of wh e a t b r e a d c orr e s pond F in a lly A s i p h .

,

c e l e br a t e s t he a u t um n a l ing a t h e ring of oil a n d wi n e ;

a n d h e r e t he a gr a ri a n c h a r a c t e r ha s b e e n pr e s e rv e d

by dw e lli ng i n bo o t h s o f b r a n c h e s a s i s i ndi c at e d by ,

t he n a m e S u c c o t h .

A s e c on d poin t i n whi c h D e ut e ron omy s h ow s a n

,

a dv a n c e upo n t he C ov e n a n t l a w i s t he m or e d e fi n i t e -
,

s p e c ifi c a t i on of t he t im e a t whi c h t he f e a s t s a r e t o

b e h e ld . E xod xxiii a n d xxxiv pr e s c rib e i n v a gu e

. . .

a n d g e n e r a l t e r m s M a z z o t h i n t he m on t h A bi b K a zi r
, ,

w he n t he wh e a t i s c u t A s i p h wh e n t he i ng a t h e ring
,

o f frui t s i s e nd e d The c e n t r a liz a t io n o f t he c ul t u s

.

m a d e a m o r e fi x e d d at e n e c e s s a ry as i s found i n t he ,

”
e xpr e s s i on s The fi r s t d ay a t e v e n
,
“
xvi 4 ; A t , .
“

”
e v e n a t t he going d ow n of t he s u n v er 6 ; Th o u “
, , .

”
s h a l t t urn in t he m orning a n d g o u n t o t hy t e n t s , ,
”
v er.
7 ; S e v e n w e e k s s h a l t t h ou n u mb e r v e r 9 ;
“
, .

”
“
The f e a s t o f t a b e rn a cl e s s e v e n d ay s v er 13 , . .

Thirdly t he q u a n t i t y of t he gif t s t o b e brought

,

t o t he f e a s t s w as a t fi r s t l e f t t o t he ch oi c e of t he in
dividu al a f t e rw a r d s s e t t l e d m or e d e fi ni t e ly E xod u s
, .

d o e s n o t r e qu ir e a n y pr e c i s e a m oun t of t he fir s t l i n g s
o r of t he pro d uc e of t he fi e ld : D e u t e ron omy r e qui r e s
t he t i t h e I n c a s e of t he fi r s t born of c our s e n o
.
-
, ,

d e t e rmin a t i on w a s n e e d e d .

F our t hly i n a c c ord a n c e wi t h i t s c e n t r alizin g t e n

,

d e n cy D e u t e ron omy c omm a nd s t h a t a l l f e a s t s s h a ll

,
142 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA I C .

5. The Pri e s t C od e r e quir e s th a t a ll f e a s t s from

b e ginning t o e n d s h all b e k e p t a t J e ru s a l e m an d i n ,

t h i s r e s p e c t a dv a n c e s upon D e u t e ron omy F o r by .

r e qui ring a M i kr a K o d e s h ( h oly c onvoc a t ion ) on t he

s eve n t h da
y of M a z z o t h vi s i t o r s w ho d id n o t l iv e
,

i n t he i mm e di a t e n e ighb orh o od of J e ru s a l e m w e r e
u nd e r t he n e c e s s ity o f r e m a ining th e re t h rough t he
w hol e f e as t w e e k To S uc c o t h t he Pri e s t C od e a dd s
- .

a n e igh t h d a I n E z e ki e l b o t h M a z z o t h a n d S u c
y
.
,

c o t h a r e s t ill limi t e d t o s e v e n d ay s e a c h ( c h a p .

6 The Pri e s t C od e has a dd e d t w o n e w f e a s t s

.

t o t he o rigin a l cycl e of th r e e ; v i z t he f e a s t of
.
,

T e ru a h ( t rum p e t s ) on t he fi r s t of t he s e v e n t h m onth
, ,

an d t he Y o m K i p p u r i m ( D ay o f A t on e m e n t ) on ,

t he t e n t h of t he s a m e m on t h D uring t he e xil e t he
.

e c cl e s i a s t i c a l n e w y e a r b e g a n o n t he t e n t h o f t he
s eve nt h m o nt h . The D ay o f A t on e m e n t w a s n o t
ob s e rv e d b e for e t he y e a r 4 44 B C o r e v e n l a t e r a n d
, ,

ha d i t s o rigi n i n t he c omm e m o r a t io n of t he d a y s of
J e ru s a l e m s d e s t ru c t i on d uring t he e xil e by f a s t in g
’
.

E z e ki e l m e n t i o n s t w o d ay s of r e c on c ili at ion t he o n e ,

f a llin g o n t he n e w m o o n of t he s e v e n t h m o n t h (xl v .

20 , a c co rdin g t o t he S e pt u a gi n t ) A f t e rw a rd s t he
.

Pri e s t C od e r e v e r s e d t he o rd e r of t he n e w y e a r a n d
K i pp u r i m by pu t t ing t he l a t t e r o n t he t e n t h a n d t he ,

form e r o n t he fi r s t d ay of t he s e v e n t h m on t h
, .

7. T h e l a w o f t h e S a bb a t h y e a r i s m odifi e d by
-

t he Pri e s t C od e i n t w o p a r t i c ul a r s : (O ) Wh a t w a s

a r e l a t iv e y e a r i n E xod xxiii 1 0 1 1 i s n ow ab s o
. .
, ,

l u t e l y fix e d a ll fi e ld s h a v e t o r e s t i n t he s a m e y e a r .

( I
?
) N o t o nly r e a pi ng b u
, t a l s o s owing i s t o b ,e s u s

p e nd e d The Y e a r o f J ubil e e i s e n t i r e ly a n i n v e n
.

t i on of t he P ri e s t C od e .
 FEAS TS . 1 43

The fi r s t a tt e mpt t o e s t a b li s h t he t h e ory j u s t

s t a t e d o c c upi e s i t s e lf wi t h poin t ing o ut t he n a t ur a l
,

i s t i c o rigin of t he t ri a d of m a i n f e as t s W e l lha u s e n
.

t a k e s gr e a t p a in s t o cl a im fo r a ll o f t h e m a pur e ly

a gri cul t u r a l b a s i s .The W p O V l/ DO Q of hi s r e a s oning

TO l é O

c on s i s t s i n t he a s s ump t io n t h a t t hi s n a tur al i s t ic
b as i s would e xclud e an a ddi t ion a l hi s t o ric a l s a n c t i o n
o r c on fi rm a t ion . W e gra nt t h a t i t s r e l a t io n t o t he
ha rv e s t w as prob a bly t he o nly s ig n ifi c a n c e o f P e n t e
c o s t a n d a dm i t t h at s u c h a r e l a t i o n e xi s t s wit h r e
,

g a rd t o M az z o t h an d S u cc o t h b u t d o n ot bind o u r
,

s e lv e s b y t h i s c on c e s s io n t o t he n a t u r a li s t i c d e ni a l

o f a l l ot h e r a c c e s s a ry h i s t o ri c a l a s s o c i at i o n s .

M or e t h a n th i s W e m a i n t a i n t h at t he imp o s itio n
.

o f t hi s t h e o ry o n wh a t t he c ri t ic s cl a i m t o b e t he
,

e a rli e s t l e gi s l a t ion a n d t he e a rl i e s t h i s t o ry c a nn o t b e ,

a c c ompl i s h e d w i t h o u t t he m o s t a r b i t r a ry m e th o d s o f

r e c on s truc t ing h i s t ory a n d o f m i s i n t e rpr e t in g S c rip

t ur e Thi s a d mi t s o f d e m o n s t r a t i o n i n d e t a il W e
. .

h op e t o s h ow th at t he h i s t ori c a l origin o f t he f e a s t s ,

i n a ddi t i on t o t he ir n a t ur a l b a s i s i s n o t o nly p o s s i b l e
, ,

b u t a b s o lu t e ly r e qu ir e d by a ll a c c e s s ibl e e vid e n c e .

Wh a t fa ll s o u t s id e of t hi s i s o f c o ur s e pur e hyp o t h
, , ,

es is .

Le t u s e x a m in e t he primi t i v e l a w s Fo r P e nt e
.

c o s t a h i s t ori c a l b as i s i s nowh e r e c l a im e d
, Fo r S u c.

c o t h only i n t he Pri e s t C od e ( Le v xxiii

, . Fo r.

M a z z o t h a n d P e s a ch ( P a s s ov e r) h ow e v e r i n a l l t he
, ,

l a w s w i t/t an t a s i ng l e ex cep t i on : b o t h are a l w ay s

b rough t i n c o n n e ctio n wi t h t he e x o du s ( E xod xxiii . .
,

x xxiv ; D e ut
. . Thi s f a c t i s a s e riou s ob s t a cl e
i n t he w ay o f W e l l ha u s e n s n a t ur a lizing pr e s e n t a
’
1 44 TH E PEN TA TE O CHA L C ODES MOSA IC .

t i on s It i s w o n d e rful ho w in n o c e n t ly he t ri e s t o
.

r e m ov e i t a s if a m e r e in ci d e n t a l f e a t ur e a n d n o t a
, ,

vi t a l prin c ipl e w e r e a t s t a k e H e r e m a rk s t h a t t he
, .

cycl e p r e s uppo s e s t he origin a l s imil a ri t y of a ll i t s

m e mb e r s H e n c e if K a zir a n d A s i p h a r e ha rv e s t
.
,

f e as t s M a z z o t h ca n n ot h a v e b e e n a hi s t ori c a l o n e
, .

”
Th i s c ri t i c a l ca n n ot i s w e ig hty e nough i n W e ll
“

’
h a u s e n s vi e w t o s e t a s id e t he e xpli c i t t e s t i m ony of .

b o t h t he C ov e n a n t l aw a n d D e u t e ron omy A s e m -
.

bl a n c e ind e e d of pro of i s a dd u c e d
, , The f e a s t ° “

p rop e r i s n o t c a ll e d H a g ha P e s a ch b u t H a g ha M a z - -
,
- -

z ot h : only t he l a t t e r s t a nd s c o ord i n a t e wi t h b o t h -

t he o t h e r h a rv e s t f e a s t s F or a c omp a nion w i t h
-
.

K a zi r an d A s i p h only M a z z o t h ca n c om e u nd e r c on
,

s id e r a t ion .

It i s d i ffi c ul t t o s e e wh a t i s g a in e d by t hi s vi ol e n t
s e p a r a t i on of M az z o t h from P e s a ch B u t le t u s s u p .

p o s e f or a m om e n t t ha t t he t w o c ould b e s e v e r e d .

Woul d t h i s a l t e r t he c a s e wi t h r e g a rd t o M az z o t h ?
No t i n t he l e a s t for in t he C ov e n a n t la w t he e xodu s -

i s t wi c e m e nt i on e d a s t he h i s t ori c a l ground o f M a e:
a ot/ t a n a n ot o
, f P’
e s a c/ i W e ll ha u s e n s l a ngu a g e c on
.
’

v e ys t he e rron e o u s im pr e s s i on t h a t t he prim i t iv e
l a w s b ro u g ht only P e s a c h i n c on n e c t i on wi t h t he
e xod u s The oppo s i t e i s t ru e : t he p a s s a g e s i n E xo d
. .

x xiii a n d xxxiv d o n o t s o m u c h a s m e n t i on P e s a ch ;
. .

a n d i n D e u t e ron omy t h ough P e s a c h i s m a d e m or e ,

p rom in e n t t h a n M az z o t h s t ill t he gr e at f a c t of d e l i v ,

e r a n c e from E gyp t i s a l m o s t e x clu s i v e ly c ombin e d

wi t h t he l at t e r .

Le t u s n ow c o n s id e r i n how fa r t he s e v e r a n c e of
P e s a c h a n d M a z z o t h ca n b e j u s t ifi e d I n E xod xxi ii . . .
1 46 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

ou s hypo t h e s e s propo s e d i n e xpl a n a t i on of thi s

my s t e ry m ay h e lp u s t o form a n e s t im a t e of t he
hop e l e s s n e s s of t he t a s k W e c a n n ot e n t e r i n t o a
.

d i s c u s s io n of a ll t he s e fo r t he s impl e r e a s o n t h a t
, ,

n on e of t h e m r e s t s o n e i t h e r e x e g e t ic a l o r h i s t oric a l

w a rr a n t o r e v e n cl a im s t o r e s t o n s u c h ; t h e y a r e
,

hypo t h e s e s i n t he t ru e s e n s e o f t he w o rd prod u c t s ,

o f t he c ri t i c a l i m agin at ion : a n d w e s h a ll c onfi n e

our s e lv e s t o s c ript ur a l f a c t s .

The n a m e e v e n i s n ot c l e a r N o s a ti s f a ct ory e t y
.

m o l o g y b e s id e s t he s c rip t ur a l o n e ha s a s y e t b e e n
, ,

giv e n W e llhau s e n s ay s
. E s s e n t i a lly P e s a c h i s t he
,

f e a s t o f t he o ff e ring o f t he fir s t b orn The n a t ur a l -

.

i nf e r e n c e wo uld s e e m t o b e th a t t h i s d e fi ni t io n con
,

fi rm s o u r vi e w o f t he h i s t ori c a l origi n o f t he f e a s t .

F o r t he righ t o f J e h ov a h t o I s r a e l s firs t b or n i s s o ’
-
,

fa r a s w e kn ow e v e rywh e r e found e d o n hi s s p a rin g

,

t h e m wh e n he s l e w t he fi r s t born of t he E gyp t i a n s -
.

Th i s i s n o t o nly t he c a s e in t he Pri e s t C o d e b u t ,

al s o i n t he J e h ovi s t ( E xod xiii 1 1 s e gg ) W e ll . .

,

ha u s e n i s c a ndid e n ough t o a dmi t t h i s H ow t h e n .

, ,

d o e s he a void t he inf e r e n c e f a t a l t o hi s t h e ory ? H is

fi r s t r e c o ur s e i s t o t he d i s s e c t ing knif e o f a n aly t i c a l -

c r i t 1 ci s m H e d e cl a r e s t h a t (a l s o on o t h e r ground s )
.

t he w h ol e s e c t i on ( xiii 1 — 1 6 ) d o e s n o t b e l ong t o t he
.

s ourc e s of t he J e h ovi s t b u t w a s a dd e d by a D e u
,

t e ro n om i c r e d a c t o r W e c a n n o t foll ow h im i n t o t h i s
.

l a byrin t h of divi s iv e op e r a ti o n s B u t l e t u s s uppo s e .

t ha t t he p as s a g e b e D e u t e ronomi c It i s i n an y c a s e .
,

t og e t h e r wi t h D e u t x v i a c c ording t o W e ll hau s e n s
’
.
,

own vi e w t he fi r s t e xpli ci t s t a t e m e n t c on c e rning Pe

,

s a ch . A s s u c h i t ha s t he righ t t o b e h e a rd a s t he
,
o ld e s t h i s t ori c a l t e s t im ony a c c e s s ibl e Th a t t he .

c ri t ic s r e fu s e t o re co g n 1z e t he h i s t ori c c r e d ib ili t y of
D e u t e ron omy w e c a n not h e lp , S t ill a r e a s on mu s t .
,

b e giv e n why t he D e u t e ron omi s t s e e ki n g a n b i s t ori ,

c a l ground fo r t he origin of P e s a ch hi t e x a c t ly upon ,

t hi s poin t I s r a e l s e xo d u s from E gyp t

,
’

W e l lhau s e n h e lp s h im s e lf by t he foll owing hypo t h

e s i s : The e xodu s oc cu rr e d a c c ording t o e a rly t r a d i ,

t ion a bou t t he t im e of t he a n ci e n t s pring f e s t iv a l

,
-
.

E xod v 1 M o s e s a n d A a ro n a s k from P ha r a oh
. .
, Le t ,

m y p eopl e go t h at t h e y m ay h old a f e a s t unt o m e in

,

t he wild e rn e s s T hi s i s m a d e t o prov e th a t t he f e as t
.

e xi s t e d b e for e t he h i s t o ri c a l o c c a s io n a s s ign e d t o it

i n t he l aw A l s o c h a p xi i v e r 2 1 i s quo t e d wh e r e
. . . .
,

M o s e s a ddr e s s e s t he e ld e r s of I s r a e l wi t h t he w ord s ,

”
Kill t/ze P a s s ov e r The f e as t w a s t he o c c as i on o f
.

t he e xodu s A ft e rw a rd s t he o rd e r w a s r e v e r s e d ; a n d
.

a f t e r t he f e a s t ha d t hu s b e e n s u ppli e d wi t h a n hi s

t o r i cal b as i s i t s m a i n a n d origin a l f e a t u r e t he off e r

, ,

ing of t he fir s t b orn r e quir e d a n e xpl a n a t ion a l s o

-
, .

’
Th i s w as foun d i n t he n a rr a t iv e o f G od s s l ayin g
t he fi r s t b orn of E gyp t
- A n d he a d d s U nl e s s w e
.
,

a s s um e t he e xi s t e n c e of t he cu s t om t o off e r t he fir s t

born t he n a rr a t iv e b e com e s un e xpl a in a bl e a n d n o

, ,

r e a s on i s giv e n why t he p e s t il e n c e m a d e s uc h a
”
s t r a ng e s e l e c t ion .

Th at t hi s i s un s crupulou s ly di s t or t i n g f a c t s t o s ui t
a t h e ory t he c ri t ic s e e m s n o t t o f e e l
,
No t a p a r t i .

cl e o f e vid e n c e e i t h e r i n l a w o r in h i s t ory
,
ca n b e ,

c l a im e d t o f a vor t h i s hyp o t h e s i s T h a t i t i s t he .

o nly t hing wh ich s ui t s t he n a t u r e of t he c a s e i s

“
,

t ru e if t he t r a n s a c ti on s w e r e pur e ly n at ur a l Th i s
, .
 148 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

is e x a c tly wh a t w e d e ny t he v e ry point a t i s s u e : t o
,

a s s um e i t ,
i s op e nly b e ggi n g t he qu e s t ion To t h o s e .

wh o b e li e v e i n t he s up e rn at ur a l e l e m e n t i n h i s t ory ,

i t m ay b e s om e wh a t e a s i e r t h a n fo r W e l lha u s e n t o
e xpl a i n why t he p e s t il e n c e m a d e s uch a s tr a ng e s e l e c

t i o n a m ong t he E gyp t i a n s .

The t w o p as s a g e s qu o t e d from E xod u s d e c id e n oth

in g E xod v 1 only p r ov e s t h a t t he I s r a e li t e s d e
. . .

s i re d t o k e e p a f e as t T h at i t w as a n a nn u a l ly
.

r e curri n g f e a s t i s n o t s t a t e d a n d r a t h e r d o ub t ful
, , .

B u t if w e gr a n t t h a t a s pri ng f e s t iv a l w a s ob s e rv e d
-
,

t hi s c a n n o t w a rr a n t W e l l ha u s e n i n d i s c a rdin g a ll a d

d i t i o n a l h i s t oric a l e xpl a n a t i o n Th a t M o s e s s a id t o
t he e l d e r s , Kill M e P a s s ov e r i s d u e t o t he wri t e r
“
,

u n c on s ci ou s ly pu t t i ng a t e rm f a m ili a r t o h im s e lf i n t o
t he m ou t h of t he s p e a k e r Of c our s e t he n a rr at iv e
.
,

d oe s n ot pr e t e n d t o giv e t he ip s i s s i ma v e t Oa of M o s e s /
’

c om m uni c a t i o n t o t he e ld e r s .

A f t e r a ll t he fo r m e r o f t h e s e p as s a g e s w o ul d
,

m a k e s t rongly a g a in s t W e ll hau s e n s t h e ory of M az ’

z o t h b e ing a n a gric ul t ur a l f e a s t The I s r ae li t e s d e

.

s ir e d t o h old a f e s t iv a l i n t he d e s e r t A n d a rur a l .

f e s t iv a l i n t he wild e rn e s s i s a d own righ t a b s urdi t y .

H o w im po s s ibl e i t i s t o p u t M a z z o t h on a p ar wi t h
K a zi r a n d A s i p h i s s e e n from t w o o t h e r f e a t ur e s
,

( a) M a z z o t h o c c upi e d s e v e n d a y s K a zi r only on e
,

ha d bo t h b e e n ru r a l f e s t iv a l s t he o n e t o c e l e br a t e
,

t he b e gin n ing t he o t h e r t he c ompl e tion of h a rv e s t

, , ,

w e woul d e xp e c t t he l a t t e r t o h a v e l a s t e d t he l ong e r .

O
( ) W e l l hau s e n
’
s e xpl a n a t i o n t ouch i ng t he origin of

e a t ing unl e a v e n e d b r e a d l e a v e s o u t of vi e w t h a t a l l
,

l ea v e n li a o t o Oe r e m ov ed ou t of M e li on s es
’
H ow .
1 50 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES IOS A I C
II .

se nt en ce °
Wh e n t he h u m a n fir s t b or n ar e al s o
“ -

cl a im e d t hi s i s n o t h ing b ut a l a t e r g e n e ra liz a t io n
, .

I t will n ot e s c a p e t he t h o u ghtful r e a d e r t h a t t/zi s i s ,

n o t h ing but a grou n dl e s s a s s e rtio n A n d at a n y .

,

r at e t he g e n e r a liz at io n n e e d s a n e xpl a n a t io n j u s t a s
,

m uch as t he pr a c ti c e .

U n d e r t h e s e c ircum s t a n c e s wh e r e all t he e vid e n c e

,

i s o n o u r s id e a n d o n t he o t h e r h a n d t he c ri t i c s a r e
,

oblig e d t o s uppor t o n e a s s ump t io n by a n o t h e r w e ,

m u s t prot e s t a g a in s t a ll n a t ur a li s t i c e xpl a n a t i o n s o f
P e s a ch whic h m a k e a n y h igh e r pr e t e n s io n s t h a n t h a t
o f b e i ng l ogi c a lly p o s s ibl e The old hi s t ori c a l v i e w
.
,

giv e n by t he Bibl e i n E xo d xii a c c oun t s fully fo r .

,

a l l t he f a c t s giv e s a pl a u s ibl e e t ym ol ogy of t he

,

n ma e i s n o t n —
h a lf s o o e s id e d a s t h a t of t he c ri t ic s
, ,

s in c e i t d o e s n ot e xclud e t he c on n e c t i on betwee n
P a s s ov e r a n d t he i ncipi e n t h a r v e s t .

Th a t n e i t h e r t he C ov e n a nt la w n o r D e ut e ro n omy
-

a llud e s t o t he hi s t ori c a l a s s o c i a t ion s o f S u c c o t h c a n ,

n ot b e m ad e t o s p e ak fo r a l a t e r o rigin o f t hi s
h i s t ori c a l id e a E v e n i n t he P ri e s t C od e t h e s e hi s
.

t o r i c al a s s o ci a t i on s a r e n o t m a d e pro m in e n t The .

wh ol e t e no r of t he l a w Le v xxiii 3 9 —4 3 s h ow s t h a t
, . .
,

t he m a in e n d of t he f e as t w a s t o c e l e bra t e t he

a ut um n a l i ng a t h e ri n g o f frui t The c u s t om a ry d w e ll
.

i ng i n b o oth s i n m e m ory of t he d e s e r t j ourn e y w a s -

s e c o nd a ry a n d i s only in c id e n t a lly r e f e rr e d t o a t t he
,

e n d i n a s ingl e v e r s e A n d h e r e a l s o it a pp e a r s
.

wh a t t he a rg n m e n t n m e s i le n t i o i s wo rth The r e .

m a rk a bl e fa c t i s t h at b o t h t he J e h ovi s t a n d D e u
,

t e r o n o m i s t pl a c e P e s a c h or M a z z o t h m a h i s t o ri c a l
light ; t he Pri e s t C o d e o n t he c on tr a ry d o e s n ot s o
, ,
 FEAS TS . 1 5 1

m u c h a s a ll ud e t o i t s hi s t ori c a l c h a r a c t e r i n Le v .

xxiii .
,
i n bot h c as e s e x a c tly t he O ppo s it e of wh a t
,

t he cri t ic a l t h e ory wo uld l e a d u s t o e xp e c t S ur e ly .

,

n o c ri t i c would i nf e r from thi s s il e n c e t h a t t he a gri

c ul t u r a l s ignifi c a n c e of M a z z o t h w a s u n kn own t o
t he J e h ovi s t a n d t he D e u t e ron o mi s t J u s t a s li t t l e .

n e e d w e inf e r from t h e i r s il e n c e a s t o t he h i s t oric a l

c h a r a ct e r o f S u c c oth t h a t t hi s m u s t h av e b e e n t he
,

f rui t of a l at e r d e v e l opm e nt .

W e t ur n t o D e u t e ron omy an d a s k i n wh a t t he ,

p r e t e n d e d a dv a n c e up on t he C ov e n a n t la w c on s i s t s -
.

The d a t e s o f t he f e a s t s a r e s a id t o h av e b e e n m or e
d e fi ni t e ly fix e d i n a c c or d a n c e wi t h t he c e n t r a liz at io n
,

o f t he cul t u s The t rut h i s th at n o d at e s a r e g iv e n

.
,

b e s id e s a s ingl e r e l at iv e o n e ; viz t h a t S h a buo t h .

,

s h a ll b e s e v e n w e e k s from P e s a ch But th is i s n o .

a dv a n c e n o r i s t he s p e ci fi c a t i on n e w i n D e u t e ron
,

om ; in c E xod xxxiv l r dy u t h n m S h
y s e a . e a s e s . e a e a

b u o t h w hich impli e s t he d e p e nd e n c e o f t he f e a s t
,

fo r i t s c ompu t a t io n upon M a z z ot h A ll t he o t h e r .

s p e c ifi c a t ion s o f ti m e r e g a rd only t he dur ation o f t he

f e a s t or t he e x a c t t im e of d ay t o b e gin i t s o b s e rv
,

a nc e , a l l wh ic h c a nno t h av e ha d a n y thin g t o d o
with t he c e nt ra liz a t i o n of t he c ul t u s O n t he c on .

t ra ry wh e r e a s p e cifi c a t ion fo r t hi s purpo s e m igh t

,

b e e xp e c t e d , i t i s n o t m a d e
-
C h a p xvi 1 . O b s e rv e . .
,

t he m on t h of A bib i s e v e n m or e ind e fi ni t e t h a n
,

t he J e h ovi s ti c ph r a s e in t he t im e a ppoin t e d of t he
“
,

m on t h A bib E xod xxiii 1 5 I n d e e d i t i s h a r d ly

,
. . .
,

c on c e iv a bl e if D e u t e ronomy w a s wri t t e n wi t h t he
,

t e nd e ncy a s c rib e d t o i t by t he c ri t i c s t h a t t he a u t h o r ,

w o u l d hav e fa il e d t o s e c ur e wh a t w a s fi r s t o f all
'
1 5 2 TIIE PE NTA TE U CH A I C ODES MOSA IC
, .

n e c e s s a ry t o c e n t r a liz at ion ; viz t o fix fo r e a ch f e as t .

,

a d e fi ni t e d a t e .

D e u t e ron omy i t i s a ll e g e d s h ow s a n a dv a n c e by
, ,

d e fi ning t he e x a c t qu a n t i t y o f t he produc e of t he
fi e l d whi ch ha d t o b e brough t t o t he f e as t s It do e s .

n ot a pp e a r h o w e v e r t h a t D e u t e ron o my id e n t ifi e s
, ,

t he fi rs t frui t s a n d t he t i t h e s i n t hi s w ay
-
Th e y .

w e r e di s t in c t a n d a r e k e p t s o i n c h a p xxvi wh e r e
, . .
,

v er .1 — 1 1 t r e a t of t he fi r s t —frui t s v er 1 2 1 5 of t he
—
, .

’
t hird year s t it h e N a t ur a l ly t he fir s t frui t s t he
.
-
,

qu a nt i t y of wh ic h i s n owh e r e d e t e rmi n e d ( c h a p xxvi . .

,

a b as k e t ) woul d b e t a k e n a lo ng a t t he o c c a s ion of a
,

f e as t : s t ill t hi s i s n owh e r e pr e s c rib e d The c omm a nd

, .

t o giv e t he firs t b orn t o J e h ov a h i s i n E xod xxxiv 1 9

-
. .

s ubj oin e d t o th a t of M a z z o t h o n a c c o un t of t he hi s

t o r i ca l c onn e c t io n C h a p xxii 3 0 s e e m s e v e n t o p re
. . .

e lud e t he off e ring a t a f e as t a s i t s ay s The e igh t h ,

“

d ay t h o u s h a l t giv e i t m e E xod xxiii 1 9 r e f e r s

. . .

p rob a bly t o t he s i n gl e s h e a f of S h a buo t h The only .

e vi d e n c e i n f a vo r of t hi s vi e w li e s i n t he po s i t i o n of

D e u t xv 1 9 — 2 3 im m e di at e ly b e fo r e t he P a s s ov e r
. .

la w I nd e e d wh e n w e combin e t hi s wi t h t he inj un e
.
,

t io n t o s a c rifi c e t he P a s s ov e r t o t he L ord of t he fl o c k

a n d t he h e rd t he s ugg e s t i o n g a in s i n pl a u s ibil i t y
,

t h a t t he fir s t l i n g s w e r e off e r e d a t P a s s ov e r o r M a z
B ut t hi s i s fa r from proving W e llha u s e n s
’

z ot h .

t h e ory t h a t t he f e a s t s w e r e ori gi n a lly n o t hi ng e l s e

,

t h a n o c c a s i on s t o off e r t he ap a Tc/t a e T he la w kn ow s .

n o t hi ng of s uc h a n id e n t ifi c a t io n of t he t w o a n y ,

m or e t h a n i t i d e n t ifi e s t i t h e s a n d fi r s t frui t s A n -
.

e xpli ci t s t a t e m e n t woul d in b o t h c a s e s h av e b e e n
n e c e s s a ry a s W e llha u s e n hi m s e lf a dmi t s
,
I n t he .
“
1 54 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES I OS A I C
II .

t he pri e s t s w ho w e r e t he r e c e iv e r s a n d n ot t o t he
, ,

p e opl e The o t h e r h a lf of W e l l ha u s e n s s t a t e m e n t
’
.

i s e qu a lly in a c c ur a t e I t i s t ru e t h a t t he Pri e s t
.

C od e m a k e s t he ap a rc/t a e p ri e s t ly r e v e nu e s C om .

p a r e N um xvi ii 1 3 1 5 . S t ill t he c on t e x t i t s e lf
.
, .
,

s h ow s t h a t t hi s i s n o t m e a n t in s uc h a s e n s e a s w ould

b e in c on s i s t e n t wi t h t he e vi d e n t purp o s e i n di c a t e d i n
D e u t xiv a n d xv t h a t t h e y s h ould s e rv e as a j oyful
. . .
,

m e a l t o t he off e r e r N um xvi ii I 7 1 8 s h ow s t h a t . . .
, ,

t he fi r s t born w e r e t o b e off e r e d a s s /t e la m i m w i t h
-
,

t hi s di s t i n c t i on only t h at n o t only b r e a s t a n d ,

s h o uld e r but a ll t he fl e s h f e ll t o t he pri e s t s

, N ow , .
,

wh e n w e r e m e mb e r t h at p rob a bly all t he fir s t b or n -

c a m e i n a t t he s a m e t im e o f P a s s ov e r i t b e c om e s ,

a lm o s t impo s s ibl e t h a t t he pri e s t s s h oul d h a v e k e pt

a ll t h i s t o t h e m s e l v e s The m o s t n a t ur a l i nf e r e n c e
.

i s t h a t t h e y r e s t o r e d a por t io n of t he m e a t t o t he
,

o ff e r e r s u ffi c i e n t ly l a rg e t o e n a bl e h im t o k e e p t he
,

m e a l m e n t i on e d i n D e u t e ron o my .

Thirdly t he c ri t i c s di s c ov e r a n a dv a n c e i n t he f a c t
,

t h a t t he Pri e s t C od e ha s fi n a lly s e t t l e d t he d a t e s of

a ll t he f e a s t s T he m a in p oin t i s t o s h ow t h a t t he
.
,

o rigin a l c on c e p t ion of a gri c ul t ur a l f e a s t s ha s b e e n

e n t i r e ly l o s t The l a t t e r d e p e nd ing on t he rip e n e s s
.
,

of t he h a rv e s t c a nn o t b e b o un d t o a n y d e fi n i t e d a t e
, .

T he c ri t i c s m u s t a d m i t t h a t t he Pri e s t C o d e d o e s
n ot only r e c ogniz e a n a gri cul t ur al e l e m e n t i n i t s
f e a s t l aw s b u t d w e ll s upo n i t wi t h s p e ci a l e mph a s i s
-
,

i n t he c a s e of b o t h M a z z o t h a n d S uc c o t h ( Le v .

S t ill i t as s i g n s t o e a c h a fi x e d d a t e
, Is a n y t h i n g .

mor e r e qui r e d t o s h ow t h a t bo t h a re p e rf e c t ly co n
s i s t e n t a n d t h a t t he l a w c ould d e fi n i t e ly a ppoin t t he
,
 FEAS TS . 1 55

tim e of ob s e rv a nc e wi t hou t giving t he s c e p t ic a l cri t ic s

an w e ll gro und e d s u s picio n t h a t t he t w o c oul d n o t
-
y
go t og e t h e r ? H ow impr a c t ic a bl e t h a t Pri e s t C o d e
m u s t h av e b e e n "
B u t i n t he four t h pl a c e s t ill gr a v e r ch a rg e s a r e
,

m a d e a g a i n s t i t It i s a c c u s e d of fi ct i t i o u s ly s u b s t i
.
=

t u t i n g h i s t ori c a l c ombin a t ion s for t he n a t ur a l b a s i s o f

t he f e a s t s .W e s a w h ow li t t l e t hi s i s t he c a s e Le v . .

xxiii do e s n o t m e n t io n t he h i s t ori c a l o c c as io n of t he
.

i n s t i t u t ion of P e s a ch a n d M az z o t h wh e r e a s bo t h ,

t he J e h ovi s t a n d t he D e u t e ron omi s t d o s o Al s o i n .

t he c a s e of S ucc o t h t he hi s t oric a l e l e m e n t i s giv e n

,

o nly a s e c o n d a ry impor t a nc e S uc co t h i s t he only .

f e a s t for wh o s e h i s t oric a l s ignifi c a n c e w e hav e ind e

p e nd e n t t e s t im ony ou t s id e o f t he l aw in H o s xii 1 0 . . .

