በአማራ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስት

AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE

በደቡብ ወሎ ዞን
SOUTH WOLLO ZONE
የኩታበር ወረዳ ግብርና ጽ/ቤት
KUTABER WOREDA AGRICULTURAL OFFICE

ቁጥር:------------------------------------

ቀን:--------------------------------------

ለኩታበር ወረዳ ተፈጥሮ ሃብት ቡድን ፐፕሊክ ወርክ ፎካል ዩኒት

ኩታበር፣

ጉዳዩ፡-የ2014 ዓ/ም መሰኖ ግንባታ ጥናትና ዲዛይን ዶክመንት ሰርቶ ሰለመላክ፣

ከላይ በርዕሱ ለመግለጽ እንደተሞከረዉ በወረዳችን በ2013/14 በጀት አመት በሴፍቲኔት ካፒታል በጀት

በ05 ቀበሌ ቦሰና ምንጭ መሰኖ ግንባታ ሰራ ለመሰራት ሙሉ ጥናትና ዲዛይን ዶክመንት አዘጋጀተን ከዚህ

ሸኝ ደብዳቤ ጋር 99 ገጽ አባሪ አድርገን የላክን ሲሆን በጠየቅነዉ መሰረት ለግንባታዉ የሚያሰፈልገዉ በጀት

እንድመደብልን ስንል በትህትና እንጠይቃለን፡፡

‹‹ከሰላምታ ጋር ››

ግልባጭ፡-
 ለደቡብ ወሎ ዞን ግብርና መምሪያ
ደሴ፣
 ለኩታበር ወረዳ ምግብ ዋሰትና ቡድን
ኩታበር፣

አድራሻ፡-ኩታበር ሰልክ ቁጥር፡-033-448-0480/0482

I
 Acknowledgment
We would like to thank our advisor South Wollo Zone Agriculture Department Irrigation

Engineer Team for his valuable advice, constructive comment for us. Our deepest thanks also go

to our kutaber agriculture office Mr Negatu Yimer dieseling for their valuable advice and

encouragement. And special thanks for all our friends for their idea sharing and help.

II
 Summary
This report contains the feasibility study and detailed analysis of engineering population

forecasting, water resource study and detail division box construction, HDPE pipe extension,

installation and cross drainage structures of Bosena spring small scale irrigation project. A

canal length right or left side of the spring 20m, the number of division box is 34, HDPE pipe

extension, installation 1500m and cross drainage pipe extenesion 25m is designed to irrigate

around 20ha of command area. The project costs a total of Birr 950664.60 /nine hundred fifty

thousand six hundred sixty four birr and 60/100 cents including vat for the mobilization,

demobilization, forman, store house renting, canal, division box,HDPE pipe extension,

installation and cross drainage structure construction works.

III
 Table of contents
Kutaber woreda agriculture office Jalaya river small scale irrigation project. .................................. I

Acknowledgmet ....................................................................................................................................II

Summary ............................................................................................................................................ III

Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. IV

List of tables ...................................................................................................................................... IX

List of figures ..................................................................................................................................... XI

Salient feature .................................................................................................................................. XII

1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Description of the Project Area ................................................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Location of the project area .................................................................................................. 3

1.2.2 Accessibility of the project area ............................................................................................ 4

1.2.3 Topography of the project area ............................................................................................ 4

1.2.4 Rainfall of the project area ................................................................................................... 4

1.2.5 Temperature of the project area ........................................................................................... 4

1.2.6 Sunshine of the project area ................................................................................................. 5

1.2.7 Relative humidity of the project area .................................................................................... 5

1.2.8 Wind speed of the project area ............................................................................................. 5

1.2.9 Beneficiaries and command area of the project area ........................................................... 5

1.2.10 Pervious irrigation practices of the project area ............................................................... 5

IV
 1.3 Objectives of the project area .................................................................................................... 6

1.3.1 Major objectives of the project area .................................................................................... 6

1.3.2 Specific objectives of the project area ................................................................................. 7

1.4 Scope of the project area ........................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Approaches and methodology of the project area .................................................................... 9

2 Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................. 10

2.1 Watershed characteristics .................................................................................................... …10

2.1.1 Slope of the watershed .............................................................................................................. 10

2.1.2 Land use of the watershed ……………… .................................................................................. 11

2.1.3 Soil type of the watershed ......................................................................................................... 13

2.1.4 Agro climatic zone of the watershed ………………................................................................... 13

2.2 Geology of spring .................................................................................................................. …13

2.2.1 Site selection criteria of spring………………............................................................................ 13

2.2.2 Watershed geology ……………… ............................................................................................. 14

2.3 Source of construction materials .......................................................................................... …15

2.3.1 Rock for masonry and crushed coarse aggregate……………… ............................................... 15

2.3.1 Fine aggregate and sand……………… ..................................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Water……………… ................................................................................................................... 16

3 Irrigation water requirement .......................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Crop selection ........................................................................................................................ …17

3.2 Production factors ................................................................................................................. …18

3.2.1 Land ..................................................................................................................................... 18

V
 3.2.2 Animal power ....................................................................................................................... 18

3.2.3 Input data ............................................................................................................................. 18

3.3 Crop water requirement ......................................................................................................... …18

3.3.1 Determination of crop water requirement .......................................................................... 19

3.3.1.1 The effect of climate given by the reference crop evapotranspiration (Eto) ................ 19

3.3.1.2 Irrigation requirement .................................................................................................. 26

3.3.1.3 Effective rainfall............................................................................................................ 26

3.3.1.3.1 Fixed percentage effective rainfall ...................................................................... 27

3.3.1.3.2 Dependable rainfall ............................................................................................. 27

3.3.1.3.3 Empirical formula for effective rainfall ............................................................... 27

3.3.1.3.4 Method of USDA soil conservation service ......................................................... 28

3.3.1.4 Setting the irrigation efficiency ..................................................................................... 29

3.3.1.5 Net irrigation water requirement (NIR)........................................................................ 31

3.3.1.6 Gross irrigation water requirement estimation (GIWR) .............................................. 31

4 Population forecasting .................................................................................................................... 33

4.1 Arithmetical increase method ................................................................................................ …33

4.2 Geometrical increase method ............................................................................................ ……34

4.3 Increasmental increase method ......................................................................................... ……36

4.4 General method .................................................................................................................. ……37

5 Water demand ................................................................................................................................. 38

5.1 Domestic water demand (Dwd) ............................................................................................. …38

5.2 Commercial and industrial demand (Cwd)........................................................................ ……38

VI
 5.3 Fire demand (Fwd) ............................................................................................................ ……39

5.4 Public water demand (Pwd)............................................................................................... ……39

5.4 Compenset and losses (WL)) .............................................................................................. ……39

6 Methods of water delivery and delivery scheduling ....................................................................... 42

6.1 Choice of irrigation method ................................................................................................... …42

7 Hydraulic design of the canal ......................................................................................................... 43

7.1 General consideration for canal alignment ........................................................................... …43

7.2 Determine the spring flow measurement ............................................................................... …44

7.3 Determine the canal profile measurement ............................................................................ …45

7.4 Determine canal side slope .................................................................................................... …54

7.5 Determine canal bed width .................................................................................................... …54

7.6 Determine permissible velocity .............................................................................................. …55

7.7 Determine longitudinal slope ................................................................................................. …55

7.8 Determine roughness coefficient............................................................................................ …56

7.9 Determine free board ............................................................................................................. …56

7.10 Determine canal dimension ................................................................................................. …57

7.10.1 Data available ............................................................................................................. …57

8 Crossing structures ......................................................................................................................... 61

8.1 Hydraulic design of flume structure ...................................................................................... …61

9 Division box .................................................................................................................................... 62

9.1 Design of division box ............................................................................................................ …62

VII
10 Pipe line design ............................................................................................................................. 66

11 Unit rate analysis for the project .................................................................................................. 69

12 Bill off quantity and cost estimation for the project ..................................................................... 79

13 Conclusion and recommendation ................................................................................................. 85

14 Reference....................................................................................................................................... 86

VIII
 List of tables
Table-1 Slope and area distribution………………………………..……………………………………10

Table-2 Land use and area distribution…………..………...……..……………………………………12

Table-3 Slope gradient (Table A) and land use class (Table B) of the catchment………...………14

