Lab Sheet 1-8

EEE / Leveel III, Term II

E 322, Pow
EEE 3 wer Sy
ystem
m I L
Lab

For Leevel‐III, Term‐III EEE SStudentt

Departm
ment of E
Electricaal and Electronicc Engineeering

Stam
mford
d Univ
versity
y Banggladessh 1

Stamford University Bangladesh EEE / Level III, Term II
CONTENTS
Sl Title of Experiment Page
Exp (1) Introduction to MATLAB and Its Basic Commands 01
Exp (2) Formation and Solution of Matrix Algebra with MATLAB 07
Exp (3) Per-Unit Calculation of System Parameters Using MATLAB 12
Exp (4) Introduction of Simulink and Observation of Three Phase 16
Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents and Their Phase Relation
Using Simulink
Exp (5) Determination of Voltage Regulation of a Medium Power 24
Transmission Line
Exp (6) Determination of Energy Supplied, Average Load, Maximum 28
Load & Load Factor from Load Curve
Exp (7) Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix Using MATLAB 33
Exp (8) Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 38

Lab Sheet Prepared By:

Md. Multan Biswas
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of EEE
Stamford University Bangladesh
Date: May 2015
Email: multan_eee@stamforduniversity.edu.bd
Courtesy To:
Kamol Kanto Das
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of EEE
2


Department of EEE
EEE 322, Power System I Lab
Experiment 1
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB AND ITS BASIC COMMANDS
Aim: To learn basic operations in MATLAB and write simple scripts for performing given
tasks.
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
MATLAB is the abbreviation of Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB is a software package for high
performance numerical computation and visualization. It serves both as a simple calculator
and as a sophisticated tool for making long complicated calculations and plot graphs of
different functions depending upon requirement. Models of dynamic systems can be built
easily using SIMULINK. The combination of analysis capabilities, flexibility, reliability, and
powerful graphics makes MATLAB the premier software package for electrical engineers.
Some Benefits of MATLAB are:

 Simple to use
 Fast computations are possible
 Wide working range
 Solution of matrix of any order
 Desired operations are performed in matrices
 Different Programming languages can be used
 Simulation is possible
To start using MATLAB/SIMULINK, open editor to create an m-file or an.mdl Simulink

model in Simulink window. Always save using file names without breaks in words.
MATLAB provides an interactive environment with hundreds of reliable and accurate built-
in mathematical functions. These functions provide solutions to a broad range of
mathematical problems including matrix algebra, complex arithmetic, linear systems, vector
analysis, differential equations, signal processing, optimization, non-linear systems, 2-D & 3-
D Plotting and many other types of scientific computations.
The command help provides a list of files, built-in functions and operators for which on line
help is available.
Basic Commands:
Some basic MATLAB commands are given as follows. Type these at the command prompt to
verify.
1

Department of EEE
Experiment 1
Addition: A+B Subtraction: A-B Multiplication: A*B

Division: A/B Power: A^B Power of individual element: A.^B
Range : A: B Square-Root: A=sqrt (B) where A & B are any arbitrary integers
Help Function Name:

It will give information on the specified function as to its purpose and use.
Variables:
Expressions typed without a variable name are evaluated by MATLAB, and the result is
stored and displayed by a variable called ans. The result of an expression can be assigned to a
variable name for further use. Variable names can have as many as 19 characters (including
letters and numbers).However, the first character of a variable name must be a letter.
MATLAB is case-sensitive. Lower and uppercase letters represent two different variables.
The command casesen makes MATLAB insensitive to the case.
1. For example, if the following expression is typed

x= exp(-0.2696*0.2)*sin(2*pi*0.2)/(0.01*sqrt(3)*log(18))
the result is displayed on the screen as

x=18.0001
and is assigned to x. If a variable name is not used, the result is assigned to the variable ans.
2. For example, typing the expression

250/sin(pi/6)
ans=500.0000
If the last character of a statement is a semicolon (;), the expression is executed, but the result
is not displayed. The command disp may be used to display a variable without printing its
name.
An M-file can prompt for input from keyboard. The command input causes the computer to
request data from the keyboard.
For example, the command

R=input(‘Enter radius in meter’)
displays the text string
Enter radius in meter
and waits for a number to be entered. If a number, say 4.5 is entered, it is assigned to variable
R and displayed as
R=4.5000
2

Department of EEE
Experiment 1
MATLAB has a useful collection of transcendental functions, such as exponential, logarithm,

trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions. For a complete list and help on operators, type help
ops, and for elementary math functions type help elfun.
Vector Operations:
In MATLAB, elements enclosed by brackets and separated by semi-colons generate a column
vector.
For example, the statement
X=[2; -4; 8]
results in
X=2
-4
8
If elements are separated by blanks, a row vector is produced. The statement
R=[tan(pi/4) sqrt(9) -5]
results in the output
R=1.0000 3.0000 -5.0000
The transpose of a column vector results in a row vector, and vice versa. For example,
Y=R’
will produce
Y=1.0000
3.0000
-5.0000
Arithmetic Operations:
Matrix arithmetic operation & Array arithmetic operation: Array arithmetic operations are
carried out element-by-element. The period character (.) distinguishes the array operations
from the matrix operation.
Vectors of the same size can be added or subtracted, where addition is performed component
twice. However, for multiplication, specific rules must be followed in order to obtain correct
resulting values.
The operation of multiplying a vector X with a scalar k (scalar multiplication) is performed
component wise. For example, P = 5*R produces the output, P = 5.0000 15.0000 -25.0000
The inner product or the dot product of two vectors X and Y is given by,
S=X’*Y
and, it results in, S = -50
The operator (.*) performs element by element operation. For example, for the previously
defined vectors X and Y, the statement
E = X .*Y
3

Department of EEE
Experiment 1
results in, E = 2
-12
-40
The operator ./ performs element by element division. The two arrays must have the same
size, unless one of them is a scalar. Array powers or element by element powers are denoted
by (.^).
Various norms (measure of size) of a vector can be obtained. The command
N = norm(X)
,
The angle of two vectors X and Y is defined by cosθ = . The statement