Th a t in E x od xii P e s a ch a n d M a z z o t h a r e in s t i
. .
,

t u t e d n o t m e r e ly i n c om m e m or a t io n of t he e xo d u s ,

b u t a s a n e ff e c t u a l m e a n s of s aving I s r a e l i s t ru e , ,

The c a u s e h ow e v e r li e s n o t i n a n y t e n d e n cy pur s u e d
, ,

by t he a u t h o r b u t i n t he p e c uli a r po s i t i on of I s r a e l
, .

Th e i r wh ol e hi s t ory a n d r e l a t io n t o t he G e n t il e s w e r e
, ,

t ypi c a l of t he r e l a t ion of God s s a v e d p e opl e t o t he

’

w orld H e nc e t h a t which di s t in gu i s h e d t h e m fro m

.
,

t he E gyp t i a n s a n d s e c u r e d th e i r s a f e t y from t he
,

s l a yi ng a ng e l c ould b e n o t hing e l s e t h a n a t yp e of
,

t h at gr e a t P a s s ov e r l a m b p a r t icip a t io n i n which
-
,

w ould o n e d ay d i s t ingui s h t he s piri t u a l I s r a e l from

t he world u n d e r c on d e m n a t i on The c a s e fi n d s a .

’
p a r a ll e l i n t he in s t i t u t io n o f our L ord s s upp e r
b e for e t he c ru ci fixion .

By p re s c ribing a M ikr a K o d e s h (h oly co nvoc a t i on )

o n t he s e v e n t li d ay of M az z o t h t he Pri e s t C od e
‘

,
1 5 6 THE R E N TA TE U CH A I , C ODES MOSA IC .

m a k e s i t oblig a t o ry fo r a ll I s r a e li t e s t o s p e nd t he
wh ol e f e as t i n J e r u s a l e m C ri t ic s fi nd i n t h i s a n e w
.

a dv a n c e up o n D e u t e ron omy S t ahe l i n V o n Le n .

,

g e rk e D e W e t t e H u p fe l d a n d Kn ob e l und e r s t a n d
, , ,

by M ikr a K o d e s h a h oly c o n vo c a t ion a t t he c e n t r a l

s a n c t u a ry s o t h a t a p ilgrim a g e t h i t h e r w a s r e quir e d
, .

Th ough t he word s i n t h e m s e lv e s m igh t h a v e t h i s

m e a n ing t he vi e w b e co m e s u n t e n a bl e wh e n w e s e e
,

t h a t a M ikr a K o d e s h w a s a pp oin t e d n o t l e s s t h a n t h r e e

t i m e s fo r o n e — v i z t he s e v e n t h — m on t h
.
, S in c e i t .

woul d h a v e b e e n impo s s ibl e t o d e m a nd t h r e e pilgrim .

a g e s t o J e ru s a l e m i n o n e m o n t h t he ph r a s e m u s t ,

n e c e s s a rily d e no t e a n y c o nvo c a t i on i n a l oc a l pl a c e
of wor s h ip for t he purp o s e of ob s e rving t he d ay
, .

H e n c e w e r e a ch t he c on clu s i on t h at n e i t h e r i n Le ,

v i t i c u s n or i n D e u t e ronomy d o e s t he l a w d e t e rm in e

h ow long t he I s r a e li t e s w e r e t o r e m a i n a t t he s a n ct u
ar a t t he an n u al f e as t s Th a t t he pr e v a l e n t cu s t o m
y .

w a s t o s t a y a ll s e v e n d a y s i s prob a bl e S t ill t he la w
, .
,

d o e s n o t e xpr e s s ly d e m a n d i t D e u t xvi 7 s e e m s . . .

e v e n t o i ndic a t e t he c on t r a ry : Thou s h a l t t urn i n “

A s t h ey s u p
”
t he m orn i n g a n d go un t o t hy t e n t s
, .

’
p o s e t h at t he l a w s r e quir e a s e v e n d ay s s t a y K e il a n d ,

R i e h m t a k e t hi s a s s ignifying a r e t u rn t o t h e ir hom e s
a n d l odging s a t t he pl a c e of t he s a n c t u a ry Thi s i n .

volv e s t he a s s um p t ion t h at t he P a s s ov e r w a s e a t e n
,

i n t he c ourt of t he s a n c t u a ry by a l l I s r a e li t e s whi ch ,

w oul d h a v e b e e n h a rdly p r a c t i c a bl e W e und e r s t a nd .

v e r 7 a s c o n t a ini ng a p e rmi s s ion t o r e t u rn a f t e r t he

.

fi r s t n igh t T h a t t he cu s t om w a s t o r e m a i n d uri n g
.

t he wh ol e f e a s t i s n o t d e ni e d
,
B u t t he l a w a ll owing .

t hi s r e t u rn in t he m ornin g e vi d e n t ly t ri e s t o e m p ha
,
1 58 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t he C ov e n a n t l aw n or D e u t e rono my m a k e s m e nt io n
-

of t h e s e t w o M o e d i m 1 s m c on s e qu e nc e of t h e ir
,

e num e r a t ing o nly s u ch f e a s t s a s r e quir e d a n a pp e a r

a nc e b e for e t he L O R D a t t he s a n c t u a ry H e n c e t he .

S abb a t h i s n o t e v e n a llu d e d t o in c on n e c t ion wi t h

t he f e a s t l aw s-
S inc e T e ru ah a n d Y o m K i p p u r i m
.

r e q ui r e d only a M ikr a K o d e s h t h e y a r e om i t t e d , .

I n s o fa r a s W e l lha u s e n h old s t h a t b e for e t he e xil e

t he J e wi s h y e a r b e g a n i n t he a u t u mh i t i s s t r a n g e ,

t h a t he s h ould c on s i d e r T e ru a h a s of p o s t e xili c origin -

.

It i s h ig hly prob a bl e a p w or i t h a t t he b e gi nni ng of

’

t he h a rv e s t y e a r w a s c e l e br a t e d by a f e a s t t he m or e
-
,

s o s inc e t he or d in a ry ob s e rv a n c e of t he n e w m o on s

woul d n a t ur a lly l e a d t o i t B u t t h i s poin t a l s o m u s t

.

b e u t iliz e d t o p r ov e t he l a t e origin of t he Pri e s t C o d e .

D u ring t he e xil e t he J e w s d e riv e d t h e ir s pring e ra

,
-

f rom t he B abyl o ni a n s wh o s e y e a r a c c ordin g t o A s

, ,

s yri ol ogi s t s b e g a n i n t he S prin g

, The Pri e s t C od e .

wi s hing t o pr e s e rv e t he old a u t um n y e a r m a d e a d i s -
,

t in c t i on b e t w e e n t he c ivil a n d t he e c cl e s i as t ic a l y e a r .

A g a in s t t hi s hyp o t h e s i s of W e ll ha u s e n t he s im pl e ,

r e f e r e nc e t o s uc h p a s s ag e s a s 2 S a m xi 1 ; 1 King s . .

xx 2 2 2 6 ; Je r xxxvi 9 2 2 a n d fia s s i m m ay s u ffi c e
.
, . .
, , , .

F or t he r e s t e v e n Gr a f a dm i t s ( p
, t h a t from t he .
,

s il e n c e of t he pr e vi ou s C o d e s n o c on cl u s i on a s t o
,

t he n on e xi s t e n c e of T e ru a h ca n b e d r a wn
-
.

The a rgum e n t a g a in s t a p r e —e xili c e xi s t e n c e of t he

D a y of A t on e m e n t i s t wofol d F ir s t t he c omm o n.
,

a ng n n ze n t n m e S i l e n t i o L i t t l e n e e d b e s a i d ab ou t
.

t hi s . The c ri t i c s a g r e e t h a t t he cycl e of t he t h r e e
g r e a t f e a s t s d a t e s b a ck t o t h e e a rli e s t t im e s of t he

po s s e s s ion of C a n a a n I n s t e a d of r e p e at e d m e n t ion
.
,
 FEAS T S . 1 59

as we woul d e xp e ct w e fi n d t he o b s e rv a nc e of S ha ,

b u o t h b u t o n c e s t a t e d b e for e t he e xil e ( 2 C h ron vii i . .

S u c co t h four t im e s ( prob a bly J udg xxi 1 9 a n d 1 . .

S am i 20 2 1 . . 1 King s viii 2 xii

, Pe s a ch t wic e
.
, .

( prob a bly Is a xxx 2 9 ; 2 K ing s xxiii . . t he t h r e e .

t og e t h e r ( 1 Ki ng s ix 2 5 a n d 2 C h ron viii . At . .

t he s a m e t im e t he p r oph e t s s p e a k i n t e rm s whi ch

pr e s uppo s e a fix e d cy cl e of y e a rly f e as t s ( Is a xxix . .

W h e n w e a d d t o t hi s t h a t t he a rg n m e n t zn n e ,

s i l e n t i o s t ri c t ly a ppl i e d wo ul d bring t he o rigin o f t he

, ,

D ay of A t on e m e n t dow n t o t he t i m e of J oh n H y r ca
n us Or e v e n of H e rod t he Gr e a t B C li l mo r
, (3 7 ) t t e e ,

n e e d be ad de d
7g
.

I n E z e k xl 1 w e r e a d th at t he proph e t r e c e iv e d
. .
,

hi s vi s io n i n t he b e ginning of t he y e a r i n t he t e n t h
“
,

d ay of t he m on t h E z e ki e l follow s t he a u t um n e ra
.
-

i n o t h e r i n s t a n c e s ( c omp a r e c h a p xlv 1 8 Ac . .
,

c o rd i n g l
y L e v xxv
, 9 would .b e p a r a ll e
. l wh e r e t h e ,

Y e a r of J ubil e e i s s a id t o b e gi n o n t he t e n t h d ay of
t he Se v e n t h m o n t h i n t he D ay of A t on e m e n t
'

,
As .

t he c ri t ic s r e c ogn iz e a clo s e r e l a t ion s hip b e t w e e n

Le v xviii — xxvi a n d E z e ki e l t he i nf e r e n c e wo ul d
. . .
,

n ot b e ra s h t h a t E z e ki e l t a k e s t he b e ginning of
“
,

”
t he y e a r an d t he t e n t h d ay of t he m o n t h
“
as

s yn onym ou s w as a c qu a i n t e d wi t h t he Y e a r of J ubi
l e e a s b e gin ning o n t h at p a r t ic ul a r d ay a n d c o n s e ,

qu e n t ly wi t h t he D a y of A t on e m e n t i t s e lf s in c e i t s ,

c on n e c t ion wi t h t he b e gin ni ng of t he y e a r of r e l e a s e
w a s n o t in ci d e n t a l b u t of d e e p s ignifi c a n c e ( comp a r e
,

Is a lviii e s p e ci a lly v e r
. .
, W e llha u s e n a void s t he .

inf e r e n c e by d e cl a ri ng 00 39 3 7] Dr ; ( i n t /t e D ay of
A t one m en t) a n in t e rpol a t i on of a l a t e r h a nd a n d i s ,
160 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA / C .

c on s e qu e n t ly oblig e d t o a s s um e t h a t t o E z e ki e l t he
n e w y e a r b e g a n o n t he l o t h of Ti s ri H o w t h i s ha p .

p e n e d t o fa ll o n t he t e n t h of a m on t h he d o e s n o t ,

e xpl a i n ; fo r wh a t i s s a id on p 1 1 4 h a rdly d e s e rv e s .

t he n a m e of a n e xpl a n a t i on Th a t i t b e c a m e e a s y .
,

a f t e r t he b e gin n i n g of t he civil y e a r ha d b e e n t r a n s

f e rr e d t o s pring t o fi x upon a n y d a t e wh a t e v e r i s n o t
, ,

t ru e . The o l d d a t e Ti s r i 1 w a s t h e r e ; a n d wh a t
, ,

c o ul d h a v e oc c a s ion e d i t s c h a ng e fr o m t he b e gin ni ng
t o t he m i d d l e of t he m on t h i t i s n o t e a s y t o s e e ,
.

B u t t h e r e i s a n o t h e r w ay of a rgui n g e s i l e n t i o .

It i s a ll e g e d t h a t t h e r e a r e c e r t a in p r e e xili c p as s a g e s -
,

wh e r e m e n t i on of t he d ay w ould h a v e b e e n a ppro
p r i a t e ,o r e v e n n e c e s s a ry ha d i t b e e n i n e xi s t e n c e
,
.

W e giv e t h e m i n t h e ir ord e r o f o cc urr e n c e a n d a d d ,

a fe w e xpl a n a t o ry r e m a rk s t o e a ch r e s p e c t iv e ly
“

I n 1 Kin g s vii i 6 8 t he c on s e cr a t i on of t he t e m p l e
.
,

i s s a id t o h a v e o c c a s i on e d a d oubl e f e a s t The f e a s t .

r e f e rr e d t o i n v e r 2 m u s t h a v e b e e n S u c c o t h The
. .

ch ron i cl e r giv e s hi s c om m e n t u pon t hi s i n hi s s e c on d

b o ok ( vii 7 . A c c o r d ing t o h im t he l a s t s e v e n ,

d ay s clo s e d o n t he t w e n t y t h ird o f t he s e v e n t h -
‘

m on t h H e n c e t he a ddi t i on a l s e v e n d ay s pr e c e d e d
.

t he c om m o n S u c c o t h w e e k B u t t h e n t h e y e x t e nd e d
-
.

from t he e igh t h of t he m on t h o nw a rd a n d t he f e a s t ,

of c on s e c r a t ing t he t e m pl e c oin c id e d wi t h t he D ay of
A t on e m e n t S i n c e t he l a t t e r w a s a d ay of a ffl ic t i o n
.
,

t hi s would h a v e b e e n i mp o s s ibl e ; a n d c ri t ic s cl a i m

t o h a v e h e r e t he m o s t c o n cl u s iv e a rgum e n t t h at ,

n o Da of A on e m e n t e xi s t e d e i t h e r in S olom on ’

y t s

1
Fo r mu c h on t h i s po i n t we a re i n d eb t e d t
, o t he p a p er o f D r D el i t z s c h in
.

Lu t har d t Z e i t s c hr i f t
’
s 88
,
H e ft i
1 0, . v .
162 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

r a n c e of S u c co t h c a nn o t b e a s s um e d The e mph a s i s .

i n t he p a s s ag e r e f e rr e d t o li e s e vi d e n t ly i n t he s o
,

( viii. H e nc e t he t h e ory t h a t E zr a n o w publi s h e d

,

t he C od e fo r t he fi r s t t im e fi n d s n o s upp or t i n t hi s ,

f a c t ; a n d n o i nf e r e n c e of t he n on e xi s t e n c e of t he -

D ay of A t o n e m e n t c a n b e d r a wn C omp a r e for a .
,

p a r a ll e l c a s e D e u t xxiii 4 — 6 wi t h Ne h xiii 1 The

, . . . . .

f a s t d ay i n Ne h ix i s r a d ic a lly diff e r e n t i n c o n c e p t ion

-
. .

fro m t he D ay of A t o n e m e n t .

E z e ki e l m e n t i on s n o D ay of A t o n e m e nt b u t only ,

t w o d ay s of r e c on c ili a t i on o n t he fi r s t of t he fi r s t
,

an d s eve n t h m on t h r e s p e c t iv e ly A p a r t from t he .

f a c t t h a t E z e ki e l i s a l s o s il e n t wi t h r e g a rd t o o t h e r
f e as t s of w h i c h w e kn ow he w a s n o t ign or a n t
,

S h a buo t h ) w e h a v e s e e n al r e a dy t h a t ch a p xl 1
,
. .

c on t a in s prob a bly a n allu s i on t o t hi s d ay A n d i t i s .

far m or e prob a bl e t h a t t he t w o d a y s of r e c o nc ili a

,

t io n w e r e a m o d ifi c a t ion of t he D ay of A t on e m e n t

t h a n t he r e v e r s e .

E v e n t he po s t e xili c Z e ch a ri a h i s s um m on e d a s a
-

wi t n e s s a g a i n s t t hi s d ay Gr a f s a y s Wh e n i n t e r
.
,
“

r o g a t e d c on c e rning t he c om m e m or a t iv e f a s t d a y s he -
,

d o e s n o t e v e n a ll ud e t o t he D ay of A t on e m e n t
( ch a p v i i a
. n d vii i ) T he s impl e. r e a s on i s t h a t h e ,

ha d n o o cc a s ion t o d o s o F or t he D ay of A t on e
.

m e n t w a s n o t a d a y of s a d h i s t ori c a l r e m e mbr a n c e ,

”
n ot a
“
a i es a t e i
’
i n t he s e n s e i n wh ic h t he four r e
f

f e rr e d t o w e r e .

Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l c on s id e r a t i o n s whi ch m a k e t he
h igh a n t iqui t y of t hi s d a y v e ry pl a u s ibl e .

1
. A ll a n ci e n t p e opl e s ha d s p e c i a l f e a s t s of p u ri fi
c a t ion It i s n o t lik e ly t h at t he I s r ae li t e s form e d a n
.

e xc e p t ion .
 FEAS TS . 163

2 . It di ffi c ul t t o c o n c e iv e h ow wi t h out a n y
is ,

pr e c e d e n t i n t he pr a c t ic e b e for e t he e xil e s uch a ,

fi c t i on c ould a f t e r t he e xil e h a v e foun d im m e di at e

, ,

a c c e p t an c e .

3 Th
. a t t h e D a
y of A t on e m e n t w a s n o t s o un iv e r

s a lly ob s e rv e d a n d did n o t m a k e s uc h a d e e p i m
,

pr e s s ion upon t he n at i on a l lif e of t he p e opl e m u s t ,

b e a t t ribu t e d t o i t s d e e p s piri t u a l s ignifi c a n c e The .

j oyful a gri cul t ur al fe a s t s a pp e a l e d m o re t o t he n a

t i o n a l i nclin a t ion s t h a n t he d ay of a ffl ic t i o n t o t he
c on s c iou s n e s s of s i n .

4 Th
. a t e s p e,
ci a lly a f t e r t he e xil e m or e t r a c e s of ,

s uch a c on s ci ou s n e s s a pp e a r m u s t b e e xpl a i n e d o n ,

t he s a m e gro und The j udgm e n t of t he c a p t ivi t y

.

ha d gr e a t ly d e e p e n e d t he s e n s e of s i n a n d t a u gh t ,

t h e m b e t t e r t o a ppr e c i at e t hi s a t oni ng f e a s t .

5 T.h e c e r e m ony w i t h t h e go a t for A z a z e l p oin t s

t o a high a n t iqui t y S o a l s o o t h e r form s of l a ngu a g e

. .

6 The m o s t i ncr e dibl e f e a t ur e of t he n e w e r t h e ory

.

i s th a t a t a t im e wh e n n o a rk or m e rcy s e at e xi s t e d
,
-

an l ong e r o r c o u ld b e h op e d e v e r t o e xi s t a g a i n t he
y , ,

l aw s houl d h a v e b e e n fr a m e d in which t h e y pl a y
s uc h a pro min e n t a lm o s t e xclu s iv e p a rt
, , .

7 T
.h e c ri t ic s c a n n o t h e lp t h e m s e lv e s by m e r e ly
r e m ovin g Le v xvi from t he Pri e s t C o d e. . The .

wh ol e C o d e in a ll i t s p a r t s a b o und s i n r e f e r e n c e s t o
i t ( c omp a r e E xod xxx 1 0 Le v xxiii . .
,
Num . .
, .

viii 7 i s v e ry s t riking A l s o t he n a m e of t he m e rcy

. .

s e at m ag r e min d s u s of t he s ol e m n c e r e mony of
, ,

S prinkling at on ing bl o o d on t he c ov e r of t he a r k
on c e a yean

F in a l ly W e ll hau s e n a s s e rt s th a t t he Pri e s t Cod e

,
1 64 TH E PE N TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

m a k e s of t he r e l at iv e S a b b a t h y e a r a n ab s olu t e o n e
- .
,

wh ic h r e qui r e d a ll fi e l d s t o r e s t a t t he s a m e t im e .

B u t t he e xpr e s s i on s i n E xo d xxiii 1 0 1 1 d o n o t
. .
, ,

d e c i d e e i t h e r for o r a g a in s t W e l lha u s e n s t h e ory ’

t h a t a t fi r s t t he y e a r w a s c h o s e n a rbi t r a rily by e a c h

i n d ividu a l fo r e a ch s e p a r a t e fi e ld A n d hi s s e c on d
.

s t a t e m e n t t h a t t he P ri e s t C od e a dv a n c e s u pon t he
,

C ov e n a n t l a w by r e quiri n g t he s u s p e n s ion of s owing

-

a l s o r e s t s o n a m i s t a k e n e x e g e s i s of E xod xxiii
, 1 1 . .
,

whi ch r e f e r s t he s u ffi x ( i t ) n o t t o fi x ( la n d ) b u t t o
, ,

7 1mm of t he pr e c e ding v e r s e Th at t he .

Y e a r of J ubil e e d o e s n o t a pp e a r in a ny pr e vio u s
l e gi s l at i o n n e e d n ot a w ak e s urpri s e N e i t h e r d o e s
, .

t he C ov e n a nt l aw m e n t i on n e w m oon s
- It i s t ru e .
,

h i s t ory off e r s n o i n s t a nc e in wh ich t he l a w w a s o b

s e rv e d ; b u t t hi s s i mply s h ow s th a t i t w a s in a c e r t a in

s e n s e v e ry i mp ra ct i ca O /e a n d di ffi c ul t t o c a rry o u t
,
.

S t ill t he proph e t s a llud e t o i t ( c omp a r e Is a l v iii

,
. .
,

lxi 1 E z e k xlvi
. . .

W e h a v e r e a ch e d t he e n d of o u r di s c u s s ion o f
'

t he pr e t e nd e d d e v e l opm e n t i n t he c ul t u s of I s r ae l .

H ow e v e r d e fi ci e n t i t m a y h av e b e e n w e hOp e i t ,

s h ow s t h a t t he n e w e s t P e n t a t e u ch al c ri t ic i s m ha s
w e a k poin t s i n i t s v e ry s t rongh old s N o s ingl e point .

ha s b e e n d i s c ov e r e d whic h w a s u t t e rly in co n s i s t e n t
wi t h t he un i t y of t he C o d e s W e a ppro a c h a n e w
.

t opi c n ow . H a ving fo und t he u ni t y of t he l a w s i n

E xo d u s — N umb e r s c on fi rm e d by po s i t iv e proof a n d ,

t he obj e c t i on s brough t a g a in s t i t u nfo un d e d w e m ay ,

proc e e d t o c on s i d e r t he r e l at io n of thi s body of t he

l a w t o D e u t e ro n omy .
166 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

J o s h u a or o n e of t he e ld e r s D JPT o n wh om t he s pirit
, ,
‘

of M o s e s r e s t e d s uppl e m e n t e d t he E l ohi s t ic n a rr a
,

t iv e by wri t i ng D e u t e ro no my m a in t a in s t he e s s e n ,

t i a l u ni t y in t h i s wid e s e n s e K l e i n e r t s vi e w o n
’
.
,

t he o t h e r h a nd t h a t D e u t e ron omy w a s wri t t e n i n t he

,

t im e of S a m u e l w oul d a lr e a dy giv e i t up ; a n d t o
,

s p e a k of l a w s origin a t ing i n a s l a t e a p e riod a s t h at

,

of t he King s a s M o s a i c i s n ot only i n a c c ur at e but

, , ,

m i s l e a din g .

W e a r e c h i e fly c o n c e rn e d with t w o qu e s t i o n s
h e re :
1 . D o e s a r e l a t iv e u nity b e tw e e n D e ut e ron omy an d
t he m id d l e book s e xi s t

2 . To whi c h of t he t w o m u s t w e a s s ign t he priority

1 . D oes r e l a t iv e un i t y e xi
a st ?

The p e culi a r ch a r a c t e r of D e u t e ron omy has b e e n

d e fi n e d i n v a riou s w a y s owing t o t he f a c t t h a t i n d i
,

vidu a l t r a i t s h a v e b e e n e xclu s iv e ly e mph a s iz e d a n d ,

m a d e t o a c c ou n t for a ll t he o t h e r s K u r t z a n d R i e h m .

’
d e s crib e i t a s t he p e opl e s C od e a n d fi n d in t h i s ,

d e s t i n a t io n t he m a i n d i s t in c t io n from t he L e vi t i c a l
l e gi s l a t i on K e il s p e a k s of a h or t a t ory d e s c rip t i on
.
“
,

e xpl a n a t ion an d e nforc e m e n t of t he m o s t e s s e n t i a l

,

c on t e n t s of t he C ov e n a n t r e l a t i on a n d C ov e n a n t l a w s -
,

w i t h e mph at i c promi n e n c e giv e n t o t he s piri t u a l pri n

c i p l e of t he l a w a n d i t s fulfilm e n t E w al d a s a .
“

fr e s h a n d ind e p e nd e n t l a w s t a n d ing s i d e by s i d e
,

wi t h t he e a rli e r o n e — a t r a n s form a t ion of t he ol d

,

”
l aw t o s u i t a l t e r e d ci rc um s t a n c e s
,
S c hul t z giv e s a s .

t he a i m of t he bo ok t o s e c ur e by s uppl e m e n t a ry
“
,

r e gul a t ion s t h a t t he l a w s a n d in s t i t u t ion s of t he p r e

 DE U TER ONO MY A ND P R E CE D IIVG E O OA S
’
. 16 7

v io n s bo ok s wh o s e full v a lid i t y i s pr e s uppo s e d

, , s h a ll
b e ob s e rv e d n o t o nly in a n e x t e rn a l w ay b u t
, , as to
t h e ir inn e r s ign ifi c a n c e t h e i r high e r a i m t h e i r s pir
, ,
”
i t u a l prin cipl e , etc .

A c omp a ri s on of a ll t he s e d e fi ni t ion s w ill b e t he

b e s t t e s t of t h e ir a cc ur a cy O n c e a d m i t t e d t h at
.

e a c h of t h e m has s om e s uppo r t i n t he book t h e i r ,

d e fi ci e n cy will im m e di a t e ly a pp e a r by ob s e rving t h at
t h ey d o n ot c ove r eac h o t h e r Th a t D e u t e ron omy i s
.

’
t he p e opl e s C od e d o e s n o t e xpl a in why i t s hould n o t
,

only in t e rpr e t b u t a l s o e nl a rg e a n d a d d The s a m e

, .

obj e c t i o n m ay b e r ai s e d a g a in s t S c hul t z s d e fi ni t io n ’

a n d t h a t of K e il . The s uppl e m e n t a ry c h a r a c t e r of
t he C od e i s by n o m e a n s s o a c c id e nt a l a n d s e c ond a ry
t h at i t c a n b e ov e rl ook e d in a d e fi ni t ion .

A n o t he r inf e r e n c e i s h ow li t t l e righ t w e h av e t o
,

d e t e r m in e t he d a t e of a b ook f rom t he indic a t ion s

of a s ingl e f e a t u r e A ll th e s e t r a i t s m u s t h a v e a n
.

u n d e rlying c omm on c a u s e Th e ir b e a ring upo n t he

.

c ri t ic a l q u e s t ion of a u t h e n t ici t y ca n b e t ruly e s t i

m a t e d only wh e n t h i s d e e p e r p r 1n c1 p l e has b e e n
r e c ogniz e d . I ndivi d u a l f e a t ur e s d e riv e t h e ir t ru e
s ignifi c a nc e from t h e i r c omm on s ourc e a n d s e v e r e d ,

from t hi s a r e v e ry lik e ly t o b e m i s in t e rpr e t e d .

Thi s o n e prin cip a l t e nd e n cy s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n

b e s t a ppr e c i a t e d by H av e r n i ck H e r e c ogniz e s t w o
'

prom in e n t c on t r a s t s wi t h t he L e vi t ic a l l a w — s n O ,

j ec t i v i t
y an d p a r e n e s i s or h or t a t ory c h a r a c t e r Pro .

ce e d i n g on t hi s ob s e rv a t i on H av e r n i c k fi nd s i n,

D e u t e ron omy t he fu nd a m e n t a l t yp e o f a ll O l d T e s t a -

m e n t proph e cy . M o s e s a pp e a r s h e r e a s a proph e t ,

N21} ; a n d s ub s e qu e nt proph e t i s m i s c on s id e r e d a s
168 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

n o t h ing b u t t he d e v e l opm e nt of hi s work s t a nding ,

wi t h i t i n t he m o s t in t im a t e a n d vi t a l c onn e c t ion .
”

It i s r e m a rk a bl e h ow mu c h ligh t i s s h e d by a
j u s t a ppr e c i at i o n of t h i s prin cipl e o n a ll o t h e r fe a
t u r e s of t he C od e Th a t i t a ddr e s s e s t he p e opl e
.
,

n o l ong e r a w a k e n s s urpri s e Proph e c y roo t s i t s e lf i n

.

t he l a w n o t a b oli s hing c oun t e r a c t ing or m o d ifying

, , ,

i t b u t e xpl a in in g e xh or t ing e nforci ng a b ov e a l l

, , , ,

t h i ng s e volvi n g t he S pi ri t u a l k e r n e l fro m t he o b e c
j
t iv e e x t e rn a l form S ubj e c t ivi t y a n d a r e fl e c t iv e
.

c h a r a c t e r a r e a d e qu at e ly e xpl a in e d O n c e m or e .
,

proph e cy d o e s n o t i n d ulg e i n s ch ol as t i c r e p e t i t io n
of s e p a r a t e s t a t u t e s b u t s e iz e s up on t he p romin e n t
,

p oin t s wh i ch u n d e r t he c irc um s t a n c e s of t he t im e
, , ,

n e e d s p e ci al e luc id a t ion a n d e nforc e m e n t Thu s .

a l s o fo r wh a t t he C o d e p a s s e s by i n s il e n c e H av e r ,
’
n ick s V i e w a s s ign s a s a t i s f a c t ory ground of omi s s ion .

H ow i t e mbr a c e s t he f e a t ur e s whi ch S ch ul t z ha s s o
w e ll b rough t o u t i s s e lf e vi d e n t No t l e s s d o e s i t
,
-
.

i n clu d e t he vi e w of E w a l d a n d R i e h m for M o s e s i s ,

proph e t a n d l e gi s l a t o r a t t he s a m e t im e H av e rn i ck .

s ay s , A s m e d i a t or of t he O l d C ov e n a n t he s t a n d s
“
,

a t t he s u mmi t of a l l proph e c y t he di s t in c t iv e
°

c h a r a ct e r of hi s work i s t h a t i t n o t m e r e ly a ppro a ch e s
,

t he l a w from t he s t a nd p oin t of s ubj e c t iv e a ppli c a t i on

-
,

b u t a l s o d e v e l op s a n d c ompl e t e s i t .

T he c orr e c t n e s s of t h i s vi e w m ay fu r t h e r b e t e s t e d
by i t s a pplic a bili t y t o a l l t he ph e n om e n a W e ca n .

n o t e n t e r upon t he m a t t e r i n d e t a il b u t o nly indic a t e ,

t he rou g h ou t lin e s a long wh i ch t he a rgum e n t ough t

t o proc e e d .

( )
1 I n st e a d of G o d s p e a king t o M o s e s a n d M o s e s ,
1 70 THE R E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES I OS A I C
II .

t he un i t y of a u h or s hip
t I n o t h e r wo rd s i s i t u n
?
,

t h ink a bl e t h a t o n e a n d t he s a m e p e r s o n s h o ul d c om

bin e i n h im s e lf t he qu a lifi c a t i on s of a l e gi s l a t or a n d
a proph e t ? Th at t he m o d e rn c ri t ic i s m ha s a n s w e r e d
t hi s qu e s t ion i n t he n e g a t iv e i s e n ough t o s h ow ho w
,

in c a p a bl e i t i s of a d e e p e r phil o s oph ic a l c o n c e p t i o n
a n d a ppr e c i a t i o n o f t he O l d T e s t a m e n t I t d e al s.

wi t h ph e n om e n a a s if t h e y w e r e t he ul t im at e d at a ;
m a t h e m at i c a l fi gur e s wh i c h c a n b e m a d e t o r e p r e
,

s ent wh a t e v e r v a lu e t he c r 1t 1 c a s crib e s t o t h e m .

A t t he bot t om of all t h i s li e s t he n a t ur a li s t i c d e ni a l
of t h o s e gr e a t pri n cipl e s wh o s e r e c ogn i t io n i s a b s o
l u t e ly n e c e s s a ry t o a righ t u n d e r s t a nding of t he O l d
T e s t am e n t I n a ll i n d u c t i on t h e ory l e a d s
“
,
Dr . .