Table-4 The monthly Eto of work project…………………………..………………………..…………21

Table-5 Growing stage kc value of the proposed crops in dry season…….....……………………..23

Table-6 Effective rainfall calculation by different methods (mm)……………….………………..…28

Table-7 Conveyance field canal and field application efficiencies (Adopted from FAO 1992)…30

Table-8 Estimation of net and gross irrigation requirement………………...….……….…..………32

Table-9 Arithmetical increase method……………………………………..……….………………..…34

Table-10 Geometrical increase method…………………………………………….……………..……35

Table-11 Increasmental increase method……………….…………………………….………..………36

Table-12 Bosena spring flow measurement………………….…………..……………………………..44

Table-13 Bosena spring right side small scale irrigation project surveying data……………...…45

Table-14 Bosena spring left side small scale irrigation project surveying data…………..…....…51

Table-15 B/d ratio side slope, free boards and velocities by discharge rate value (IDD manual)

)………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…..…54

Table-16 Canal width to water depth ratio (b/d ratio)………………………………………………..55

Table-17 Maximum permissible flow velocity in m/se (MOWR)………………………….......……..55

Table-18 Recommended longitudinal slope………………………….…………….………………..…56

Table-19 Recommended value of maximum velocity & roughness coefficient (MOWR)…………56

Table-20 Unit rate analysis for the project………………………….………………………….………69

IX
Table-21 Bill off of quantity and cost estimation of the project…………………………..………79

Table-22 Mason and daily labor cost for the project………………………………………..………79

Table-23 Transporation and fabric material cost for the project………………………….………82

Table-24 Transporation and local material cost for the project…………………………..………83

Table-25 Total cost for the project……………………………………………………………..………84

X
 List of figures
Figure -1 Location map of Bosena spring watershed project area…………………………………...3

Figure -2 Slope map of the watershed……………………………………………………………...…...11

Figure -3 Land use map of the watershed ................................................................................... .12

Figure -4 Right side canal alignment surveying data ..................................................... ……..….50

Figure -5 Left side canal alignment surveying data ..................................................................…53

Figure -6 Canal cross section ................................................................................................... ....60

Figure-7 Flume cross section…………………………………………………………………………….61

Figure-8 Division box calculation………………..…………………………………..…………..…..…63

Figure-9 Division box and PVC pipe turnout………………………………………………………….65

XI
 Salient features

1. Project name: Bosena Spring Small Scale Irrigation Project

2. Name of the river: Bosena Spring

3. Location of the weir site using

 Northing: Bosena -0558059 N Easting: Bosena-1248936 E

 Zone: South Wollo Woreda: Kutaber

 Average Altitude: - Bosena 2859 m.a.s.l

4. Irrigation infrastructure

Command area size (Net):20 ha and Beneficiaries male 69 female 17 total 86 house-holds.

Discharge of the spring= 0.03178 /s and required discharge of irrigation purpose=

0.022 /s.

 Main irrigation structures designed are:-

 Main canal design both sides =No-1-Length 20 m

 Division box 50m interval= No-2-34

 HDPE pipe extenesion and installation =No-3-Length 1500 m

 Flume structure= No-4-Length 25 m

5. Project cost

 Total cost for the project without Vat 15% = 826664.87 Birr

 Total cost for the project vat 15% = 123999.73 Birr

 Total project cost = 950664.60 Birr

 Cost per hectare = 47533.23 Birr

XII
 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
In Kutaber woreda, under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the progressive

degradation of the natural resource base, especially in highly vulnerable areas of the highlands

coupled with climate variability have aggravated the incidence of poverty and food insecurity.

The major source of growth for kutaber is still conceived to be the agriculture sector. Hence, this

sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through enhanced utilization of the water

resource potential of the woreda through development of small-scale irrigation.

Irrigation is the reliable method of increasing agricultural production and productivity and has

greater impacts in solving food security problems in Kutaber. In practicing irrigation activities,

most of the production factors can be controlled and even crop failure which may occur during

rain failure can be supported with irrigation in the course of crop production. Ethiopia has

achievable and conducive irrigation and water resources policy in that development of new and

emerging small and large scale irrigation schemes are increasing from year to year all over the

nation. However the irrigation water management aspect is critically facing a challenge due to

various critical limitations the most important of which can be limited irrigation water access.

In this regard, irrigation investments must be carefully planned since sharing water between its

multiple users‟ calls for integrated forms of design and management. The success of irrigation

projects generally depend on the involvement of the concerned communities and a

comprehensive analysis of the technical, economic, social and environmental factors.

1
The prime objective of enhancing the planning and implementation of small-scale irrigation

project lies improving water availability through study, design and implementation of small-

scale irrigation scheme in the country. In this regard, Amhara region bureau of agriculture

development has conducted identification study and assured that beneficiaries require

assistance. Besides, the identification study confirmed that there are adequate spring flows for

the proposed irrigation developments.

Accordingly, as part of the water sector development program, the kutaber woreda agricultural

development office has initiated the study and design of a small scale irrigation scheme on

Bosena Spring at 05 (Mergeja) Kebele and has collaborated with irrigation Engineering team

for the study and design of the project.

2
1.2 Description of the project area

1.2.1 Location of the project area

Irrigation project is found in Amahara National Regional State, South Wollo Zone, and Kutaber

Woreda. The spring is situated in Mergeja Kebele at the UTM coordinate of 0558059 m east and

1248936 m north. The elevation of the spring at the proposed spring site is around 2859 m.a.s.l.

the watershed area lies in Mergeja Keble.

Figure-1 Location map of bosena spring watershed project area

3
1.2.2 Accessibility of the project area

The distance from kutaber (woreda capital ) to the spring site is about 8 km consists of 6.5 km

from Kutaber (woreda capital ) to the mergeja keble dry weathered road in poor condition and

1.5 km from mergeja Keble to the spring site without access road.

1.2.3 Topography of command area

The command area consisted undulating topography with a slope of 15-30 %.

1.2.4 Rain fall of the project area

The project area similar to Dessie agro climatic zones, located an Dessie altitude of 2500 m.a.s.l

which is classified as dega agro climatic classification. The rainfall pattern of the project area is

two type in which one main rainy season occur during the summer season and the spring time

also start at December. During the summer season, when the rain starts early it begins at May

and ends at mid-September but when the rain starts lately it begins at early June and extends up

to end of September. The major rain is received in the months of July and August. The

distribution is very uneven; sometimes heavy rain was off occurred after it‟s set. The mean

annual rainfall of the project area similar to Dessie is 1350mm.

1.2.5 Temperature of the project area

The project area similar to Dessie agro climatic zones, located an Dessie altitude of 2500

m.a.s.l. The mean maximum average annual temperature of the project area is 22.490c and the

mean minimum average annual temperature of 6.490c, in which the highest mean maximum

temperature of 25.420C and a mean minimum temperature of 11.280C were recorded in May and

June months respectively.

4
1.2.6 Sunshine of the project area

The project area similar to Dessie agro climatic zones, located an Dessie altitude of 2500

m.a.s.l. The mean average annual sunshine of the project area is 23.880c, in which the highest

mean maximum sunshine of 27.370C and a mean minimum sunshine of 21.320C were recorded in

May and June months respectively.

1.2.7 Relative humidity of the project area

The project area similar to Dessie agro climatic zones, located an Dessie altitude of 2500

m.a.s.l. The mean maximum average annual relative humidity of the project area is 0.6 in which

the highest mean maximum relative humidity of 0.67 and a mean minimum relative humidity of

0.39 were recorded in June and December months respectively.

1.2.8 Wind speed of the project area

The project area similar to Dessie agro climatic zones, located an Dessie altitude of 2500

m.a.s.l. The mean maximum average annual wind speed of the project area is 2.35 in which the

highest mean maximum wind speed of 2.71 and a mean minimum wind speed of 2.30 were

recorded in June and December months respectively.

1.2.9 Beneficiaries & command area of the project area

The beneficiaries are male 69 & female 26 total 86 house-holds and the places that irrigate a

command area of 20ha land.

1.2.10 Previous Irrigation Practices of the project area

There are traditional on the upstream and downstream right/ left side of this spring using

different irrigation practices but as the Hydrogeology study and respondent farmers indicated.
5
The traditional irrigation practices are under taken by individual farmers that use the spring

flow to the extreme upstream and downstream right/left side of the spring is with hardship. So,

the farmers in the project area are very much interested to upgrading the traditional scheme to

modern scheme.