Theta = acos(X’*Y/(norm(X)*norm(Y)))
results in the output, Theta = 2.7444
Where, Theta in radians.
Let’s create a simple vector with 9 elements called a.

a = [1 2 3 4 6 4 3 4 5]
a=
1 2 3 4 6 4 3 4 5
Now let's add 2 to each element of vector, a, and store the result in a new vector. Adding an
element to a Vector:
b=a+2
b=
3 4 5 6 8 6 5 6 7
Plots and Graphs:

Creating graphs in MATLAB is as easy as one command. Let's plot the result of our vector
addition with grid lines.
plot (b)
grid on
8
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
4

Department of EEE
Experiment 1
MATLAB can make other graph types as well, with axis labels.
bar(b)
xlabel('Time (Hour)')
ylabel('Load (kW)')
6
Load (kW)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (Hour)
MATLAB can use symbols in plots as well. Here is an example using stars to mark the
points. MATLAB offers a variety of other symbols and line types.
plot(b,'*')
xlabel('Time (Hour)')
ylabel('Load (kW)')
axis([0 10 0 10])
10
6
Load (kW)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (Hour)
5

Department of EEE
Experiment 1
Zero vector: It is a vector with all components equal to zero. For example, to build a zero
vector of size 4, the following command
Z = zeros(1,4)
results in
Z= 0 0 0 0
One vector: It is a vector with each component equal to one. To generate a one vector of size
4, use
I = ones(1,4)
The result is
I=1 1 1 1
In MATLAB, the colon(:) can be used to generate a row vector. For example
x=1:8
generates a row vector of integes from 1 to 8,
x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
For increments other than unity, the following command

z = 0:pi/3:pi
results in
z = 0000 1.0472 2.0944 3.1416
For negative increments

x = 5:-1:1
results in
x=5 4 3 2 1
Lab Report:
Q. 1-1. What is MATLAB?

Q. 1-2. What is the elaboration of MATLAB?
Q. 1-3. How can you find information on specified function as to its use and purpose?
Q. 1-4. Write about specifying variable name and not specifying variable name?
Q. 1-5. What are the functions of the following commands?
(1) exp (2) sqrt (3) disp (4) input (5) norm (6) acos (7) plot (8) bar
Q. 1-6. Write about (1) Zero vector (2) One vector (3) Positive increment (4) Negative
increment (5) Increment other than unity
6

Department of EEE
Experiment 2
FORMATION AND SOLUTION OF MATRIX ALGEBRA WITH

MATLAB
Aim: To learn matrix operations and manipulations in MATLAB and solution technique of
simultaneous equations.
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
The matrix operations are performed in MATLAB. All variables in MATLAB are considered
as matrices. A simple scalar is considered as a 1x1 matrix. For MATLAB variables
containing higher dimensions, certain special rules are required to deal with them.
Matrix Algebra with MATLAB:

The matrix operations are performed in MATLAB. All variables in MATLAB are considered
as matrices. A simple scalar is considered as a 1x1 matrix. For MATLAB variables
containing higher dimensions, certain special rules are required to deal with them.
Entering a Row Vector in MATLAB:

x  [1 4 7]
MATLAB Format:
>> x = [1 4 7]
x=
1 4 7
Entering a Column Vector in MATLAB:
1 
x   4 
 7 
MATLAB Format:
>> x = [1; 4; 7]
x=
1
4
7
7

Department of EEE
Experiment 2
Alternate Way to Enter a Column Vector:

>> x = [1 4 7]'
x=
1
4
7
Creating a Matrix:
One area in which MATLAB excels is matrix computation. Creating a matrix is as easy as
making a vector, using semicolons (;) to separate the rows of a matrix.
A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
A=
1 2 0
2 5 -1
4 10 -1
Adding a new Row:

A(4,:)=[7 8 9]
ans=
1 2 0
2 5 -1
4 10 -1
7 8 9
Adding a new Column:

A(:,4)=[7 8 9]
ans=
1 2 0 7
2 5 -1 8
4 10 -1 9
Matrix Addition and Subtraction:

Matrix addition and subtraction with MATLAB are achieved in the same manner as with
scalars provided that the matrices have the same size. Typical expressions are shown below.
>> C = A + B
>> D = A - B
8

Department of EEE
Experiment 2
Error Messages:
MATLAB has many error messages that indicate problems with operations. If the matrices
have different sizes, the message is
??? Error using ==> 
Matrix dimensions must agree.
Transpose:
We can easily find the transpose of the matrix A.
A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
A' =
1 2 4
2 5 10
0 -1 -1
Matrix Multiplication:
Now let's multiply these two matrices together. Note again that MATLAB doesn't require you
to deal with matrices as a collection of numbers. MATLAB knows when you are dealing with
matrices and adjusts your calculations accordingly.
A = [1 1 1; 2 2 2; 3 3 3]
B = [4 4 4; 5 5 5; 6 6 6]
C =A*B
C=
15 15 15
30 30 30
45 45 45
Array Multiplication:
There is another form of multiplication of matrices in which it is desired to multiply
corresponding elements in a fashion similar to that of addition and subtraction. This operation
arises frequently with MATLAB, and we will hereafter refer to the process as the array
product to distinguish it from the standard matrix multiplication form.
MATLAB Array Multiplication:

To form an array product in MATLAB, a period must be placed after the first variable. The
operation is commutative. Array multiplication of two matrices or vectors can be performed
using the ’.* ‘ operator.
9

Department of EEE
Experiment 2
C =A.*B
C=
4 4 4
10 10 10
18 18 18
MATLAB Array Multiplication Continuation:

If there are more than two matrices for which array multiplication is desired, the periods
should follow all but the last one in the expression; e. g., A.*B.*C in the case of three
matrices. Alternately, nesting can be used; e.g. (A.*B).*C for the case of three matrices.
MATLAB Array Multiplication Continuation:

The array multiplication concept arises in any operation in which the command could be
“confused” for a standard matrix operation. For example, suppose it is desired to form a
matrix B from a matrix A by raising each element of A to the 3rd power, The MATLAB
command is
>> B = A.^3
Determinant of a Matrix:
The determinant of a square matrix in MATLAB is determined by the simple command
det(A). Thus, if a is to represent the determinant, we would type and enter
>> a = det(A)
Note that a is a scalar (1 x 1 "matrix").
Inverse:
Let's find the inverse of a matrix
A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
X=inv(A)
X=
5 2 -2
-2 -1 1
0 -2 1
... and then illustrate the fact that a matrix times its inverse is the identity matrix.
I = inv (A) * A
10

Department of EEE
Experiment 2
I=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Lab Report:
Q. 2-1. Enter the matrices below in MATLAB. They will be used in the next several
examples.
2  3 5  5 6 6 
A   1 4 X 0  B   8 9  3
9  14 2   X 0 8 4 
Q. 2-2. Determine the transpose of B and denote it as C.

Q. 2-3. Determine the sum of A and C and denote it as D.
Q. 2-4. Determine the product of A and B with A first.
Q. 2-5. Determine the product of B and A with B first.
Q. 2-6. Determine the array product of A and C and denote it as E.
Q. 2-7. Determine the determinant of the following matrix and denote it as p.
1 2  5 
P   7 4 2 
9 7  X 1 
Q. 2-8. Determine the inverse matrix of P and denote it as Ainv.

Q. 2-9. Use MATLAB to solve the simultaneous equations below.
x1  2 x 2  4 x3  8
x1  8 x 2  5 x3  14
9 x1  2 x 2  6 x3  X 0
Student ID: EEE 0X6X5 X4X3X2X1X0

For Example, ID EEE 047 06779 has X1 =7 and X0 =9
11

Stamfford Universitty Bangladeshh EEE / Leveel III, Term II
Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
2, Power System I Lab
Experiment 3
PER-UNIIT CALC
CULATIO
ON OF SY
YSTEM PARAME
P ETERS US
SING
MATL LAB
Aim
m: To learrn per unit calculation
c of various parameters in a certain power sy
ystem using
MAT TLAB and the fundam
mentals of poower system
m for designning a systeem that meets specific
needd.
paratus: MATLAB
App
Theeory:
A quuantity (volttage, currennt, power, im
mpedance, admittance,, etc.) in perr unit is deffined as the
ratioo of that quuantity to a selected base
b quantitty of the saame nature (i.e. voltag ge, current,
power, impedannce, admittaance, etc.)
A
Actual Quuantity
Peer Unit ( P.U ) 
Basse Value Quanity
Withh transform mers, we neeed to convert the volttage magnittudes, impeedances, cu urrents, etc.
repeatedly. By using per unit u calculaations that different
d vooltage basess (but the same powerr
base) are used ini different transformerr sections. The
T converssions amongg transform mer voltages
are absorbed by b the basse relationsships. Thuss p.u. reprresentations of system m elements
(trannsformers, immpedances, loads, gennerations, ettc.) becomee more unifoorm and thee fixed- tap
transsformers dissappear from the p.u. representation. The saame situatioons apply to o wye-deltaa
circuuits, and theey will havve the same p.u. repressentation. Again,
A the cconversion is
i absorbedd
into the base relationshipp. Per unitt quantity is same foor single-phhase and three-phase
t
repreesentations.
Singgle Phase Syystems
12

Stamfford Universitty Bangladeshh EEE / Leveel III, Term II
Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 3
Threee Phase Syystems
Chan
nging the Base
B of Per--Unit Quan
ntities
Advaantages of Per-Unit
P Caalculations
1. Manufactuurers usuallly specify thet impedance of a piece of appparatus in per p unit orr
percent onn the base off nameplatee rating.
2. For a given type of eqquipment, anda disregarrding the siize and volttage, the parrameters inn
per unit arre within a narrow, knoown range. Experiencee in workinng with per--unit values
brings fammiliarity witth the propper values of
o per-unit impedance for differen nt types off
apparatus.
3. The per-unnit impedannce, once expressed
e on
o the propper base, is the same referred to
either side of any trannsformer.
4. The way inn which traansformers area connectted in three--phase circuuits does no
ot affect the
per-unit im
mpedances of o the equivvalent circuiit.
5. In per uniit, the line--to-neutral voltage
v equ
uals the phaase-to-phase voltage, and duringg
normal opeeration bothh quantities are close to
o unity.
Prooblem Stattement:
◊
Exaample 2.5: The
T reactannce of a gennerator desig
gnated X” is
i given as 00.25 per unnit based onn
the generator’s
g nameplate rating
r of 188 kV, 500 MVA.
M The base
b for the calculation
ns is 20 kV,
100 MVA. Findd X” on the new base.
13

Department of EEE
Experiment 3
MATLAB Program:
% Program to solve per-unit (p.u) problem

% Md Multan Biswas, Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, Stamford University Bangladesh
clc
clear all
disp( ' Chapter 2')

disp( ' Solution of Example 2.5:')
pu_z_giv = 0.25;
base_kV_giv = 18;
base_MVA_giv = 500;
base_kV_new = 20;
base_MVA_new = 100;
disp( ' Per-Unit Znew = Per-unit Zgiv*(base kVgiv/base kVnew )^2*(base MVAnew/base
MVAgiv)')
X11 =( pu_z_giv * ( base_kV_giv / base_kV_new )^2 * (base_MVA_new / base_MVA_giv
));
fprintf('\n Per-Unit Znew, X11=%f p.u \n ',X11);
Problem Statement:
◊
Example 6.4: A single-phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance
measured from the low-voltage side is 0.06 Ω. Determine leakage reactance in per unit.
MATLAB Program:
% Program to solve per-unit (p.u) problem

clc;
clear all
disp( ' Chapter 6')