K u e n e n him s e l f d e c l a r e s i t impo s s ibl e t o a rgu e fro m

f a c t s a l o n e H e a dmi t s th at fr o m c e r t a i n indubit a bl e
.
,

p oin t s t he c h i e f lin e s mu s t b e dr awn a n d t h a t t h e s e

,

m u s t guid e i n ou r i n t e rpr e t at io n o f t he r e s t But .

whil s t he a c cu s e s S ch r a d e r of h a ving d i s r e g a r d e d
t hi s prin ci pl e w e m igh t r e t or t t he ch a rg e upo n hi m
,

s e lf a n d t he n e w e r c ri t ici s m i n g e n e r a l I n u s in g .

t he f a c t s t o e s t a bli s h i t s t h e ory of d e v e l opm e n t t h i s ,

c ri t i c i s m ha s al r e a dy vi ol a t e d t he rul e t h a t t h e y a re
,

n ot t o b e in t e rpr e t e d ou t s i d e of t h e i r l e gi t im a t e
.

s ph e r e or in t he ligh t of a n a t ur a li s t i c ph il o s ophy
, ,

b u t by t he r e l a t i o n t h e y s u s t a i n t o t he s y s t e m of
G od s r e v e l a t i on of wh i c h S c rip t ur e i s t he r e c o rd
’
.

W e b e li e v e t h a t o n t he b as i s of a s ou nd p s ych ol
, ,

ogy n o t hi ng c a n b e s a i d a g a in s t t he un ion of t h e s e
,

qu alifi c a t i on s i n M o s e s The e x a mpl e of E z e ki e l of

.
,

wh o s e Th o r a t he c ri t ic s h a v e m a d e s u c h a n e x t e n s iv e
use , i s e n ough t o d e c id e t he qu e s tion L o ok e d at
.
 DE UTERONOMY A IVD PRE CED ING B O OA S
’

. 17 1

from a n h i s t ori c a l s t a nd p oin t t he c ombin a t ion w a s

-
,

f avor e d by a ll t he c ircum s t a nc e s I s r ae l w a s at t he .

e v e of a n e w p e riod i n i t s h i s t ory wh ich wo uld b ring ,

t he fi n a l r e a liz a t ion of l ong d e l ay e d pro m i s e s b u t a t ,

t he s a m e t im e e xpo s e t o n e w a n d unknown a llur e

m e n t s from t he h e a t h e n wo rld It e n t e r e d wi t h t he
.

po s s e s s i o n of C a n a a n u pon a c ri s i s of t he s a m e kin d
as t h o s e which in l a t e r a g e s c a ll e d for t h t he w a rning

a n d c on s oling voi c e of proph e cy I t w ould h av e .

b e e n a n om a lou s ha d i t m a d e t hi s t r a n s i t ion s o fa r
,

r e a c hing in i t s c on s e qu e n c e s wi t h ou t t he a t t e nding
ligh t of a proph e t i c a l i n t e rp re t a t i on of t he law t o
guid e it No t l e s s obvi ou s w e r e t h e s e c irc um s t a n c e s
.

w i t h r e g a rd t o M o s e s h im s e lf wh ich f avor e d t hi s ,

r e s ul t H e ha d n o w n e a rly a t t a in e d t he e n d of hi s
.

l a b o rs ; a n d a s b e for e hi s d e a t h he s aw t he promi s e d
, ,

l a n d from t he t op of N e bo s o i n t he s ph e r e of t im e
,

t he r a ng e of hi s v i s i o n i s wid e n e d A s t he dying .

p at ri a rch s s a w a n d fo r e t old t he fu t ur e f at e of t h e ir
d e s c e n d a n t s a n d bl e s s e d t h e i r h o u s e in t h e ir l a s t
,

m om e n t s s o M o s e s t he gr e a t e s t of a ll Ol d -T e s t a m e n t
, ,

s a in t s l e ft t o t he wh ol e h o u s e of I s r a e l a s a dying
, ,

fat h e r t he b e s t of a ll bl e s s ing s a l a w a d ap t e d t o a ll
, ,

fu t ur e c ond i t i on s H i s work w as n ot for o n e g e n e r a

.

”
t ion m e di at or of t he O ld C ov e n a n t he s t a nd s
“
,

high a b ov e all o t h e r proph e t s a n d s a in t s ; a lr e a dy h alf

glorifi e d n o long e r s ubj e c t t o t he li mi t a t ion s of t im e
, ,

he s urv e y s t he I s r a e l of a l l a g e s u n t il t he c om ing of
C hri s t a n d a c c ordingly hi s work a s s um e s a p r o s p e c
,

t iv e a n d id e a l ch a r a c t e r s o s t riking t h a t unb e li e ving

,

c ri t ic s c oul d n o t b ut m i s t a k e i t as t he e v id e n c e o f a
m uch l at e r origin .
172 TIIE I E IVTA TE U CH A L
’
C ODES AI OS A I C .

E ve n a m an l ik e D r K u e n e n a d m i t s t h at t h e s e
.

form a l ch a r a c t e ri s t i c s of D e u t e ron omy d o n o t n e c e s

s a ri l
y prov e t hat i t w as wri t t e n by a n o t h e r h a nd

t h a n t he in t e rm e di a t e b ook s It i s only i n c onn e c

.

t ion wi t h o t h e r m a t e ri a l p oin t s t h a t t h e y ob t a in

s ignifi c a n c e a n d c onvin ci ng pow e r W e n e e d n ot .

e x a min e a l l t he a rgum e n t s t h a t h a v e b e e n a dduc e d

t o prov e t he d i v e r s i t y of a u t h or s hip s uc h a s t he ,

p e culi a r s t yl e a n d l a ngu a g e t he s il e n c e of D e u t e r
,

o n om wi t h r e g a rd t o c e r t a in l a w s t he m odifi c a t io n
y ,

of pr e vi o u s l a w s a d d i t ion of s om e e n t ir e ly n e w l aw s
, ,

etc . S om e o f t h e s e p oin t s h av e b e e n p a r t i ally d i s

c u s s e d b e for e ; a n d a ll of t h e m h a v e b e e n s o e x ha u s
t i v e ly t r e a t e d by H e ng s t e n b e rg H a v e rn i ck K e il
, , ,

S c hul t z a n d o t h e r s t h at o ur r e m a rk s c o ul d b e n oth ing

, ,

m or e t h a n a r e p e ti t i o n of t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s .

W e p as s on t o t he s e c on d qu e s t i on involv e d
2 .To wh ic h of t he t w o l e gi s l a t ion s ( t h a t of t he
i n t e rm e di a t e b ook s o r of D e u t e ronomy ) s h a ll w e
,

a s s ign t he priori t y ?

It m igh t a pp e a r a lm o s t u n n e c e s s a ry a f t e r ha vin g
t hu s d e fi n e d t he r e l a t i on of D e u t e ron omy t o t he .

o t h e r C o d e s t o p u t t he qu e s t i on j u s t s t a t e d I f o ur
, .

c on c e p t ion of t he b ook as prop he t ic a l i s in t he m a i n

c orr e c t a n d v e rifi e d by i t s a pplic a bili t y t o t he p he
,

n o m e n a t h i s will d e c id e t he m a t t e r a t on c e
,
Pr op h .

e cy pr e s uppo s e s t he l a w — roo t s i t s e lf i n i t a n d
, ,

grow s o u t of i t The l e g a l a n d form a l i s b e for e t he

.
,

s piri t u a l a n d i d e a l n o t i n t he min d of G od b u t i n
, ,

i t s hi s t ori c a l r e a liz a t ion N e v e r t h e l e s s s in c e t he hi s

.
,

t ory of m od e rn c riti c i s m i s v e ry i n s t ruc t iv e on t hi s

1 74 THE P E IVTA TE U CIIA L C ODES MOSA IC .

t i v i t y, t h e r e w a s n o di s t i nc t i on b e t w e e n pri e s t s a n d
L e vi t e s high pri e s t a n d p ri e s t s ; t h a t t he M o s ai c
,
-

t a b e rn a cl e n e v e r e xi s t e d ; t h a t t he s piri t a n d t e n

d e n cy of D e u t e ron omy i n d ic a t e a n e a rli e r p e rio d

t h a n t h o s e of L e vi t ic u s D e u t xxxi 1 4 i s c o n s i d
. . .

e r e d wholly a rbi t r a rily a s a l a t e r a d d i t i on : xviii 2 .

,

xxiv 8 a r e l e f t o u t of vi e w The vi e w of G e org e i n

.
, .

t hi s form as p r e s e n t e d by h im has b e e n a lmo s t un i

”
v e r s a ll r ej e ct e d
y .

S o fa r D r K u e n e n. The quot a t i o n i s in s t ru c t iv e
.

in m a ny r e s p e c t s It prov e s : (a ) Th at a c ri t ic m ay
.

p rocl a im a s i nc o n t e s t a bl e t ru t h a t o n e t im e wh a t a ,

d e c a d e b e for e he d e e m e d unw or t hy of r e fu t a t ion

, .

O
( ) Th a t h e m a
y u s e t he s a m e s t a t e m e n t s a t diff e r

e n t t im e s t o e s t a bli s h vi e w s w h i ch a r e di a m e t ri c a lly

oppo s e d t o e a c h o t h e r (t h i s wi t h r e g a rd t o D e u t .

xviii 2 xx 1 v
.
, (
. c) Th a t he m a
y propo s e a s a ,

r e a s o n a bl e e xpl a n a t ion of c e r t a in ph e n om e n a wh a t ,

he c ond e m n s a f t e rw a r d s a s u n c ri t i c a l d ogm at i s m i n
o t h e r s (t h i s wi t h r e g a rd t o J e r e m i a h ) ( a ) Th a t s o .
’

l ong a s hi s m ind i s u n bi a s s e d b y pr e c on c e iv e d phil o

s oph ic a l t h e o ri e s he m a y fi n d t he po s t ul a t e s of hi s
,

own l at e r philo s ophy a b s urd (e ) Th at c on s e qu e n t ly .

hi s t h e ory i s n o t d e t e rmi n e d by t he f a c t s b u t t h a t ,

t he f a c t s a r e c ol or e d by a t h e ory f ra m e d i n d e p e n d

e n t ly of t h e m a n d a f t e rw a rd s i mp o s e d upon t h e m
, .

2 .Thi s i s n o t t he only i n s t a n c e how e v e r i n whi ch , ,

c ri t i ci s m ha s i t s e lf cl o s e d t he w ay t o i t s own l a t e r
d e v e l opm e n t whi c h i t w a s n o t fa r s i g h t e d e n ough t o
,
-

d i s c e rn s u ffi ci e n t ly l ong in a dv a nc e It i s w e ll kn own .

t h a t Gr a f i n 1 86 6 fiv e y e a r s af t e r t he a pp e a r a n c e
,

of K u e n e n s i n t rod uc t i on d e cl a r e d t he l e gi s l a t i on of
’

,
 D E U TE R ONO/WY A ND PRE CED ING B O O/( S . 1 75

t he m iddl e b ook s po s t e rior t o t h a t of D e ut e ronomy .

C on n e c t e d wi t h t h i s w a s t he s t a t e m e n t t h a t D e u
t e r o n o m y pr e s uppo s e d n o t o nly t he J e h ovi s t i c b u t ,

o t i or i ) l o h E loh i i c n rr iv Pp —
( p
a a s t e s t a
,
a t e .
9 1 9.

o f Gr a f s b ook c ont a i n a n e l a bo r a t e a rgum e nt t o

’

pro v e t h a t t he n a rr a t iv e of t he E loh i s t i n E xo du s
N umb e r s w a s kn ow n a n d u s e d by t he D e u t e ro n o
mist . I t w a s s h ow n n o l e s s in d e t a il th at t he
D e ut e ron omi s t did n ot kn ow t he L e vi t i c a l C od e It .

w a s e vi d e n t h ow e v e r t h a t i n t he E loh i s ti c d oc u
, ,

m e n t n a rr a t iv e a n d l e gi s l a t io n w e r e s o in di s s olubly
,

bl e nd e d t ha t e v e n t he m o s t d a rin g cr i t i c co u ld not
’

s e ve r t h em Thi s s t a t e of a ff a ir s w a s s oo n r e a liz e d
. .

K u e n e n imm e di a t e ly di s c ov e r e d t he w e a k poi n t i n
G r af s hypo t h e s i s a n d c a ll e d hi s a t t e n t i on t o i t in a
’

l e t t e r N ow wh e n t w o m u t u a lly in c on s i s t e n t propo
.
,

s i t i on s h av e b e e n i nd e p e n d e n t ly e s t abli s h e d by a n
e l a b o r at e s u rv e y of f a c t s t he n at ur a l s ugg e s t io n
,

would b e t o r e j e c t t he wh ol e pro c e s s o f cri t i ci s m

, ,

t h at ha d l e d t o s uc h r e s ul t s a s u n r e li a bl e
, I n s t ead
.

of d oin g t hi s h ow e v e r K u e n e n a dvi s e s Gr af t o e x
, ,

t e nd hi s hypo t h e s i s t o t he n a rr a t iv e of t he E l ohi s t

al s o . T hi s a d vi c e w a s follow e d ; a n d o u t c a m e t he
pr e s e n t t h e ory o f W e ll ha u s e n K u e n e n e t c W e , , .

a s k wh a t ha s b e c om e i n t he m e a n whil e of G r a f s ’

a rgum e n t s a pp a r e n t ly s o c on clu s iv e t h a t t he E l o hi s ,

t i c n a rr a t iv e w a s kn own t o D e u t e ron omy ? H av e

th y b n c r f lly r e vi e w e d
e e e a e u ? N ot i n t he l e as t .

D r K u e n e n s im ply d e cl a r e s i t n e c e s s a ry t ha t e i t h e r
.
,

t he l a w s s h oul d f oll ow hi s t ory o r h i s t ory f o ll ow t he

,

l a w s H e r e h ow e v e r c ri t i ci s m ha s d e ni e d i t s o w n
.
, ,

princ i pl e s W h o s o e v e r cl a im s t o a rgu e from fa c t s i s

.
,
1 76 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

n ot a llow e d t o di s c a rd o n e of hi s c on clu s ion s t o s av e

an o t h e r
. If t w o c on cl u s ion s a r e mu t u a lly e xclu s iv e ,

t h e n n o t hing r e m a in s b u t t o d e cl a r e t he wh ol e a rgu

m e n t inv a lid W e h av e e x a c t ly t he s a m e righ t t o

.

ign or e Gr af s pro of s t h at t he D e u t e ron omi s t s h ow s

’

n o a cqu a in t a n c e w i t h t he L e vi t ic a l la w i n ord e r t o ,

re c ogn iz e m e r e ly hi s a rg u m e n t s t h at he kn e w t he

E lohi s t ic n a rr a t iv e a n d t h e n a f t e r t he inn oc e n t r e
, ,

m a rk t h a t t he l aw s m u s t foll ow hi s t ory t o c on s id e r ,

t he p r e -D e u t e ron omi c e x i s t e n c e o f t he w h ol e Pri e s t

C od e e s t a bli s h e d B u t t he id e a o f o n e t h ing fol
.
“

lowing t he o t h e r has n o l e gitim a t e p la ce i n t he

”

s ph e r e o f c ri t i ci s m .

Wh e n pl a c e d in t he ligh t o f t he t w o f a ct s j u s t
m e n t i on e d t he f ollowing co n s id e r a t i on s obt a in a
,

d oubl e f orc e :
1 . The f a c t t hat D e u t e ro n omy o n t he w h ol e a t
, ,

t a ch e s i t s e lf t o t he J e h ovi s t i c C od e i s n o proof t h at
,

t he L e v i t i c a l la w did n o t t h e n e xi s t The C ov e n a n t
.

la w f u rni s h e d t he r e a l b as i s for t he C ov e n a n t b e t w e e n
God a n d t he p e opl e It i s n o m or e t h a n n at u r a l t h a t
.

D e u t e ron omy wi s hi ng t o b ring o u t t he fund a m e n t a l

,

id e a s o f t h i s C o v e n a n t -r e l a t ion i n t he i r s pi ri t u a l
b e a ring u pon t he p opul a r l if e s h ould go b a ck t o
,

t he C od e i n whi ch t he y w e r e a lr e a dy g e rmi n a lly

c on t a i ne d.

2 . W hil s t in m o s t c a s e s i t i s di ffi c u lt t o d e cid e
, ,

ho w t w o l a w s s t a n d r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r i t i s qui t e
,

d iff e r e n t wi t h h i s t ory O n e cl e a rly s t a t e d proof t h a t

.

t he D e u t e ron omi s t k n e w t he n a rr a t iv e of t he E lohi s t ,

i s e n ough t o s e t t l e t he m a t t e r B u t n um e rou s proof s

.

h a v e b e e n gi v e n by Gr a f a n d o t h e r s It i s t h e r e for e
.
1 78 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES NI OS A I C .

an d c on t e n t s Pri e s t C od e of much l at e r d a t e
t o t he ,

r e m a in s a profoun d my s t e ry M or e ov e r t he origi .
,

n ali t in t h e Pri e s t C o d e i s c l e a r b e c a u s e t he r e f e r
y ,

ence t o t he t o u ch ing of a d e a d c a rc a s s d o e s n o t
c oin ci d e wi t h t he pl a n of D e u t e ron omy wh ich i s ,

o nly t o giv e l aw a b ou t cl e a n a n d u ncl e a n fo od b u t ,

a gr e e s p e rf e c t ly wi t h t he p l a n of t he Pri e s t C od e ,

wh ich i s t o t r e a t of e v e ry ki nd of d e fil e m e n t .

( )
c O t h e r c a s e s of i n t e rd e p e nd e n c e i n wh ic h t h e

priori t y of L e vi t ic u s i s c l e a r a re Le v xix 1 9 D e ut . . .

xxii 9 1 1 Le v xix 1 3
.
-
, . D e ut x xiv 1 4 Le v xix
. . .
, . .

35 D e u t xxv 1 3 6
—
.1 . .

( )
d Th a t D e u t e ron omy a ll ud e s t o t h e pri e s t h o od of
A a ron a n d E l e a z a r ( x t o t he U ri m a n d T humm i m
.

( xxxiii . a n d t o t h e pri e s t ly i nh e ri t a n c e x
( 9 xii .
, .

1 2 x i v 2 7 2 9 xviii
, .
, ,
ha s b e e n p oin t e d o u t b e for e
. .

( e ) The p a s s a g e s D e u t xxi v, 8 a n d xxxi

. 1 4
. a r e , .
,

e v e n by D r K u e n e n a dm i t t e d a s proof fo r t he pri or
.

i t y of L e vi t i c u s Wh e n K a y s e r s e e s n o r e f e r e nc e i n
.

t he form e r p a s s a g e t o t he l a w of l e pro s y i n Le v xiii . .

,

xiv b u t a s s um e s t h a t s om e o t h e r l aw m ay h av e b e e n
.
,

a llud e d t o j u s t a s w e ll t h i s o t h e r l a w e xi s t s only i n
,

hi s im a gi n at ion a n d t h e r e i s n o t t he s ligh t e s t t r a c e
,

of i t s a c t u a l e xi s t e n c e .

(f ) A c om p a ri s o n of D e ut xxviii wi t h L
. e v xxvi . . .

will S h ow t h a t t he D e u t e ro n om i s t kn e w t he l a t t e r
di s cou r s e o r r a t h e r t h a t b o t h proc e e d e d from t he
,

s a m e a u t h o r ; i n wh i c h c as e t he pri ori t y of t he ch a p

t e r in L e vi t i c u s a s t he s h or t e r o n e i s of c ou r s e ,

b e yon d d i s pu t e .

(g ) L e v xvii a n. d D e u .t xii l e a v e n o . d oub . t b o t h ,

a s t o t h e ir m u t u a l r e l a t ion a n d t h e ir M o s a i c origin .
 DE U TER ONO MY A JVD PRE CED ING B O O R S ’

. 1 79

Wi t hou t t he L e vi t ic a l la w b e in g pr e s uppo s e d t h a t i n ,

D e u t e ronomy c oul d h a v e n o m e a ning D e u t e ron omy .

h e r e a b oli s h e s i n t he for t i e t h y e a r wh a t t he Pri e s t

C od e ha d e n a c t e d i n t he s e c ond The s am e r e l a t io n .

e xi s t s b e t w e e n D e ut iv 4 1 xix 1 1 3 a n d N u m
— . .
, .
, .

x xxv .t r e at ing of t he c i t i e s of r e fug e

, .

O
( ) A r e f e r e nc e t o t he a r k i n c h a p x 1 point s b a c k . .

t o E xod xxv 1 0 . . .

4 A ll t h e s e c a s e s in whi c h D e u t e ro nomy m a k e s
.
,

s h or t i n c ompl e t e a n d e vi d e n t ly s uppl e m e n t a ry s t a t e
, ,

m e n t s i n r e g a rd t o m a t t e r s n o t t r e a t e d by t he J e h o
vi s t a r e s o m a ny proof s of t he p riori t y of t he Pri e s t
,

C od e .

5 . It w a s g e n e r a lly a c kn owl e dg e d t h a t D e ut e ron

om t hrough ou t pr e s uppo s e s t he L e vitic a l l e gi s l a t ion
y ,

u ntil t h e or e t ic a l b i as oblig e d t he c ri t i c s t o d e ny it .

E v e n a m a n l ik e D e W e t t e o n c e d e c l a r e d D e u t e ro ,

ri bu s libri s t a mqu a m fund a m e nt o nit i

z ( f
W 0 i
“

q u ae v 1 s
p a
gi db a ce t .
1 80 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

C H A P TE R X IV

IN T E R N AL EV I D EN C E FO R TH E M OSA I C O R IGI N OF TH E
D E U T E R O N OM I C C O D E .

E h av e c om e c on c l u s i on t h a t wh il s t t he
t o t he , ,

un i t y of t he C o d e s i s vouc h e d fo r by all e v i
d e n c e t h a t ca n b e r e a s on a bly d e m a nd e d t he a rgu ,

m e n t s a dduc e d a g a in s t i t wh e n c on s id e r e d e a ch o n
,

i t s own m e ri t s c a n n o t s t a n d t he t e s t of a f a ir cr i t i
,

ci s m . W e c ould s u m up t he r e s ul t i n t he s t a t e m e n t
t h a t t he n e w e s t ph as e of P e n t a t e uc h c ri t i ci s m p r e -

s e n t s n o t h e ory b ut m e r e ly a hyp o t h e s i s o n e of t he
, ,

m a ny w ay s of a c c o un t ing for a numb e r of f a c t s W e .

b e li e v e t h a t w e h a v e s h own t h a t t he ol d hypo t he s i s ,

if w e m a y i n d e e d c a ll i t s o a c c oun t s for t h e s e f a c t s
,

j u s t a s w e ll a s t he n e w o n e a n d i n m a ny r e s p e c t s
,

better .

B u t i t i s n o t a m a t t e r of i ndiff e r e n c e wh i ch of t he
t w o hypo t h e s e s w e s h a ll ch o o s e F or whil s t t he n e w
.

o n e m u s t s t a n d o r f a ll o n t he m e r e m e ri t s of i t s
pl a u s ibili t y a n d a pplic a bili t y t he old o n e ha s a l l t he
,

a d v a n t a g e of t he d i r e c t t e s t im ony of t he l a w i t s e l f ,

whi ch l if t s i t o u t of t he c a t e go ry of hypo t he s e s s o ,

t h a t i t b e c om e s a t h e o ry fo u n d e d on s uc h f a c t s a s

will a dm i t n o o t h e r in t e rpr e t a t ion .

F or t he wh ol e D e u t e ron om i c C od e w e h a v e i n ,
1 82 THE PEN TA TE UCH A L C ODES III OS A I C .

S p e ak s im ply of M o s e s h avi ng sp oke n a ll t h e s e

s

w or d s w e m u s t s e e k i t in v e r 9 a n d 2 4
,
. .

2 .It i s n o t imp o s s ibl e s t ill i t i s improb a bl e t h a t

, ,

t he d e liv e ri ng of t hi s l a w m e n t i on e d in v e r 2 6 w a s .

a m e r e s ymboli c a c t a s t he o t h e r vi e w impli e s
, .

I t w t h p c i a l d u t y of t he pri e s t s t o p r e
3 . a s e s e

s e rv e t he l a w a n d m or e s p e ci a lly t he L e vi t ic a l l a w
,

w as in t ru s t e d t o t h e m W e mu s t t h e r e for e s uppo s e
.

t h at t he l a t t e r ha d b e e n d e liv e r e d t o t h e m l o ng b e

for e I f i t b e s a i d t h a t t h i s m a y h a v e b e e n a m e r e
.

c opy of t he C o d e b u t t h a t n ow t he h i s t ori c a l work

,

of t he P e n t a t e u c h w a s h a nd e d t o t h e m w e m ay ,

a n s w e r t h a t t hi s a n a logy m a k e s i t only t he m o r e
prob a bl e t h a t al s o t he D e u t e ron om i c C od e w a s a t
,

fi r s t p u t in t o t h e ir h a nd s s e p a r a t e ly wi t h ou t i t s hi s
t o r i ca l fr a m e .

4 .T he p as s a g e xxix 1 s h ow s th a.t t h e C ov e n a nt
m a d e in t he fi e ld s of M o a b i s c on s id e r e d a s a s e p a
r a t e o n e d i s t in c t from t h at c o n t r a c t e d a t H or e b
,
.

Th e r e i s n o r e a s on t h e n t o d e ny t h a t a c c ording
, , , ,

t o t he a n a l ogy of mam t h an ( t / tis cov e n a n t ) al s o ,

mam m i n i " ( t /t i s la w ) m e a n s s imply t he D e u t e ro n o

“

m i c law .

5 J
. o s h viii 3 2 ca
. n h a rdly
. m e a n t h a t t he wh ol e

P e n t at e u ch w a s wri t t e n i n s t on e s o n M ou n t E b a l .

K e il cl a im s t h a t t he e xpr e s s i on u s e d i n D e u t xxvii . .

2 8 , ,
A ll t he c om m a n d m e n t s wh ic h I c o mm a n d yo u
“
,

t h i s d ay i s cl e a rly in t e n d e d t o in d ic a t e t h a t lt e re
, ,

t he wh ol e P e n t a t e uch i s n o t m e a n t a n d t h a t for t h i s ,

r e a s on i t d o e s n o t d e c i d e a n y t h ing for t he l e s s
'

e xplici t s t at e m e n t s i n o t h e r p a s s a g e s B u t ch a p . .

”
xxvi ii I s h ow s t h a t t he a ddi t i o n of t h i s d ay ca n
.
“
 MOSA IC OR IGIN O F D E U TE R ONOIYII C C ODE . 1 83

n ot ha v e b e e n m a d e for t hi s s p e ci al purpo s e W e .

h a v e t he r e for e a righ t t o c on s i d e r t he p a s s ag e s wh e r e
, ,

i t i s found a s p a r a ll e l t o a l l t he o t h e r s a n d fi nd i n ,

t h e m a c on firm a t ion of o u r vi e w t h at a l so t he l a t t e r

s p e a k only of t he D e u t e ron om i c C od e .

It a pp e a r s t h e n t h a t from D e u t xxxi 9 2 4 n o
, , , . .
, ,

dir e c t a rgum e n t for t he M o s a i c o rigi n of t he o t h e r

C od e s c an b e ob t a i n e d It d o e s c o n t a i n h ow e v e r
.
, ,

an in d ir e c t t e s t im ony I f t he D e u t e ron om i c d i s
.

c our s e s w e r e c omm i t t e d t o wri t ing i mm e d i a t e ly a f t e r

t h e ir d e l iv e r a n c e w e m ay i nf e r a p o zi or i t h a t M o s e s
, ,

did t he s a m e wi t h r e g a rd t o t he p r e vi ou s l a w s .

Th a t s uc h w a s hi s c u s t om a s i t w a s t he l a s t t hough t
,

a t t he e n d of hi s lif e s h ow s h ow m uc h he l a id t o
,

h e a r t t he c a r e ful pr e s e rv a t i on of t he C od e s .

S in c e t he m o d e rn cri t ic s fi nd t h e m s e l v e s a t lib e r t y
t o di s b e li e v e t hi s e xpli c i t s e lf t e s t im ony of t he D e u
-

t e r o n o m i c C od e t h e r e s h ould b e a s t rong w e igh t

,

o f e vid e n c e t o t he c o n t r a ry B e for e w e proc e e d t o

.

e x a m in e t hi s ,
i t i s i mpor t a n t t o r e a liz e fully wh a t
s uch a di s b e l i e f involv e s ; for o n i t will d e p e n d ho w

m uch c on t r a ry e vid e n c e w e d e m a nd i n ord e r t o b e

c onvinc e d .

The t e rm li t e r a ry fi c t i on ha s found l a rg e a c
“

c e p t a n ce wi t h t he c ri t ic s t o d e s ign a t e t h e i r p r e
t e nd e d origi n of D e u t e ron omy It do e s n o t fully
.

s ui t t he c a s e h ow e v e r
, A g a i n a n d a g a in c ri t ic s h av e
.
,

b e e n a nxi ou s t o r e m i nd u s t h a t t he i d e a s of li t e r a ry
prop e r t y w e r e n o t s o d e v e lop e d i n a n t i qui t y as t h e y
a r e i n ou r d ay s . The B ook of D e u t e ron omy pr e s e n t ,

i ng i t s e lf t o u s a s t he work of M o s e s ha s b e e n c om ,

p a r e d t o a p a r abl e ; a n d R ob e r t s o n S m i t h d e c l a r e s ,
1 84 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t h at i t m a t t e r s li t t l e wh e t h e r t h e s e t h ing s w e r e
“

s pok e n by M o s e s l i t e r a lly o r i n a p a r a bl e
, Dr . .

K u e n e n a t l e a s t i s f a i r e n ough t o c onf e s s t h a t t he
, ,

fi c t ion of t he D e u t e ron o mi s t c a nn o t b e d e f e n d e d
fro m o ur s t a n d p oin t of m or a li t y b u t h a s t e n s t o a d d
-
, ,

t h a t a wri t e r i n t he t im e of M a n a s s e h c a nn ot b e

m e a s u r e d by o u r m or a l s t a nd a r d W e m u s t ac .

kn owl e d g e he s ay s t h a t s u ch a p i a f ra u s w a s in
, ,

t h o s e d ay s qui t e c on s i s t e n t wi t h a h igh d e gr e e of

r e ligi ou s d e v e l opm e n t .

B e for e pro c e e d in g f a r t h e r w e mu s t di s t ingui s h

,

b e t w e e n a li t e r a ry fi c t i on a n d a l e g a l fo rg e ry Wh e n .

R i e hm d r a w s a p a r a ll e l b e t w e e n E c cl e s i a s t e s a n d
D e u t e ron omy a n d t h e n pu t s t he qu e s t io n
, Wh y ,
“

s h oul d w e gr a n t t hi s lib e r t y t o t he p hil o s oph e r a n d ,

”
d e ny t o i t t h e l a wgiv e r a n d proph e t ? he ha s him
s e lf a l r e a d y in t im a t e d t he an s w e r t h at s h ould be
giv e n t o s uch qu e s t ion s S upp o s e t ha t E c cl e s i a s t e s
.

w e r e a li t e r a ry fi c t i on s t ill w e c o uld n o t bl am e
,

t he a u t h or fo r h a v in g in t ro d uc e d hi s work u n d e r

t he n a m e of S ol om on b e c a u s e t he fi c t i t i ou s ch a r a c
,

t e r w a s n o t c o n c e a l e d b u t i n t e nd e d t o b e und e r
,

s t oo d a n d a ppr e c i a t e d O n t he o t h e r h a nd t h e r e
.
,

i s e v e ry p o s s ibl e proof t h a t t he a u t h or of D e u t e r
on om wi s h e d hi s w ork t o p a s s fo r t he g e n uin e work
y
”
of M o s e s T he e l e m e n t of f a l s e h oo d w oul d b e
.
“

s ur e ly involv e d h e r e M o s t d e ci s iv e i n t hi s r e s p e c t
.

5 hi s s t a t e m e n t t h a t M o s e s w r o te t h i s l a w ; a l s o
t he f a c t t h a t he d o e s n o t a ll ow a n y a d d i t i o n s or s u b

t r a c t i on s o r m odifi c a t i on s t o b e m a d e in wh a t he

giv e s a s t he w or d s of M o s e s i v 2 xi i 3 2 H ow , .
, . .

ca n w e fr e e from t he ch a rg e of d e c e i t hi m wh o ,
1 86 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

i n t e r e s t i n t h i s m a t t e r I f s he ha s b e e n d e c e iv e d
.

by t he D e u t e ron om i s t m or e t h a n t w e n t y fiv e c e n -

t u ri e s a g o i t i s m or e t h a n t im e t h at s he kn e w i t
,

n ow Wi t h D r K u e n e n w e s ay i t i s e i t h e r o n e
. .
“

”
t hing o r t he o t h e r a n d e v e ry a t t e mp t a t c ompro
,

m i s e i nvolv e s a c on c e s s i on t o o u r O ppon e nt s .

B e for e w e h e a r t he gro und s o n wh ich c ri t i c s t h i nk

t he m s e l v e s j u s t ifi e d i n a s s umin g t hi s t e rribl e fr a u d ,

l e t u s s urv e y t he in dir e c t t e s t im ony of D e u t e ro n omy

t o i t s M o s a i c o rigin .

1 . The t im e i n wh i c h t he a u t h or s p e a k s i s e v i
d e n t ly t he l a t e r p a r t Of M o s e s lif e The p e opl e
’
.

a pp e a r t o b e o n t he p oin t of cro s s ing t he J o rd an ,

t he c onq u e s t of C a n a a n i s promi s e d a s t he r e w a r d of

fi d e li t y t o Je h ov ah t he p e opl e a r e e n c our a g e d n o t t o
,

d r e a d t he C a n aa ni t e s c omm a nd e d t o e x t irp at e t he
,

C a n aa ni t e s e t c T o quo t e p a s s a g e s i s s up e rfl uo u s
, . .