1.3 Objectives of the project area

1.3.1 Major objective of the project area

The project area faces critical the allocation of the available water corresponding to the

potential irrigable land this is mainly due to the variability of rainfall distribution though the

overall rainfall. Accordingly, the rain-fed agriculture needs mean of supplementing during

distribution failures and further full irrigation is required to maximize the use of the potential

land and water resources. Moreover, there is a strong need of the beneficiaries to modernize and

expand the existing efforts of traditional irrigation practices and increase production in the dry

season.

 Hence the objective of this project is to contribute a substantial share in the effort to

reduce the risk of production decrease due to rainfall variability and increase the

productivity of the resource in the project specific area. Specifically, the project is

targeted for the following.

 There is a general consensus that irrigation investments will achieve broader food

security and poverty reduction impacts and if efforts are also geared towards up-grading

existing traditional farming practices with support to enhance access to input supply,

output marketing and extension to facilitate access to information and innovations.

6
1.3.2 Specific objectives of the project area

Other benefits that can be expected to appear with the launching of the project are:

 Efficiency of water use improvement;

 Improved local nutrition/food security gains;

 Improved management of scarce natural resources (land and water);

 Resilience against drought risk;

 Rationale for erosion control and watershed management

 Rationale for the intensification and modernization of small-holder agriculture and rural

lifestyles

The engineering study and design enables the realization of the project by the provision of

engineering structures that will allow the appropriate abstraction of the spring water for

delivery in to the identified irrigation fields of the study area. Hence, this engineering design is

specifically targeted to:

 Analyze hydrogeology requirements of the project and engineering structures;

 The formulation of sound and stable structure, with necessary provisions that allow safe,

easy and low-maintenance operation in the service life of the project;

 Develop working drawings;

 Estimation of construction costs.

 Prepare general plans & drawings for all irrigation infrastructure & irrigation system

designs,

7
1.4 Scope of the project area
In General, the scope of this design is mainly limited to the engineering considerations and

hydrological analysis for the safe and reliable function of the project. The focus is on the

planning of the water resource, determination of spring flow and design of the division box,

canal and irrigation infrastructures. In Specific;

 The irrigation design shall ensure reliability, equity and flexibility of water delivery to

farmers. It will aim at reducing conflicts among water users and will lead to lower operation and

maintenance costs.

 Updating the existing irrigation practice, if available and acceptable. and Establish design

criteria for irrigations structures and to be used in the final design stage,

 Design proper irrigation system compatible with local conditions and management

capabilities,

 Establish flood protection measures for the command area and canal structures and design

the respective drainage system accordingly if it is required,

 Planning and layout of the irrigation system, which include irrigation canals, drainage

channels, inspection roads and alignments, canal spacing, canal length, location of structures,

and water profiles along canal and drains at specified reaches, which is most economical easily

manageable and aligned with topographic feature and geological investigation.

 Determination and estimation of water application conveyance and other losses and

irrigation efficiencies and consideration of those parameters in design steps.

 Check and test hydraulic and structural designs of main canal considering total demand and

the required capacity and the spring flow availability,

8
 Prepare general plans and drawings for all irrigation infrastructure and irrigation systems
designs,

1.5 Approach and methodology of the project area

In the study and design procedure, Designers used the following steps.

 Specific Site identification:

 Review of the reconnaissance survey conducted by the Woreda Expert

 Local farmers interview and discussion

 Topographic survey:

 Surveying the spring site and the Command area with sufficient radius, using Leveling

 Spring flow estimation

 Spring flow estimated during the reconnaissance field visit by bucket method.

 Irrigable area identification:

 50,000 Topographic map, and GIS information, GPS to see elevation

 Study and design of the irrigation method to be adopted.

9
 2 Hydrogeology
2.1 Watershed characteristics
2.1.1 Slope of the watershed
The watershed marked topographic variation. All types are present. The dominant class is gently

sloping (3-8%) which covers 30.74% of the total area followed very steep (>50%) which is

2.23%. steep (30-50%) which is 7.46%, Moderately Steep (15-30%) which is 13.43%, sloping (8-

15%) and flat or almost flat (0-3%) accounts 19.91 % and 26.23 % respectively. Below Table

shows slope classes and the proportion of the watershed.

Table-1 Slope and area distribution

Designation Slope class Area-ha Percent%

Flat Or Almost Flat 0-3 250.18 26.23

Gently Sloping 3-8 293.23 30.74

Sloping 8-15 189.95 19.91

Moderately Steep 15-30 128.10 13.43

Steep 30-50 71.16 7.46

Very steep >50 21.30 2.23

Total 953.92 100.00

10
 Figure-2 Slope map of the watershed

2.1.2 Land use of the watershed

For Bosena watershed bare land covering 2.62% of total area, cultivation land covering 67.82

%, grass land covering 9.18%, plantation land covering 1.78% and shrub & bush land is

18.60%. Five mainly dominate land use of the watershed area is cultivated land.

11
 Table-2 land use and area distribution
Sno Land Use Type Area in Ha Percent

1 Bare land 25.01 2.62

2 Cultivation 647.42 67.82

3 Grassland 87.63 9.18

4 Plantation 17.02 1.78

5 Shrub land 177.52 18.60

Total 954.6 100

Figure-3 land use map of the watershed

12
2.1.3 Soil type of the watershed

For Bosena watershed soil texture is sandy loam and soil type is lithic leptosols.These

hydrological soil groups for Ethiopia is Group A- soil having alow runoff potential due to high

infiltration rates. These soils primarily consists of deep, well drained sands and gravels.

2.1.4 Agro-climatic zone of the watershed

Agro climatic zone classification is based on the crop type, rainfall regime, temperature and

altitude. The annual rainfall of the project area using Dessie meteorological station is around

1350mm.The altitude of specific project area 2859 m.a.s.l. i.e. between 1500-2300 m.a.s.l based

on the above parameters the climatic condition of the watershed is described as wena dega and

2300-3500m.a.s.l dega agro climatic. Therefore, during rainy season, the climate is cold and

during the dry season it is hot. The project area of the watershed is dega.

2.2 Geology of Spring

2.2 .1 Site Selection criteria of spring

 Hydrological condition of the area

 Possible water sources in the area

 water supply situation of the area

 Type of water source

 Quality and Quantity of available water

 Distance of water sources from beneficiaries and command area

 Population of the selected area

 Willingness and possible contributions of community

13
  Availability of construction materials etc…

In general, the study of the geomorphology and the geology of the bosena spring site is the most

vital element to identify the type of structure and the extent of the work that has to be

constructed. For this project surface and subsurface investigations have been carried out as

described below. Accordingly, the spring is situated at a geographical location of Bosena (BM-

1) 2859m.a.s.l; (North) 0558059m, (East) 1248936 m.a.s.l.

2.2.2 Watershed Geology

The slope gradient (Table A) and Land use class (Table B) of the catchment is illustrated in the

following table.

Table-3 slope gradient (Table A) and Land use class (Table B) of the catchment

Slope Coverag Coverag

Land use Class Infiltration status
Category e in % e in %

Flat or almost High runoff & low infiltration

26.23% Bareland 2.62%
flat rate
Low Runoff & high infiltration
Gently sloping 30.74% Cultivated Land 67.82%
rate
Low Runoff & high infiltration
Sloping 19.91% Grassland 9.18%
rate
Moderately Low Runoff & high infiltration
13.43% Plantation 1.78%
steep rate
Bush and Low Runoff & high infiltration
Steep 7.46% 18.60%
Shrubland rate
Very steep 2.23% Land use class (Table B)

slope gradient (Table A)

14
As we can see from the table the dominant land use types of the catchment areas are, cultivated

land, bush and shrub land and grass land. These land use types have high infiltration capacity

and produces low flood concentration. Also the majority of the catchment is mainly from flat to

sloping category with a soil texture of sandy loam. These physiographic characteristics implies,

enriching the ground water potential which is a great advantage for the spring.

2.3 Sources of construction materials

During site investigation, natural construction materials required for the construction of the

various proposed engineering structures at the headwork and within the farmland have been

assessed. In addition to identifying the quality, quantity and accessibility conditions of the

construction materials, The materials needed for the construction of the structures of the

proposed hydraulic structures include rock for masonry stones, aggregates (both coarse and

fine), impervious soil for fill and/or lining, backfill soil, and water.