disp( ' Solution of Example 6.4:')
14

Department of EEE
Experiment 3
% Given
v_lt = 110;
v_ht = 440;
VA = 2.5e3;
x_lt = 0.06;
% Calculations
disp( ' Viewed from low tension side:')
lt_base_impedance = (v_lt)^2/VA;
fprintf('\n Low Tension Base Impedance=%f Ohm \n',lt_base_impedance);
X_lt_pu = x_lt/lt_base_impedance;
fprintf('\n Leakage reactance in per unit from Low Tension side =%f P.u. \n',X_lt_pu);
disp( ' Viewed from high tension side:')

x_ht = x_lt * (v_ht / v_lt)^2;
ht_base_impedance = (v_ht)^2 / VA;
fprintf('\n High Tension Base Impedance=%f Ohm \n',ht_base_impedance);
X_ht_pu = x_ht/ht_base_impedance;
fprintf('\n Leakage reactance in per unit from High Tension side =%f p.u. \n',X_ht_pu);
Lab Report:
◊
Book: Elements of power system analysis (4th Edition) - William D. Stevenson, Jr
Q. 3-1. Example: 6.5 (The value of kVA for A-B transformer must be changed to 100X05
kVA and load resistance in circuit C must be changed tto 3X15)
Q. 3-2. Exercise: 2.21 (The value of generator MVA must be changed to 5X06)
Q. 3-3. Exercise: 2.22 (The value of new generator base must be changed to 1X05)
Q. 3-4. Exercise: 6.13 (The new base value of calculation must be changed to 10X1
and 2X00 kV instead of 100 MVA, 230 kVA)

15

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
INTRODUCTION OF SIMULINK AND OBSERVATION OF THREE

PHASE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS AND THEIR
PHASE RELATION USING SIMULINK
Aim: To determine sinusoidal three phase voltages and currents. Also, observe the voltage
and current phase relation with load changing.
Apparatus: MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSytems
Theory:
The Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for the modeling and simulation of
systems. In Simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. Many elements of
block diagrams are available (such as transfer functions, summing junctions, etc.), as well as
virtual input devices (such as function generators) and output devices (such as oscilloscopes).
Simulink is integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily transferred between the
programs. In this tutorial, we will introduce the basics of using Simulink to model and
simulate a system.
Starting Simulink
Simulink is started from the MATLAB command prompt by entering the following
command:
>>simulink
Alternatively, you can click on the "Simulink Library Browser" button at the top of the
MATLAB command window as shown below:
The Simulink Library Browser window should now appear on the screen. Most of the blocks
needed for modeling basic systems can be found in the subfolders of the main "Simulink"
folder (opened by clicking on the "+" in front of "Simulink"). Once the "Simulink" folder has
been opened, the Library Browser window should look like: clicking Simulink Library
Browser following windows will open:
16

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
The RMS Voltage of an AC Waveform

The RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of the squared function of the
instantaneous values. The symbols used for defining an RMS value are VRMS or IRMS. The
term RMS, refers to time-varying sinusoidal voltages, currents or complex waveforms were
the magnitude of the waveform changes over time and is not used in DC circuit analysis or
calculations were the magnitude is always constant. The domestic mains supply in
Bangladesh is 230 Vac. This value is assumed to indicate an effective value of “240 Volts
RMS”.
+Vm (325 V)
+Vrms
(230 V)
Power Factor (p.f) in AC Circuit

The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor.
In an a.c. circuit, there is generally a phase difference φ between voltage and current. The
term cosφ is called the power factor of the circuit.
17

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
 For Purely Resistive Load, current and voltage are in phase and p.f is Unity
 For, R-L Load, current lags voltage by φ and p.f. is Lagging.
 For, R-C Branch, current leads voltage by φ and p.f is Leading.
Most of the loads (e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have
low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase
in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system
from power station generator down to the utilization devices. In order to ensure most
favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical standpoint, it is
important to have power factor as close to unity as possible.
Circuit/Simulink Diagram:
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s
powergui
Scope
A A Vabc
Iabc
B B a
C b
C c
Three-Phase Source
VL=400 V and f=50Hz Three-Phase
B
A
V-I Measurement Three-Phase Y

12 kW Resistive
Load
Fig. (1-a.1): Three phase Supply with purely Resistive Load. [Graph-Fig. (1-b.1)]
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s
powergui
Scope1
+ v
-
A A Vabc Voltmeter
Iabc
B B a
C b i
+ -
C c Scope2
Three-Phase Source Ammeter
V-I Measurement
B
A
Three-Phase Y
12 kW Resistive
Load
Fig. (1-a.2): Three phase Supply with purely Resistive Load. [Graph-Fig. (1-b.2)]
18

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s
powergui
Scope1
+ v
-
A A Vabc Voltmeter
Iabc
B B a
C b + -i
C c Scope2
V-I Measurement
B
A
C
Three-Phase Y
12 kW Series
R-L Load,
L- 4 kVAR
Fig. (2-a): Three phase Supply with R-L Load. [Graph-Fig. (2-b.1) and Fig. (2-b.2)]
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s
powergui Scope1
+ v
-
A A Vabc Voltmeter
Iabc
B B a
C b i
+ -
C c Scope2
B
A
V-I Measurement PFI Capacitor

B
A
Three-Phase Y
Bank 12 kW Series
C- 3 kVAR R-L Load,
L- 4 kVAR
Fig. (3-a): Three phase Supply with R-L-C Load. [Graph-Fig. (3-b.1) and Fig. (3-b.2)]
Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Open SimPowerSystems Library and browse the components
4. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
5. Set the desired voltage, required frequency, and value of load
6. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
7. Plot the waveforms.
8. To edit Simulink Scope type the following commands in Command Window after
running the Simulation:
set(0,'ShowHiddenHandles','on')
set(gcf,'menubar','figure')
9. Repeat step 3 to 8 for next three circuit setting the desired parameters
19

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
Graph:
400
300
200
Phase Voltage, Vp (V)
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
Time (S)
25
20
15
Phase Current, Ip (A)
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (1-b.1): V-I Waveforms for purely Resistive Load.