2 . The a u t h or s h ow s i n t im a t e a cqu a i n t a n c e w i t h
t he g e ogr a ph i c a l c ondi t i o n of t he c oun t ry i n wh i c h

I s r a e l r e c e iv e d t h i s l aw Whil s t hi s s t a t e m e n t s c on
.

c e rni n g t he e a s t e rn s id e of t he J ord a n b e t r a y by
t h e ir m in u t e n e s s a n d a c cur a cy a n e y e wi t n e s s t ho s e
-
,

c on c e rn ing t he w e s t s id e a r e g e n e r a l t h rough out .

Wh n R i hm d o t h r c rib a l l t hi s t o t he
3 . e e a n e s a s e

e nd e a vor of t he D e u t e ron omi s t t o m a k e hi s work

p a s s fo r t h a t of M o s e s a ll t he e vi d e n c e i s a g a in s t
,

t hem F or (a ) The inform a t i on c on c e rning t he M o s a i c

.

p e riod i s i n p a r t n e w n o t c on t a i n e d i n t he pr e viou s
,

b o ok s of t he P e n t a t e u c h ; a n d t h e r e i s n o proof t h a t
t he D e u t e ron omi s t u s e d o t h e r s ourc e s O
( ) T
. h e h i s

t ory t h ough c onfo rm i ng t o t h a t of E xodu

,
s —
N umb e r s ,

i s r e m od e ll e d wit h a fr e e do m t h a t n ob ody w o uld h a v e

 MOSA IC OR IGIN O F DE U TER ONO MIC C ODE . 1 87

a llo w e d him s e lf t o u s e i n po s t M o s a i c t im e s l e a s t of
-
,

a ll a w ri t e r wh o wi s h e d t o a u t h e n t ic a t e hi s work wi t h

t he impr e s s of a g e nu in e M o s a i c ch a r a c t e r a n d wh o ,

e v e rywh e r e pro cl a im s t he s a cr e d i nvi ol a bl e ch a r a c

,

t e r of t he M o s a i c l aw .
()
c I t s hould b e no t ic e d t h at ,

a l l t h e s e r e f e r e n c e s t o t he M o s a ic p e ri od pr e s e n t
t h e m s e lv e s a s n at ur a l a n d unin t e n t i on a l I f w e ha d .

t o a s s um e t h a t t h e y w e r e in t e rwov e n wi t h a p u rpo s e ,

w e wo uld e xp e c t t h e m t o b e m or e e xpli ci t prom i ,

n e n t a n d e mph a t i c
, .

4
. Th ough D e u t e ron omy pr e s uppo s e s t hrough o u t

t he p o s s e s s i on of t he promi s e d l a nd t he poin t o f ,

V i e w i s n e v e r l o s t t h at t he c o nqu e s t i s s t ill fu t ur e
, .

T he po s s ibili t y of fi c t io n i s pr e clud e d h e r e by t he
prom i s e of e x t e nd e d t e rri t ory (xi 24 Fro m L e b a .
,
“

n on ,
from E uph r a t e s un t o t he u t t e rm o s t
,
s u ch

a s e v e n t he m o s t vi s i o n a ry e xp e c t a t i on s of l a t e r t im e s

c oul d n ot h av e a s pir e d t o H ow c ould a c ont e mpor a ry

.

o f King M a n a s s e h o r J o s i a h s a From h riv

“
y , t e er

E uphr a t e s s h all you r c o a s t b e w i t h out e xp o s ing

,

him s e lf t o ridi c ul e ?
5
. R e t ro s p e c t iv e ly t he C od e c ont a in s m a ny r e f e r
e n c e s t o t he s oj ou rn i n E gyp t of s u c h a ch a r a ct e r a s

only t he n a t ion a l c on s c i ou s n e s s i n t he M o s a i c p e ri o d
c oul d und e r s t a nd o r a ppr e c i at e M e m ory of t he
.

E gyp t i a n b on d a g e i s m a d e an in c e n t iv e t o kind t r e at
m e n t of s e rv a n t s a n d s t ra ng e r s The bo ok i s full o f
.

E gyp t i a n r e m in i s c e n c e s (xi 1 0 xx 1 xxiii 4 7 xxi v

.
, .
, .
, , .

The m od e rn c ri t i ci s m ha s a t t ribu t e d a ll t hi s t o
m e rc a n t il e in t e rc our s e wi t h E gypt A p a r t from t he .
.

f a c t t h at in t hi s c a s e t he a llu s io n s would ha v e b e e n
,

m or e dir e c t a n d in t e nt i on al t he e xpl a n at io n i s only a

,
1 88 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

p a r t i a l o n e M e rc a n t il e i n t e rc ou r s e w a s n ot ad a pt e d
.

t o m a k e t he r e mi n d e r of E gyp t i a n s e rvi t ud e a forcibl e

i nc e n t iv e t o hum a n e t r e a t m e n t of s e rv a n t s N e i t h e r
.

w ould i t a c c oun t for h i s t ori c a l c oi n cid e n c e s s i nc e

,

t h e r e i s n o proof t h a t in t e rco ur s e wi t h E gypt l e d

t o a p rof e s s io n a l s t udy o f E gypt i a n h i s tory a n d a n

t i qu i t i e s .
1 90 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

M a n a s s e h b e t w e e n 6 6 7 a n d 6 4 0 A ll wh ic h i s i n
, .

f e rr e d fro m i n t e rn a l e vid e n c e a n d c orr e s ponding f a c t s

i n h i s t ory d uring t he p e ri o d of t he King s .

Th a t t hi s m e t h od of d e t e rmining t he d a t e of origi n
o f a proph e t ic a l book i nvolv e s a d e ni a l of i t s s up e r

n a t ur a l c h a r a c t e r i s obviou s Wh e n D e ut e ro n omy
, .

proh ibi t s e x a c t ly t h o s e t hing s i n w hi c h S olom on

t r a n s gr e s s e d i t i s cl a i m e d t h at th e r e m u s t b e a
,
-

v a t i ci n i u m er e v en t n S o fa r a s t h e s e as s e rti on s pro
.

c e e d o n t he d e ni a l of t he s up e rn a t ur a l e l e m e n t i n

t he h i s t ory of I s r a e l n o c om m on ground of d e b a t e
,

i s l e f t b e t w e e n u s a n d t he c ri t ic s .

B u t t h e r e a r e o t h e r s lik e R i e hm an d K ay s e r w ho
, ,

r e c ogniz e t he s up e rn a t ur a l e l e m e n t a n d p rofes s t o ,

d e riv e t h e i r c o n cl u s i on s n o t fro m a n a p r i or i p hi lo s o
,

phy b u t from c ri t i c a l pr e m i s e s B e t w e e n t h e m a n d
, .

u s t he qu e s t i on i s r e d u c e d t o t he s impl e s t a t e m e n t ,

wh e t h e r t h e s e u t t e r a n c e s of D e u t e ron omy e xhibi t

t he i n t e rn a l ch a r a c t e r o f v a t i ci n i a ea: e v en t u o r of ,

r e a l in s pi r e d proph e c i e s .

Le t u s c o n s id e r t he la w o f t he kingdom fi r s t .

Ch a p xvii 1 4 — 2 0 off e r s s e v e r a l p oin t s of c on t a c t

. .

wi t h S ol om on s r e ign : 1 M ul t ipli c a t ion of h o r s e s v e r

’
.
, .

16. 2 .M u l t iplic a t i o n of wiv e s v e r 3 O f s i l

, . .

b
v e r a n d gol d v e r , 17 . Th e s e poin t s would c e r t a i n ly
.

h a v e s om e fo rc e t o co nvi n c e u s if i t c ould b e s h own ,

t h a t S ol omo n s c o n d uct i n t hi s r e s p e c t w a s e x c e p
’

t i o n al a n d di s t i n c t fro m wh a t E a s t e rn m on a rch s w e r e

a c cu s t om e d t o d o I f n o t t h e r e i s n o r e as on why
.
,

M o s e s s h o ul d n o t h a v e d r e a d e d for a king of I s r a e l ,

wh at w a s pr e v a iling a t all O ri e n t a l c our t s a n d hi t ,

upon e x a c t ly th o s e v i c e s whi c h for e ig n i nfl u e n c e

 O BJE C TIONS ANS WERED . 19 1

a ft e rw a rd s t e mp t e d S olom on t o i mi t a t e i n s pit e o f ,

t he D e u t e ron omi c l aw Th a t t he a u t ho r of 1 Ki ng s
.

x 2 6 — 2 9 xi 2 u s e s n e a rly t he s a m e t e rm s a s D e u
.
, .
,

t e r o n o m y d o e s n o t prov e t h a t t he l at t e r m e r e ly c opi e d
,

t he f a c t s The a u t h o r Of King s m ay j u s t a s w e ll
.

h a v e clo t h e d t he f a c t s i n D e u t e ron omi c l a ngu a g e .

Wh e n R i e hm obj e ct s t h a t he e vid e n t ly d e s c rib e s

’
wi t h a dmi r at ion a n d a pprov a l t he l u x u s of S olom on s
c our t s an d h e n c e w as n ot a cqu a in t e d with t he d i s ap
,

p ro v a l a n d c ond e m n a t i on of t he l aw t h i s s ound s ,

s t r a ng e in t he m ou t h of a c ri t i c w ho d e cl a r e s in a

foot not e t h a t t he w ri t e r of King s did n o t liv e b e for e

,

t he e xil e Th e n he m u s t h av e known D e u t e ronomy

.
, ,

a f t e r a l l ; a n d wh a t b e c o m e s o f t he a rgum e n t fro m

a pprov a l or a dmir a t ion ?

The n a rr a t iv e o f 1 S a m v iii has a l s o b e e n u s e d . .

,

o r r a t h e r a bu s e d t o d e ny t he a u t h e nt i c i t y of t h i s la w
, .

Wh a t i s t h e r e c ond e mn e d i s h e r e c omm a nd e d B ut , .

s uc h a s um m a ry s t a t e m e n t l e a v e s o u t of a c c oun t s e v

e r al f a c t s Fir s t of al l D e u t e ron omy d o e s n ot com

.
,

m a n d b u t m e r e ly a ll o w s t he i n s t i t u t io n of t he kingly
, ,

o ffi c e It do e s t hi s wi t h c e r t a in r e s t ri c t ion s t ou c hing
.

t he p oi n t s whi c h would t e nd t o m a k e t he o ffi c e a n

obj e c t of n a t i on a l prid e d e rog a t ory t o t he h onor of

,

God t o wh om a lon e s u c h gl ory w as d u e a m ong

,

I s r a e l The p as s a g e b e a r s a ll t he e vi d e n c e of b e ing
.

a r e s t ri c t iv e l a w In o n e s e n s e a kingdom i s p e r
.

m i t t e d b u t e vid e n t ly t hi s p e rmi s s i o n i s but s u b s i d i

,

ar t o t he proh ibi t i on of i t in a n o t h e r s e n s e I t i s
y .

cl e a rly s t a t e d wh a t t he I s r a e li t e s would b e allow e d

t o h a v e i n ord e r t o brin g o u t m o r e e m ph a t i c ally a n d
,

di s t i n c t ly wh a t th e y would n ot b e a llow e d t o d e s ir e .
192 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA IC .

S o wh il s t t h e r e i s n o c omm a n d i n
, i t h e r s e n s e t he e ,

wh ol e i s e quiv a l e n t t o a prohibi t i on in t he o n e s e n s e .

The r e s t ri c t ion s s t a t e d c on s t i t u t e t he v e ry e s s e n c e
of k m g ly pri d e a m ong t he h e at h e n n a t i on s of t he
Ea s t . C on s id e r e d i n t h i s light t he D e u t e ron omi c ,

l a w n o t m e r e ly d o e s n ot c on t r a d ic t b ut s t rikingly c o n ,

fi rm s t he n a rr at iv e i n S a m u e l The p e opl e d e s ir e d
, .

e x a c t ly t h a t kin d of roy al t y whi c h t he C od e pro

hi b i t e d a n d from t he v e ry m o t iv e which t he la w c on
,

d emn ed B e c a u s e t he n a t i on wi s h e d t o t r a n s f e r t he
.

n a tion al prid e whi ch i t s h o uld h a v e ha d i n G od a lon e

t o a n e a r t hly m on a r c h t he s pi ri t o f t he la w w a s vi o
,

l a t e d e v e n t h ough t he t r a n s gr e s s o r s d a r e d t o quo t e
,

i t s l e t t e r i n t h e ir f a vor Th a t o t h e r c a u s e s c o op e r
.
-

a t e d wi t h th i s t o m a k e t he d e s i r e s inful i s n o t d e n i e d , .

S c hul t z has di s c u s s e d t he m at t e r v e ry t h oroughly ,

t hough he s e e m s t o s e e k t he s olu t io n r a t h e r in a
p e c uli a r i n t e rp r e t a t io n of 1 S a m viii t h a n of D e u . .

t e ron omy .

The l aw p r e s e n t s n o f e at ur e s wh i ch a r e n o t fully
c on s i s t e n t wi t h i t s M o s a i c o rigin B u t i t c on t a i n s .

s om e s t a t e m e n t s wh i c h a r e in c on s i s t e n t wi t h a l a t e r

origin The foll owi ng m ay b e n o t e d : (a ) The pro

.

hi b i t i o n t o c onf e r roy al a u t h o ri t y upon a s t r a ng e r ,

v er 1 5. Fo r t hi s t he wh ol e p o s t M o s a i c p e rio d off e r s
.
-

n o s ingl e point of con t a ct Wh a t Prof e s s o r R ob e r t

.

s on S mi t h a dduc e s r e s t s on t he m i s in t e rpr e t a t io n
,

o f a n i s ol a t e d p a s s a g e Is a v i i 6
, . O
( ) T h e r
. e m i n i.s

c e nc e o f E gyp t i a n s e rvi t ud e v e r 1 6 H o w t he m ul
, . .

t i p l i c a t i o n of h or s e s c ould t e nd t o m a k e t he p e opl e
r e t urn t o E gyp t ha s n e v e r y e t b e e n s a t i s fa c t orily e x
,

pl a in e d o n t he c ri t i c a l hypoth e s i s R i e hm s e xpl a n a .
’
1 94 THE R E N TA TE U CIIA I . C ODES MOSA IC .

ca t u r e , bu t of in s t ruc t ion (c) The a b s e n c e of c on

.

c r e t e a n d d e t a il e d s t a t e m e n t s i s h e r e al s o a s t rong
t e s t i mony a g a i n s t l a t e r o rigin .

A s t he l a w of t he king d o m d o e s n o t w a rr a n t u s i n
b ri ngi n g D e u t e ron omy d ow n t o S ol om on s ti m e s o ’

t h a t of t he J u d g e s do e s n o t prov e i t s origin during

o r a f t e r t he r e ign of J e h o s h a ph a t M o re g e n e ral
.
,

b u t m o s t wh im s ic a l a n d wor t hl e s s of a l l i s t he a rgu ,

m e n t d e riv e d from t he promi s e s i n ch a p xviii t h a t . .

,

p roph e t s l ik e M o s e s wo uld s uc c e e d h im a n d s p e c i a lly ,

t he r e f e r e n c e t o f a l s e proph e t s fro m v e r 2 0 o nw a rd . .

B y r e m a nding a l l t h i s t o a l a t e r t i m e w e t a k e a w a y ,

t he only b a s i s o n wh ich t o r e s t proph e cy The .

e min e n t p o s i t io n a n d undi s pu t e d a u t h ori t y of l a t e r

proph e ti s m b e c om e a my s t e ry wh e n t he l a w ha d
m a d e n o provi s ion for b o t h Thi s i s a n a p t illu s t r a
.

t i on of t he u n t e n a bl e p o s i t i on s t o whi ch t he c ri t i c a l

t h e ori e s l e a d . I f a s has b e e n c u s tom a ry o f l a t e

, ,

p roph e cy i s n ot c on s id e r e d a s t he frui t a n d i nt e rp r e
t e r of l a w b u t l a w a s t he p e t rif a c t ion of proph e cy
, ,

t he l a t t e r o f n e c e s s i t y c om e s t o h a ng i n t he a i r The .

r e f e r e n c e t o f a l s e proph e t s if i t prov e s a n y t h in g
, ,

will p rov e a g a in s t t he l a t e r origin I n v e r 2 2 t he . .

p e op l e a r e e x hor t e d n o t t o b e afr a id of t h e m ,

p m I n wh a t a c on t r a s t d o e s t hi s s uppo s e d
d e nun ci at ory c h a r a c t e r of t he f a l s e proph e t s s t a n d t o
t he l a t e r r e a li t y "( c omp a r e 1 K ing s xxii 2 2 s e g g .
,
.

Is a ix 1 5 ; xxx 1 0 ; Je r xiv I 3
. . . . . A n o t h e r f e a t ur e
,

wh i ch forbid s u s t o t hin k t h a t t he a u t h o r ha d t he
d e v e l opm e n t of proph e t i s m b e hi nd hi m i s t he p rom ,

i s e t h a t t he proph e t s wo uld b e lik e u n t o M o s e s So .

o nly God a n d M o s e s c oul d s p e a k N on e of t he l at e r

.
 O BJE C TIONS A NS IVE R E D . 195

proph e t s e ve r t h ought of cl a im ing e qu a li t y wi t h

hl os e s .

I n D e u t iv 1 9 xvi i 3 s t a r wo r s hip i s e mph a t ic ally

. .
, .
,
-

forbid d e n The hi s t ori c a l b ook s m e n t io n t h a t a f t e r

.
,

t he s ch i s m i t b e c a m e pr e v a l e n t at fi r s t i n t he N or t h

e r n ki ngdom a f t e rw a rd s a l s o i n J ud a h
, i n t he t im e ,

of A h az a n d M a n as s e h H e n c e t he cri t i c s i nf e rr e d
‘

,
.

t h a t t h i s kind of idol a t ry w a s n o t of C a n aa ni t i s h

o rigin b u t w as i mpor t e d fro m t he Fa r E a s t a n d n o t

, ,

kn own b e for e t he s ch i s m The pro t e s t of D e u t e r .

on om
y a g a i n s t i t t h e n prov e s i t s l a t e r o rigin W e .

n e e d n ot d e t e rmi n e t o wh a t i nfl u e n c e s t he in cr e a s ing
p opul a rity of s t a r wor s h ip un d e r t he l a t e r king s w as
-

d u e b u t h a v e only t o s how t h a t pri or t o t h i s s t a r

,

w or s hip e xi s t e d Thi s d o e s n o t m e r e ly follow from

.

t he s e c on d c om m a nd o f t he D e c a logu e forbid d ing t o

”
m a k e a lik e n e s s o f a n y t hing i n h e a v e n a b ov e b u t “
,

a l s o from t he s t a t e m e n t of A m o s v 2 6 The p r Op h . .

e t s of t he A s s yri a n p e rio d r e f e r t o i t ; e g Is a xvii . .

, . .

8 ( w h e r e t he R e vi s e d V e r s i on has s u n - im a g e s ) A l s o .

t he n a m e B e t h - s h e m e s h ( ho u s e of t he s u n ) i s no t e

wor t hy i n t h i s r e s p e c t S c hul t z c a ll s a t t e n t i on t o
.

t he f a c t t h a t t he s e rvi c e of B a a l a n d A s t a r t e w a s
c onn e c t e d wi t h s t a r wor s hip ; b u t a s D e u t e ron omy
-
,

t r e a t s of t hi s i dol a t ry s e p a r a t e ly ( iv 3 xii 3 1 xviii .

, .
, .

t he p a s s a g e ( iv 1 9 ) m u s t r e f e r t o s om e t hing d i s
.

t in c t fro m i t Th a t D e u t e ron omy c on s id e r s t hi s c u l t

.

u nd e r t he a s p e c t of n a t ur e wor s h ip a n d n ot s o m uc h -
,

of Poly t h e i s m a s i t c a m e p r e e m in e n t ly t o b e af t e r -

w a r d s m a k e s t he a cqu a in t a n c e o f t he wri t e r wi t h t h i s
,

l a t e r s t a t e of a ff a ir s improb a bl e .

The ph r a s e Oe on d j or d a n
( y ) h a s b e e n
1 96 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

a pp e a l e d t o a s i ndic ingat n d poi nt o f t he

t he t ru e sta -

l at e r wri t e r It i s u s e d i n t e rch a ng e a bly of t he e a s t

.

a n d t he w e s t s id e of t he riv e r I n m a king t h i s f a c t
.

a pro of of l a t e r origin t he c ri t i c s i nvolv e t h e m s e lv e s

,

i n a s e riou s di ffi c ul t y A ll e vi d e n c e of M o s a i c origi n
.

i s s umm a rily di s m i s s e d wi t h t he r e m a rk t h a t t he ,

D e u t e ronom i s t w ould t a k e c a r e t o r e pro d uc e f a i t h

fully t he M o s a i c s i t u a t i on I n all o t h e r i n s t a n c e s
.

he s uc c e e d e d s o c ompl e t e ly t h a t for c e n t uri e s a ll

,

c ri t ic a l Opi nio n w a s l e d a s t r a y by hi s fi c t ion H ow .

,

t hen ,
c oul d he f a ll o u t of h s i r Ol e h re
e ? E ve n
gr a n t e d t h at D e u t e ron omy i s n o n M o s a ic t he doubl e-
,

s e n s e in wh ich t he wri t e r e mpl o s t he ph r a s e pu t s

y
b e yon d d oub t t h a t he c on s i d e r e d i t a s g e ogr aphi c ally
fix e d a lr e a dy i n t he M o s a i c t im e S t ill i t i s m o s t .
,

p rob a bl e t h a t e v e n in t hi s c a s e he would n o t h a v e
m ad e M o s e s e mpl oy i t of t he e a s t s id e for f e a r t h a t ,

p e opl e l e s s in s t ruc t e d in a n ci e n t g e ogr a ph i c a l t e r

m i n o l o g y migh t s u s p e ct t he C od e on a cc oun t of t h i s
e x p r e s s i on
. R i e hm f e e ling t hi s t ri e s t o pro t e c t t he
, ,

D e u t e ron om i s t a g a in s t t h i s c h a rg e of t h ough t l e s s
n e s s by s aying t h a t b e c on t i nu a lly d i s t ingui s h e s b e
,

t w e e n hi s own work a n d t he d i s c our s e s of M o s e s a n d ,

t h a t in t he l a t t e r t he ph r a s e i s only a ppli e d t o t he

w e s t e rn c oun t ry Ch a p iii 8 i s e nough t o ov e r t hrow

. . .

t hi s n o t ion wh e r e M o s e s him s e lf s p e a k s :
, And w e “

t ook t he l a n d t h a t w as 11 W ) Way : from t he riv e r

of A rnon u n t o M oun t H e rm on R i e hm i s un d e r
.

t he n e c e s s i t y of d e cl a ring t he l a t t e r wor d s t o b e a

glo s s of a l a t e r h a nd ; b ut wi t h t he s a m e righ t w e
m igh t d e cl a r e a l l p a s s a g e s wh e r e t he t e rm i s a ppli e d
t o t he e as t e rn c ou n t ry in t e rp ol at ion s whi ch would ,
198 TIIE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES I OS A I C
II .

2 . The c ur s e up on A m a l e k ( ch a p xxv 1 7 ) l e a d s . .

t o t he s a m e c on clu s ion A c c or d ing t o 1 C h ron iv

. . .

43 ,
t h e l a s t r e mn a n t of t h e A m a l e ki t e s w a s d e s t roy e d
by t he t rib e of S im e o n po s i t iv e ly n o t l a t e r t h a n t he
r e ign of H e z e ki a h a s e v e n Gr af a n d K a y s e r a dmi t
, .

Th at t he p a s s a g e i s s imply r e p e at e d from E xod xvii . .

1 4 will n o t h e lp u s K ay s e r s h ould h a v e m a d e cl e a r
.

wh a t o c c a s ion t h e r e w a s i n J o s i a h s t im e t o m a k e t he
’

r e p e t iti on .

3 The h o s t il e a t t i t ud e t ow a rd s t he A m m on i t e s
.

pr e s c rib e d in xxiii 3 — 6 c o ul d b e e xpl a in e d j u s t a s

.

w e ll from t he l at e r t im e s P a r a ll e l p a s s a g e s a r e
.

foun d i n J e r e mi a h a n d Z e ph an i a h B u t t he fri e n d ly .

f e e ling s t ow a r d s Ed om l a ck all p oi n t s of c on t a c t
wi t h t he hi s t ory of t he s e v e n t h c e n t ury The s a m e .

a ppli e s t o t he m e n t ion of E g yp t ( xxiii U n t il t he

.

d e s t ru c t ion of J e ru s a l e m t he proph e t s s p e a k of E d om
a s t he r e pr e s e n t a t iv e of t he e n e m i e s of G od s p e opl e
’

A c om m a n d t h ou s h a l t n o t a bh o r a n E dom i t e
,
“
,

w oul d b e u n p a r a ll e l e d i n t he proph e t i c li t e r a t ur e of
I s r ae l \Vh e n K ay s e r t ri e s t o s h ow t h at J ud a h w a s
.

o c c a s ion ally o n fri e n d ly t e rm s wi t h E d om hi s quo t a ,

t ion s d o n o t prov e t hi s R i e h m i nf e r s from t he

.

t e nd e n c y in H e z e ki a h s t im e t o s e e k t he a lli a nc e of
’

E gyp t t h a t t h i s r e quir e d a fri e n d ly r e l a t ion t o t he

,

E domi t e s a n d t h a t a c c ordingly t he D e u t e ron om i s t

,

woul d r e comm e nd i t B u t b o t h K ay s e r a n d R i e h m
.

h av e ov e rl ook e d t h a t D e u t e ronomy i s wri t t e n in a

proph e t i c S piri t a n d c ould by n o m e a n s a pprov e of
,

t h i s t e nd e n cy t o l e a n upon E gyp t or f a vor a n y t hing ,

r e s ul t ing from i t s i nc e a ll t he proph e t s un a nim ou s ly

,

c ond e mn s u ch a s s o c i at ion s It i s t h e r e for e i m p os

.
 OEj E C TI ONS A NS WERED . 1 99

sibl e t h at t he wri t e r s h ould s p e a k i n s u c h t e rm s of

E gyp t J o s i a h h im s e lf wh o s e c onduc t b e t t e r e x
.
,

pr e s s e s t he t h e oc r a t ic s piri t o u t of whi ch D e u t e r
o n om
y m u st h av e b e e n wri t t e n a c c ording t o t he ,

c ri t ic s opp o s e d E gyp t a n d lo s t hi s lif e i n d oing

, ,

so .

4 . D ent xii 1.
5 c ont a in s a
. m odi fi c a t i on of t h e l a w

( L e v xvi
. i ) whic h w,
a s pr a c t i c a bl e only du ri n g t he

d e s e r t j ourn e y wh e n t he p e opl e l iv e d i n t he imm e

-
,

d i at e vi ci ni t y of t he t a b e r n a cl e It s im pr a c t ic a bili t y
.

at an
y o t h e r t im e i s s e lf e vid e nt E v e n t he plu r a l
-
.

i t y of s a nc t u a ri e s a f t e rw a r d s w ould n o t h a v e m a d e i t
p ra c t i c a bl e s in c e t h e y w e r e by n o m e a n s s o n um e r
,

o u s th a t a l l s l a ugh t e ring of a nim a l s c o u l d b e don e i n

t h e ir n e igh borh o od .

5 .S e v e r a l l a w s pr e s e n t f e a t u r e s t h a t b e com e u m
i n t e lligibl e i n t he ligh t of l a t e r c ondi t i on s Fo r .

in s t a n c e xx 5 8 m a k e s m il i t a ry s e rvi c e a lm o s t a
, .
-

m at t e r of fr e e ch oi c e H ow c ould t hi s b e i n t he .

w rlik e p e
a of t he l a e r king s
t ? C omp a r e al s o
xxii 1 3 2 1
.
- i d e n t ly a n ol d c u s t om whi ch m u s t h a v e ,

b e e n a n t iq e d l ong b e for e t he s e v e n t h c e n t u ry ;
a l s o xxvii 2 1 . .

6 Tho ri gi D e u t e r o n o m y i s e m i n e n t ly proph e t i c a l
.

i n o n e s e n s e i t i s i n s o fa r di s t ingui s h e d from t he
,

l a t e r proph e t s a s t h a t n o r e a c t i on a pp e a r s a g a in s t
,

c e r e m o ni a l form a li s m Thi s i s a n un e quivoc a l s ign

.

t h a t s u c h a c on t r a s t did n o t e t e xi s t Po s i t iv e ly t he
y .

i d e al c h a ra c t e r of t he la w i s e xh ibi t e d b u t n owh e r e ,

i s ob s e rv a n c e of i t s e x t e rn a l pr e s crip t i on s n e g a t iv e ly
c ond e m n e d The c ri t i c s wh o m a k e s u ch an e x t e n
.
,

s iv e u s e of t hi s l a t t e r f e a t ur e i n t h e ir int e rpr e t a t io n
20 0 THE P E N TA TE U CH A I , C ODES MOSA IC .

of t he p roph e t s s hould a t l e a s t h a v e wond e r e d why

,
‘

i t i s e n t i r e ly l a c ki ng in D e u t e ro nomy .

7 . Fin a lly,
t hi s f a c t s p e a k s a g a in s t a l a t e r origin ,

th a t s o far a s woul d a pp e a r fro m D e u t e ron omy t he

, ,

p a s s ing of J o rd a n t he c om pl e t e c on qu e s t of C a n a a n
, ,

a n d i t s qui e t un d i s t urb e d po s s e s s ion c oinc id e

, , . Th i s
i s wholly i n c on s i s t e n t wi t h t he t h e ory of h i s t ori c a l
r e t ro s p e c t i on The l at t e r kn e w t h a t a long p e ri od
.

ha d b e e n n e c e s s a ry t o s ubd u e t he C a n aa n i t e s a n d ,

t h a t t he t a s k w a s n o t fully a c c ompli s h e d b e for e

S olom on .
 TIIE P E IVTA TE U CIIA L C OD E S I OS A I C
II .

O
( ) The p a s s a g e s i n wh i c h M o s e s i s s a id t o h av e
c ommi t t e d c e r t a i n l aw s t o wri t ing a re t he follow
i ng
E xod xvii 1 4 : A n d t he L O R D s a id un t o M o s e s
. .
“
,

Wri t e t hi s fo r a m e m ori a l in a bo ok a n d r e h e a r s e i t ,

i n t he e a r s of J o s h u a : for I will u t t e r ly p u t o u t t he
r e m e mb r a n c e of A m a l e k from und e r h e av e n The .

s t a t e m e n t f a ll s o u t s i d e of t he C od e a n d i s i m p or t a n t
,

for our pr e s e n t pu rpo s e only i n s o fa r a s t he b ook

r e f e rr e d t o migh t furni s h a n i n d i r e c t t e s t im ony t o t he
f a c t t h a t M o s e s wro t e t he hi s t ory of hi s lif e t im e .

The M a s s or a h ha s i t 1 9 9 3 ( i n M e OooO) wi t h t he
, ,

a r t i cl e. T hough t he pr e s e n c e o r t he a b s e n c e of t he
a r t icl e d e p e n d s o n t he pun c t u a t i on s t ill w e m ay ,

i nqui r e wh e t h e r t he M a s s or a h ha d n o go od groun d s
i n pu t t ing i t he r e i n S pi t e of i t s om i s s i on in t he
,

G r e e k a n d A r a bi c t r a n s l a t i on s (t he only o n e s wh ich
c oul d e xpr e s s i t ) For a s t he pun c t u a t i on wi t h out
.
,

t he a r t i cl e wo uld h a v e d oub t l e s s b e e n t he m or e n a

t ur a l o n e i t s a ddi t i on m u s t h av e r e s t e d o n po s i t iv e
,

r e a s o n s in t he n a t ur e of t he c a s e N ow w e c a nn o t .
,

b u t fi n d i t a b s u rd t o c a ll a s e p a r a t e n o t e of t hi s c h a r
”
act e r a b o ok or e v e n t o pr e s e rv e i t a s a n i s ol a t e d
“
,

s e n t e nc e in wri t t e n form The p a s s a g e s which B l e e k

.

a ddu c e s d o n o t prov e t h a t a s ingl e s e n t e n c e c om

,

m i t t e d t o wri t ing c oul d c on s t i t u t e a b o ok O n e of .

t h e m (Je r xxxii . 1 9 ) d o e s n o t s p e a k of a b o ok a n d
.
,

t he o t h e r s r e f e r t o m or e c om p r e h e n s iv e l a w s o r

d e c r e e s The m o s t pl a u s ibl e in t e rpr e t a t i on i s t h a t

.

which t he M a s s or a h i n t im at e d by a d d ing t he a r t icl e ;

v iz th at M o s e s w as a c cu s t om e d t o c om m e m ora t e
.
,

impor t a n t e v e nt s a n d c omm a n d s a n d t h at t hi s bo ok, ,

 L A WS IN EXOD US NU MB ERS — . .

t he o rigi n of o u r pr e s e nt P e n t a t e uch , is r e f e rr e d to

by Go d .

E xo d xxi v A n d M o s e s wrot e w rd a ll t he
“
.
4 . : o s

o f t he L O R D The word s of t he B oo k of t he C ov e
.

n a n t a re m e a n t whi ch in clud e d c h a p xx 2 2— xxiii 3 3

, . . . .