2.3.1 Rock for Masonry and Crushed Coarse Aggregate

The site that can be used for production of rock for masonry stone and crushed coarse

aggregates and has been assessed during the field work. One possible site has been identified

within downstream side of spring at about 4km – 5km. During site investigation stone required

for masonry and hardcore works were identified on two places within project area, one is in the

downstream left side of spring or in the downstream right side of spring at a distance of 1-1.5km

from Bosena spring location,. The coarse aggregates can produced by grinding and crushing of

the boulder rock in to the appropriate size and shaped that can fit the required mix proportion.

Include rock for masonry stones, aggregates (both coarse and fine) and water.

15
2.3.2 Fine Aggregates or Sand

Borrow areas for fine aggregate or natural sand have been assessed starting from the project

stream itself. The sand is one of the main raw materials for construction. This material is used

for mixing of the cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, for the construction of concrete

structure.

The availability of this material at nearby place highly influences on the costs of the project. If

the sand quarry is present at a far distant place the costs of the project increases. The sand

quarry for the Bosena project is identified center of river in Ambassel and delenta woreda .These

rivers are found in the north and south direction of the Delenta town and ambassel keble

respectively.

2.3.3 Water

Water for construction purposes can be found from the project spring itself. The spring is

perennial throughout the year that there is some amount of flow along its course. During this

field time the spring flow was more than 31.78 Litter/second.

16
 3 Irrigation Water Requirement

3.1 Crop Selection

Selecting suitable crop in relation to the available water supply and climatic condition of an

area is very essential step in crop water demand assessment.

Generally, crop selection is based on the following variables:

 Suitability of soil– the selected crops should give a maximum possible yield with little or

no additional inputs which will increase the soil nutritive value and provide adequate

drainage facility during high impoundment.

 Method of irrigation

 Climate – the climate should be suitable for crops

 Availability of labor & farm machineries

 Water requirement – It should be considered so that availability of water to meet the

plant needs is ensured

 Market and profit – priority should be given to those high markets.

 Socio economic aspect value

 Farmers preference

 Yield response factor and water utilization efficiency.

 Taking the above variables into consideration, the following crop types were selected for

Bosena spring irrigation project.

17
Tomato, Peppier, Garlic, Cabbage

Source: kebele development office

3.2 Production factors

3.2.1 Land
Due to the increment of the population the land is redistributed to the farmers as a result, the

farmers ploughed their land every year without any land reclamation measures except on

farmlands around the homestead where they apply compost to improve the fertility and the

texture of the soil but not in most of the farmlands.

3.2.2 Animal Power

Oxen are the most commonly used draft power in the kebele. Donkeys are also another source of

animal power for transporting agricultural products to the market and for any other purpose.

The majority of the household of the kebele possess nil or one oxen only, which has great impact

in the crop production.

3.2.3 Input data

Using of agricultural inputs in the Kebele as well as in the woreda is very limited. Fertilizer is

applied for limited crops and improved seed is applied for Teff and potato only. For the rest of

the crops they used local varieties, due to this the yield obtained is very low.

3.3 Crop water requirement

The calculation of crop water requirement is a very important aspect for planning of any

irrigation project. Several methods and procedures are available for this. The Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has also made available several

18
publications so this subject and other issues related with this. The computer program available

in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No .56 “CROPWAT” has been used for the calculation

of Crop Water requirement. This program is based on Penman-Monteith approach and

procedures for calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements are mainly

based on methodologies presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.24 “Crop Water

Requirements” and No. 33 “Yield Response to Water”. The corresponding values of the crop

water requirements of the proposed crop so the project are presented in the Agronomy Study of

the same project.

Crop water requirement is defined as the depth of water needed to meet the water loss through

Evapotranspiration (ETc) of a disease free, growing in large fields, under non-restricting

conditions including soil water and fertility and achieving full production potential under the

given growing environment (FAO, 1998) The water requirement of crops may be contributed

from different sources such as irrigation requirement, effective rainfall, soil moisture storage

and ground water contributions.

CWR=IR+ER+S+GW

Where, CWR = crop water requirement

IR = irrigation requirement

ER = effective rainfall

S = carry over soil moisture in the root zone

GW = ground water contribution

Etc. = Eto. *Kc

19
3.3.1 Determination of Crop Water Requirement
3.3.1.1 The effect of climate given by the reference crop evapotranspiration (Eto)
Reference crop Evapotranspiration is the rate of evaporation from an extensive surface 8 to

15cm tall, green cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground and

not in shortage of water. Estimation of the potential Evapotranspiration for irrigation project

depends on the metrological and climatic data of nearby station, which has nearly the same

latitude and longitude to the command area used. The widely used methods to estimate reference

crop Evapotranspiration are:

 Blaney- Criddle method

 Thornth-waite method

 Hardgrave‟s method

 Pan evaporation method

 Modified Penman method

 Penman-Monteith method

 Penman-Monteith method (direct estimation of ETo)

This method is recommended in the FAO expert consolation held in May 1990 in Rome (FAO-56,

1996) and relationship is given as:

20
Where ETo reference evapotranspiration [mm day-1],

Rn net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-1],

G soil heat flux density [MJ m-2 day-1],

T mean daily air temperature at 2 m height [°C],

u2 wind speed at 2 m height [m s-1],

es saturation vapour pressure [kPa],

ea actual vapour pressure [kPa],

es - ea saturation vapour pressure deficit [kPa],

D slope vapour pressure curve [kPa °C-1],

g psychrometric constant [kPa °C-1].

From crop WAT 8.

Table-4 The monthly Eto of work project

Average of Average of Avera Average Avera Eto

Max Min Average of ge of of Relative ge of (mm/

Month Temperature Temperature Precipitation Wind Humidity Solar day)

Jan 20.45 5.25 0.74 2.31 0.67 21.62 3.01

Feb 21.53 6.21 0.87 2.35 0.62 23.27 3.39

Mar 22.17 7.19 2.11 2.25 0.64 24.10 3.61

Apr 22.75 7.21 3.19 2.18 0.65 25.32 3.77

May 24.42 6.40 1.87 2.49 0.53 27.37 3.77

21
 June 25.42 9.59 1.14 2.71 0.39 25.05 3.47

July 23.47 11.28 8.91 2.33 0.56 21.32 3.06

Aug 23.15 9.74 8.51 2.25 0.62 23.02 3.28

Sept 23.57 6.02 3.26 2.36 0.58 24.93 3.65

Oct 21.88 2.76 1.33 2.32 0.63 25.00 3.57

Nov 20.87 2.64 0.64 2.31 0.64 23.53 3.3

Dec 20.14 3.61 0.58 2.30 0.65 22.06 2.9

Average 22.49 6.49 2.76 2.35 0.60 23.88 3.40

 Length of crop growing stage and Crop Coefficient ( )

There are four main growing stages of crop during its growing period where water requirement

varies

1. Initial stage–germination and early growth whether the soil surface is not or hardly covered

by the up to 10% ground cover.

2. Development stage-runs from end of initial stage to attainment of efficient full ground cover.

Effective full cover for many crops initiation of flowering

3. Mid-season stage- runs from attainment of effective full ground cover to time of start of

maturing.