400
Phae Voltage, Vp (V) and Current, Ip (A)
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (1-b.2): V-I phase relation for purely Resistive Load, Unity power factor.
20

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
Time (S)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (2-b.1): V-I Waveforms for R-L Load.
400
Phae Voltage, Vp (V) and Current, Ip (A)
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (2-b.2): V-I phase relation for R-L Load, Lagging power factor.
21

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
Time (S)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (3-b.1): V-I waveforms for R-L-C Load.
400
Phase Voltage, Vp (V) and Current, Ip (A)
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (3-b.2): V-I phase relation for R-L-C Load, power factor improved using capacitor.
22

Department of EEE
Experiment 4
Lab Report:
Q. 4-1. Draw the Simulink Diagram, Simulate and plot the V-I waveforms and V-I phase
relation for the following parameters. Also explain the voltage-current phase relation and
power factor (p.f) scenario.
Q. 4-1-1. Phase to phase Supply voltage 4X10 V, Frequency 50 Hz, Purely Resistive
load of 1X0 kW.
Q. 4-1-2. Phase to phase Supply voltage 4X10 V, Frequency 50 Hz, R-L load of 1X0
kW with Inductive Reactive power of 5.X0 kVAR.
Q. 4-1-3. Phase to phase Supply voltage 4X10 V, Frequency 50 Hz, R-L load of 1X0
kW with Inductive Reactive power of 5.X0 kVAR and PFI Capacitive
Reactive power of 3.X0 kVAR.


Md. Multan Biswas
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of EEE
Date: May 2015
23

Department of EEE
Experiment 5
DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A MEDIUM

POWER TRANSMISSION LINE USING SIMULINK
Aim: To determine voltage at the receiving end and voltage regulation for a medium
transmission line model. Also, observe the effect of load changing on voltage regulation.
Apparatus: MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSytems
Theory:
The transmission line having its effective length 80 km ≤ l < 240 km is generally referred to
as a medium transmission line. Due to the line length being considerably high, admittance Y
of the network does play a role in calculating the effective circuit parameters, unlike in the
case of short transmission lines. For this reason the modeling of a medium length
transmission line is done using lumped shunt admittance along with the lumped impedance in
series to the circuit. These lumped parameters of a medium length transmission line can be
represented using two different models, namely-
1) Nominal Π representation.
2) Nominal T representation.
Let’s now go into the detailed discussion of Π model.
In case of a nominal Π representation, the lumped series impedance is placed at the middle of
the circuit where as the shunt admittances are at the ends. As we can see from the diagram of
the Π network below, the total lumped shunt admittance is divided into 2 equal halves, and
each half with value Y⁄2 is placed at both the sending and the receiving end while the entire
circuit impedance is between the two. The shape of the circuit so formed resembles that of a
symbol Π, and for this reason it is known as the nominal Π representation of a medium
transmission line. It is mainly used for determining the general circuit parameters and
performing load flow analysis.
24

Stamfford Universitty Bangladesh
h EEE / Leveel III, Term II
Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 5
Let,
z=seeries impedaance per uniit length perr phase
y= shhunt admittance per unnit length peer phase to neutral
n
l=lenngth of the line
l
Z=zll= total seriees impedancce per phasee
Y=yll= total shunnt admittancce per phasee to neutral
The sending endd voltage,
……
……………
………………
………….. (1)
The sending endd current,
……
……………
………………
………….. (2)
Com
mparing equaation (1) annd (2) with the
t standard
d ABCD parrameter equuations,
We derive
d the parameters
p o a medium
of m transmissiion line as:
Volttage regulattion of transsmission linne is measu

ure of changge of receivving end vo
oltage from
m
no-looad to full load condition.
Percent Regulattion of Meddium Transm mission Linee =
………
………..…. (3)
Circcuit/Simu
ulink Diaggram:
Discre te ,
Ts = 5e -005 s
po we rgui
Pi Sectio
on Line
AC Supply
y Series RL Load
L
+ v + v Scope
- -
VM_
_IN VM
M_OUT
25

Department of EEE
Experiment 5
Procedure:
3. Open SimPowerSystems Library and browse the components. Now, Connect the
components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired input peak voltage as 186.68 kV for 132 kV Vrms, frequency as 50 Hz,
5. Set the “Pi Section Line” resistance per unit length per phase as 0.1 Ω/km, inductance per
unit length per phase as 0.1e-3 H/km, capacitance per unit length per phase as 1e-9 F/km,
and length as 150 km.
6. Set the “R-L” Load’s nominal voltage as 132 kV rms, Active power as 40 MW, Inductive
reactive power as 16 MVAR and capacitive reactive power as 0.
7. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB and open the waveforms from scope.
9. Go to Simulink-->SimPowerSystems-->Extra Library-->RMS, copy RMS block to
model. Now, go to Simulink-->Sinks-->Display and copy Display block to model
10. Connect output of VM_OUT to RMS(50Hz)Display instead of scope. Measure rms
value of output voltage. Finally, calculate the voltage regulation using equation (3).
11. Repeat step 6 to 10 for active power 100 MW, Inductive reactive power 40 MVAR and
capacitive reactive power 0 and observe the effect of load variation on voltage regulation.
Graph:
5
x 10
2
1.5
Input and Output Voltages (V)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (1): Variation of input and output voltages when Active power is 40 MW, Inductive
reactive power is 16 MVAR
26

Department of EEE
Experiment 5
5
x 10
2
1.5
Input and Output Voltages (V)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
1.8 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86
Time (S)
Fig. (1): Variation of input and output voltages when Active power is 100 MW, Inductive
reactive power is 40 MVAR
Lab Report:
Q. 5-1. Draw the Simulink Diagram, Simulate and plot input and output voltages waveforms
and also calculate the voltage regulation for following medium transmission line.
Q. 5-1-1.
Set the desired input peak voltage as 325.269 kV for 230 kV Vrms, required frequency as
50 Hz.
Set the “Pi Section Line” resistance per unit length per phase as 0.08 Ω/km, inductance
per unit length per phase as 0.12e-3 H/km, capacitance per unit length per phase as 0.8e-
9 F/km, and length as 120 km.
Set the “R-L” Load’s nominal voltage as 230 kV rms, Active power as 8X0 MW,
Inductive reactive power as 3X1 MVAR and capacitive reactive power as 0.
Q. 5-1-2. Active power as 2X13 MW, Inductive reactive power as 8X0 MVAR and
capacitive reactive power as 0
Q.5-2. Calculate the voltage regulation using equation (3) for both cases and discuss on the
effect of load increasing on voltage regulation with your assigned data.