Wh e t h e r t he D e c alogu e w a s in clud e d i s n o t c e r t a in ,

b u t improb a bl e fo r t he follo w ing r e a s on s : (a ) T he

b ook w as r e a d in t he a udi e nc e of t he p e opl e ( v e r 7 ) .

t h i s would h a v e b e e n s up e rfl uou s i n c as e of t he
D e c a logu e wh i ch G o d h im s e lf ha d prom ulg a t e d wi t h
,

a u d ibl e voic e O I i d h M o wro

( ) t . s n o t s t a t e t a t s e s t e

t he D e c a logu e : Go d him s e lf wro t e i t o n t a bl es o f

s t o ne .
( )
c T h e p a r a ll e l C ov e n a n t l a w i n c h a p xxxiv -
. .
,

e qu a lly c om m i t t e d t o wri t i ng did n o t r e p e a t t he

,

D e c a logu e .

N um xxxiii 2 : M o s e s wr o t e t he li s t o f s t ati o n s
. .

d uring t he d e s e r t j ourn e y ( v e r 3 - .

Th e s e p a s s ag e s c ov e r a com p a r a t iv e ly s m all p a rt
o f t he S in a i t ic l e gi s l a t ion C ri t ic s h a v e r a s hly i n
.

f e rr e d t h a t w e h a v e n o po s i t iv e t e s t im ony of i t s
c odi fic a t io n b y Mo s e s a n d h av e e v e n gon e t o t he
,

l e ng t h of a s s e r t ing t h at t he p a s s a g e s j u s t e n u m e r
a t e d e xclud e t he wri t i ng o f a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e
y
l a w by M o s e s D r K u e n e n s ay s
. . Wh e n in t he ,
“

fi r s t fo ur bo ok s o f t he P e n t at e u ch o nly a fe w pi e c e s ,

o f li t t l e l e ng t h a r e a s crib e d t o M o s e s i t b e com e s
p rob a bl e th at a ll t he r e s t in t he wri t e r s Opini on i s , ,

”
n on M o s a ic
- D e li t z s ch a n d B le e k a n d m a ny o t h e r s
.

a r e of t he s a m e O pinion .

W e b e li e v e t h a t t hi s c onclu s ion i s a s u nw a rr a nt e d
a s t he o t h e r e x t r e m e t o which s om e c on s e rv a t iv e
,

c ri t i c s h a v e gon e of a s s e r t ing t h a t w e mi gh t r e a s on
, ,
20 4 THE RE IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES M OSA IC .

from p a rt b e ing wri t t e n by M o s e s t h a t t he whol e

t he ,

w as . The t ru t h i s t h a t t h e s e p a s s a g e s prov e n o t h
,
=

ing i n e i t h e r d ir e c t i on ; s in c e t he s p e c i a l c omm a n d t o
wri t e w a s cl e a rly o c c a s i on e d by e x t r a or d in a ry ci rcum ~

s t a n c e s a n d s e rv e d a S p e ci a l purpo s e
, T ha t E xo d . .

xvii 1 4 pr e s uppo s e s a m or e c omp r e h e n s iv e work w e

.
,

h a v e s e e n a lr e a dy The C ov e n a n t law ha d t o b e .
-

wri t t e n s e p a r at e ly for i t s s ymb olic u s e i n t he s ol e m n

t r a n s a c t ion ( ch a p A f t e r t he C ov e n a n t ha d
.

b e e n brok e n t he s e co n d law ( ch a p xxxiv ) w a s of

, . .
,

c our s e wri t t e n s e p a r at e ly a f t e r t he a n a l ogy of t he

,

fi rs t .

Th e r e ca n b e t h e n n o d oub t t h a t t he J e h ovi s t i c
, ,

a n d E l oh i s t i c l e gi s l a t i on cl a im for t h e m s e l v e s M o s a i c

o rigin W e m u s t a c c e p t t h i s s e lf t e s t im ony s o l on g
.
-
,

a s i t has n o t b e e n di s prov e d by o t h e r e vi d e nc e Ac .

c ord i n g l w e m igh t s t op h e r e a n d r e m e mb e ring h ow

y , ,

t he u ni t y of t he l a w s i n E xo d u s N um b e r s ha s b e e n
—

e s t a bli s h e d di s mi s s t he s ubj e c t
,
S t ill i t m ay b e w e ll .
,

t o s urv e y t he c ont e nt s o f t he in t e rm e d i a t e book s

wi t h s p e c i a l r e g a rd t o
2 . Th e ir indir e c t i n t ern a l e vid e n c e of M o s a i c
o rigin .

M a ny o f t he L e vi t ic a l l a w s a r e s o formul at e d t hat ,

t h e y pr e s uppo s e t he s oj ourn of t he p e opl e i n t he

d e s e r t c a m p a roun d t he t a b e rn a cl e ; an d m a ny c om
-

m a nd s r e s t for t h e ir pr a c t i c a bili t y e n t ir e ly on t h i s
s i t u a t i on It i s s up e rfl uou s t o poin t t hi s o u t i n d e
.

t a il
. C om p a r e L e v i — vii xi — xv i xiii xiv x v i
. . .
, , .
, .
, ,

xvi i N um i i i iv x 1 — 8 xix
. . .
, , .
, .
, .

I n t he c a s e of o t h e r l aw s t he form i s d e t e rmin e d ,

by t he h i s t ori c a l e v e n t t h a t o c c as ion e d t h e m s o t h a t ,
20 6 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA I C .

B aa l an dGod n a t ur e w o rs h ip a n d s u p e rn a t ur a l r e
,
-

l i g i o n fr a ud a n d hi s t ory
, .

The m od e rn c ri t ic i s m has n o t s hrunk from t a king

t he form e r of t h e s e a l t e rn a t iv e s The Pri e s t C o d e
.

c a nno t b e M o s a i c S t ill i t b e a r s t he impr e s s of

.
,

M o s a i c origin To r e con c il e t h e s e t w o f a c t s only

.
,

on e w a
y i s l e f t O p e n : wh a t i s n o t g e n uin e a n d s t ill ,

s o s t riking m u s t h a v e b e e n f a bri c a t e d w i t h a pur

,

po s e ; t he M o s a i c d r e s s o i t he pri e s t ly l a w s i s wov e n
fo r i t by t he s kilful h a nd s of e xili c an d po s t e xili c -

fr a ud .

Th e s e e xt r e m e v i e w s s e e m t o h av e n o c omm on
ground l e f t on wh ich t o m e e t e a c h o t h e r Wh a t w e .

r e c ogn iz e a s o n e o f t he m o s t s t r iking proof s of

M o s a i c origin i s imm e di a t e ly c on s t ru e d on t he o t h e r
,

s id e as t he m e a n e s t s or t of J ud a izing fi c t i on The .

m a t e ri al und e r t he m oulding h a nd s of c ri t i ci s m i s
, ,

l ik e cl ay in t he h a nd s of a po t t e r Th e r e i s n o m an
.

n e r of a rgum e n t a t ion whi ch i s n o t in s t a n t ly und e r ,

t he 1 n fl u e n c e of t h e s e prof a n e prin cipl e s t urn e d round,

i n t he oppo s i t e dir e c t i on .

To d e cid e t hi s qu e s t ion c ri t i c ally n o a m ou n t o f

,

ph i l o s ophy or r e ligi ou s c onvi c t io n will s u ffi c e It i s

.

only wh e n on bo t h s id e s t he followin g prin c ipl e s a r e

a dmi t t e d t h a t t h e r e i s s om e h op e of a n h i s t oric a l
,

s olu t ion of t he probl e m

1. A l e g al a s w e ll a s a li t e r a ry fi c t i on how e v e r i n
,

g e n i o u s l y d e vi s e d will
, a lw a y s m o r e o r l e s s b e t r a y t he

t im e of i t s origi n The v e il t h rown ov e r i t will b e

.

s o t r a n s p a r e n t i n s om e s po t s t h a t t he a c t u a l s i t u a
,

t ion c a n b e r e c ogniz e d Wi t h r e g a rd t o D e u t e r
.

on om
y t
, h e wh ol e c rit ic al a rgu m e n t r es ts o n t he
 LA WS IN EXOD US—NUMB ERS . 20 7

v a lidi t y of t h i s prin cipl e . W e d o t h e r e for e no i n ju s

, ,

t i c e t o t he c ri t i c s in a pplying i t h e r e .

2
. The fi c t ion will n a t u r a lly s e iz e upo n s uch poi n t s
i n t he fi c t i t i ou s s i t u at i o n wh ich i t p or t r ay s a s s t a n d ,
,

in im m e di at e c on t a ct wi t h t he pr e s e n t for wh ic h i t
t ri e s t o p rovid e . The id e a l i s n o t for i t s ow n s a k e ,

b u t s e rv e s a pr a c t i c a l p urpo s e : it m u s t a c c ord ingly

b e c h o s e n s o a s t o h a v e a di r e ct b e a ring upo n t he
l at t e r
.

E v e n a s up e rfi c i a l ob s e rv e r c a n n o t b u t di s c ov e r
t h a t t he pr e t e nd e d Pri e s t C od e d o e s n o t c omply wi t h
e it he r of t h e s e c on d i t ion s N um e rou s h i s t o ri c a l
.

a llu s i on s r e f e rring e v e n t o m inu t e a n d u nim por t a n t

,

p oin t s a s w e s a w a r e d i s c ov e r e d in D e u t e ron omy

, , .

H i s t oric a l d at a a r e di s e n t a ngl e d from t h e ir M o s a i c

e nvi ron m e n t ,
a n d s u c c e s s iv e ly a s s ign e d t o t h e i r a l

l e g e d t ru e pl a c e i n t he h i s t ory of l a t e r t im e s R i e hm .

prov e s by a pur e ly i n t e rn a l proc e s s t h a t D e u t e ronomy

,

m u s t h a v e b e e n wri t t e n a f t e r t he t im e of S ol omon ,

J e h o s h a ph a t H e z e ki a h M an a s s e h i n t he r e ign of
, , ,

J o s i a h Will t he c ri t i c s l ay b e fo r e u s a s imil a r s e ri e s
.

o f propo s i t ion s th a t w e m a gr a du a lly a n d r e a s o n a

, y
bly c onvi nc e o ur s e lv e s of t he po s t e xili c origi n of t he
-

Pri e s t C od e ? N o s e mbl a n c e of in t e rn a l e vid e nc e i s

giv e n n e i t h e r d o t he c ri t i c s cl a im t h a t a n y e xi s t s
, .

Th e r e m u s t c e r t a inly b e a r e a s on if t he C o d e origi
,

E z e ki e l s Th or a ( B C 5 7 4 ) a n d i t s
’

n at e d b e t w e e n .

prom ulg a t io n by E zr a ( B C . a t im e of s u ch

c ri t ic a l a n d m om e n t ou s ch a ng e s in t he h i s t ory of
I s r a e l — t h e r e mu s t w e s ay b e a r e as on w hy 1 t l a ck s
, , ,

a l l hi s t ori c a l r e f e r e nc e s .H a d t he a r t of forg e ry
m a d e s u c h m a rv e ll ou s p rogr e s s in t he m e a n whil e ,
20 8 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t h at whil s t t he D e u t e ro n om i s t s t ill p a r t i a lly f a il e d

, ,

t he wri t e r s of t he Pri e s t C od e fully s uc c e e d e d in

hi d ing t h e m s e lv e s b e h in d t he s hi e ld of M o s e s ?

Wh a t poi nt of c on t a c t d o t he e xili c a n d p o s t e xil i c -

t im e s off e r fo r Le v xvi i .
? Wh a t pr a c t ic a l b e a rin g
c ould s uch a la w a s t h a t of c h a p x v i c o n c e rni ng t he
.
,

D ay of A t on e m e n t h a v e up on a p e ri od wh e n t he
,

a rk n o l ong e r e xi s e d t ? H ow c a n w e fi n d a p o s i t iv e
r e as on for t he forging o f s uc h c o mm a n d s ? The -

c ul t u s of t he p as t w as i n m a ny c a s e s d e fi c i e n t a n d ,

c oul d n o t furn i s h a n o rm N e i t h e r d id E z e ki e l s
.
’

Th or a b i nd t h e m Wh at o t h e r prin c ipl e ca n hav e

.

gov e rn e d t he fr a m e r s of t h e s e l a w s if n o t t h e ir a d a p
,

t ab i l i ty t o t he fu t ur e r e s t or a t io n ? H ow t h e n s h all
, ,

w e a c c ou n t for t he s c e n e of t he wh ol e n o t b e in g l a id
i n C a n aa n bu t in t he d e s e r t a n d m or e ov e r t he l a w s
, , , ,

b e i ng a d a p t e d t o a l a rg e e x t e n t only t o t he d e s e r t
lif e ? It i s n o a n s w e r t o s ay t h a t t he fi c t i t i ou s
ch a r a c t e r m a d e s uc h di s s im ul a t io n n e c e s s a ry The .

qu e s t ion i s why w as e x a c t ly t h i s form of d i s s i mul a

,

t i on c h o s e n ? Th a t t he M o s a i c m as k c ould h a v e b e e n

i mpo s e d o n m or e a t t r a c t iv e a n d a ppropri a t e f e a t ur e s ,

t he c ri t i c a l O pin io n of D e u t e ron omy s h o w s .Why i s

n o t M o s e s r e pr e s e n t e d a s giving a l a w wi t h s p e ci a l

r e f e r e n c e t o t he s e t t l e d l if e of t he p e opl e i n C a n a a n
A ll t h e s e qu e s t i on s t he n e w e r cri t i ci s m f a il s t o
an s we r . A S i t ha s s t ripp e d t he M o s a i c p e ri o d of i t s
m ir a cul ou s ch a r a c t e r s o i t has e n s h rou d e d t he t i m e
,

of t he e xil e a n d t he s ub s e qu e n t p e rio d i n an i m
p e n e t r a bl e m i s t .

W e as k wh e t h e r t h e r e a r e n o p or t i on s of t h e s e
l a w s w ho s e a u t h e n t i c i t y ca n b e e s t a bli s h e d i n d e p e n d
2 10 THE R E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t e m a t i c p u r i fic a t i o n s t o an x t r e m e for t h e m s e lv e s
e ,

would e x e r t a n infl u e n c e i n t he s a m e dir e c t ion upon

t he I s r a e lit e s d
( ) . T hi s s a ni t a ry a n d m or e s p e ci a lly
,

prophyl a c t i c t r e a t m e n t of t he di s e a s e w a s a m on g t he
,

E gypti a n s a s s ign e d t o t he pri e s t s a n d m u s t h a v e ,

b e e n pur s u e d i n a c c ord a n c e wi t h c e r t a in fix e d rul e s ,

a s w a s t he c a s e wi t h t h e ir m e d ic a l pr a c t i c e i n g e n e r a l .

e ) It a d mi t s o f n o d oub t h h I r li woul d
( t ,a t t e s a e
’
t e s

follow i n t h e ir t r e a t m e n t of t h e pl a gu e E gyp t i a n
u s a g e (f ) A c t u a lly w e fi nd in t h e ir l a w s a c a r e
.

fully pr e s c rib e d m e t h od of d e a ling wi t h i t d i a g n o s /

t i c c ri t e ri a a r e giv e n ; it a p p e a r s a l s o a s t he s p e ci a l
t a s k of t he p ri e s t s t o di s c e rn t he v a riou s ph a s e s of
,

t he d i s e a s e a n d d e cl a r e t he p e r s on s cl e a n or un cl e a n
,

af t e r a c a r e fu l in s p e c t i on A ll t h e s e t r a i t s c om
.

b i n e d a m ount a lm o s t t o a l ogic a l d e m on s t r a t io n of
,

t he E gyp t i a n a n d c on s e qu e n t ly M o s a i c origin of t he
, ,

l a w of l e pro s y .

Th a t t h e r e w a s s u ch a l aw p ri or t o t he D e u t e r .
.

o n o m i c C od e t he p as s a g e xxiv 8 s h ow s
,
W he n t he
. .

c ri t i c s r e s or t t o t he a rbi t r a ry a s s ump t i on t ha t s om e ,

o t h e r law m ay j u s t a s w e l l h av e b e e n r e f e rr e d t o by
t he D e u t e ron om i s t w e ha v e r e a ch e d t he s ph e r e of
,

t he unknow a bl e wh e r e i t i s n o t s af e t o c a rry o n t he
,

d i s c u s s i on .

Thi s c as e o f a cl e a rly e s t a bli s h e d M o s a i c la w

wi t hin t he l im i t s of t he Pri e s t C o d e has s ignifi c a n c e
in m or e t h a n o n e r e s p e c t .I A s i n t he r e gul a t ion s
.
,

m e n t io n i s m a d e of t he t a b e rn a cl e of t he c on g r e g a
t ion a n d of t he c a m p ( xiii 4 6 xiv. w e inf e r
, .

'

t h a t s u ch l oc a l s p e c ifi c a t i on s wh e n o c c urring e l s e
,

wh e r e a r e j u s t ly c on s id e r e d a s i n t e rn a l m a rk s of
,
 L A WS IN EXOD US —NUMB ERS . 21 1

M o s a i c o rigin a n d t h a t i n t he m a in t he l oc a l c ol
, , ,

o ri n g of t h e s e l a w s i s n o t fi ct i t iou s b u t r e li a bl e , .

2. The f a ct t h a t t he t a b e r n a cl e a pp e a r s h e r e a s a
pl a c e of s a c rifi c e in v e r 1 1 a n d n o t m e r e ly a s a t e n t
.
,

for c on s ul t ing G od wh ich a c c ordin g t o t he c ri t ic s

, , ,

i s i t s J e h ovi s t i c c o n c e p t ion prov e s t h a t i n t he l a w s

,

of the t ab e rn a cl e a n d of t he A a roni c pri e s t h ood w e

s t a n d o n h i s t ori c ground 3 T he
. m e nt i on of t.he

s i n a n d t r e s p a s s off e ring in c h a p xiv i s a proof t h a t

- . .

t h e s e t w o s p e c i e s of s a c rifi c e w e r e p re e xilic a n d -
,

ind e e d M o s a i c i n t h e i r o rigin an d n o t a s t he c ri t ic s
, , ,

a s s e r t po s t E z e ki e li a n
,
- .

I f a n y t hing i n t hi s c oll e cti o n of l a w s i s M o s a i c ,

i t will b e t he D e c a l o gu e B e l onging t o wh at t he
.

c ri t i c s t h e m s e lv e s c on s id e r t he old e s t C od e a n d , ,

a c cording t o t he old e s t hi s t ory b e i n g wri t t e n o n ,

t a bl e s of s t on e by t he fi ng e r of G od i t s s impl e ,

fo rm e a rly a pp e a r a n c e a n d in dubi t a bl e pr e s e nc e i n
, ,

t he a r k i n l a t e r t im e a ll c ombin e t o r e nd e r t he
,

high e s t a n t i qui t y pl a u s ibl e To t hi s m ay b e a dd e d

.

t he r e m a rk a bl e f a c t t h a t t he D e c a logu e o f E xodu s
, ,

t hough s li g h t ly diff e ring in form from t he D e u t e r o n o

mi c o n e i s n e v e r t h e l e s s e s s e n t i a lly D e u t e ron om i c
,

i n la n g u a g e a n d e xpr e s s io n A t t he s a m e t im e it
'

.
,

s how s t he u s u a l ch a r a c t e ri s t i c s of t he J e h ovi s t Wh a t .

t he c ri t i c s a ddu c e a g a in s t i t s M o s a i c origi n c a n n o t ,

ou t w e igh t h e s e s t ron g p r e s ump t i on s i n f a vo r of i t .

T he a l t e r a t ion s i n t he D e u t e ron om i c t e x t ca n only

a w a k e s urpri s e wh e n w e a s s ign a s l a t e a d a t e t o t he

c o mpo s i t ion of t he b ook as t he c ri t i c s d o M o s e s .

’

r e produ c t i o n m igh t b e a fr e e o n e a s hi s wh ol e D e u ,

t e r o s i s of t he l a w e vid e n t ly i s Th at t he D e u t e r
’

.
2 12 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES I OS A I C
II .

o n om i c D e c a logu e pu t s t he S a bb a t h
o n a n oth e r l aw
-

b a s i s i s i n a c cur a t e The t ru t h i s t h a t t he r e a l foun

.
,

d a t i o n of t he c omm a nd i s n o t r e s t at e d but a pr a c t ic a l ,

i n c e n t iv e s ub s t i t u t e d t he r e m ind e r t h a t t he p e opl e
,
-

ha d b e e n s e rv a n t s i n E gyp t ; a n d t hi s r e f e r e n c e t o
E gyp t p e rv a d e s t he wh ol e C od e A n o t h e r obj e c t ion .

of R e u s s W e l lha u s e n e t c i s t h a t t he proh ibi tio n

, , .
, ,

t o wo r s hip G od un d e r a n im a g e c a n n o t r e a ch up t o

t he t im e of M o s e s a n d t h a t t he c ul t u s in s t i t u t e d by
,

J e rob o a m a f t e r t he s c hi s m prov e s i t s n on e xi s t e n c e a t -

t h at d at e B u t t he a s s e r t i o n t h a t J e rob oa m s c ul t u s
’
.

w a s n o t e s s e n t i a lly n e w o r e xo t ic b u t w a s c u s t om a ry ,

l ong b e for e i n C a n a a n ( R S mi t h ) c a n n o t b e prov e d

.
, .

N e i t h e r did t he e a rli e r proph e t s t ol e r a t e t he c alf

w or s hip e x c e p t a s a l e s s e r e vil i n c on t r a s t w i t h t he
,
.

s e rvi c e of B aa l a n d A s t a r t e The c a lf m a d e i n t he
.

w ild e rn e s s by A a ron r e mind s u s of E gyp t : lik e wi s e

J e rob o a m s c ul t u s p rob ably proc e e d e d from E gyp t
’

wh e r e he ha d e n j oy e d t he h o s pi t a li t y of t he king .

Thi s t r a n s gr e s s i on of a w e ll kn own c om m a nd i s n o t -

wi t h ou t p a r a l l e l i n hi s t ory : c e r t a inly t he R om i s h
C hurch i n a d orin g M a ry t he a ng e l s a n d s a i n t s
, , , ,

s h ow s no igno r a n c e of t he D e c a l ogu e J u s t a s w e ll .

m a y J e rob o a m h a v e qui e t e d hi s n o t t o o t e nd e r con

s ci e n c e by s om e forc e d i n t e rpr e t a t i on of t he l a w .

The n e w e r c ri t i c s wh o a r e in cli n e d t o l e av e t o M o s e s
,

a s li t t l e as po s s ibl e g e n e r a lly m a k e a n e xc e p t ion

,

i n t h i s c a s e S m e n d a dmi t s t he M o s a i c origin of
.

t he D e c a l ogu e u nc ond i t ion a lly O t h e r s wi t h s om e .

r e s t ri c t i on s Gr a f c o n c e d e d M o s a i c origin i n s om e
.

origin a l form diff e r e n t from t he o n e w e po s s e s s n ow

, ,
2 14 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA IC .

C H A P TE R XV II .

T E ST I M ON Y O F TH E H I ST O R I CA L B OOKS — JU DG E S F I R ST AN D
,

S E CON D SAM U E L F I R ST AN D S E C ON D K IN GS
, .

H E r a d ic a l d iff e r e n c e b e t w e e n our c on c e p t i on of
t he T e s t a m e n t a n d t h a t of t he c ri t ic s i s s u c h
O ld
th at i t m a k e s hi s t ori c a l a rgu m e n t at io n e x t r e m e ly d if
fi c u lt . O f c o ur s e a ll d e p e nd s o n o u r e s t im a t e of t he
,

s ourc e s ; a n d h e r e t he di s a gr e e m e nt b e gin s a lr e a dy .

J o s h u a i s s o d e p e n d e n t o n t he P e n t a t e u ch t h a t i t s ,

t e s t im ony i s a p r i o r i d e cl a r e d i nv a lid J u dg e s has

.

un d e rgo n e v a riou s r e d a c t ion s i n whi ch t he hi s t oric a l

,

t ru t h w a s m ould e d for r e ligiou s in s t ruc t io n ( R e u s s ,

G e Sch p .
, . Fir s t i t c o n s i s t e d of a n um b e r of
,

i nd e p e n d e n t l e g e n d s l a c ki ng a l l u ni t y e xc e p t t h at
,

o f a co m mo n n a t i on a l s piri t Th e y w e r e c oll e c t e d i n t o
.

a body a n d t he r e ligiou s t e nd e n cy of t he r e d a c t or
,

furni s h e d t he t hr e a d of t h e i r c on n e c t i on H i s t ory .

w a s m a d e r e v e l a t ion s a y s R e u s s
,
J u d g e s i s a pro
.
“

” ’

p h e t i ca l s e rm o n . T o t he a u t h or s g e n e r a t ion t he ,

old h e ro ic t im e s ha d b e c om e qui t e un in t e lligibl e ; s o

,

t h a t i t d e volv e s upon a n om ni s c i e n t c ri t ici s m t o c o r

r e c t i n a p e d a n t i c s c h oolm a s t e rly w a y t he wrong

c on c e p t io n s e n t e r t a in e d by t he I s r a e li t e s c on c e rnin g
t h e ir own h i s t ory . T he c a s e s t a n d s n o b e t t e r wi t h
t he bo ok s of S a mu e l a n d K ing s ( c omp a r e R e u s s ,
 TE S TIIII ON Y O F THE HIS TOR ICAL B O OKS . 21 5

2 4 5 , s e qq .
, ) 3 ,
4 0 s e qq . A nd h ow t he w e r e ri t i
ne

c i s m ha s d e a l t wi t h C hronicl e s i s t oo , w e ll kn own t o
n e e d s p e ci a l m e n t ion h e r e .

From a ll t hi s i t a p pe a r s th a t t o a s s a il t he c ri t i c s on
,

h i s t ori c a l ground s i s lo s t l a b or Th e y h a v e t h e ir c on .

ce pt i on of t he Old T e s t a m e nt a n d w e h a v e o ur s , .

Wh e n i n J udg e s c e r t a in d e vi a t i on s from t he M o s a i c
, ,

l a w a pp e a r of t e n wi t h t he e xpr e s s d i s a pprov a l o f t he
,

aut h o r a ll s t a t e m e n t s
,
of t he lat t e r ch a r a c t e r a r e
a t t ribu t e d t o t he r e d a c t or w ho s e e s t he f a c t s i n hi s ,

own s ubj e c t iv e ligh t s o t h at t he di s a pprov a l i s n o t

,

God s but hi s A c c o rding t o our vi e w t he h i s t ori c a l

’

,
.
,

book s w e r e wri t t e n with t he v e ry pu rpo s e of m a king

p a s t hi s t ory a m irror a n d w a rn ing for t he fu t ur e
I s ra e l A c c ording t o t he c ri t ic s all t e nd e n cy t o
.
,

w a rd s in s t ruc t ion i s o f l at e r d at e I n o t h e r word s .

,

w e cl a im th a t t he s e lf c on s ci o u s r e v e a ling God w a s -
,

i n h i s t ory from t he b e gin ning a n d c a u s e d hi s t ory t o ,

b e wri t t e n a s s u c h : t he c ritic s r e fu s e t o r e c ogniz e

an hi t ory a s g e nuin e e x c e pt a s it pr e s e nt s i t s e lf
y s

und e r t he f a s c in a t ing di s gui s e of a l e g e nd or my t h .

A ll d e e p e r c on c e p t i on of h i s t ory i s e xclud e d Thi s .

a m oun t s of c o ur s e t o a d e ni a l of t he s up e rn a t ur a l
, ,

e l e m e n t i n i t s c our s e B u t t he f a ct r e m a in s t ha t i t
'

.
,

i s a hop e l e s s t a s k t o c onvin c e our oppon e n t s by

a ddu cing ph e n om e n a b e c a u s e t h e y will c on s t ru e
,

t h e m a c cording t o t h e i r own t h e ory a s w e d o a c c ord ,

ing t o our s The il l u s ion t h a t t h e ori e s ar e found e d

.

o n f a ct s ha s t o b e giv e n up n e i t h e r s h oul d i t b e s o
, ,

for wi t hou t m or e o r l e s s of pr e con c e iv e d hypo t h e s i s ,

t he f a c t s a lon e r e m a in d a rk a n d in d iff e r e n t .

For t hi s r e a s on w e t h ink it u s e l e s s t o pro v e p o s i

,
2 16 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

t i v e ly fro m t he h i s t ori c a l b ook s t h a t in t he t im e of , ,

whi ch t h e y t r e a t t he P e n t a t e uch a l C od e s o r e v e n a s
, , ,

H e ng s t e nb e rg a n d o t h e r s h a v e a t t e mp t e d t o d e m on
s t rat e t he P e n t a t e uch i t s e lf e xi s t e d
, The d ir e c t , .

t e s t im oni e s c oll e c t e d from s u c h p a s s a g e s a s 2 S a m .

xxii 2 3 1 K ing s ii 3 v i 1 2 viii 5 3 a r e n o t of s uc h

. .
, .
, .
,

a ch a r a c t e r o r s o n um e rou s
, b u t t he c ri t i c s ca n h e l p
,

t h e m s e lv e s wi t h t he a s s ump t io n of a fe w in t e rp ol a

t i on s R e f e r e n c e s t o civil o r c e r e m oni a l u s a g e s of
.

s imil a r c h a r a c t e r t o t h o s e d e s c rib e d i n t he C od e s d o

n o t prov e t h a t t he l a t t e r e xi s t e d ; for a ll t he c ri t i c s

a dmi t e g ,
t h a t t he ri t u al w a s p r e e xili c in s ub s t a nc e
. .
,
-
,

t hough n ot c o d ifi e d b e for e t he e xil e O n ly m a nif e s t .

v e rb a l qu o t a t ion s wo uld h e lp ; b u t t h e s e a g a in a r e , ,

n ot n um e ro u s e nough t o w a rr a n t g e n e r a l a n d d e ci s iv e
c on c l u s io n s : a n d v e ry s e l d om i s t he r e l a t io n of t w o
p a s s a g e s s u c h t h at i t p e rmi t s o nly o n e vi e w c on c e rn
ing t h e i r in t e rd e p e nd e nc e W e do n o t m e a n t o s ay
.

t h a t t he t r a c e s of t he e xi s t e n c e of a ri t u al a s t h e y ,

a pp e a r i n t he h i s t o ri c a l b o ok s h a v e n o right t o s p e a k ,

i n t hi s m at t e r b ut s i m ply t h at t h e y a r e n o d e c i s iv e
,

proof s of t he e xi s t e n c e of t he P e n t at e u c h a l C od e s .

Th e ir v al u e c on s i s t s in t he e vid e n c e t he y a ff o rd th a t ,

t he ri t u ali s t i c s pirit w as by n o m e a n s e xclu s iv e ly t he

frui t a n d e xp on e n t of po s t e xili c J ud a i s m b u t o n e of
-
,

t he f e a t ur e s of J e wi s h n a t ion a l lif e from t he b e gin

n ing I s r ae l w as t he p e opl e of t he l aw long b e for e

.

t he pr e t e nd e d origi n of t he Pri e s t C od e A nd i n .
,

s o fa r a s t he hi s t ori c a l bo ok s b e a r t e s t i m ony t o t hi s

f a c t t h e y furni s h a bun d a n t m at e ri a l for t he c o n

,

s t ruc t ion of a s olid a rgum e n t agai n s t t he n e w e s t

ph as e of c ri t i ci s m It s h ould a l s o b e r e m e mb e r e d
.
,
2 18 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES III OS A I C .

an d o f
crifi c e m a d e by m a n w e r e c on n e c t e d i n
a sa ,

t he I s r a e li t i s h m ind : s o t h a t w e a r e n o t only w a r

r a n t e d i n t h u s h a rm onizi ng l a w a n d h i s t o ry b u t p o s i ,

t i v e ly cl a im t h a t t he righ t t o s a crifi c e a t a n a rbi t r a ry

pl a c e a s t he c ri t ic s p o s t ul a t e i t w a s u t t e rly i n co n
, ,

s istent wi t h t he m o s t pri mi t iv e e l e m e n t s of t he
H e br e w r e ligi ou s c on s c iou s n e s s .

’
F or Gid e o n s s a c ri fi c e (vi t he p e c uli a r c i rc um .

s t a n c e s a n d t he s ymb olic a l s ignifi c a n c e a r e e nough

t o m a k e i t a n e xc e p t i on a l c a s e I n t he pl a c e wh e r e .

t he idol ha d b e e n s e rv e d Je h ov a h r e cl a im e d wh
, a t

w a s hi s own Th i s n oc t ur n al priv a t e Ola /t o n a s po t

.
, ,

wh o s e vi ci ni t y ha d b e e n s h o r t ly b e for e s a n c t ifi e d by
a t h e oph a ny ( v e r 1 1 d e c i d e s of c our s e n o t h
.
, , ,

ing a s t o t he c om m on pr a c t ic e .

I n o t h e r p a s s a g e s n o m e n t i on of s a c rifi c e s i s m a d e
, .