4. Late season stage- runs from end of mid-season stage until full maturing or harvesting.

22
 Table-5 Growing stage Kc values of the proposed crops in dry season.

Cabbage Tomato potato

mont decad Stag Kc Mont Decad Stag Kc Mont Decad Stage Kc
h e e h e e h e Coeff.
coef coef
f f
Jan 1 Init 0.7 Jan 1 Init 0.6 Jan 1 Initia 0.5
l
Jan 2 Init 0.7 Jan 2 Init 0.6 Jan 2 Initia 0.5
l
Jan 3 Deve 0.7 Jan 3 Deve 0.64 Jan 3 Deve 0.54
Feb 1 Deve 0.75 Feb 1 Deve 0.81 Feb 1 Deve 0.75
Feb 2 Deve 0.83 Feb 2 Deve 1 Feb 2 Deve 0.97
Feb 3 Deve 0.9 Feb 3 Mid 1.14 Feb 3 Mid 1.13
Mar 1 Deve 0.97 Mar 1 Mid 1.15 Mar 1 Mid 1.15
Mar 2 Mid 1.03 Mar 2 Mid 1.15 Mar 2 Mid 1.15
Mar 3 Mid 1.05 Mar 3 Mid 1.15 Mar 3 Mid 1.15
Apr 1 Mid 1.05 Apr 1 Late 1.07 Apr 1 Mid 1.15
Apr 2 Mid 1.05 Apr 2 Late 0.93 Apr 2 Late 1.07
Apr 3 Late 1.01 Apr 3 Late 0.82 Apr 3 Late 0.93
May 1 Late 0.95 May 1 Late 0.8
Other vegetables/small
Pepper Onion
irrigation
Kc Kc
Mont Decad Stag mont decod stag
Coeff coef
h e e h e e
. f
Jan 1 Init 0.6 Kc Jan 1 Init 0.7
Mont Decad Stag
Coeff
Jan 2 Init 0.6 h e e Jan 2 Init 0.7
.
Jan 3 Deve 0.6 Jan 1 Init 0.7 Jan 3 Deve 0.77
Feb 1 Deve 0.68 Jan 2 Init 0.7 Feb 1 Deve 0.89
Feb 2 Deve 0.81 Jan 3 Deve 0.77 Feb 2 Mid 1.01
Feb 3 Deve 0.93 Feb 1 Deve 0.89 Feb 3 Mid 1.05
Mar 1 Mid 1.03 Feb 2 Mid 1.01 Mar 1 Mid 1.05
Mar 2 Mid 1.05 Feb 3 Mid 1.05 Mar 2 Mid 1.05

23
Mar 3 Mid 1.05 Mar 1 Mid 1.05 Mar 3 Late 1.02
Apr 1 Mid 1.05 Mar 2 Mid 1.05 Apr 1 Late 0.96
Apr 2 Late 1.04 Mar 3 Late 1.03
Apr 3 Late 0.98 Apr 1 Late 1
May 1 Late 0.91 Apr 2 Late 0.96

Fruit crops
Kc
Month Decade Stage
coeff
Jan 1 Init 0.7
Jan 2 Init 0.7
Jan 3 Init 0.7
Feb 1 Init 0.7
Feb 2 Init 0.7
Feb 3 Init 0.7
Mar 1 Deve 0.69
Mar 2 Deve 0.68
Mar 3 Deve 0.67
Apr 1 Deve 0.65
Apr 2 Deve 0.64
Apr 3 Deve 0.62
May 1 Deve 0.61
May 2 Deve 0.59
May 3 Mid 0.58
Jun 1 Mid 0.57
Jun 2 Mid 0.57
Jun 3 Mid 0.57
Jul 1 Mid 0.57
Jul 2 Mid 0.57
Jul 3 Mid 0.57
Aug 1 Mid 0.57
Aug 2 Mid 0.57
Aug 3 Mid 0.57
Sep 1 Mid 0.57
Sep 2 Mid 0.57
Sep 3 Late 0.6
Oct 1 Late 0.67
24
Oct 2 Late 0.67
Oct 3 Late 0.67
Nov 1 Late 0.67
Nov 2 Late 0.67
Nov 3 Late 0.67
Dec 1 Late 0.67
Dec 2 Late 0.67
Dec 3 Late 0.67

 Cropping Coefficient ( )

In the crop coefficient approach the crop evapotranspiration is calculated by multiplying the

reference crop evapotranspiration by a crop coefficient :

Where, ⁄

Most of the effects of the various weather conditions are incorporated into the estimate.

Therefore, as represents an index of climatic demand, Kc varies predominately with the

specific crop characteristics and only to a limited extent with climate.

The crop coefficient, is basically the ratio of the crop to the reference , and it

represents an integration of the effects of four primary characteristics that distinguish the crop

from reference grass. These characteristics are:

 Crop height

 Albedo (reflectance) of the crop-soil surface

 Canopy resistance
25
  Evaporation from soil

3.3.1.2 Irrigation Requirement

It is defined as the part of water requirement of crops that should be fulfilled by irrigation. In

other words, it is the water requirement of crops excluding effective rainfall; carry over soil

moisture and ground water contributions.

IR=CWR-(ER+S+GW)

Where, GW = ground water contribution.

3.3.1.3 Effective Rainfall

Effective rainfall can be defined as the rainfall that is stored in the root zone and can be utilized

by crops. All the rainfall that falls is not useful or effective. As the total amount of rainfall varies,

so does the amount of useful or effective rainfall. Some of the seasonal rainfall that falls will be

lost as unnecessary deep percolation; surface runoff and some water may remain in the soil after

the crop is harvested.

Four methods for calculating the effective rainfall from entered monthly total rainfall data.

 Fixed percentage effective rainfall

 Dependable rain empirical rainfall

 Empirical formula for effective rainfall

 Soil conservation service (USDA)

 S = Carry over soil moisture

26
3.3.1.3.1 Fixed percentage effective rainfall

The effective rainfall is taken as a fixed percentage of the monthly rainfall from entire monthly

total rainfall data.

ER= a% of total rainfall

Where; „a‟ is a fixed percentage to be given by the user to account for losses due to runoff and

deep percolation. An average value of 0.8 was adopted for this project and total rainfall is the

average total rainfall in mm/month.

3.3.1.3.2 Dependable rainfall

An empirical formula developed by FAO/AGLW based on analysis for different arid and sub-

humid climates. The combined effect of dependable rainfall (80% probability of exceedance) and

estimated losses due to runoff and deep percolation can be estimated from this formula:

ER=0.6*total rainfall -10, for total rainfall<70mm

ER=0.8*total rainfall -24, for total rainfall>70mm

3.3.1.3.3 Empirical formula for effective rainfall

This formula is similar to FAO/AGLW formula (see dependable rainfall method above) with

some parameters left to the user to define. The formula is as follows;

ER=a*total rainfall-b ----------------total rainfall<Z mm

ER=c*total rainfall-d ----------------total rainfall>Z mm

Value for a, b, c, d and Z are correlation coefficients. Adaptation of this empirical relation needs

predetermined values of the coefficients from a long term rain fall of a given area. But,

27
according to the CROPWAT window program, these constants are given as a = 0.5, b = -5,c =

0.7,d=-15 and Z = 50 mm.

3.3.1.3.4 Method of USDA soil conservation service

The effective rainfall is calculated according to the formula developed by USDA soil

conservation service which is as follows:

ER=P*(125-o.2*P)/125------- rainfall<250mm

ER=125+0.1*P ------- rainfall>250mm

Table-6 Effective rainfall calculated by different methods (mm)

Dependable
Fixed
Rai Empirical USDA Soil
Month Rain mm percentage
(FAO/AGLW formula Conservation service
80%
Formula)
January 12.20 9.76 11.10 -2.68 11.96

February 15.90 12.72 12.95 -0.46 15.50

March 43.80 35.04 26.90 16.28 40.73

April 120.70 96.56 99.49 72.56 97.39

May 80.70 64.56 71.49 40.56 70.28

June 122.90 98.32 101.03 74.32 98.73

July 279.10 223.28 210.37 199.28 152.91

August 326.70 261.36 243.69 237.36 157.67

September 104.80 83.84 88.36 59.84 87.23

October 56.10 44.88 54.27 23.66 51.06

November 24.50 19.60 17.25 4.70 23.54

28
 December 10.40 8.32 10.20 -3.76 10.23

Total 10.4 958.24 947.1 721.66 817.23

As can be seen from the Table above the highest effective rainfall was fixed percentage methods

and the lowest was given by Emperical method. In general, as the rain intensity is high, more

will be lost in the form of runoff and less will reach the root zone of the crop and vice versa.

Based on this, Empirical method gives conservative value of effective rainfall. Thus the one

calculated by Effective method is adopted.

3.3.1.4 Setting the irrigation efficiency

Irrigation efficiency refers to the amount of water removed from the water source that is used by

the crop. This value is determined by irrigation system management, water distribution

characteristics, crop water use rate, weather and soil conditions. The amount of loss depends on

the efficiency of the irrigation system. There are three basic irrigation efficiency concepts.