27

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 6
DETERM
MINATIO
ON OF EN
NERGY SUPPLIE
S ED, AVER
RAGE LO
OAD,
MAXIM
MUM LO
OAD & LOOAD FAC
CTOR FR
ROM LOOAD CUR
RVE
Aim
m: To dem
monstrate thhe load currve and evaaluation off average looad, energy
y supplied,
maxiimum load and load faactor from thhe load curv
ve.
App
paratus: MATLAB
Theeory:
The curve show wing the variation of loaad on the poower stationn with respeect to time is
i known as
a loaad curve. Looad curve caan be follow
wing types.
 Daily load curve
 Monthlyy load curvee
 Yearly load curve
Fig. 6.1. Daaily Load Curve

C of Ba
angladesh on
o May 22,, 2015.
Impoortance of Load
L Curvees:
1) The daily load curve shows the variations
v of
o load on the
t power station durin
ng differentt
times.
2) The area under
u the daaily load currve gives the number of units geneerated.
Units geneerated/day = Area (in kWh)
k under daily load curve
c
28

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 6
3) The highesst point on the

t daily loaad curve rep
presents thee maximum demand onn that day.
4) The area under
u the daily
d load curve
c divid
ded by the total numbber of hourss gives the
average load on the sttation
5) The ratio of the area under the load curve to the totaal area of reectangle in which it is
contained gives the looad factor.
6) The load curve

c helps in selectingg the size an o generating units.
nd number of
7) The load curve
c helps in preparingg the operattion schedulle of the staation.
Impoortant Term
ms:
Maxximum dem mand: It is the greatesst demand of o load on the

t power sstation duriing a givenn
periood.
Demmand factorr: It is the ratio of maaximum demand on thhe power sttation to itss connectedd
load.
Averrage load: The averagge of loads occurring
o on n the powerr station in a given perriod (day orr
monnth or year) is
i known ass average looad or averaage demand.
Loadd factor: The

T ratio off average looad to the maximum
m d
demand durring a given period is
know
wn as load factor
f
If thee plant is inn operation for

f T hours,,
29

Department of EEE
Experiment 6
Problem Statement:
Load Schedule of a Certain Area:
Time Load (MW)
12 am to 2 am 6
2 am to 6 am 5
6 am to 9 am 10
9 am to 12 pm 15
12 pm to 2 pm 12
2 pm to 6 pm 15
6 pm to 8 pm 20
8 pm to 10 pm 19
10 pm to 12 am 8
MATLAB Program:
% Program to plot Load Curve and calculate power data

clc
clear all
Data= [0 2 6
265
6 9 10
9 12 15
12 14 12
14 18 15
18 20 20
20 22 19
22 24 8];
P=Data(:,3)*1e6;
Dt=Data(:,2)-Data(:,1);
W=P.*Dt;
Pavg=(sum(W)/sum(Dt))/1e6;
fprintf('\n Average Load, Pavg=%f MW \n ',Pavg);
Pmax=max(P)/1e6;
fprintf('\n Peak Load, Pmax=%f MW \n ',Pmax);
30

Department of EEE
Experiment 6
Unit=(Pavg*24)*1000;
fprintf('\n Unit Generated, Unit=%f kWh \n ',Unit);
LF=(Pavg/Pmax);
fprintf('\n Load Factor, LF=%f \n ',LF);
L=length(Data);
tt = [Data(:,1) Data(:,2)];
t = sort(reshape(tt, 1, 2*L));
PP=1e6*Data(:,3);
for n = 1:L
P(2*n-1)=PP(n);
P(2*n)=PP(n);
end
plot(t,P/1e6)
xlabel('Time in a Day (Hour)')
ylabel('Load (MW)')
xlim([0 24])
ylim([0 25])
grid on
Graph:
25
20
Load (MW)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time in a Day (Hour)
31

Department of EEE
Experiment 6
Lab Report:
Q. 6-1. Plot the Annual load curve and also determine the average load, energy supplied,
maximum load and load factor from the load curve for the following load data:
Time (Month to Month) Load (MW)

January to February 120
February to March 15X1
March to May 192
May to July 238
July to September 180
September to November 168
November to January 1X03

32

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 7
F TION OF BUS ADMITTAN

FORMAT NCE MAT
TRIX USIING MAT
TLAB
Aim
m: To deterrmine the buus admittannce matrix for
f the givenn power sysstem Network.
paratus: MATLAB
App
Theeory:
The typical pow wer transmiission netwoork spans a large geoggraphic areaa and invollves a large
nummber and varriety of netw
work compoonents. For large-scale system Analysis the current flow w
throuugh a netwwork compoonent can be b related to the volttage drop aacross it byy either ann
admiittance or an impedannce parameeter. The steady-state
s electrical characteristics of the
netw
work compoonents actinng together as a system m is given by the noddal or bus admittance
matrrix based onn nodal anallysis of the network
n equuations.
Bus admittance matrix is often used inn power systtem studies. In most off power systtem studies
it is necessary to form Y-bus
Y matrixx of the sy
ystem by coonsidering certain pow wer system m
parammeters deppending upoon the typee of analysiis. For example in load flow an nalysis it is
neceessary to foorm Y-bus matrix
m withhout taking
g into accouunt the gennerator impeedance andd
load impedance. In shorrt circuit fault f analyssis the generator traansient reacctance andd
transsformer imppedance takken in accouunt, in addittion to line data. Y-buss may be co
omputed byy
inspeection methhod only if there
t is no natural
n couppling betweeen the lines. Shunt adm
mittance are
addeed to the diaagonal elem
ments corressponding to the buses at a which theese are conn
nected. The
off diagonal
d eleements are unaffected.
u
In geeneral the foormat of Ybus matrix foor an n-bus power

p systeem:
For a system wiith n buses, Ybus is an an

a n by n sy ymmetric maatrix (i.e., oone where Aij = Aji).
Diaggonal elemeents: A diaggonal elemeent (Yii) of the bus adm mittance maatrix, YBUS, is equal to
the sum
s total off the admittaance values of all the elements inccident at thee bus/node i.
33