Gid e on s a l t a r w as s t ric t ly m e m ori al a s a pp e a r s from

’

t he f a c t t h a t (a ) he giv e s i t a n a m e : a l t a r s e r e c t e d

fo r pr a c t ic a l u s e ha d n o n a m e s O
( ) U n t il t hi s d a
y i t .

i s y e t in O ph r a h ; i e a s a m e m ori a l or a n ci e n t r e li c
. .
, .

c) Gid e on i s c om m a n d e d i n v e r 6 build s e c ond

( 2 t o a .

a l t a r t hi s t im e fo r a pr a c t i c a l pu rpo s e
,
Th at i n ch a p . .

xi 1 1 J e ph t h a h i s s a i d t o h a v e u t t e r e d a ll hi s word s
.
,

b e for e t he L O R D a t M izp e h ca n b e u s e d o n t he e ri t i ,

ca l s id e only by a d o ubl e a ll e g a t ion : (a ) t h a t t he

s w e a ring of a n o a t h w a s n e c e s s a rily c onn e c t e d wi t h

s a crifi c e s of wh ic h t he pr e c e d i ng v e r s e i s a lr e a dy
,

a fl a t con t r a d ic t ion ; O h m u r f r
( ) t a t s t e e t o a

s a nc t u a ry It s im ply m e a n s . a s i n t he pr e s e n c e of ,

J e h ov a h a circ uml oc u t i on for t a king J e h ov a h a s

,
“

wi t n e s s t e s t ifyi ng wi t h in voc a t i on of hi s n a m e
,
’
“

i e s ol e m n s w e a ring C h a p xx 1 m u s t a n d ca n b e
“
.
,
. . .
 TE S TIM OIVY O F TIIE IIIS T OR I CA L D O OICS . 2 19

e xpl a in e d o n t he s a m e prin cipl e N e i t h e r do e s t he .

n a rr a t iv e of c h a p s xx xxi a ff ord a n y s e ri ou s d if
. .
, .
,

fi c u l t y ; for i n xx 2 7 i t i s e xplici t ly s t a t e d t h a t t he
.

a rk w a s i n t he vic ini t y wi t h Phin e h a s the pri e s t ,

h ow s o e v e r w e m ay un d e r s t a nd fl 3
( B e t h e l o r ‘

h ou s e of Go d ) i n v e r 2 6 a n d in ch a p xxi 2 . . . .

I n oth e r c a s e s wh e r e t h e r e i s a n a c t u a l t ra n s g r e s
,

s i o n of t he l a w a s t h a t of M i c a h a n d t he D a ni t e s t he
, ,

c e n s ur e of t he w ri t e r i s n o t only e xpr e s s e d i n t he
wh ol e t e n or of t he n a rr a t iv e b u t a l s o e xplic i t ly s t a t e d
, .

The obj e ct ion t h a t o t h e r s t h a n p r e s t s o ffi ci a t e d i n

i

s a c rifi ci a l t r a n s a c t ion s has s t ill l e s s fo rc e

, Gid e o n .

a n d M a no a h off e r e d b e c a u s e J e h ov a h i n a ppro a ch ing

, ,

t h e m vi s ibly s a n c t ion e d a n im m e d i a t e e x e rci s e of

,

th a t pri e s t ly righ t wh ich b e l onging t o a ll I s r a e l w a s

, , ,

only r e pr e s e n t at iv e ly v e s t e d in t he L e vi t ic a l pri e s t s .

Wh e re v e r t he L O R D a pp e a r s t h e r e i s hi s a l t a r To , .

whom s o e v e r he d r a w s n e a r he giv e s t he righ t t o ,

c om e n e a r whi c h i s t he e s s e n c e of t he pri e s t h ood

, .

It i s a ll e g e d t h at w e d o n o t g e t t he impr e s s io n
from t he fi r s t ch a p t e r s of S a m u e l t h a t t he e l a bor a t e ,

L e vi t ic a l la w w a s in O p e r at ion Thi s i s c e r t a inly .

t ru e ; b u t v e ry li t t l e d e p e nd e n c e ca n b e pl a c e d o n

s u ch a n im pr e s s ion wh i c h i t c e r t a inly c ould n o t b e

,

t he i n t e n t io n of t he wri t e r t o c o nv e y Wh o will b e .

r a s h e n ough t o inf e r b e c a u s e E li s s on s a r e t he only

,
’

pri e s t s m e n t ion e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o o t h e r s
,
? From
1 S am . xxi w e g e t t he impr e s s i on t h at t h e r e w a s
.

o nly a s ingl e pri e s t A h im e l e c h a t N ob B u t ch a p

, , . .

xxii t a k e s aw ay t he i mpr e s s i on by s t a t ing t h a t n o t l e s s

.

t h a n four s c or e a n d fiv e pri e s t s w e r e s l a in by D o e g .

It w a s an old obj e c t ion a lr e a dy m a d e by Gr a mb e rg

, ,
2 20 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES IIIOS A I C .

an d n ow r e viv e d b y W e llhau s e n a n d t he n e w e r
s ch o ol t h a t i n t he ol d e s t s a c rifi ci a l p ra x i s t he m e a t
, , ,

w as b oil e d 1 S a m ii
. 1 5 — 1 7 i s quo t e d a s a n e x a m
. .

p l.e B u t t he m o s t s up e rfi ci a l in s p e c t i on of t h e p a s

s a g e s h ow s t h a t th e r e i s n o a llu s io n t o t he off e rin g

of c o ok e d fl e s h a t a ll V e r 1 5 s ay s . B e for e t h e y
.
,
“

b urn t t he fa t : w e h a v e t o d o h e r e wit h s /ze la m i m .

T he s i n of t he pri e s t s c on s i s t e d i n d e s iring th e i r
p a rt b e fo r e J e h ov a h F or t he r e s t t he w h ol e p a s s ag e
.
,

i m pli e s t h a t t he c u s t om s t h e n in vogu e a t t he s a n c
t u ar y c a n n o t b e t a k e n a s e xp on e n t s of t he e xi s t in g

laws .

T he c i rcum s t a n c e s of S a m u e l s t i m e — fir s t t he
’

c a p t ivi t y of t he a r k af t e rw a rd s i t s s e p a r a t i o n from
,

t he s a n c t u a ry t he g e n e r a l a po s t a s y of t he p e opl e
,

a c c o un t fo r a ll t he f a c t s t h a t c o nfro nt u s h e r e It .

ha s b e e n a s k e d I f u ni t y of wor s h i p w a s t he divin e
,

c o mm a nd why w as n o t t he a rk a f t e r i t s r e t urn r e
, , ,

s t or e d t o t he s a n c t u a ry a n d t he c e n t r a liz a t i on
, of
s a c rifi c e s e nfo r c e d The a n s w e r i s obvi ou s Th e n .
,

a s a t a l l t im e s m igh t y r e fo rm s r e quir e a p e riod of

,

l o ng i nw a rd pr e p a r a t i on T o e ff e c t t he l at t e r w a s
.

S a m u e l s m i s s ion a n d t o k e e p t h i s i n m in d a ff or d s
’

t he only k e y t o a righ t un d e r s t a n d i ng of hi s wh ol e

lif e Th i s m e e t s t he c ri t i c a l obj e c t i on t h a t if I s r a e l
.
, ,

w e r e d e priv e d of a n a t ion a l s a n c t u a ry all wor s h ip , ,

a t l e a s t s a c rifi c i a l wor s hip ough t t o ha v e c e a s e d

,
.

B e t w e e n E l i a n d D a vi d s t im e t h i s s l ow p roc e s s of
’

i n w a rd pr e p a r a t i on w e n t o n ; t he s piri t of r e form w a s
s t rivi ng wi t h t he s piri t of a po s t a s y ; a l l i n t e rm e d i a t e

ph e n om e n a t e s t ify t o a n a b n Or m a l s t a t e S o a t l e a s t .

t he O l d T e s t a m e n t i t s e lf c on s id e r s i t (J cr vii 12 . .
,
222 THE PEN TA TEUCHAL C ODES IIIOS A I C .

of t h e ir s e rvic e c ould b e p ropor t i on a lly prolong e d .

Tho s e wh o d e f e n d t he po s t e xili c origin of t he Pri e s t

-

C o d e m ay t ry t h e ir s kill i n h a rm on izing t he p a s s a g e s
2 C h ro n xxxi . 1 7 a n d E zr a iii
.
, 8 wh i c h prov e t h a t
.
,

n ot o nly i n H e z e ki a h s t im e b u t a l s o in t h at of
’

Z e rubb a b e l t he lim i t w a s t w e n t y y e a r s No t w i t h
, .

s t a n d in g t he promi n e n t p a r t t a k e n by S ol om on in t he

c on s e c r a t ion of t he t e mpl e n o t h in g i s a s c rib e d t o

,

hi m whi c h w ould h a v e b e e n a n in t ru s i on up on t he
ri g h t s of t he pri e s t h ood F o r t he t ru e ch a r a c t e r of
.

t hi s whol e p e ri od from a r e ligiou s p oin t of vi e w ,

c omp a r e 1 K ing s iii 2 . .

F o r t he p e ri o d s u cc e e din g t he s ch i s m t he e xi s t ,

en ce of a d ivi n e ly a u t h e n t i c a t e d la w b e com e s a
po s t ul at e wi t h o u t wh ic h t he h i s t ory i s wh olly un in
t e l l i g i bl e Th i s only c o uld pr e v e n t t he N or t h e r n
.

kingdom from b e c omi n g fully a po s t a t e a n d r e l a p s ing ,

in t o compl e t e h e at h e n i s m T h e r e w a s a r e s t r a ining
.

p ow e r e v e n i n t he w or s t d ay s of t he d yn a s t y of
,

O m ri : t h e r e w a s wh at E lij a h c a ll e d a h a l t ing b e “

t w e e n t w o O pinion s It i s i n d e e d po s s ibl e t o fi nd
.
, ,

in a ll t h i s n o t h ing b u t t he in fl u e n c e of l on g e xi s t ing
u s a g e owing i t s o rigin t o t he c e n t r a liz at ion i n t he
,

d ay s of D a vid a n d S olom on B u t o n t he o n e h a nd .
, ,

t he p e rio d i n wh ic h t h i s u s u s S h oul d h a v e g a in e d

a s c e n d e n cy i s fa r t o o s h o rt t o a c c o un t for t he u n

w a v e ring a t t a chm e n t wh i c h t he p iou s i n I s r a e l r e

t a i n e d t o t he s a nc t u a ry a t J e ru s al e m : o n t he o t h e r

h a n d t he r e a c t ion in t he N or t h e rn k ingdom oppo s e d

,

t he m odifi e d cul t u s s o l ong a n d s o fi rmly t h a t i t ,

m u s t h a v e ha d a d e e p e r s ou rc e t h a n t he c u s t om of a
fe w d e c a d e s ; t he only s a t i s f a c t ory e xpl a n at i on i s t h a t ,
 TES TIMON Y O F THE HIS TOR ICAL B O O KS . 2 23

it ro ot e d in t he divin e Tho r a a n d pr e s e rv e d a cl e a r
,

c on s c io u s n e s s of t h i s origin t o t he v e ry l a s t .

The obj e c t i o n w a s r a i s e d a lr e a dy by E i c hh orn a n d

V a t k e a n d a f t e rw a rd s has of t e n b e e n r e p e a t e d t h a t
, ,

t he proph e t s o f t he N or t h e rn kingdom ( E lij a h a n d

E li s h a) did n o t oppo s e t he i d ol a t ry of t he gol d e n
c a lv e s b u t s imply B aa l wo r s hip B u t obviou s ly t h e i r
,
-
.

o ppo s i t i o n w a s d e t e rm i n e d by t he s in s t ha t w e re
m o s t obj e c t i on a bl e a t t he t im e ; a n d wh e n B aa l w o r,
-

s hip ha d fo und s u c h g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e t he i d ol a t ry ,

of t he gol d e n c a lv e s b e c a m e a c o mp a ra t iv e ly unim
p or t a n t a ff a i r H ow t he proph e t s wh o w e r e n o t i n
.

fl u e n ce d by t h i s e xc e s s of wick e dn e s s j u dg e d o f t he ,

plur ali t y of a l t a r s a n d t he w or s h ip of t he c a lv e s i s ,

s e e n in A mo s H o s e a a n d t he M i c a i a h o f 1 King s
, ,

xxii The p as s a g e 1 Ki ng s xix 1 4 mu s t o f c our s e

.
,
.
, , ,

b e e xpl a i n e d o n t he s a m e pri n cipl e It i s n o t n e ce s

.

s a ry t o t hink o f t he a l t a r s r e f e rr e d t o a s c on n e c t e d

wi t h t h o s e a t D an a n d B e t h e l A nd t h ough t h e i r
.
,

e xi s t e n c e w a s n o t i n s t ri c t a c c ord a n c e wi t h t he l e t t e r

of t he l aw i t ha d b e com e a t e mpor a ry n e c e s s i t y
, .

The a t t i t ud e of t he proph e t s i n I s r a e l t ow a r d s t he
e xi s t ing n a t i on a l c ul t u s i s m a n if e s t i n t he f a c t o f

t h e ir form ing s chool s a t t he f a mo u s s e a t s of idol a t ry ,

B e t h e l (J e ric h o ) Gilg a l in s t a nding pro t e s t a g a in s t i t

, , , .

B e fo r e we t urn t o t he proph e t ic a l bo ok s th e m
s e lv e s o n e p oint c a ll s for a full e r di s c u s s i o n
, The .

o rigi n a n d c h a r a c t e r o f t he B a m o t h wo r s h ip ( t h a t o n
-

high pl a c e s ) in t he kin g d om of J ud a h a re of p a r a
-

m ount im por t a nc e for t he qu e s tion of t he e xi s t e n c e

o r non e xi s t e n c e of t he C od e s
- It ha s a b e a ring o n
.

t he wh ol e d e b at e c onc e rning t he pri mitiv e r e ligiou s

2 24 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA IC .

s t at e of I s r ae l The c ri t i c s cl a i m th a t b e for e t he
.
, ,

t e mpl e a t J e ru s a l e m e xi s t e d a l l pl a c e s of wor s hip

,

w e r e e qu ally h on or e d a n d s a c r e d I n t he t im e of .

S olom on n o t s o m uc h a c e n t r a liz a t i on a s a n e l e v a
,

t ion t o ok pl a c e of t he n e wly buil t t e m pl e t o b e t he

s a n c t u a ry p a r ex ce l l e n ce B u t t he B a m o t h ( h igh
.

pl a c e s ) e xi s t e d a ll al ong a n d t h e ir righ t of e xi s t e n c e
,

w a s n o t d i s pu t e d The w a r a f t e rw a rd s w a g e d a g a in s t
.

'

t h e m w a s t he r e s ul t of a high e r s t a g e of r e l i g i o u s l i fe

a m ong t he proph e t s — t h a t gr e a t m ov e m e n t which

,

r e s ul t e d i n t he prod uc t io n a n d e nforc e m e n t o f t he
D e u t e ron om ic C od e The proph e t s A m o s H o s e a
.
, ,

I s a i a h d o n o t y e t c on d e m n t he B a m o t h p e r s e b u t
, ,

s im ply t h e i r c orrup t i n g in flu e nc e t e n d ing t ow a r d s

idol a t ry It w a s n o t a n a bn orm a l cul t u s b u t a pri m i
.
,

t iv e s t a t e of a ff a i r s : i n o n e c on t inu ou s lin e i t ca n
b e t r a c e d b a ck from t he e igh t h c e n t u ry upw a rd s
, ,

th rough t he r e ign s o f S olo m on D a vid S a ul in t o , , ,

t he p e ri od o f t he J udg e s .

W e m u s t b e gi n wi t h d e nyin g t he l as t propo s i t i o n ,

w hi c h i s ind e e d t he b a s i s of the w h ol e a rgum e n t .

The s t a t e m e n t n e e d s c on s id e r a bl e qu a lifi c a ti on b e
for e i t will s a t i s fy t he fa c t s Th e s e a r e t h a t wh e n
.
, ,

th e r e w a s n o l e g al c e n t r a l s a n c t u a ry t he B a m o t h ,

wor s hip w a s t e mp or a rily t ol e r a t e d in o rd e r t h a t t he ,

S p on t a n e ou s im pul s e of t he piou s m igh t fi nd o p p o rt u

n it t o e xpr e s s i t s e lf Thi w a s t he s t a t e of a ff a ir s
y s .

’
fro m S a m u e l o nw a rd u n t il t he bu ildi ng of S ol om on s
,

t e mpl e . It w a s h ow e v e r c ond e m n e d a n d c on s id e r e d
, , ,

ill e g al a s l o n g a n d a s of t e n a s t he pr e s e n c e of God
,

i n hi s d w e lling pl a c e c on s t i t u t e d t h i s t he only pl a c e
-

of wor s h ip a s duri ng t he p e ri od of J udg e s a t S hiloh

, ,
 THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES III OS A I C .

The c ri t ic s t h e m s e lv e s m u s t a dm i t t h at t he w ri t e r
of King s r e pr e s e n t s a ll B a m o t h wo r s hip s inc e t he -

buil d ing of t he t e mpl e a s unl a wful a n d impu t e s i t ,

e v e n t o t he pi o u s ki ng s of J ud a h a s s i n t h a t t h e y d i d ,

n o t t e r m in a t e i t . Th a t t he l a t t e r d id n o t t a k e t h e i r
s t a n d a s s t rongly a g a in s t th i s c ul t u s a s a f t e rw a r d s

H ez e ki a h a n d J o s i a h fi nd s i t s full e xpl a n a t i o n i n wh at
,

ha s b e e n r e m a rk e d . B a m o t h w or s hip t ol e r a t e d fro m
-
,

S a m u e l t ill S olo m on ha d b e c om e a s e c o n d n a t ur e
,

t o t he p e opl e . The c o n s ci o u s n e s s of i t s a bn orm a l

c h a r a c t e r ha d b e e n lo s t It m ay h a v e b e e n r e viv e d
.

i n t he pi ou s kin g s m o r e o r l e s s : t he p e opl e a s a
wh ol e w e r e n o t a w a k e t o i t The obj e c t io n t h a t if
.
,

s uch igno r a n c e p r e v a il e d t he proph e t s c ould n ot

,

h a v e r e ckon e d n e gl e c t of t he law a s s i n fi n d s i t s ,

an s we r i n H o s iv 6
. . My p e opl e a re d e s t roy e d
.
“

for l a ck of kn owl e dg e : b e c a u s e t h o u has t r e j e c t e d

kn owl e d g e I will a l s o r e j e c t t h e e t h a t t h ou s h al t b e
, ,

n o pri e s t t o m e : s e e i ng t h ou h a s t fo rgo t t e n t he la w
of t hy G o d . It i s a s if t he p as s a g e w e r e wri t t e n
i n d ir e c t r e fu t a t io n of t he c ri t i c s T o prod u c e a r e .

form a m ong t he p e opl e a r en e w e d e nfo rc e m e n t by

,

a s p e c i a l d ivin e provid e n c e o f t he proph e t i c a l D e u

t e r o n o m i c Cod e w a s r e quir e d t o wh i c h p oin t w e s h a ll

,

h e r e af t e r dir e c t our a t t e n t io n .
 I ON Y
TE S TIIP O F THE EARL Y PR OPHE TS . 227

C H A P TE R XV III .

T E ST I M ON Y OF TH E EA R LY P ROPH ETS .

T will n ot n e c e s s a ry for ou r purpo s e t o i n

be ,

v e s t i g a t e a l l t he a m oun t of e vi d e n c e t h a t mi h t
g
b e coll e c t e d from t he proph e t i c a l wri t ing s of t he
Old T e s t am e n t W e a r e c hi e fly c on c e rn e d wi t h t he
.

b ook s of A m o s H o s e a I s a i a h a n d M i c a h O f J o e l
, , , .

w e c a n not m a k e a n y u s e s in c e a n umb e r of cri t ic s

,

r e m a nd hi s proph e cy t o t he po s t e xili c p e riod J e r e - .

m i ah a n d E z e ki e l w ro t e a f t e r t he pr e t e nd e d origin of
t he D e u t e ron omi c C od e D e u t e ro — I s a i a h i s d e cl a r e d
.

t o b e e xili c .

The t e s t im ony of t he e a rli e r p roph e t s ha s a d oubl e

w e i g h t s inc e t h e y s p e a k a s c on t e mpor a ry wi t n e s s e s
, .

Wh e n t he a u t h or of t he Bo ok of King s m ak e s m e n
ti on of t he M o s a i c l a w s t he c ri t ic s a re r e a dy t o c a ll
,

i t o n e of hi s a n a c hro ni s m s Thi s i s pr e c l u d e d h e r e
. .

W e h a v e n o r e as on t o f e a r t h a t w e s h all fi n d o ur
s e lv e s h un t ing ou r own s h a dow .

W e h a v e fi r s t t he p a s s a g e s in wh ich a di r e t r e f e r
c
e nc e t o t he ru rr n j i n ( l a w of j c/ zov a / t) i s found
’

Th e y a r e i n s uc c e s s ion t he following : A m o s ii 4 ; .

H o s iv. . vii i 1 1 2 ; Is a i 1 0 i i 3 v 24 viii 1 6

.
, . .
, .
, .
,
.
,

2 0 xxiv 5 xxx 9 ; M ic i v 2
, .
, . . . .

The Va lu e of t h i s t e s t im ony s e e m s t o b e s om e wh a t
228 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES IIIOS A I C .

l e s s e n e d by t he c o n s id e r a t i on t h a t t he ph r a s e m m ,

o r 71 1 111 a b s ol u t e ly m ay d e s i gn a t e s om e t h ing e l s e
,

t h a n t he M o s a ic l a w O n t he o n e h a n d t he e t y
.
, _

m o l o g y (from 71 3 ; j a cer e cy i cer e m a n u m ex t e n d er e a n d

’
’ ’ '

, , ,

t h e n i n s t r n er e d oce r e) o n t he o t h e r h a nd t he e x e g e s i s
’ “

, , ,

of s om e p a s s a g e s a s Is a viii 1 6 xxx 9 ; M ic iv 2
, . .
, . . .
,

whi ch r e q uir e t he m o r e g e n e r a l s e n s e g o t o prov e ,

t h a t t he ph r a s e m a y d e n o t e a l l i n s t r u ct i on of God ,

wh e t h e r giv e n i n hi s la w o r by t he proph e t s C om , .

p a r e t he in s t a n c e s wh e r e m m i s p a r a ll e l wi t h 1 3 1
( w or d ) . T h e M o s a i c l a w doub t l e s s w a s Th or a fro m

t he b e ginn ing ; b u t t h a t i t w a s Th or a i n t he l at e r

s p e c ifi c t r a d i t i on a l s e n s e c a nn o t b e prov e d
,
A ll .

t h a t c a n b e s a id i s t h a t i t w a s prob a bly t he T h or a of
,

J e h ov a h p a r ex ce ll e n ce .

W e m ay c on c e d e a ll t hi s w i t h ou t d e privin g ou r
s e lv e s o i t he a bili t y t o s h ow t h at t he proph e t s r e f e r

a n d a pp e a l t o M o s a i c l a w s F o r af t e r t he s ub t r a c t ion
.

o f a l l t he p as s a g e s wh e r e t he g e n e ra l m e a ning i s

a dmi s s ibl e w e k e e p a r e s i d u u m wh e r e n o o t h e r
,

s en s e t h a n t h a t of w r i t t e n la w will s a t i s fy t he
“

c on t e x t .

’
Th e r e a r e c as e s wh e r e T h or a d e s ign a t e s G o d s i n
s t r u c t i o n s i n d a y s gon e b y T o t h i s cl a s s b e long .
,

Is a xxi v 5 :
. . Th e y hav e t r a n s gr e s s e d t he l aw s
“
,

ch a ng e d t he o r d in a n c e brok e n t he e v e rl a s t ing C ov e
,

n an t .
”
Th or a i s h e r e p a r a ll e l wi t h t he e v e rl a s t ing “

”
C ov e n a n t , an d wi t h or d in a n c e t he form e r of
“
,

wh ic h would c e r t a inly n o t a pply t o pro ph e t ic a l “

”
t e a chin g
A m o s 1 1 4 : B e c a u s e t h e y h a v e d e s pi s e d t he la w
.
“

of t he L O R D a n d h av e n o t k e p t hi s c om m a ndm e n t s
, ,
2 30 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES IWOS A I C .

H ence t he Th or a whi ch s t a nd s p a r a ll e l t o t he C ov e
n a n t m u s t b e t he S in a i t i c Th or a .

2 .The proph e t i c word w as a fl e e t ing o n e wh ic h ,

ha d a s y e t n o p e rm a n e n c e a n d s t a bili t y It w a s
.

G od s i n t e n t ion t h a t i t s h ould b e pr e s e r v e d for fu t ur e

’

g e n e r a t ion s b u t t ill a r e l a t i v e ly l a t e p e riod i t s e rv e d ,

o nly t he n e e d s of t he pr e s e n t It i s t h e r e for e i m
.

prob a bl e t h a t A m o s H o s e a a n d I s a i a h s hould h a v e
, ,

r e f e rr e d t h e ir c o n t e mp o r a ri e s t o t he word s of e a rli e r
p roph e t s wh o ha d l o ng c e a s e d t o s p e a k a n d of t he
, ,

pr e s e rv a t io n Of wh o s e c om m a n d s t h e r e i s n o e v i
den ce The proph e ci e s i n t h e i r t im e w e r e testi
“

m o ny i n t he s t ric t e s t s e n s e Th e y c a m e a n d w e n t
.
,

b u t c o n s t i t u t e d n o c odifi e d l a w .

3 .To f a ll b a ck up on e a rli e r prop he t s t ra n s f e r s b ut ,

d o e s n o t r e li e v e t he di ffi c ul t y S o far as w e kno w
, .
,

t he m i s s io n of a l l proph e t s w a s t o e nforc e a n d vindi

c a t e t he la w .Th e y n e v e r pr e t e n d t o in t ro d u c e a
n e w r e ligion n e v e r r e qui r e of t he p e opl e t h a t i t s h a ll
,

c om m i t i t s e lf t o un r e a s on abl e a u t hori t y A ll t h e i r
.

a pp e a l s a r e a dd r e s s e d t o t he c on s c i e n c e t he m or a l o r
,

n a t i on a l c o n s ciou s n e s s of I s r a e l b o t h of wh ich p r e
,

s uppo s e t he l a w a s t h e i r roo t a n d n orm E v e n Sme n d

.

s ay s , A n t i qu i t u s t r a d i t a a t qu e a c c e p t a e s s e Op o r t e
b a t a d qu a e p r o p he t ae provoc a r e p o t e ra n t
, No w ,

i t will c e r t a inly d o t o s a y t h a t t he young e r proph e t s

a pp e a l e d t o t he old e r on e s t he l a t e r t o t he e a rli e r
,
.

B u t t o wh a t d id t he ol d e r a n d t he e a rli e r a pp e a l ?
D id t/t ey s t a n d o n t h e ir own a u t h ori t y ? D id t /zey
pr e s c rib e l aw i n s t e a d of uph olding i t
,
? T o t hi s
a s s e r t i on t he c ri t i c s m u s t r e s or t b u t i t i s o u t of a ll
,

a n a logy . W e t ou ch h e r e a g ai n t he w e a k s po t in t he
 TES TIMON Y O F THE EARL Y PR O PHE TS . 23 1

r e con s t ru c t iv e s ch e m e Proph e t i s m a t l e a s t i n ci p i
.
,

e n t proph e t i s m h a ng s i n t he a i r
, It ha d n o s e e d t o .

s pring from n o s oil t o roo t in : i t s origi n a n d grow t h

,

are involv e d in a profo und my s t e ry T he e a rly .

prop he t s w e cl a im m u s t h av e s t o od on t he pl a t form
, ,

c on s t ru c t e d by M o s e s .

N e xt c om e s t he p a s s a g e H o s v iii 1 2 which d e . .
,

s e rv e s t o o c c upy a pl a c e by i t s e lf ,

mom mm m i ;
f
JIFDN
‘

1
.

W e follow t he r e a ding of t he K e th ib an d t r a n s l at e ,

t e n t h ou s a nd
”
“
13 1 .

O u r fi r s t r e m a rk i s t h a t m m , c a n by n o m e a n s
”

r e f e r t o proph e t i c t e a ch ing I t d o e s n ot m at t e r.

wh e t h e r w e t a k e i n appo s i t i o n o r as t he n om e n ,

r e en s o f
g
”
m m i n e i t h e r c a s e t he r e f e r e n c e m u s t b,e

t o la w prop e r The proph e t i c Th or a c on s t i t u t e d o n e

.

wh ol e it a pp e a r s a s s yn onym ou s wi t h wan a m e r e ,

a b s t r a c t ion .A c c ordingly n e i t h e r t r a n s l a t i on
,
My “

T h or a t e n t ho u s a nd o r Te n t h o u s a nd of my
, ,
“

Th or a wi l l a pply t o i t A l s o t he w ord 3 mm p re.

c l u d e s a ll o t h e r m e a ning s t h a n t h a t of wri t t e n l a w

The proph e t s a s r e m a rk e d a b ov e d id n o t t e a ch t h e i r
, ,

c on t e mp or a ri e s by wri t ing b u t by t he living word , .

W e m ay i nf e r t h a t t he id e a of a wri t t e n law w a s
v e ry f a mili a r in H o s e a s t im e Wh e t h e r t hi s v e r s e
’
.

c on t a in s a d e fi ni t e a ll u s i o n t o la w a c t u a lly wri tt e n ,

will d e p e n d p a rtly o n t he c on t e x t p a r t ly on t he c on ,

s t ru c t io n of JmJN .

K e il t a k e s t he l at t e r a s a n h i s t o ri c a l pr e s e n t from ,

wh ic h t he m e a n ing would r e s ul t I h a v e wri t t e n ,

“
232 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES MOSA IC '

t en h ou s a nd pr e c e p t s of my la w [
t i n t he t im e o f
”
M o s e s ] wh i ch s t ill e xi s t
. B u t t h e r e i s n o e vid e n c e
.

t h a t t he H e br e w fu t ur e e v e r ha s s u ch a s e n s e It i s .

n o t e quiv a l e n t t o t he Gr e e k p e rf e c t b ut t o t he L a t i n ,

i mp e rf e c t a n d d e no t e s r e p e a t e d a c t ion ; s o t h a t t he
,

m e a ning wo uld b e t h a t God by M o s e s an d a f t e rw a rd s

,
‘

by t he proph e t s ha d r e p e a t e dly pr e s cri b e d l aw t o

,

I s rae l .

’
Th i s i s in d e e d E w a ld s int e rpr e t at i on Th e r e i s
, , .

n o e vi d e n c e h o w e v e r of s u c h a l e g al li t e r a t ur e a s
, ,

E w a ld im a gin e s t o h a v e e xi s t e d .

W e m ay e xpl a i n t he fu t ur e wi t h H i t zig a s pur e ly

hypo t h e t ic a l Th ough I ha d wri t t e n t e n t h o u s a nd
°

etc . B u t h ow c oul d t he m ul t i t u d e of c om m a n d m e n t s
i n cr e a s e t he guil t of di s ob e d i e n c e ? W e woul d e x
p e c t t h at i n t h i s c a s e t he proph e t
, ha d t a k e n a s

s m a ll a numb e r a s p o s s ibl e t o e xpr e s s t h i s id e a .

S m e n d d o e s n o t u nd e r s t a nd t he 13 1 of n um e rou s
c om m a nd s b u t r a t he r i n a qu a li t at iv e s e n s e c om
, ,

m a n d s m inu t e ly s t a t e d Thi s c e r t a i n ly yi e l d s a
.

m e a ning a ppropri a t e t o t he c o n t e x t b u t i s l e s s s ui t ,

a bl e t o t he hypo t h e t ic a l in t e rp r e t a t ion .

Two m or e vi e w s a r e po s s ibl e E i t he r w e m ay .

t a k e t he fu t ur e a s a p ra e s e n s It i s t or i czn n n ot in ,

K e il s s e n s e of t he G r e e k p e rf e c t b u t in t he s e n s e
’

of a s impl e H e br e w p e rf e c t for wh ich in t he a l a c , ,

ri t y of d i s c our s e i t i s of t e n s ub s t i t u t e d ( Ge s e n i u s
, ,

1 27 4 , o r w e c a n u nd e r s t a n d t he fu t ur e t o in t ro

d u c e a c on d i t i on a l cl a u s e E v e n wh e n I wri t e t o
,

h im t e n t h ou s a n d of my l a w t h e y a r e c oun t e d as ,

n o t hin g .

“l o m u s t ch oo s e b e t w e e n t he l a s t t w o c o n s t r u c
2 34 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

rim a s ill a s l e g e s q u a ru m H o s e a m en t i on em f a c it , ad

M o s e m i n v e n t ore m r e l at a s e s s e p u t an d u m e s t H is .

a rgum e nt for t h i s i s qui t e c on cl u s iv e A ll l a w s a c .

,

c ording t o t he proph e t s h a v e t h e ir fou nd at ion i n t he

,

C ov e n a n t b e t w e e n G od a n d t he p e opl e B u t t he .

C ov e n a n t w a s S in a i t i c : R e v e r a s e m e l in M on t e
“

S in a i p e r M o s e m ju n ct u m e s s e t r a d i t i o n e ce rt i s s i m a
,

a t qu e u n a n im i a n t i qu i t a s c o n s t a b a t Ni [ M o s e s ]fui s
.

s et r o he t a ru m m unu s n e co i t a r i quid e m t i
p p
, g p o u s

s et .