These are:

29
Table -7 Conveyance, field canal and field application efficiencies (Adapted from:
FAO, 1992)
1 Conveyance efficiency (Ec) Efficiency
1.1 Continuous supply with no substantial change in flow 0.9
Rotation supply in projects of 70-300 ha, with 0.65 – 0.70
1.2
effective water management
2 Field canal efficiency (Ed)
2.1 Blocks larger than 20 ha
Unlined 0.8
lined or piped 0.9
2.2 Blocks up to 20 ha :
Unlined 0.7
lined or piped 0.8
3 Field application efficiency (Ea)
3.1 Surface methods
light soils 0.55
medium soils 0.7
heavy soils 0.6
Graded border 0.6-0.70
Basin and level border 0.60-0.80
Contour ditch 0.50-0.55
3.2 Sprinkler :
hot dry climate 0.6
moderate climate 0.70-0.60
humid and cool 0.8
Source: FAO-SFAR Irrigation Manual 2006

For project efficiency: Based on his project (the conveyance and distribution structures are

lined with furrow irrigation application method)

30
Conveyance efficiency Ec = 95%;

Distribution efficiency Ed = 90% and

Field application efficiency Ea = 60%

Project efficiency refer = 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.60 = 0.513 or 51.3%

3.3.1.5 Net irrigation requirement (NIR)

It is the amount of irrigation water required to meet the evapotranspiration needs of crops as

well as leaching requirement (LR) etc. Thus, NIT=CIR + water lost in deep percolation for the

purposes of leaching.

NIT = IR + LR

Where, LR= leaching requirement

IR=Irrigation requirement in this project area there is no salts

3.3.1.6 Gross irrigation water requirement (GIR) estimation

The gross irrigation requirement is computed based on the net irrigation requirements and

proposed project and field application efficiency depends on the purpose of the computation. If

the focus of the analysis is to get the gross requirement at project level, then the formula will be:

31
 Table -8 Estimation of net and gross irrigation requirement
Estimation of Net and Gross Irrigation Requirement

Crop Type Formula Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Eto value Eto 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.3 2.9
Cabbage kc 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0
ETc of Cabage
Etc=Kc*Eto 2.1 2.8 3.7 3.9 3.6
(mm/month)
Tomato kc 0.6 1.0 1.2 0.9
ETc of tomato
Etc=Kc*Eto 1.8 3.3 4.2 3.5
(mm/month)
Potato kc 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8
ETc of
Etc=Kc*Eto 1.5 3.2 4.2 4.0 3.0
potato(mm/month)
Pepper kc 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9
ETc of pepper
Etc=Kc*Eto 1.8 2.7 3.8 3.9 3.4
(mm/month)
Onion kc 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
ETc of Onion
Etc=Kc*Eto 2.2 3.3 3.8 3.7
(mm/month)
small vegtable kc 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
ETc of small
vegetable Etc=Kc*Eto 2.2 3.3 3.8 3.6
(mm/month)
Fruit crops kc 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
ETc of fruit
crops Etc=Kc*Eto 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.2 1.9
(mm/month)
Total Etc 21.3 30.8 36.4 35.4 19.3 6.0 5.4 5.7 6.3 6.6 6.2 5.5

Rainfall mm/month 12.2 15.9 43.8 120.7 80.7 122.9 279.1 326.7 104.8 56.1 24.5 10.4

Peff =
Pmonth
*(125 - 0.2
*Pmonth) /
USDA Soil 125 for
Conservation Pmonth≤250 12.0 15.5 40.7 97.4 70.3 98.7 152.9 157.7 87.2 51.1 23.5 10.2
service mm and
Peff = 125
+ 0.1 *P for
Pmonth
>250mm

Net Irr req NIR = ETc -

9.4 15.3 4.3 62.0 51.0 92.7 147.5 152.0 80.9 44.4 17.4 4.7
mm/month Peff

Project efficiency
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
(Ep)

Gross Irr Req

NIR/Ep 18.3 29.8 8.3 120.9 99.4 180.7 289.3 297.9 158.6 87.1 33.8 9.2
mm/month

Discharge q 10*GIR/(30
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0
(l/s/ha) for 24hr *24*3.6)

Discharge
10*GIR/(30
q(l/s/ha) for 18 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.0
*18*3.6)
hrs

32
 4 Population forecasting
 In the designing of rural water supply project, the first thing that should be considered is

knowing the number of existing population and estimating the future population after

some years.

 The estimation of the future population of a given area (town) based on the current

population is known as population forecasting (projection).

 New water supply systems are normally made large enough to meet the needs of growing

community for justifiable number of years in the future.

 The design period should neither be too long that the present population of the

community is over-charged nor should it be too short, so that just after a few years it may

require large extensions due to the increased water requirement.

 The capacity of the reservoir which is going to be constructed in a given place should be

sufficient to carry the quantity of water which will be required to supply the forecasted

population in the design period.

The future population of a given area after some years (Design period) can be estimated in

different methods as:-

4.1 Arithmetical increase method

In this method, the assumption is that the rate of change of population with a time is constant.

That is,

33
 Pn=P+nC

Where, Pn= Expected population at n decade

P=The last no. of population in the census

C=Average of the increase of existing census.

Given that population of a given rural was 80 in 1980, 150 in 1990, 280 in 2000 and 430 in 2000
forecast the population of the rural in 2020, 2030 and 2040.

Table-9 Arithmetical increase method

Year Population Increase in population Expected population

1980 80

1990 150 70

2000 280 130

2010 430 150

Total 350

Average of total 350/3=116.67 Pn=P+nC

2020 430+1*116.67= 546.67

2030 430+2*116.67= 663.34

2040 430+3*116.67= 780.01

4.2 Geometrical increase method

In this method, the assumption is that the percentage increase in population from decade to

decade remains constant.

34
That is, Pn=P (1+IG/100)

Where, Pn= Expected population.

P=Present pop. for the popn. Of next decade

IG=Percentage increase in population.

Table-10 Geometrical increase method

Year Population Increase in Percentage increase in population

population

1970 80

1980 150 70 (70/80)*100=87.5%

1990 280 130 (130/150)*100=86.67%

2000 430 150 (150/280)*100=53.57%

Total 227.74%

Average of total IG = 227.74/3=75.91%

Expected population

Pn=P(1+IG/100)

2020 430(1+75.91/100) = 756.43

2030 756.43(1+75.91/100) = 1330.6

2040 1330.6(1+75.91/100) = 2340.66

35
4.3 Increasmental increase method
This method is the improvement of the previous two methods. In this method the avg. increases in

the population is determined by arithmetic method and to this is added the avg. of the net

incremental increase once for each future decade.

That is, Pn=P+(C+C`)n Where, Pn= Expected population, C=Average of increase, C`=Average

of incremental increase and n=Decade.

Table-11 Increasmental increase method

Year Population Increase in Increase mental increase

population

1970 80

1980 150 70

1990 280 130 60

2000 430 150 20

Total 350 80

Average of total 350/3=116.67 80/3=26.67

Expected population

Pn=P+(C+C`)n

2020 430+(116.67+26.67)*1 = 573.34

2030 430+(116.67+26.67)*2 = 716.68

2040 430+(116.67+26.67)*3 = 860.02

36
4.4 General method
Pn=Pp (1+r) n

Where, Pn=population after some year in the design period

Pp=Present population

r=annual population growth rate in %, currently assumed to be 3%.

n=Design period in year mostly taken as 15 to 20 years in rural water supply

The present population of a given rural town is 430. What will be the number of population of

this town after 20 years?

Solution

Pp = 430 Pn=Pp(1+r)n

r = 3% = 0.03 =430(1+0.03)20

n = 20 years =776.63

The population of the project area using general method 2030 is 777.

37
 5 Water demand
 Water demand (Awd) is the water required by a community and is a function of different

parameters which leads to in difficulty to estimate the exact amount.

 Types of water demands can be:-

5.1 Domestic demand (Dwd)

Which is the quantity of water used for domestic purpose such as drinking, cooking, bathing,

washing, flushing of latrines etc

 In planning of a water supply project, mostly Dwd is taken as 135 Lit/capital/day in

modern towns and 15 Lit/capital/day in rural community. Then the total domestic

demand of the community will be

Dwd=Pn*Adwd=777*15=11655 l/se/day

5.2 Commercial and industrial demand (Cwd)

Which is the quantity of water used for commercial works such as for banks, shopping's, etc…

 In planning of a water supply project, mostly Cwd is taken as 40-50 Lit/capital/day in

modern towns and is neglected in rural community. Then the total Cwd of the community

will be

Cwd=Pn*ACwd

38
5.3 Fire Demand (Fwd)
Which is the quantity of water used for protection of fire and is particularly used in the very

crowded population.