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 7
Off Diagonal
D ellements: Ann off-diagonnal elementt (Yij) of thhe bus admiittance matrrix, YBUS,
is eqqual to the negative off the admitttance value of the connnecting eleement preseent betweenn
the buses
b i and j,
j if any.
This is the prinnciple of thee rule of insspection. Th hus the algoorithmic eqquations for the rule off
inspeection are obtained
o as:
Yii = Σyijj (i = 1,2,…….n)
Yij = - yij (j = 1,2,…
…….n)
For i = 1,2,…..n, n = no. of buses ofo the giveen system, yij is the aadmittance of elementt
connnected betw
ween buses i and j and yii is the adm
mittance of element coonnected bettween bus i
and ground
g (refference bus)).
34

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 7
Circcuit Diagrram:
0.3+j0
0.46
0.42+j0.6 0.588+ j0.38
0.38+j0.56
0.67+ j0..24
MA
ATLAB Prrogram:
Function M-Fiile:
% Liine Data forr Y-Bus Forrmation.

% Md
M Multan Biswas,
B Sr. Lecturer,
L D
Dept. of EEE
E, Stamford UniversityB
Bangladesh
h
function linedatta = linedataa4() % Reeturns lined

data.
% | From | To | R | X | B//2 |
% | Bus | Bus | | | |
lineddata = [ 1 2 0.422 0.60 0.02;
0
1 3 0.30 0.46 0.02;;
2 3 0.38 0.56 0.00;;
2 4 0.67 0.24 0.00;;
3 4 0.58 0.38 0.00;;];
M-F
File:
% Prrogram to form
fo Bus Addmittance (Y
Ybus) Matrrix...
% Md
M Multan Biswas,
B Sr. Lecturer,
L D
Dept. of EEE
E, Stamford University Bangladesh
h
function ybus = ybus_bus44() % Returrns Ybus
lineddata = linedata4(); % Calling "linnedata4.m" for Line Daata...

fb = linedata(:,11); % From bus number...
n
tb = linedata(:,22); % To bus nummber...
35

Department of EEE
Experiment 7
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...

x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
z = r + 1i*x; % Z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
b = 1i*b; % Make B imaginary...
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...

nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialize Ybus...
% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m || tb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
Output:
ans =
1.7777 - 2.6038i -0.7830 + 1.1186i -0.9947 + 1.5252i 0

-0.7830 + 1.1186i 2.9355 - 2.7951i -0.8297 + 1.2227i -1.3228 + 0.4738i
-0.9947 + 1.5252i -0.8297 + 1.2227i 3.0307 - 3.5183i -1.2063 + 0.7903i
0 -1.3228 + 0.4738i -1.2063 + 0.7903i 2.5291 - 1.2642i
36

Department of EEE
Experiment 7
Lab Report:
Q. 7-1. Write a MATLAB program to form the Bus Admittance Matrix for the following
small power system. Also, show the Bus Admittance Matrix. Neglect Ground Admittance,
B/2.
0.24+j0.X16
0.47+j0.52
0.42+j0.6 0.X08+j0.66
0.28+ j0.34
0.38+j0.4X0
0.67+ j0.24

37

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 8
UNSY
YMMETR
RICAL FAULT
F A
ANALYSI
IS
Aim
m: To becoome familiaar with moodeling andd analysis of
o power ssystems und
der faultedd
conddition and too compute the
t fault levvel, post-fau
ult voltages and currentts for differeent types off
unsyymmetrical faults.
f
App
paratus: MATLAB//Simulink/SSimPowerSyytems
Theeory:
Singgle Line-to-Ground Faault
The single line--to-ground fault
f is usuaally referred
d as “short circuit”
c faullt and occurs when one
condductor falls to ground or
o makes coontact with the neutral wire. The general rep presentationn
of a single linee-to-ground fault is shhown in Fig gure 8.1(a) where F is the fault point withh
impeedances Zf. Figure 8.11(b) shows the sequen nces netwoork diagram m. Phase A is usuallyy
assummed to be thhe faulted phase;
p this is for simpliicity in the fault
f analysis calculatio
ons.
The conditions at the fault point F are expressed by b the follow wing equatiions:
Faullt current in phase B annd phase C, Ibf = 0, Icf = 0 and volttage at the ffault bus, Vaf = ZfIaf
(a) (b)
F 8.1. Sinngle line-to--ground fauult: (a) Geneeral represenntation, (b) Sequence network
Fig. n
diagram
38

Deepartmentt of EEE
EEE 322
Experiment 8
Since the zero-, positive-, and
a negativee-sequence currents aree equals as it can be ob
bserved
in Fiigure 8.1. Therefore,
Va
I a 0  I a1  I a 2 
Z 0  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f
wherre Va is pre-- fault voltaage. The fauult current,
I afa  3I a1
Linee-to-Line Faault
A linne-to-line fault
f may taake place either on an n overhead and/or undeerground trransmissionn
systeem and occurs when tw wo conducttors are short-circuited. One of the characteriistic of this
type of fault is that
t its faullt impedance magnitud de could varry over a wiide range making
m veryy
hardd to predict its upper anda lower limits.
l It iss when the fault impeddance is zeero that the
highhest asymmeetry at the liine-to-line fault
f occurss. The generral represenntation of a line-to-line
faultt is shown in w impedannces Zf. Figure 8.2(b)
i Figure 8..2(a) wheree F is the faault point with
showws the sequeences netwoork diagram m. Phase A and B are usually
u assuumed to be the faultedd
phasses; this is for
fo simplicitty in the fauult analysis calculations
c s.
(a) (b)
Fiig. 8.2. Linee-to-groundd fault: (a) General
G reprresentation, (b) Sequence network diagram
The conditions at the fault are expressed by the fo ollowing eqquations:

Faullt current in phase A, Iaf a voltagee at the faultt bus, Vbf – Vcf = ZfIbf
a = 0, And, Ibf = − Icf and
It can be noticedd that,
Va
I a 0  0 and I a1   I a 2 
Z1  Z 2  Z f
wherre Va is pre-- fault voltaage.
The fault currennt,
I afa  3I a1
The fault currennts for phasee b and c caan be obtain
ned as
I bf   I cf  3I a1  90 0
39

Department of EEE
Experiment 8
Circuit /Simulink Diagram:
Discrete,
A
Ts = 5e-005 s
B
powergui Scope
C
Three-Phase
Fault
A A Vabc
Iabc
B B a
C b
C c
Three-Phase Source
V-I Measurement
B
A
Three-Phase
B
A
C
Series 10 kW PFI Capacitor Bank
R-L Load
(L- 4 kVAR)
C-3 kVAR)
Procedure:

3. Open SimPowerSystems Library and browse the components
4. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
5. Set the desired voltage, required frequency, value of load and PFI kVAR value.
6. Set the three phase fault “Phase A to Ground” Fault, fault resistance as 0.001 Ohm,
ground resistance as 0.001 and Transition times (s) as [90/50 94/50].
7. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
8. Plot the waveforms.
10. Repeat step 6 to 8 for the three phase fault “Phase B to Phase C” Fault, fault resistance
as 0.001 Ohm, Transition times (s) as [90/50 94/50]
40

Graph:
600
Phase Load Voltages, Vp (V)

400
200
-200
-400
Time (S)
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9 1.92 1.94
Time (S)
Fig. 8.1(C). Waveforms for Line (A) to ground fault.

600
400
Phase Load Voltage, Vp (V)
200
-200
-400
-600
Time (S)
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9 1.92 1.94
Time (S)
Fig. 8.2(C). Waveforms for Line (B) to Line (C) fault.
41

Department of EEE
Experiment 8
Lab Report:
Q.8-1. A small power system ha Phase to phase Supply voltage 4X10 V, Frequency 50 Hz, R-
L load of 1X0 kW with Inductive Reactive power of 5.X0 kVAR and PFI Capacitive reactive
power of 4.X0 kVAR. Now, draw the Simulink Diagram, Simulate and plot the V-I
waveforms for the following unsymmetrical faults.
Q. 8-1-1. Phase (A) to ground fault.
Q. 8-1-2. Phase (B) to Phase (C) fault
Q.8-2. Explain the fault and waveforms found for both cases.


Md. Multan Biswas
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of EEE
Date: May 2015
Courtesy To:
Kamol Kanto Das
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of EEE
42

Lab Sheet 1-8

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab Sheet 1-8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EEE / Leveel III, Term II

Lab Sheet Prepared By:

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB AND ITS BASIC COMMANDS

Some Benefits of MATLAB are:

To start using MATLAB/SIMULINK, open editor to create an m-file or an.mdl Simulink

Addition: A+B Subtraction: A-B Multiplication: A*B

Help Function Name:

1. For example, if the following expression is typed

the result is displayed on the screen as

2. For example, typing the expression

For example, the command

MATLAB has a useful collection of transcendental functions, such as exponential, logarithm,

Let’s create a simple vector with 9 elements called a.

Plots and Graphs:

For increments other than unity, the following command

For negative increments

Q. 1-1. What is MATLAB?

FORMATION AND SOLUTION OF MATRIX ALGEBRA WITH

Matrix Algebra with MATLAB:

Entering a Row Vector in MATLAB:

Entering a Column Vector in MATLAB:

Alternate Way to Enter a Column Vector:

Adding a new Row:

Adding a new Column:

Matrix Addition and Subtraction:

MATLAB Array Multiplication:

MATLAB Array Multiplication Continuation:

MATLAB Array Multiplication Continuation:

Q. 2-2. Determine the transpose of B and denote it as C.

Q. 2-8. Determine the inverse matrix of P and denote it as Ainv.

Student ID: EEE 0X6X5 X4X3X2X1X0

Singgle Phase Syystems

Threee Phase Syystems

% Program to solve per-unit (p.u) problem

disp( ' Chapter 2')

fprintf('\n Per-Unit Znew, X11=%f p.u \n ',X11);

% Program to solve per-unit (p.u) problem

disp( ' Chapter 6')

disp( ' Viewed from high tension side:')

Student ID: EEE 0X6X5 X4X3X2X1X0

INTRODUCTION OF SIMULINK AND OBSERVATION OF THREE

The RMS Voltage of an AC Waveform

Power Factor (p.f) in AC Circuit

V-I Measurement Three-Phase Y

V-I Measurement PFI Capacitor

Fig. (1-b.1): V-I Waveforms for purely Resistive Load.

Fig. (2-b.1): V-I Waveforms for R-L Load.

Student ID: EEE 0X6X5 X4X3X2X1X0

Lab Sheet Prepared By:

DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A MEDIUM

Let’s now go into the detailed discussion of Π model.

The sending endd current,

Volttage regulattion of transsmission linne is measu

Student ID: EEE 0X6X5 X4X3X2X1X0

Fig. 6.1. Daaily Load Curve

3) The highesst point on the

6) The load curve

Maxximum dem mand: It is the greatesst demand of o load on the

Loadd factor: The

If thee plant is inn operation for

% Program to plot Load Curve and calculate power data

Time (Month to Month) Load (MW)