Th e s e r e m a rk a bl e c onf e s s i on s giv e a ll t h a t can b e

r e a s o n a bly d e m a nd e d Th e r e w e r e m a ny wri t t e n
.

l a w s wh ic h t he proph e t a n d hi s c on t e mp or a ri e s
,

a s c ri b e d to M o s e s Th e y w e r e u niv e r s a lly n e g
.

l e ct e d Th ough t h e i r c on t e nt s c a n n o t b e a c c ur a t e ly
.

d e t e rmi n e d n o t h ing c on t r a di c t ory t o t he Pe n t a t e u

,

c h a l C od e s i s e v e r a pp rov e d of The S in a i t i c l e gi s
.

l a t i on w a s c on s i d e r e d a s a n hi s t o ri c a l f a c t A n d .
,

a f t e r h avi n g gr a n t e d a ll t hi s t he c ri t i c s t a n d s u p i n
,

hi s own a u t h ori t y a n d d e cl a r e s
,
A t libro s i ll o s s i
,
“
,

qui d e m m ul t i e r a n t n o n e x a n t i q u i s s i m i s t e mporib u s
M o s i s o rigin e m t r a x 1 s s e j u re c o n cl u d as ' W e a s k
wi t h wh at righ t ? D o e s c ri t ic a l s c e p t ici s m go s o fa r
’
a s t o d e ny t he c r e dibili t y of t he proph e t s t e s t imony

fo r t he t im e t h at l ay b e hi n d t h e m ? Wh e n H o s e a
s ay s t h a t God g a v e t he l a w a t S in a i t hrough M o s e s ,

s h a ll t he c ri t i c s s a I t c a n n o t h av e b e e n l aw s m u s t
y , ,

h a v e gr a d u a lly a pp e a r e d ? O r d o t he y d e s ir e t h at
,

H o s e a a n d A m o s s h a ll t e ll u s in s o m a ny w o rd s ,

“
The l aw s wh i c h w e r e f e r t o a r e n o o t h e r t h a n t he
”
M o s a i c C od e s ? Th e r e i s n o e vid e n c e t h at a n y c ol
l e c t io n of l aw s e v e r e xi s t e d but t he M o s a ic A nd .
 TES TIMON Y O F THE EA RL Y PR O PHE TS . 235

we m u s t d e ny t o t he c ri t i c s t he right of s ub s t i t u t ing
a n im a gin a ry o n e t o do a w a y wi t h t he pl a i n m e a ning
,

of H o s e a s w ord s ’

As in
hi s t ori c a l b ook s w e d o n ot b e li e v e t ha t
t he ,

m u c h ca n h e r e b e m a d e of t he c e r e m oni a l u s ag e s a n d
r e ligio u s c u s t om s r e f e rr e d t o b v t he proph e t s Wh e n .

w e would a rr a y i t a s e vi d e n c e of t he e xi s t e nc e of t he
C od e s W e llhau s e n woul d fro m hi s s t and poin t h a v e
,
’
-

t he right t o r e m in d u s L e g e m n on hab e n t e s n at ur a ,
”
fa c i u n t l e gi s op e r a O nc e m or e ou r a t t i t ud e m u s t
.

b e a n a pol og e t i c o n e W e m u s t s h ow t h at t he C od e s .

m ay h av e e x i s t e d .
I

F ir s t of all t he c ri t ic s di s c o v e r i n th e s e proph e t s
,

a n a n t a goni s m a g a in s t t he pri e s t h o od a n d c e r e m oni a l

i n s t i t u t i on s i n g e n e r a l a n d c on s id e r t h e m a s d e ,

f e nd e r s o f a m o r e S piri t u a l t yp e of r e ligion The

princip a l p a s s a g e s a r e : A m o s v 2 1 s e qq V 1 11 1 0 ; .
, .
, .

Is a i 1 1 . . s egq xxix 13 ; M i c vi 6 8 ; H o s v i 6
, .
—
, . . . . .
,

v ii 1 4 x 1 2 xii 6
.
, . D r K u e n e n s ay s The proph e t s
, . . .
,
“

n owh e r e i n s i s t upon fi d e li t y in ob s e rvi ng t he h oly

ce rem on i es O n t he c on t r a ry th e y s p e a k of t he m
.
,

wi t h a n i ndiff e r e nc e whi c h b ord e r s upo n di s a pprov a l ,

s om e t im e s e v e n wi t h u nf e ign e d a v e r s ion .

It m u s t b e r e m e mb e r e d t h a t H o s e a a n d A m o ,
s

proph e s i e d i n t he N or t h e rn ki ngdom wh e r e t h e r e ,

w a s n o l e g a l A a ro n ic pri e s t h ood The pri e s t s Op .

po s e d by t he proph e t s w e r e n o righ t ful pri e s t s S t ill .

,

t h e y a r e h a rdly e v e r c o n d e m n e d i n t hi s o ffi ci a l c a p a
ci t y b u t for l a ck of kn owl e dg e for b e ing m urd e r e r s
, , ,

h s po i n t c ompare wh a t wa s s a i d on a pre vi ou s p a ge
.

1
On t i ,
in regar d to
t he h i s t or i c al boo k s .
2 36 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES I OS A I C
II .

robb e r s e t c , The poi n t a t i s s u e i s wh e th e r t he

.
,

p roph e t s c ond e m n e d t he c e r e m on i e s p e r s e o r on ,

a c c oun t of t h e ir wrong p e rform a n c e A n u n p re .

u d i c e d e x a min a t ion o f t he e vi d e n c e will n o t l e a v e u s

j
i n d oub t o n wh i ch s id e t he t r u t h li e s W e n o t e t he .

foll owin g p oin t s of d e c i s iv e impor t a n c e :

1 . I f t he c e r e m oni e s had b e e n c ond e m n e d by t he
p roph e t s p e r s e i n c o n t r a s t wi t h a m or e s pi ri t u a l
,
’
r e ligion J e h ov a h s a t t i t ud e o ugh t t o h a v e b e e n r e p r e
,

s e n t e d a s o n e of indi ff e r e nc e t ow a r d s t h e m Thi s i s .

n o t t he c a s e Wh e n K u e n e n s p e a k s of indiff e r e n c e
.
“

b or d e ri ng upon di s a pprov a l s o m e t i m e s unf e ign e d

,

a v e r s i on a l l t h e s e wor d s ar e n o t s yn onym ou s : i n
,

d e e d t h e y a r e m u t u a lly e xcl u s iv e God di s approv e s

, .

o f t he c e r e m oni e s n ot fo r fo rm a l b u t for m at e ri al
, , ,

r e a s on s H e h at e s d e s pi s e s t he f e a s t d ay s H e will
.
, ,
-
.

n ot s m e ll i n t h e ir s ol e m n a s s e mbli e s hi s e a r s r e vol t
a g a in s t t he m e l o d y of t h e i r viol s The ri t u a l i s .
-

r e pr e s e nt e d a s off e n s iv e in t he high e s t d e gr e e W e .

a r e w a rr a n t e d t o d r a w from s u c h po s i t iv e t e rm s t w o

c on c lu s io n s ( 1 ) Th e r e mu s t h a v e b e e n a po s i t iv e
e l e m e n t o f s i n in t he ri t u a l p e rform a nc e s whi ch t he

p roph e t s c ond e m n ( 2) The v e ry f a ct t h at t h e y

.
,

o ff e nd G od a w a k e hi s h a t r e d a n d r e vol t s h ow s t h a t
, ,

he s t a nd s i n a s or t of n e c e s s a ry r e l a t ion t ow a rd s
t hem H e c a n n o t di s r e g a rd o r a boli s h t he c e r e m o
.

n i e s b u t i s oblig e d (s i t v e n i a v e r Oo ) t o a tt e n d t o s e e
, , ,

t o h e ar N o s t ron g e r e vid e n c e c ould b e furn i s h e d

.

t h a t t he ri t u a l w a s a d ivi n e i n s t i t u t ion a n d r e c og ,

n i z e d a s s u ch by t he proph e t s Is a i 1 4 i s v e ry i n
. . .

s t ru c t iv e i n t h i s r e s p e c t : Th e y a r e a t rou Ole unt o

“

“
a

m e ; I a m w ea ry t o Oca r t h e m .
238 TH E PEN TA TE U CH A L C ODES MO SA IC .

fe s s e s , (Q ui ) ta li a ju d i ce n t iis qu a e in ip s o L e vi t i c o
”
in ven iu n tu r n ihil ce d u n t .

4. T he p a s s a g e Is a xxix 1 3 wh i ch ha s b e e n. .
,

cl a im e d i n fa vor of t he cri t ic a l vi e w t e a c h e s p rop e rly , ,

i n t e rpr e t e d e x a c t ly t he Oppo s i t e The c on t r a s t i s

, .

n o t b e t w e e n c omm a nd s giv e n by m a n an d c om m a nd s

pr e s crib e d by G od b u t b e t w e e n t h o s e l e a rn e d fro m
,

m an a n d th o s e l e a rn e d f r o m G od The form e r r e p .

r e s e n t s m e r e e x t e rn a l ri t u a li s m ; t he l at t e r inw a rd
pi e t y e xpr e s s ing i t s e lf i n ou t w a rd form s The c e r e
, .

m oni a l wor s h ip of t he p e opl e w a s n o t a s pon t a n e ou s

m a nif e s t a t i on of s piri t u a l mind e d n e s s b u t w or t hl e s s -
,

c ompli a n c e wi t h a form fro m s e lf righ t e ou s m o t iv e s -

.

Thi s e x t e rn a li s m i s s t riki ngly c h a r a c t e riz e d a s d oin g “

pr e c e p t s l e a rn e d fro m m e n Of c o ur s e n o t hing a s
.
,

t o t he origi n o f t h e s e pr e c e pt s i s d e c id e d t h e r e by .

5. T he e s t im a t e p u t by t h e proph e t s on t h e ri t u a l
s y s t e m i s t h rough ou t v e ry f a vor a bl e I s ai a h a s s o .

c i a t e s i t wi t h t he vi s ion o f hi s gr e a t c omm i s s io n
( c ha p . H e s e e s a n a l t a r ( v er a n d s m ok e .

( of s a c rifi c e s ?
) ( er
v The E gyp t i a n s wh e n c on
.
,

v e r t e d will e r e c t a n a lt a r a n d a m a a a a /t ( pill a r) for a

,

m on um e n t a l purpo s e d o s a crifi c e a n d obl a t i on v o w

, ,

a vow a n d p e rform i t ch p xix J h ov h

, ( a I 9 s e qq ) e . a .
, .

has a fi r e i n Zio n a n d a fu rn a c e i n J e ru s a l e m ( xxxi .

I n H o s iv 4 i t i s c ou n t e d t he hi g h e s t c o u t u
. .

m a cy t o s t riv e wi t h a pri e s t .

6 The p a s s a g e A m o s v 2 5 2 6 s e e m s t o d e s e rv e
. .
, ,

a cl o s e r e x a m in a t io n W e d o n o t i nt e n d t o i n
.

quir e in t o t he ki nd of i d ol a t ry of wh i ch t he v e r s e
s p e a k s b u t s imply r a i s e t he q u e s t i on wh e t h e r A m o s
, ,

d e ni e s in t hi s p a s s a g e t he a n t iqui t y of t he ri t u a l i n
 '
TE S TIIIION Y OF TH E EA R L Y PR O PHE TS . 2 39

g e n e r al o r ,
at l e a s t of t he ri t u a l as i t w as in hi s
d ay .

The b e e n in t e rpr e t e d i n t he m o s t v a ri
v e rs e ha s
o u s w ay s The qu e s t ion of p a r a m ou n t impor t a n c e i s
.
,

wh e t h e r a po s i t iv e o r n e g a t iv e a n s w e r w a s e xp e c t e d
by t he p roph e t Th a t he s uppo s e d t he a n s w e r t o b e
.

o bvi ou s i s cl e a r ; s o m uch s o t h a t he did n ot e v e n

, ,

t hi n k i t n e c e s s a ry t o a d d it .

V a ihi ng e r a n d K u e n e n c l a im th a t a n a ffirm a t iv e
a n s w e r i s pr e s uppo s e d K u e n e n gi v e s a s t he m e a n
.

ing t h a t t he I s r a e li t e s ha d c ombin e d t he off e ring of

,

s a cri fi c e s t o God wi t h idol a t ry a n d t h a t t he proph e t ,

t a k e s t hi s a s pro of of t he w or t hl e s s n e s s of s a c rifi c e s ,

whi c h w e r e c on s i s t e n t wi t h t he gr e a t e s t a po s t a s y .

To th i s int e rpr e t a t i o n t he r e a re t he foll o wing o b

,

j e ct i o n s : ( )
a T h e u s e o f 7
3 a n d n o t l e a,d s u s t o

e xp e c t a n e g a t iv e a n s w e r Th ough I) m ay b e fol .

l ow e d by a n a ffi rm at i on i t i s o nly wh e r e t he a n s w e r
,

i s doub t ful n e v e r w he r e i t i s c on s id e r e d as s e lf-e v i

,

d e n t ( O) I f t he c o e xi s t e n c e of J e hov a h wo r s hip
.
-

a n d id ol a t ry w e r e e mph as iz e d w e would e xp e c t in v e r , .

2 6 a 1 co n s ec u t cu m f u t u r o ; . b u t t h e r e i s a p e rf e c t .

c) The a rgum e n t woul d h a v e b e e n v e ry i n co n

03 8 2
1 1 41
( .

e l u s iv e t o t he c o n t e mp or a ri e s o f t he proph e t Th at t he .

s a crifi c e s of t h e ir i d ol a t rou s a n c e s t or s w e r e wor t h les s ,

prov e d n ot hing a g a in s t t h e ir s A nd if t ho s e w ho a re .

a ddr e s s e d h e r e w e r e id ol a t e r s t h e m s e lv e s t he proph e t ,

woul d n o t h a v e u s e d s u c h a fa r f e t ch e d a rgum e n t - .

T he m a j ori t y of c omm e n t a t or s a dmi t th a t t he

word s imply th a t t he I s r a e li t e s did n ot s a c rifi c e t o
J e h ov a h i n t he d e s e r t B u t t h e y d i ff e r wid e ly a s t o
.

t he r e a s on a s s ign e d for t h i s
24 0 THE PE N TA TE U CIIA L C ODES IWOS A I C .

( )
a I t i s m o s t c om m only h e ld t h a t t h e s u s p e n s ion
,

of s a c rifi ci a l wor s h ip w a s a r e s ul t of t he i d ol at ry d e
s crib e d i n v e r 2 6 wh a t e v e r t h a t m a h av e b e e n S o
.
, y .

K e il a n d H i t zig a n d m a ny o t h e r s A g a in s t t h i s i n .

t e rp r e t a t i o n t he , foll owin g obj e c t ion s a r e urg e d

1. T he or d e r of t he word s i n t he H e b r e w It i s .

c l a im e d if J e h ov a h w e r e c o n t r a s t e d wi t h s t r a ng e
,

god s t he qu e s t i on woul d h av e b e e n in t rodu c e d by

,

"7
7 13 wi t h t he e mph a s i s o n m e
, 2 The e x a mpl e o f . .

’
t he for t y y e a r s w a nd e ri ng in t he d e s e r t w a s a c c ord ,

i ng t o K e il i n t e nd e d t o s h ow h ow from t he b e gin
, ,

n ing t he I s r a e li t e s w e r e a p e rv e r s e a n d a po s t a t e
,

p e opl e B ut h ow ca n i n v e r 2 1 — 24 t he e xc e s s of
.
, .
,

c e r e m o ni a l a n d i n v e r 2 5 t he s u s p e n s io n of t he
, .
,

s a m e b e u rg e d a lik e a s a proof of I s r a e l s i niqui t y ?

’

O
( ) T h e s a m e obj e c t i on b e a r s a g a i n s t t h e vi e w of
t ho s e w ho s e p a r a t e v e r 2 5 from t he pr e c e d i ng v e r s e s
. .

Th e y u nd e r s t a nd t h a t t he p roph e t a d d r e s s e s i n t hi s
v e r s e o t h e r p e r s on s h a n i n e
t v r 2 1 — 24 A f t e r hav . .

in g r e b uk e d t h o s e wh o s e lf righ t e ou s ly p u t t h e ir t ru s t -

i n s a c rifi c e s he n ow pro c e e d s t o c on d e m n t he f al s e
,

s e cu ri t y of o t h e r s b a s e d o n t he C ov e n a n t of S in a i by

r e m inding t h e m t h a t t he C ov e n a n t ha d alr e a dy b e e n
b rok e n i n t he d e s e rt B u t t h e r e i s n o t r a c e in t he c on
.

t e x t o f a t r a n s i t i on f rom t he p e r s on s fi r s t a dd r e s s e d
t o ot h e rs .

’
c) S m e n d s i n rp r ti on i h t h p roph
( t e e t a s t a t e e t ,

wi s h e s t o s h o w t h at G od s f a v o r w a s n o t d e p e nd e n t
’

o n ou t w a rd c e r e m on i e s a n d t h a t fo r t hi s p urpo s e he
,

r e f e r s t o t he s oj o urn i n t he wild e rn e s s d u ri n g whi ch , ,

n o t wi t h s t a nd ing t he f a c t th a t t he ri t u a l w a s me c e s
’
s ar il s u s p e n d e d s till G o d s f a v o r w a s n o t w i t hdr a wn
y ,
.
24 2 Tl P E A TA TE U CH A L
’
C ODES fil OS A /C .

C H A P TE R X IX .

T E ST I M ON Y OF TH E P OET I CA L B OOKS .

E LIT Z S C H as s h a t t he li t e r a t ur e o f t he
u re s us t
t im e of D a vi d a n d S olom on pr e s uppo s e s t he e x

i s t e n c e of t he e n t ir e Th or a in i t s pr e s e n t form He .

v e rifi e s t h i s s t a t e m e n t by s e v e r a l qu o t a t i on s of wh i ch ,

t he gr e a t e r p a r t d o d oub t l e s s s h ow a cqu a i n t a n c e wi t h

t he P e n t a t e uc h . S t ill w e wo uld b e gr e a t ly m i s t a k e n
,

if w e c on s id e r e d hi s a rgum e n t a s d e c i s iv e Wh at .

D e li t z s c h a s s ign s t o t he D avi d i c a n d S olom oni c a g e ,

b e c om e s wit h o u r pr e s e n t cri t i c s t he produ c t of a

m u ch l a t e r t im e R e u s s S uppo s e s J o b t o h av e b e e n
.

wri t t e n ab ou t t he t im e of t he d e s t ru ct i on o f t he
N or t h e rn kingdom b e for e D e u t e ron omy a n d t he
,

Pri e s t C od e w e r e a s y e t in e x i s t e n c e ; a n d t h a t
‘

t he S o ng of S o l om o n w a s c om po s e d s hor t ly af t e r t he

s ch i s m . H e d e cl a r e s t h at hi s d o u b t s d o n o t go s o
fa r a s t o d e ny t o t he p e ri od o f t he K ing s t he c omp o
s i t i o n of a n
y P s a lm wh a t e v e r A f t e r t h i s m a gn a ni
.

m ou s an d lib e r a l c on c e s s i on he h as t e n s t o a d d t h a t
,

i t m u s t b e limi t e d t o t he fi r s t d ivi s ion of t he P s a l t e r ,

whi c h origin ally c on t a in e d s i i xli E v e n t he

P i — . .

l a rg e s t p a rt of t h i s i s p o s t D e u t e ron omi c t he wh ol e
-
,

c o ll e c t ion n o t p r e e xili c ; a n d for ou r pr e s e n t pu rpo s e

-

w e w o u ld r e t a i n n o t hing m or e t h a n Ps ii xviii xx . .
, .
,
.
,
 TE S Tl M O /VV OF TH E P OE TICA L B O O /( S . 24 3

xxi xlvi
xl v Prob a bly t he P s a l t e r c o nt a in s
.
( .
, .
,

n o D a vidi c P s a lm s a t a l l .

H e cl a im s th at t he S olom on ic a u t h o r s hi p of n o t a
s in gl e l in e i n t he Boo k of Prov e rb s c a n b e prov e d .

T he bo ok a s a wh ol e w a s publi s h e d a f t e r t he e xil e
, , .

K oh e l e t h ( E c cl e s i a s t e s ) i s r e m a nd e d t o t he ti m e of
t he P t ol e mi e s 2 00 B C , .

R e u s s h o w e v e r go e s f a r t h e r e s p e c i ally with re
, , ,

g a rd t o t he P s a lm s t h a n t he v e ry b ol d e s t a m ong ,

G e rm a n doub t e r s ha v e don e H i t zig a n d E w a ld .

a gr e e o n t he D a vid ic o rigin of a t l e a s t Ps iii iv . .

, ; ,

V1 1.
,V 1 11 xl X1 X . E w a ld a dmi t s in a ddi t ion ii xx
, .
, .
a
, .
, .
,

xxi xxi v xxix xxxii cx H i t zig on t he oth e r

.
, .
, .
, .
, .
,

b
ha nd ix x xi i ,
xiii xv xvi xvi i xix
.
, .
,
L e aving
.
, .
, .
, .
, , .

o u t of t he a c c o un t t h o s e P s a l m s wh i c h b o t h H i t zig

a n d E w a ld c on s id e r a s p r e D e u t e ron om ic w e ob t a i n -
,

t he numb e r of t w e n t y o n e P s a lm s t o wh ich w e m ay -
,

s a f e ly a pp e al wi t h ou t b e ing s u s p e c t e d o f t r a di t ion a l
,

pr e j u d ic e i n c alling our wi t n e s s e s .

A f t e r al l t h i s d e du c t ion ou r h a rv e s t m u s t b e s c a n t y , .

It s p ow e r li e s n o t s o m uc h i n t he n u m b e r of w i t ,

n e s s e s a s i n t he un e qu ivo c a l c h a r a c t e r o f th e ir t e s t i

m o ny A s i ngl e indi s pu t a bl e m e n t ion of t he Th or a

.
,

or r e fe re n c e t o i t ou t w e igh s m a ny a rgum e n t s e 5 2
'

Ze w za The form e r l e a v e s n o ch oic e t he l a t t e r d o

’

‘
. .

A m o s t impor t a n t obj e c t i on t o t he n e w e r t h e ory

of r e ligi ou s d e v e lopm e n t m ay b e d r awn from t he
d e e p S pi ri t u a l c on c e p t ion s t he l of t y m or a l s e n t i ,

m e n t s wh ich t h e s e D a v idi c P s a lm s br e at h e t h rough

,

ou t A D avid w ho w as t he pro t o t yp e of t he pi c t ur e
.

d r awn by t he cri t i c s c ould n ot h a v e wri t t e n s uch

hymn s : H e c o uld by n o m e a n s h av e a n t i c ip a t e d
2 44 THE PEN TA TE UCH AL C ODES OSA IC
[M

wh at h idd e n i n t he fu t ur e c on s ciou s n e s s of p ro p h
l ay
e t i s m t w o c e n t uri e s a f t e r hi s r e ign A ll t he l a w s .

of d e v e lopm e n t pro t e s t a g a in s t i t M or e ov e r t h e r e .
,

i s n o t r a c e i n hi s s ong s of t h a t p e culi a r r e a c t io n
’

a g a in s t a n e x a gg e r a t e d ri t u a l whi c h ch a r a c t e riz e s t he

p roph e t s of t he n i n t h a n d t he e igh t h c e n t uri e s The .

o u t w a rd i s h e r e t he cl e a r m i rror i n whi c h t he i n
w a r d t h row s i t s s pon t a n e ou s r e fl e x Thi s l e a d s t o .

a t wofold ob s e rv a t i on : I Wh e n s piri t u a l r e ligio n

.

a n d c e r e m oni a l w or s h ip c on fl i c t e d a f t e rw a rd s t h i s ,

c a n n o t h a v e b e e n t he origi n a l n orm a l r e l a t i on b u t , ,

m u s t b e c on s id e r e d a s t he r e s ul t of e x t e rn a l iz a t ion
of t he ri t u a l Th u s t he t e s t im ony of t he proph e t s
.
, ,

t h a t I s r a e l s r e ligiou s s t a t e w as o n e o f a po s t as y i s
’

v e rifi e d a n e w 2 Th i s s piri t u al c o n c e p t i o n of t he
. .

l a w a s w e fi nd i t in D avi d c a n n o t b e t he prod uct of a

n at ur a l d e v e l opm e n t b u t t e s t ifi e s t o a divi n e origi n
,

of b o t h t he s piri t a n d t he l e t t e r Wh e t h e r a d e v e l .

o p m e n t of r e ligio n by c on t r as t s o n t he prin c ipl e o f

n e g a t ivi t y m ay or m ay n o t a c c ount f o r t he oppo s i

, ,

t i on t o c e r e m oni e s on t he p a r t o f t he p ro p h e t s i t c e r ,

t a i n ly f a il s t o e xpl a in t he s yn t h e s i s of t hi s s piri t u a l
a p p r e ma t i o n i n D a vi d The foll owing p a s s a g e s a r e
.

n o t e wor t hy i n t h i s r e s p e c t : Ps iv 5 s e qq v i i 8 9 . .
, .
, .
, ,

xv s s zm xx 3 s e
'

5 5
74 , p a.
, qq ,xxiv 3 4
. a n
, d e s
,
p e ci a lly .
, ,

t he wh ol e of xxxii .

The j udgm e n t s
“
of t he LO R D a r e m e n t i on e d ( x
hi s w or d s ( xii hi s j u d gm e n t s a n d s t a t u t e s
.
“

( xviii . T h e s e c ond p a r t of t h e nin e t e e n t h P s a l m

s p e a k s of t he Th or a i n a w a n o t d iff e r e n t from t h a t
y
i n wh i ch a Je w a f t e r t he e xil e would h a v e d on e It .

i s e a s y t o r e m a nd a ll t hi s t o M a cc a b e a n t im e s ; b u t
246 TH E PEA/TA TE U CH A L C ODES 4 1 05 4 1 0 .

S om e of t he ll u s ion s wh ic h D e li t z s c h fi nd s i n
a

Prov e rb s a r e of n o u s e fo r o ur purpo s e The t r e e .

”
a n d t he w a y of lif e a r e b o t h J e h ovi s t i c ; s o t h a t ,

wh e n t he cri t i c s a s s ign a r e l a t iv e ly l at e d a t e t o t he
c oll e c t i on of Prov e rb s t h e y l o s e t h e ir v a lu e
, T he .

c omp a ri s o n of D e u t v i 6 8 wi t h Prov vii 3 ; Le v

. .
, , . . .

x i x 3 6 wi t h Prov xi
. .I ha s m or e forc e
.
, .

A c o nn e ct io n b e t w e e n C a n t i cl e s v i I 3 a n d G e n . .

x xxii I 2 c a nn ot b e prov e d
.
, ,
N e i t h e r i s i t n e c e s s a ry
.

”
t o t r a n s l a t e J ob xxxi 3 3 as A d am B u t t he a llu
“
. .

s ion s i n j o b xxxi I I t o Le v xviii

. I 7 ; of v e r 8— 1 2. . .

to D e u t .xxi i 2
. 2 ; of v e r 2 6 — 2 8 t o D e ut
. xvii 2 5 — . .
,

c a n h a rdly b e d e ni e d E v e n K u e n e n c a ll s t h e m far
.

fro m im prob a bl e A nd a s w e s aw e v e n R e u s s t hink s

.
, ,

t h a t j o b i s p r e D e ut e ron omi c
-
.
 S E C OND KING S XXI] . A ND NE H . V1 1 1 — X . . 24 7

C H A P TE R XX _ .

S E C ON D K IN G S XX I I . AND N EH . V II I X. .

E c on clud e ou r s urv e y wi t h h ort di s cu s s io n

a s

of t he cri t i c a l vi e w of t he n a rr a t iv e f ound in
t h e s e ch a p t e r s A f t e r a l l t h a t has b e e n s a id w e
.
,

m ay a ppro a c h t h e m wi t hou t a n y pr e po ss e s s ion a n d ,

c o n s id e r t h e m as m e r e hi s t ori c a l r e c or d s whi c h h av e ,

t o b e in t e rpr e t e d i n t h e i r own ligh t .

O u r c ritici s m of t he p m f m w t h e ory i mp o s e d o n
2 K ing s xxii i s t he foll owing
.

I
. A c c ording t o t he c ri t ic s t he forg e ry of t he
,

D e ut e ron om i c C od e w as a s kilful s t rok e of p oli cy ,

t o wh ic h a d e s pon d e n t r e form p a r t y r e s or t e d a s t he
-
’

only m e a n s of r e a ch i n g i t s e n d s It ha d f a il e d i n .

t he d ay s of H e z e ki a h a n d i t s f a ilur e w a s a d e f e a t
, .

The t e rm s in wh ic h K u e n e n s p e a k s of t he s i t u at i on ,

imply t h at t he p a r t y lin e s m u s t h a v e b e e n s h a rply

-

d r a wn Th e r e w a s an Oppo s i t i on t o t he c e n t r a lizin g
.

M o s a i c t e n d e n cy ; a n d i t w a s s t ro ng i n fl u e n t i al a n d , ,

fully o n i t s gu a rd a g a in s t e v e ry m ov e m e n t of t he
l a t t e r N o t wi t h s t a nding t hi s t he b a r e a s s e r t ion of
.
,

t he r e form e r s t h a t t h e i r progr a mm e w a s of M o s a i c
,

origin s u ffi c e d t o s il e nc e a l l t h e s e oppon e n t s m a ny
, ,

of wh om w e r e doub t l e s s r e du c e d t o pov e r t y a n d d i s
gr a c e o r e v e n e xpo s e d t o d e a t h b y t he in t e nd e d
,
24 8 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES AI OS A I C
.

r e fo rm N o t r a c e of r e s i s t a n c e i s d i s c ov e r e d : a ll
.

t he p e opl e s t o o d t o t he C ov e n a n t W e c a n no t b u t .

ob s e rv e t h a t a l l t h i s d o e s n o t r e s e mbl e t he u s u a l
e x e c u t ion of a can]? F or t h i s s u d d e n ch a ng e
i n t he r e l a t i on o f t he p a r t i e s D r K u e n e n giv e s n o , .

o t h e r r e a s on t h a n wh at mi g h t b e c a ll e d a n a pp e a l t o
t he m a xim Cflj zzs mg zo zl l zzzs The r e g a l
' ' '

, ,

p o w e r w a s in t he E a s t a n d i n J ud a h u nlimi t e d The .

m a j ori t y of t he p e opl e c ompli e d w i t h t he will a n d

c om m a nd of t h e i r prin c e s H o w u t t e rly i n a d e qu a t e
.

s u ch g e n e r a l ph r a s e s a r e t o e xpl a i n t he pr e t e n d e d

s i t u a t ion will n o t e s c a p e a n y t h ough t ful ob s e rv e r of

,

t he f a c t s .

2
. It i s im p rob a bl e if t he s o c a ll e d M o s a ic p a r t y
,
-

s t o od in f a vor wi t h t he king a n d if t he for g e ry w a s ,

p e rp e t r at e d wi t hi n t he v e ry c i rcl e a s pirin g t o s u ch
f a vor a n d r e lying u pon i t fo r fu t ur e s uc c e s s t h a t
, ,

t he a u t h or or a u t h or s would h a v e e x t e nd e d t h e i r

t h r e at e ni ng s t o t he m on a rch him s e lf i n s uc h a w a y
a s i s h e r e don e ( D e u t xxvii i . .

If t h c hi f o r nly e nd s whi c h t he forg e r s ha d

3
. e e o

i n vi e w w e r e a boli t i on of i d ol a t ry a n d B a m o t h wor -

s hip i t i s h a rd t o s e e why t h e y p u t t h e m s e lv e s t o t he
,

u nn e c e s s a ry t ro ubl e of wri t ing a wh ol e C o d e c on ,

t a i ning n um e ro u s l a w s whi ch s e rv e d n o pr e s e n t pu r

p o s e wh a t e v er .

4
. I t s h oul d a l s o b e r e m e mb e r e d t h a t t he pr a c t ic e ,

o f forg e ry a s i t i s n ow cl a i m e d by t he c ri t i c s for t he
,

ori g in of D e u t e ro nomy a n d t he Pri e s t C o d e s t a n d s ,

unp a r a ll e l e d i n t he wh ol e d om a i n of O ld T e s t a m e n t -

l i t e r a t ur e The Ps e u d e p i g r a p ha e a r e a ll of l a t e r d a t e
.
,

a n d wi t h ou t e xc e p t ion o w e t h e ir o r igi n t o fa r l ow e r
25 0 THE PE N TA TE U CH A Z . C ODES Zl/OS A I C .

2 . The
r e a d ing of t he l a w s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n i n
e x e c u t io n of t he c omm a nd D e u t xxxi II ,
T hough . . .

D e u t e ron omy s p e a k s o nly of e a ch s e v e n t h y e a r w e ,

ca n e a s ily c on c e iv e t h a t t he fi r s t opp or t uni t y t o c om

ply wi t h t he n e wly publ i s h e d c omm a n d w a s e a g e rly

s e iz e d upon From Ne h x 3 1 i t a pp e a r s t h a t
. . .
,

hi t h e r t o t he Y e a r o f J ub il e e ha d n o t b e e n ob s e rv e d .

It w a s t h e r e for e n e c e s s a ry t o c ompu t e t he s e v e n
y e a r s from t he p u bli c a t i on of t he l aw onw a r d ; a n d
t h u s t he c urr e nt y e a r b e c a m e ip s o f a cto a S a bb a t h , ,

y e a r w hi c h r e quir e d t he r e a ding of t he law

,
We .

c oncl u d e t h a t n o t only t he Pri e s t C od e b u t a l s o t he ,

D e u t e ronom i c l a w w a s r e a d ,
.