 Fwd is a function of population as per the empirical formulas, but very difficult to

estimate the actual demand and is neglected in rural water supply.

 Empirical formulas are:-

1-Fwd=4640(√P)(1-0.01(√P))………….(national board of fire)

Where P=Population in thousands

2-Fwd=5663(√P)…………(Bustons)

5.4 Public Demand (Pwd)

Which is the quantity of water used for schools, clinics, tea houses, farmers training centers,

public offices etc…

24 hours farmers training centers=20ha*1.1l/se/ha=22l/se or 31680l/day

 In planning of a water supply project both in rural and urban areas; Pwd is taken to be

10% of Dwd. there is no school, clinics, tea house and public office.

5.5 Compenset and Losses (WL)

Which is the quantity of water loss due to improper work of joints, over flow from service

reservoirs, leakage from main and service pipes etc…

39
  In planning of a water supply project both in rural and urban areas, WL is taken to be

10% of Dwd+Pwd=0.1*11655 l/day+ 31680 l/day=4335.5 l/day

Generally:-

Twd=Dwd+Cwd+Fwd+Pwd+WL

Where, Twd=Total daily water demand (Lit/day)

Dwd=Daily domestic water demand (Lit/day)

Cwd=Daily commercial water demand (Lit/day)

Fwd=Daily fire water demand (Lit/day)

Pwd=Daily public water demand (Lit/day)

WL=Daily water losses (Lit/day)

Twd=11655+0+0+31680+4335.5=47668.5 Lit/day

NB

 Cwd and Fwd can be neglected in the designing of rural water supply.

 Maximum daily demand (MDD):- is the maximum daily demand over 24 hrs in a day.

This is taken by multiplying the average daily demand(ADD) 0r (Twd) by a factor of 1.1

to 1.5

i.s. MDD=ADD+(10% to 15% of ADD)

40
 =Twd +(10% to 15% of Twd)

=47668.5+(0.1*47668.5)=52435.35l/day

 Peak hour demand (PHD):- It is greatly influenced by the size of community, mode of

services and other social services in the area.

 Usually, PHD is obtained by multiplying the average daily demand (ADD) by a factor of

2 to 3.5. i.s. PHD=ADD+(100% to 305% of ADD)

= Twd +(100% to 305% of ADD)

=47668.5+(1*47668.5)

=95337liters

 In the case of rural water supply:-

Twd = ADD=Dwd+Pwd+WL

The total spring flow or supply is measured 45763.2 l/day, while as the total water demand is

estimated to be 47668.5l/day. This shows a gap of 1905.3l/s which is an additional water

demand. Therefore to fill this demand and supply gap the we will apply different mechanisms

such as installation of closed pipes to reduce evaporation loss, using gate valves to control

overflow loss, installation of plastic pipe to protect leakage lose, and finally the joints of the pipe

will be installed properly using division box. These measures will able us to get an additional

water of 1905.3l/day. From the total water demand (45763.2l/day), the water needed for

irrigation purpose is 31680l/day.

41
The duty at peak month has to be determined from the calculated monthly values in the irrigation

hours suggested 24 hrs. then q value or duty is 1.1 l/s/ha.

Q= Duty*command Area to be irrigated, Q base flow of the spring is 22 l/se or 0.022 m3/s.

Command area to be irrigated= Q/Duty=(22l/se)/(1.1l/se)=20ha.Actual command area is

20ha.so the design of the project area is safe spring flow of water.

6. Methods of Water Delivery

The delivery schedules highly depend on the field irrigation methods and field irrigation

requirements. The objective of a water delivery and distribution system is to deliver water

adequately, efficiently and reliably to the users there by improving production. In all the cases

the system should deliver the required water that can sustain the field crops within the irrigation

interval (T).

6.1 Choice of Irrigation Method

Surface Irrigation Method in surface irrigation, water is applied directly to the soil surface from

a channel located at the upper reach of the field. Gravity provides the major driving force to

spread water over the irrigated field. Once distributed over the surface of the field and after it

has entered the soil, water is often redistributed by forces other than gravity. For this project the

irrigation system adopted furrow irrigation system.

42
 7 Hydraulic Design of the Canal

7.1 General consideration for canal alignment

 The following points should be kept in mind in alignment of canal

 The alignment should not pass through the valuable lands, religious places, villages, etc.

to avoid unnecessary compensation and unwanted conflict.

 The alignment should be short as far as possible, but to make it short the alignment

should not be taken through the area where irrigation is not yet all possible.

 The alignment should be straight as far as possible.

 The alignment should cross the natural stream, drainage, etc. approximately at the right

angles. At the crossing point the width of the drainage should be minimums and the banks

should be well defined.

 The alignment should not involve heavy cutting or banking.

 The alignment along the ridge line or water shade line is very good as the water shed

canal can irrigate the area on both the side. Moreover, cross drainage work may be

avoided.

 The alignment should be such that the maximum area may be irrigated with minimum

length of the canal.

 The alignment should not pass through the water logged area because the canal may be

collapsed due to the heavy moisture in the area.

 The alignment should not pass through the sandy soil as the percolation in the loss soil

will be more and the duty of the

43
soil will be less (Basak, 1999).

Canal is designed in a way which, it‟s longitudinal and cross section is fixed out to suit

requirements; thus various canals dimension like bed width, depth, side slope, longitudinal

slope, etc. are to be fixed in the design of irrigation canal. Irrigation canals are designed to take

the maximum discharge safely which is called full supply discharge.

7.2 Determine the base flow measurement

Table-12 Bosena Spring flow measurement

Discharge Volume of
5.00
parameter dimension measurement (m3/se) bucket (liter)

T-1 Second 158.5 0.0315

T-2 Second 157.5 0.0317
T-3 Second 156.2 0.0320
T-4 Second 157 0.0318
T-5 Second 158 0.0316 Q=V/time
T-6 Second 156.1 0.0320 5m3/157.328 Se
T-7 Second 158 0.0316 0.0318 M3/Se
T-8 Second 157.6 0.0317 31.78 l/se
T-9 Second 158 0.0316
T-10 Second 156.3 0.0320
31.78
Sum of time Second 1573.2 0.3178
Average time Second 157.32 0.0318

44
7.3 Determine canal profile measurement

Table-13 Bosena Spring Right Side Small Scale Irrigation Project Surveying
Data
Station Chainage BS IS FS Rise (+) Fall (-)

BM 1.900

0+00 0+00 1.792 0.108

0+20 0+20 2.102 0.310

0+20 0+40 2.104 0.002

0+20 0+60 2.415 0.311

0+20 0+80 2.260 2.525 0.110

0+20 0+100 2.168 0.092

0+20 0+120 2.206 0.038

0+20 0+140 2.045 0.161

0+20 0+160 2.055 0.010

0+20 0+180 2.148 0.093

0+20 0+200 2.205 0.057

0+55 0+255 1.663 2.145 0.060

0+17 0+268 1.765 0.102

0+13 0+281 1.785 0.020

0+20 0+301 1.870 0.085

0+20 0+321 1.845 0.025

0+20 0+341 2.605 1.835 0.010

0+20 0+361 2.385 0.220

0+20 0+381 2.675 0.290

45
0+20 0+401 2.612 0.063

0+20 0+421 1.887 0.725

0+20 0+441 1.561 0.326

0+18 0+459 1.852 0.291

0+20 0+479 1.788 0.064

0+20 0+499 2.125 0.337

0+20 0+519 1.548 2.245 0.120

0+20 0+539 1.685 0.137

0+20 0+559 1.842 0.157

0+20 0+579 1.875 0.033

0+20 0+599 1.782 0.093

0+20 0+619 2.132 0.350

0+20 0+639 1.905 0.227

0+20 0+659 2.206 0.301

0+20 0+679 2.102 2.055 0.151

0+20 0+699 2.045 0.057

0+20 0+719 2.056 0.011

0+20 0+739 1.965 0.091

0+20 0+759 1.912 0.053

0+20 0+779 1.885 0.027

0+20 0+799 2.155 0.270

0+20 0+819 2.205 0.050

0+20 0+839 1.845 0.360

0+20 0+859 1.625 0.220

46
0+20 0+879 2.045 0.420

0+20 0+899 1.945 0.100

0+30 0+919 1.895 1.945 0.000

0+20 0+939 1.718 0.177

0+20 0+959 2.229 0.511

0+20 0+979 1.315 2.168 0.061

0+21 0+1000 1.486 0.171

15.288 16.404 3.471 4.587
∑=15.288 ∑=16.404 ∑=3.471 ∑=4.587
Artematic check:- ∑BS-∑FS=∑Rise-∑Fall=Last RL -First RL, 15.288-16.404=3.471-
4.587=2857.884-2859= -1.116 OK ,OK, OK