3 .E vi d e n t ly t he c onf e s s io n m a d e by t h e L e vi t e s

o n t he t w e n t y four t h d ay of t he m on t h
-
c on t a in e d i n ,

ch a p ix i s i n s ub s t a n c e a n d for m t he e c h o of t he
. .
,

fr e qu e n t a n d d ilig e n t s t udy of t he n e wly publ i s h e d

l a w during t he t h r e e p r e viou s w e e k s It s c on t e n t s .

furni s h t he b e s t m e a n s of i d e n t ifyi ng t he l a w r e f e rr e d
to . N ow a c a r e ful e x a mi n a t i on will c onvin c e u s t h a t
,

t hi s c o nf e s s ion i s full of r e m i ni s c e nc e s n o t only of ,

t he E lohi s t ic n a rr a t iv e b u t j u s t a s w e ll of th a t of t he
,

J e h ovi s t a n d of D e u t e ron omy .

4 The p rom i s e s m a d e by t he p e opl e a r e ch a r a c

.

t e r i s t i c of t he J e h ovi s t i c a n d D e u t e ro n omi c l aw As .

s u ch w e n o t e : t he p romi s e n o t t o i n t e rm a rry wi t h

s t r a n ge n a t i on s ( Ne h x 3 ;
0 E xo d. xxxiv .I 6 ; D e u t . . .

v ii . t he promi s e t o int e rm i t t he e x a c t i on of d e b t s

e v e ry s e v e n t h y e a r ( v e r 3 L ; D e u t xv . t he promi s e . .

t o o ff e r t he c o rn t he n e w w in e a n d oil ( v e r 3 7 3 9 ;
, ,
.
,

D e u t xii . .

A ll t h e s e c on s id e r a t i on s f a v or t he v i e w th a t E zr a ,
 S E C O /VD . KINGS XXI] A ND NE H . V1 1 1 X
— . . 25 1

d id n o t publi s h t he Pri e s t C od e m e r e ly b ut t he ,

wh ol e M o s a i c Th or a E l ohi s t a n d J e h ovi s t a n d D e u
,

t e ro n om i s t The hi s t oric a l c r e dibili t y of t he n a rr a

.

t iv e c a nn o t b e d oub t e d The c onf e s s ion as r e p or t e d .

,

i n ch ap ix m u s t b e a u t h e n t i c I n d e n y ing i t t he
. .
, .
,

c ri t ic s wo uld d e s troy t he o nly b a s i s on wh ich t h e y

r e s t t h e ir t h e ory of t he E z ra i c origi n o f t he Pri e s t
C od e .

Le t u s n ow c on s id e r t he s e c on d qu e s t i on Wh at .

’
a r e w e t o h old r e s p e c tin g E zr a s r e l a ti on t o t he l a w ,

wh ich he i s s a id t o h av e r e a d b e f or e t he p e opl e ?
It ha s b e com e a lm o s t a n a xiom wi t h t he l at e s t
c riti c s t h at E zr a w a s if n o t t he a u t h o r at l e as t t he
, , ,

r e d a ct or of t he E lohi s t i c l e gi s l a t i o n
,
The la w o f .
“

God w a s i n hi s h a nd ( E zr a v i i 1 4) wh e n he w e nt .

t o J e ru s al e m i n t he y e a r 4 5 8 B C , B e tw e e n t hi s .

d at e an d t he r e t u r n und e r Z e rubb a b e l a n d J o s h u a ,

53 6 B C li e s a,p e ri od of n e a rly e ighty y e a r s c on ,

c e rning who s e hi s t o ry a s fa r a s t he r e m a in ing e xil e s ,

a r e c on c e rn e d w e kn ow a b s olu t e ly n o t h ing
, Thi s
ut t e r ign or a n c e ha s a fford e d t he c ri t ic s a s pl e ndid
c h a n c e t o s pin out t h e ir f a mou s t h e ory of t he gr adu a l
o rigin of t he P ri e s t C od e Wh e r e h i s t ory ha s l e ft .

n o r e c ord c onj e c t ur a l c ri t i c i s m ha s n o t only fr e e

,

pl ay but s e e m s t o a c e r t a in e xt e n t j u s t ifi e d a n d
,

c omm e n d a bl e .

The s t a rting point i s E z e ki e l s progr a mm e Ku e

’
-
.

n e n a n d o t h e r s a r e c a ndid e n ough t o a dmi t t h a t hi s

work i s n o j u s t e xpon e n t of t he g e n e r a l s e n t im e nt
pr e v a iling a m o n g t he e xil e s I n hi s t im e hi s fi gur e
“

i s u n iqu e S o fa r a s E z e ki e l s t e s t im ony go e s t he
’
.
,

p e op le o f hi s d ay w e r e b y n o m e a n s t he pri e s t ly
25 2 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES IlI OS A I C .

I s r a e l wh i ch t he proph e t d e s c rib e s i n hi s vi s i on a ry
T h or a W e h av e n o gro und t o a s s um e t h at b e s id e s
.
, ,

h im o t h e r s w e r e oc c upi e d wi t h t he e l a b or a t i on of a
,

ri t u ali s ti c s y s t e m In hi s own wor d s ( s p e ci ally ch a p

. .

hi s pri e s t ly c h a r a c t e r s t a nd s o u t i n b ol d c on t r a s t
wi t h t he i ndi ff e r e nc e o r a n t i J a hvi s t i c t e nd e n c i e s of
-

t he m a s s . E v e n t he following g e n e r at io n s e e m s n ot
t o h a v e b e e n in flu e n c e d by hi s T ho r a a s n o t r a c e s of ,

a n a t t e mp t t o e x e cu t e i t a pp e a r W e b e li e v e t h a t
.

t he B ook of E z e ki e l a s a wh ol e d o e s n o t giv e t he
, ,

impr e s s ion t h a t t he e xil e s t roubl e d th e m s e lv e s in

B a bylon wi t h wri t ing pri e s t ly l a w .

Far l e s s c a n t he t h e ory fi nd s uppor t i n t he wri t

i ng s of t he pr e t e nd e d D e u t e ro I s a i a h I f he wro t e
- .

i mm e d i a t e ly b e fo r e t he c a p t ur e of B a bylo n by Cyru s ,

w e h av e but o n e e xplic i t t e s t im ony t he m o r e t h a t , ,

a m ong t he b e s t e l e m e n t s of t he c a p t ivi t y no s uc h ,

p ri e s t ly t e n d e nc i e s pr e v a il e d D e u t e ro I s a i a h S p e a k s
.
-

lik e o n e of t he o l d p roph e t s if n o t a c t u a lly s t ill

, ,

s e e mingly Oppo s e d t o al l ri t u a li s m Is a lviii i s d e c i

. . .

s iv e i n t hi s r e s p e c t .

N e ith e r do e s i t a pp e a r t h at s p e ci a l s t r e s s w as l a id
o n t he pri e s t ly c e r e m oni a l s id e of t h e ir r e ligi on by

W e n e e d n ot
'

t he e xil e s w ho r e t urn e d i n 5 3 6 .

a s s um e t h a t in t e n t i on a l d i s ob e d i e n c e pr e v a il e d a t

t he b e ginning b u t th a t s oo n a l a ck of z e a l m a nif e s t e d
,

i t s e lf m ay b e s e e n from H agg a i a n d Z e ch a ri ah .

H ow much E zr a a n d N e h e m i a h fo un d t o r e form af t e r
w a r d s i s a bun d a n t ly kn own
,
. S ur e ly i f s uch a n a t
,

t a chm e n t t o t he t e mpl e s e rvic e a n d t he c e r e m oni a l

-

s i d e of t he n a t ion a l lif e ha d e xi s t e d a m ong t he e xil e s

i n B abylon a s c ould produ c e a liv e ly i n t e r e s t i n t he

,
25 2 THE PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES IlI OS A I C .

I s r ae l wh ich t he proph e t d e s c rib e s i n hi s vi s ion a ry

T hor a W e h av e n o groun d t o a s s um e t h at b e s i d e s
.
, ,

h im o t h e r s w e r e o c c upi e d wi t h t he e l a b or a t ion of a
,

ri t u ali s t i c s y s t e m In hi s ow n word s (s p e c i a lly ch a p

. .

x x ) hi s pri e s t ly ch a r a c t e r s t a nd s o u t i n b ol d c on t r a s t
,

wi t h t he i ndi ff e r e nc e or a n t i J a hvi s t i c t e nd e n c i e s of
-

t he m a s s . E v e n t he following g e n e r at io n s e e m s n ot
t o h av e b e e n in fl u e n c e d by hi s T hor a a s n o t r a c e s of
,

a n a t t e mp t t o e x e c ut e i t a pp e a r .W e b e li e v e t h a t
t he B ook of E z e ki e l a s a wh ol e d o e s n o t giv e t he
, ,

impr e s s io n t h at t he e xil e s t roubl e d t h e m s e lv e s i n

B abyl on wi t h wri t ing pri e s t ly l aw .

Far l e s s c a n t he t h e ory fi nd s uppor t i n t he wri t

i ng s o f t he pr e t e n d e d D e u t e ro I s a i a h If he wro t e
-
.

im m e di at e ly b e fo r e t he c a p t ur e of B a bylo n by Cyru s ,

w e h av e b u t o n e e xplic i t t e s t im ony t he m o r e t h a t , ,

a m on g t he b e s t e l e m e n t s of t he c a p t ivi t y n o s u ch ,

pri e s tly t e n d e n c i e s pr e v a il e d D e u t e ro I s a i a h s p e ak s
.
-

lik e o n e o f t he old proph e t s if n o t a c t u a lly s t ill

, ,

s e e mi ngly O ppo s e d t o a l l ri t u a li s m Is a lviii i s d e ci

. . .

s iv e i n t h i s r e s p e c t.

N e ith e r do e s i t a pp e a r t h at s p e ci a l s t r e s s w as l a id
o n t he pri e s t ly c e r e m o ni a l s id e of t h e ir r e ligion by

W e n e e d n ot
’

t he e xil e s w ho r e t urn e d i n 5 3 6 .

a s s um e t h a t int e n t i on a l di s ob e d i e n c e pr e v a il e d a t

t he b e ginnin g but t h a t s oon a l a ck of z e a l m a nif e s t e d

,

i t s e lf m ay b e s e e n from H agg a i a n d Z e ch a ri ah .

H ow m uch E zr a a n d N e h e m i a h foun d t o r e form a f t e r

w a rd s i s a bund a n t ly kn own
,
. S ur e ly if s u ch a n a t
,

t a c hm e n t t o t he t e mpl e s e rvic e a n d t he c e r e m oni a l

-

s i d e of t he n a t ion a l lif e ha d e xi s t e d a m ong t he e xil e s

i n B a bylon a s c ould produ c e a li v e ly in t e r e s t i n t he

,
 SE C OND KINGS XXII A ND . NE II
. VIII —X
. 25 3

la w , v e n a s t o i t s t h e or e ti c al a s p e c t s w e m ay t a k e
e ,

for gr a n t e d t h at t he h i s t ory of t he n e w c olony would

h a v e s h ap e d i t s e lf di ff e r e n t ly .

Th e s e a re p o s i t iv e ly a ll t he d a t a f ro m wh i c h w e
c a n ob t a in a n y a p r i m i i nform at io n a s t o t he e igh t
/

d e c a d e s wh ich a c c o rdi ng t o m a ny c ri t i c s a t p r e s e n t
, ,

e nclo s e t he my s t e ri ou s b ir t h of a wh ol e l e g a l s y s t e m

i n th e ir unkn own an d e v e r unkn o w a bl e hi s t ory A .

os i e r zom t h e r e i s b u t a s ingl e f a c t wh ich giv e s u s a

’ '

p
glimp s e in t o t he d a rk p as t — t he f a c t t h a t E zr a c a m e
,

from B a byl on wi t h t he law in hi s h a nd a s t he r e a d y

, ,

s c rib e e vid e ntly wi t h t he purpo s e t o i n s t ru c t

,
hi s
c oun t rym e n a n d r e vi v e th e ir z e al fo r t he work of
,

G od a m ong s t t h e m .

A c o r r e ct e s t im a t e of t h e s e h i s t o ri c al d at a will
i mm e di at e ly s h ow wh e t h e r t he V i e w th a t d uring ,

t h e s e e igh t y y e a r s t he P ri e s t C od e w a s f r a m e d ,

d e s e rv e s t o b e p u t o n t he li s t of pl a u s ibl e t h e ori e s ,

o r und e r t he h e a d o f
”
l e g al fi c t ion s fa nciful a n d“
,

a rbi t r a ry a lik e .

N o t w i t h s t a ndi ng o u r ut t e r l a ck o f h i s t o ri c a l i n fo r
m a t ion K u e n e n W e ll hau s e n an d R e u s s un d e r t a k e
, , ,

t o t e ll u s h ow wi t h in i t s li mi t s t he pri e s t ly l a w s s u c

c e s s i v e ly m a d e th e ir app e a r a nc e Th e r e w a s fi r s t
t he s o c a ll e d La w o f H olin e s s
- “
c ompri s ing Le v ,
.

xvi i xxvi N e x t c om e s a group c on s i s t ing of E xod

— . .

xii xx v — xxxi Le v i xvii xxiv xxvii a n d m o s t of

.
, . .
, . .
-
.
, .
, .
,

t he pri e s t ly por t io n s i n N umb e r s F rom b o t h i s s t ill .

di s t ingui s h e d a t h i rd group c on t a in ing l a t e r a d d i t i on s .

I To th i s wh ol e s ch e m e w e m u s t fi r s t of a ll
.
,

obj e c t t he l a ck of all po s i t iv e e vid e nc e t h at t he work ,

o f c odifyi ng ri t u al la w w a s c a rri e d on in B ab ylon o n

25 4 TH E PEN TA TE UCHAL C ODES IlI OS A I C .

su ch a gr a n d s c al e Wh e r e d o t he l e as t t r a c e s
.

a pp e a r i n E z e ki e l D e u t e ro I s a i ah H a gg a i Z e cha
,
-
, ,

ri a h t he B ook of E zr a a n d of N e h e m i a h w e d o n o t
, , ,

sa
y of t h e c ompl e t i o n of t he pro c e s s ( for t hi s s imply

b e g s t he whol e qu e s t i o n ) b u t of t he t e nd e nci e s t h a t
,

o rigin a t e d o r t he in fl u e n c e s t h a t f a vor e d a n d rip e n e d

it
But m or e th a n thi s I f w e r e al iz e t he s i t u at i on
.

’
w e ll w e c a nno t b u t d oub t t he c ri t ic s a s s u mp t ion
, ,

t h a t in t he circl e s t h a t r e m a i n e d a t B a bylon wh e n

t he fi r s t c ol ony s e t o u t fo r J e ru s a l e m t h e re w as ,

e nough of produ c t iv e e n e rgy t o c r e a t e a l l a t onc e

wh a t c e n t uri e s ha d n o t b e e n a bl e t o pro d uc e wh e n
t he n a t ion w as s t ill pro s p e rou s a n d i n d e p e n d e n t a n d ,

t he t e mpl e s e rvic e fl ouri s h ing a n d in high e s t e e m

-
.

Fi r s t of all t he b e t t e r e l e m e n t m u s t h av e j oin e d
,

Z e rubb a b e l a n d J o s h u a Th o s e wh o r e m a in e d w e r e
.

c e r t a inly t he l e a s t in fl u e n c e d by t h e oc r a t i c co n c e rn
in t he r e s t or a t io n of t he t e mpl e wor s h ip a n d t he r e
-

po s se s s i on o f t he h oly c i t y E zr a i 5 s t at e s t h a t
. .

t h o s e wh o s e S piri t God ha d r a i s e d w e n t up t o buil d,

t he h ou s e o f t he L ord . The r e s t s e e m t o h a v e b e e n
o n t he wh ol e in diff e r e nt a n d t o h a v e pr e f e rr e d t he
,

rich e s of B a byl on t o t he w a n t s a n d d a ng e r s of t he
li t t l e c a r a v a n t h a t s e t i t s f a c e t ow a r d s J e ru s a l e m .

S e c on dly t he m aj ori t y of t he pri e s t h ood r e t urn e d

, ,

a n d c om p a r a t iv e ly a s m a ll n umb e r o f pri e s t s r e m a in e d

in B a byl on The p ri e s t s w e re l e a s t of a ll l ik e ly t o
.

pr e f e r c a p t ivi t y in a p ollu t e d l a n d t o a r e l a t iv e f re e
do m i n t he h oly ci t y A nd wh a t a d d s a d e ci s iv e
.

w e igh t t o t hi s i s t he fa ct t h a t n o t l e s s t h a n fou r
,

t hou s a nd pri e s t s j oin e d t he e xp e di t ion of Z e rubb a b e l

256 TH E PEN TA TE U CH AL C ODES MOSA [a

h av e t o b e li e v e wh e n it i s prov e d Why ha d t h e y n ot .

j oin e d t he e xp e di t ion wh ic h d e p a rt e d u n d e r s u ch a u
s p i c i ou s c ircum s t a n c e s wi t h t he f a vor a n d pro t e c t i on
,

of Cyru s i n dir e c t ful film e nt o f a n c i e nt proph e c i e s

,
.
,

t h o s e of J e r e mi a h a t l e as t t o l e a v e D e ut e ro I s a i a h
,
-

o u t of V i e w ? T h at t h e y w e r e d e s irou s of r e ligio u s
i n s t ruction m ay b e a dm i t t e d i n a g e n e r al s e n s e ; b u t
,

t h e ir a t t i t ud e do e s n ot e xh ibit i n t e r e s t i n t h a t a s p e ct
of t he J e wi s h r e ligi on wh i c h w a s in s e p a r a bl e from
t he s a nc t u a ry Wh e n a f t e rw a r d s m e n lik e E zr a a n d
.

N e h e m i a h a ro s e a m ong s t t h e m t h e ir ch a r a c t e r w a s,

no t t he frui t o f t he n a t u r a l s t a t e o f a ff a ir s b u t ,

r a t h e r a n e w f a c t or in t rodu c e d by a s p e ci al divin e -

i n t e r v e n t i on t o provid e for a S p e ci a l n e e d o f G od s ’

p e opl e The i nf e r e nc e s wh i ch K u e n e n d r a w s fro m

.

Z e ch v i 9 1 5 a r e e n t ir e ly t o o s w e e ping Th a t a
. .
— .

fe w m e n ha d c om e from B a byl on wh o s e a rriv a l i s ,

e v id e ntly s t a t e d a s a n e xc e p t io n a l c a s e c a nn o t b e ,

m ad e t o pro v e t hat t he gr e a t body of t he e xil e s

e n t e rt a i n e d a liv e ly in t e r e s t i n wh a t h a pp e n e d a t

J e ru s a l e m .

The m a in o b j e c t ion a g a in s t t he whol e s ch e m e li e s

i n i t s impr a c t ic a bili t y H e r e a s in t he c as e of D e u
.
,

t e r o n o m y t he qu e s t ion r e c ur s Wh a t m a d e i t n e c e s
, ,

s a ry fo r E zr a t o a s c ri b e hi s l a w s t o M o s e s ? Wh at
a c c oun t s for t he e l e m e n t of fr a ud e n t e ring t h i s pi e c e

of J e wi s h l e gi s l a t io n a l s o a s w e a r e as k e d t o b e li e v e ?
,

C ri t ic s a n s w e r wh e n E zr a a rriv e d a t J e ru s a l e m
, ,

he found t he c ol oni s t s fa r b e l ow hi s id e a l of righ t

e o n s I s r ae l i t e s A f t e r a fi r s t s u c c e s s ful a t t e mp t a t
.

r e f orm E zr a i s s il e nt f or thirt e e n y e a r s The r e a s on s

, .

f or th i s i n t e rr u pt io n w e r e c hi e fly t wofold I H e s aw . .
 SE C OND XJNCS XXI] . A ND NE H . V1 1 1 .
— X
. 25 7

t he n e c e s s i t y o f a d a p t ing hi s la w form e d i n B a bylo n

, ,

t o t he circum s t a n c e s of t he p e opl e 2 H e must . .

h a v e m e t a lr e a dy i n hi s fi r s t r e form a s w e ll a s a f t e r ,

w a rd s wi t h a s t rong a n d in fl u e n t i a l o p po s i t ion a s
, ,

a pp e a r s from Ne h x iii a n d M a l a ch i s proph e cy

’
. . It .

w a s i n p a r t t he z e loti c S piri t whi ch bo t h E zr a a n d

,

N e h e mi a h m a nif e s t e d p a r t ly m or e m a t e ri a l o b je c
,

t i o n s ag a i n s t t h e ir inn o v at i on s wh ich l e d t o t h i s
,

r e s i s t a nc e The r e form invol v e d a limit a t io n of lib

.

e r t y imp os e d h e a vy duti e s upo n t he l a ym e n a n d on

, ,

t he whol e S ho w e d a d e cid e dly h i e r a rch i c a l t e nd e ncy .

O n t he oth e r h a nd it b ound t he pri e s t s t h e m s e lv e s

,

h e n c e forw a rd t o a w rit t e n wo rd a n d t h u s e s s e n t i a lly

,

m odifi e d t h e i r p o s ition S uc h a ra d i c a l r e volution

.

did n o t f a il t o c a u s e a s t ro ng r e a c t ion bo t h f rom -

,

a mong t he p e opl e an d t he pr i e s t h oo d H e n c e t he .

c l a im of M o s a ic origi n for t he C od e w a s ab s olu t e ly

n e c e s s a ry t o t he s u cc e s s of E zr a s pl a n s
’
.

S o w e m e e t h e r e a g ai n wi t h t he s ame r e m a rk abl e
ph e nom e n a a s i n t he c a s e of D e ut e ron omy Th e r e .

”
i t w as t he p e opl e s t ood t o t he C ov e n a n t
“
H e re .

t h e y m a k e a s ur e c ov e n a nt wri t e i t a n d s e a l un t o i t
, ,

( N e h . ix . A nd in b o t h c a s e s a lik e t he oppo s i

t ion i s s il e n t no word of r e s i s t a n c e i s u t t e r e d n o
, ,

m urm uring o r di s s e n t ing v oic e h e a rd The qu e s .

t i on r e cur s h e r e a s t h e r e : H o w w a s t hi s po s s ib l e ,

if E zr a s Thor a w as a m e r e fi c t i on
’
I f i t w as g e n u
i n e a n d M o s a i c w e can und e r s t a n d w hy t he oppon e n t s
,

d e s i s t e d But s uppo s e t h e m t o h av e b e e n fully on

.

’
t h e ir gu a rd t o h a v e w a t ch e d E zr a s e v e ry m ov e
,

m e n t t o h a v e k e pt him in s u s p e n s e for t hir t e e n

,

y e a r s a n d t he n fi n ally t o hav e a c c e p t e d i n t he mo s t
,
25 8 TH E PE A/ TA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

m e e k a n d s ubm i s s iv e w a y t he m o s t r a d i c a l c h a ng e s ,

c on t r a ry t o t h e ir own O p i n i on s a n d in t e r e s t s S imply ,

b e c a u s e E zr a pr e t e nd e d t h a t hi s la w w a s M o s a ic "
The s t ory s oun d s i n cr e d ibl e a n d s t ill w e m u s t
,

b e li e v e i t if t he c ri t ic s a r e right W e ca n t he l e s s
.

c on c e iv e t h a t t he O p pon e n t s w e r e m i s l e d on t hi s
oc c a s i on by t he a pp e a r a nc e s s in c e a s w e h a v e s e e n
, , ,

t he Pri e s t C od e w a s a l r e a d y combin e d wi t h t he

J e h ovi s t i c a n d D e u t e ro nom ic l a w s a n d w a s r e a d ,

t og e t h e r wi t h t h e m .Wh at a pp e a r s a s a n a ddi t i on ,

a n d i n s o far m o d ifi e s t he ol d i s Cr S C e xpo s e d t o
, p , ,

s u s pi cion S t ill E zr a s C o d e w a s n o t s u s p e c t e d
’

.
,

t he p e opl e m a d e a s ur e c ov e n a n t a n d s e a l e d un t o i t
, .

It would c e r t a inly s e e m s a f e r i n vi e w of a l l t h e s e
,

impo s s ibili t i e s t o a dh e r e t o t he old n o t ion b e i t

, ,

t r a d i t ion a l or n o t t h a t E zr a publi s h e d t he Th or a i n
,

n o o t h e r c a p a c i t y t h a n t h a t of a r e a d y s crib e wh o ,

ha d pr e p a r e d hi s h e a r t t o s e e k t he l a w of t he L or d ,

a n d t o d o i t a n d t o t e a ch
, i n I s r a e l s t a t ut e s a n d
j u d gm e n t s ; t h a t he d i d t hi s a t a s p e c i a l oc c a s ion of

t he f e a s t of t rump e t s a t a s p e ci a l r e q u e s t of t he
,

p e opl e wh o e xpr e s s e d by t hi s d e s ir e t h e i r gr a t i t u d e
,

for t he fi n a l c ompl e t ion of t he w a ll s o f J e ru s a l e m

u nd e r t he s up e rvi s ion o f N e h e m i ah .
26 0 THE P E IVTA TE U CH A L C ODES MOSA IC .

C od e w a s n o t t he s a m e wi t h t he a u t h o r of t he Book
of t he C ov e n a n t a n d of D e u t e ron omy s t ill t he s t a t e ,

m e n t s of t he P e n t a t e uc h c onc e rning i t s own origin

would s t a n d un t ouch e d .

D oub t s h a v e r e p e a t e dly b e e n e xpr e s s e d wh e th e r

t he a r t of wri t ing w as kn own a m ong t he S e mi t i c
p e opl e s a n d a m ong t he I s r a e li t e s i n p a r t ic ul a r du ri n g
, ,

t he M o s a i c a g e ( comp a r e R e u s s G e s ch ich t e d e s A , .

T .
,
I n g e n e r a l h ow e v e r t he po s s ibili t y a n d
, , ,

e v e n prob a bili t y of t h i s knowl e dg e a t t h a t t im e a r e

,

n o w r e c ogniz e d D r K u e n e n s ay s
. . T h a t t he I s r a ,
“

e li t e s po s s e s s e d a n a lph a b e t a n d kn e w t he a r t of ,

wri t ing in t he M o s a i c a g e i s n o t s ubj e ct t o r e a s on

, ,

a bl e d o ub t a n d n ow a lm o s t un iv e r s a lly a dmi t t e d
, .

T he obj e c t ion whi ch he r a i s e s a g ain s t an e x t e n s iv e

pr a c t ic e of t he a r t s of r e a ding a n d writing a m ong
t he I s r a e lit e s from t h e ir m or e fr e qu e n t m e n t ion i n

D e u t e ron omy t h a n in t he middl e b ook s ha s s in c e ,

t h e n l o s t a l l i t s p ow e r b e c a u s e D r K ue n e n him s e l f
, .

a t pr e s e n t a s s ign s t he priori t y t o D e u t e ron omy .

The Gr e e k s r e c e iv e d t h e i r kn o w l e dg e of t he a r t o f
wri t i ng from S e mi t i c c ol oni s t s B u t w he n c e did t he .

S e mi t i c t rib e s ob t a in t h i s kn owl e d g e Two a n s w e r s

h av e b e e n giv e n t o t h i s qu e s t i on U n t il r e c e n t ly .
,

m a ny f a vor e d t he d e riv a t i o n of t he S e mi t ic a lp ha b e t
from B a byl on or t he cu n e iform i n s crip t i on s of A S
s yri a A t pr e s e n t h ow e v e r t he Opinion s e e m s t o
.
, ,

p r e v a il a m ong E gyp t ol ogi s t s t h a t t he a lph a b e t c a m e ,

from E gypt t o t he S e mi t e s a n d w a s t r a n s f e rr e d by ,

t h e m t o t he G r e e k s a n d f a r t h e r W e s t
, .

D r T aylo r a r e c e n t wri t e r o n t hi s s ubj e c t s ay s

.
, ,

( I p I t i prov d b yond c on rov r y ( from

“
. . s e e t e s
 D ID MOSES WE TTE TH E LA WS ? 26 1

t he M o abi t e s t o n e ) t h a t t he S e mi t i c a lph ab e t w a s
,

fully d e v e lop e d a n d e s t a bli s h e d a s e a rly a s t he b e gin

ni n g of t he ninth c e n t ury ; wh il e t o t he p ract i s e d e y e , _

of t he p al ae ogr a ph e r i t a l s o indi c a t e s t ha t alph ab e t ic

,

wri t ing m u s t h a v e b e e n i n f a m ili a r u s e for a v e ry

c on s id e r a bl e pr e c e d e n t p e rio d ( c omp ar e a l s o Ew ald s ’

”
“
H i s t ory o f I s r a e l I p 5 2 S 29 4 )
, . .
, .

O n a n oth e r p a g e ( p D r T a yl or s um s up hi s
. .

c on clu s i on fro m t he f a c t s i n t h i s s t a t e m e n t : The “

e x t e rn a l e vid e n c e c onn e c t s i n a n unmi s t a k a bl e m an

n e r t he d a t e of t he origi n of t he a lph a b e t wi t h
”
p e riod of t he s oj ourn of I s r a e l in E gyp t .

R e c on s t ru c t iv e c ri t ici s m i s r e a d y t o c ombin e wi t h
t he d e ni a l of t he h i s t ori c a l ch a r a c t e r of t he P e n t a
t e u c h i t s o w n hyp o t h e t ic a l c onc e p t i on of t he primi

t i v e s t at e of I s r a e l d u ri n g t he s oj ourn i n E gyp t a n d
t he j ou rn e y i n t he d e s e r t W e a r e r e m i n d e d ov e r
.

a n d ov e r a g a in t ha t t he J e w s w e r e a wild n om a d t rib e
,
-

p o s s e s s ing o nly t he fi r s t g e rm s of c iviliz a t i on Thi s .

vi e w i t m u s t b e r e m e mb e r e d r e s t s on n o h i s t ori c a l
, ,

groun d s wh a t e v e r A c c ording t o t he P e n t at e uch

.
,

n o t only w a s M o s e s i n s t ru c t e d i n a ll t he wi s dom of

E gypt b u t a l s o t he I s r a e lit e s as a wh ol e b e c a m e
, , ,

from n o ma d s a s e t t l e d p e opl e b e ing in fl u e n c e d by

E gyp t i a n c iviliz ation Th e y d w e l t i n h ou s e s n o t by
.
,

th e m s e lv e s b u t a m ong t he E gyp t i a n s s u s t a in e d
, ,

fri e ndly r e l a t ion s t o t he l a t t e r a n d a d op t e d m o s t of

,

t h e i r arts . Wh e n w e c on s id e r h ow e a s ily t he J e w s
h a v e a t a ll t im e s a s s imil at e d t he e l e m e n t s of for e ign
c iviliz a t ion i t a dmi t s n o l o n g e r of a n y d oubt t h at at
, , ,

t he t im e of t he e xodu s t h e y w e r e s om e t hing e n t ir e ly
,

di ff e r e n t from t he n om a d t rib e s im a gin e d b y t he

-
26 2 THE PEN TA TE UCHA L C ODES IlI OS A I C .

c ri t i c s Th e r e i s n o ground a cc o rdi n gly for m a king

.
, ,

a di s t in c t ion a s R e u s s do e s
, b e t w e e n M o s e s a n d t he
,

o t h e r I s r a e li t e s a s if t he form e r ha d b e e n t he only
,

c ul t u r e d p e r s o n a m o ng s t t h e m a n d t he r e s t a n u m ,

c iviliz e d hord e .

It m a k e s n o di ff e r e nc e wh e t h e r w e a s s um e wi t h
E w a ld a n d D e R oug e t h a t t he S e m iti c a lph a b e t w a s
’

t r a n s m i t t e d from t he H yk s o s t o t he Pho e nici a n s o r ,

s uppo s e wi t h Le n o r m an t a n d S a yc e t h a t t he r e v e r s e

t ook pl a c e : t he f a ct i s fi rmly e s t a bl i s h e d t h a t t he ,

H e br e w s b e for e t h e ir e xodu s ha d a n a lph a b e t an d

, , ,

a s E w a ld s ay s W e n e e d n o t s c rupl e t o a s s um e t h a t
,
“

I s r a e l kn e w a n d u s e d i t i n E gyp t b e for e M o s e s .

Th a t t he E gyp t i a n pri e s t s w e r e a c cu s t om e d t o
w ri t e t h e ir l a w s a n d s a ni t a ry pr e s crip t i o n s i s w e ll ,

known D i o d o r u s s a y s t h a t t he phy s i c i a n s b e long e d

.

t o t he pri e s t ly cl a s s r e c e i v e d t h e ir s a l a ry from t he
,

gov e rnm e n t a n d w e r e bound i n t h e i r t r e at m e n t o f

,

di s e a s e s by a wri t t e n la w m a d e up b y m a ny of t he
m o s t f a m ou s of old doc t or s .

A b s t r a c t ly i t i s n o t mpo s s ibl e t o s uppo s e th a t

,
i

e v e n s u c h c ompr e h e n s iv e l a w s a s t he Pri e s t C o de
c on t a in s migh t h a v e b e e n o r ally t r a n s mi t t e d i n
pri e s t ly c ircl e s P e rh a p s t he hypo t h e s i s might
.

a cc oun t for a gr a d u a l d e v e l opm e n t of l a w c on s i s t e n t

wi t h a g e rm in a l o r s ub s t a n t i a l M o s a i c origi n But .

i n V i e w of t he c ou r s e of H e br e w hi s t ory wi t h i t s
num e rou s r e l a p s e s a s i n t he d ay s of E li A h a b A h a z
, , , ,

M a n as s e h a n d a t o t h e r c ri t i c a l poi n t s t he pr e s e rv a
, ,

t ion of a t r a d i t i on a ry C o d e would b e s c a rc e ly l e s s

t ha n a m ir a c l e The f at e of D e u t e ron omy s ugg e s t s

.