HI RL Remark Chainage RL

2860.900 2859 BM BM 2859

0
2859.108 2859.108

2858.798 20 2858.798

2858.796 40 2858.796

2858.485 60 2858.485

2860.635 2858.375 TP1 80 2858.375

2858.467 100 2858.467

2858.429 120 2858.429

2858.59 140 2858.59

2858.58 160 2858.58

2858.487 180 2858.487

47
 2858.43 200 2858.43

2860.153 2858.49 TP2 255 2858.49

2858.388 268 2858.388

2858.368 281 2858.368

2858.283 301 2858.283

2858.308 321 2858.308

2860.923 2858.318 TP3 341 2858.318

2858.538 361 2858.538

2858.248 381 2858.248

2858.311 401 2858.311

2859.036 421 2859.036

2859.362 441 2859.362

2859.071 459 2859.071

2859.135 479 2859.135

2858.798 499 2858.798

2860.226 2858.678 TP4 519 2858.678

2858.541 539 2858.541

2858.384 559 2858.384

2858.351 579 2858.351

2858.444 599 2858.444

2858.094 619 2858.094

2858.321 639 2858.321

2858.02 659 2858.02

2860.273 2858.171 TP5 679 2858.171

48
 2858.228 699 2858.228

2858.217 719 2858.217

2858.308 739 2858.308

2858.361 759 2858.361

2858.388 779 2858.388

2858.118 799 2858.118

2858.068 819 2858.068

2858.428 839 2858.428

2858.648 859 2858.648

2858.228 879 2858.228

2858.328 899 2858.328

2860.223 2858.328 TP6 919 2858.328

2858.505 939 2858.505

2857.994 959 2857.994

2859.37 2858.055 TP7 979 2858.055

2857.884 1000 2857.884

2857.884
2859

49
2859.4

2859.2

2859

2858.8

Series1
2858.6

2858.4

2858.2

2858

2857.8

Figure-4 Right side canal alignment surveying data

50
 Table-14 Bosena Spring left side Small Scale Irrigation Project Surveying
Data

Station Chainage BS IS FS Rise (+) Fall (-)

BM 1.900

0+00 0+00 1.792 0.108

0+25 0+25 1.682 0.110

0+25 0+50 1.975 0.293

0+25 0+75 1.765 0.21

0+25 0+100 1.875 1.745 0.02

0+25 0+125 1.682 0.193

0+25 0+150 1.612 0.07

0+25 0+175 1.633 0.021

0+25 0+200 1.555 0.078

0+25 0+225 1.702 1.965 0.41

0+25 0+250 2.015 0.313

0+25 0+275 2.158 0.143

0+25 0+300 2.152 0.006

0+25 0+325 2.338 0.186

0+25 0+350 2.775 0.437

0+25 0+375 2.475 0.3

0+25 0+400 2.695 0.22

0+25 0+425 2.785 0.09

0+25 0+450 2.745 0.04

0+25 0+475 2.945 0.2

51
0+25 0+500 2.505 0.44
5.477 6.215 1.575 2.313
∑=18.865 ∑=21.133 ∑=4.72 ∑=6.988

Artematic check:- ∑BS-∑FS=∑Rise-∑Fall=Last RL -First RL, 5.477-6.215=1.575-

2.313=2858.262-2859= -0.738 OK ,OK, OK

HI RL Remark Chainage RL

2860.900 2859 BM BM 2859

2859.108 0 2859.108

2859.218 25 2859.218

2858.925 50 2858.925

2859.135 75 2859.135

2861.030 2859.155 TP8 100 2859.155

2859.348 125 2859.348

2859.418 150 2859.418

2859.397 175 2859.397

2859.475 200 2859.475

2860.767 2859.065 TP9 225 2859.065

2858.752 250 2858.752

2858.609 275 2858.609

2858.615 300 2858.615

2858.429 325 2858.429

2857.992 350 2857.992

2858.292 375 2858.292

52
 2858.072 400 2858.072

2855.287 425 2855.287

2858.022 450 2858.022

2857.822 475 2857.822

2858.262 500 2858.262

2858.262
2859

2860

2859.5

2859

2858.5

2858

Series1
2857.5

2857

2856.5

2856

2855.5

2855

Figure-5 Left side canal alignment surveying data

53
7.4 Determine canal side slopes
Side slopes varies from about 2:1 for main canals down to 1:1 The freeboard varies from about

0.2 to 0.4 m for main canals

The duty at peak month has to be determined from the calculated monthly values; the irrigation

hours suggested 24 hrs. then q value or duty is 1.1 l/s/ha and for 20ha Command area the duty is

22 l/s=0.022m3/s. but the spring flow is enough water to the command area.

Table-15 B/d ratio, side slopes, freeboards and velocities by discharge rate value
(IDD Manual)
Discharge (m3/s) b/d Side slope Freeboard(m) Velocity (m/s)

0 -0.015 1.0 1.1 0.30 0.25

7.5 Determine canal bed width

The bed width should be wide enough to allow easy cleaning and workable for construction. A

bed width of 0.20 to 0.25 m is considered to be the minimum for trapezoidal sections as this still

allows the cleaning of the canal with small tools such as shovel. For small scale irrigation

projects, the recommended minimum top bank width varies from about 1.0 m for main canals

down to 0.3 m for smaller tertiary canals and head ditches. The following is a guide to the

recommended bed width/water depth (b/d) ratios for rectangular masonry canals:

54
 Table-16 Canal width to water depth ratio (b/d ratio)
b/d ration

Canal classes Depth of water d (m) Clay Sand

Small canals <0.75 1 2

7.6 Determine Permissible velocity

Depending on whether there is a non-erodible or an erodible canal, a permissible velocity can

be used as criteria for a design of the canal. A minimum permissible velocity is that which will

not start sedimentation. It is determined by sediment transport capacity of the flow. A maximum

permissible velocity is that which will not cause erosion of the canal. This velocity is very

uncertain and variable and can be estimated only with experience and judgment (Chow, 1983).

Table-17 Maximum permissible flow velocity in m/sec (MoWR)

Type of Soil Maximum Velocity Permissible (m/s)

Sand and silt 0.53

7.7 Determine Longitudinal slopes

Canal bed slope depends up on the slope of the natural ground for economy in the earth work

and bed slope should be the same as the ground slope as in the case of contour canal because it

affects the velocity of flow.

Large canals, Q > 15 m3/s, 0.10 to 0.30 %

Intermediate canals 0.3 m3/s – 15 m3/s, 0.20 to 0.40 %

55
Small canals, Q < 0.3 m3/s,0.30 to 0.50 % (Abebe, 2011)

In this project Q<0.3m3/s so take 0.3.

Table-18 Recommended longitudinal slope

Type of canals Range of Slope

Main Canals 1/700 to 1/1500

We have taken the longitudinal slope is 1:1000

7.8 Determine Roughness coefficients

The roughness of the canal bed affects the velocity of the flow. The roughness is caused due to

the ripple s formed on the bed of the canal. The value of ‟n” depends on the type of the bed

material of the canal (Basak, 1999)

Table-19 Recommended values of maximum velocity & roughness coefficient

(MoWR)
Lining type Max. velocity (m/s) Roughness "n"

Dressed masonry 2 0.018

7.9 Determine Free board

The gap between full supply level and the bank level of the canal is known as free board.

The amount of free board depends up on.

Canal size, Discharge, Wave action etc

According to the lacey free board is given by formula.

Fb = 0.20 + 0.15Q1/3…...……………………………………………….........…….A

Where, Q is canal capacity [m3/s]

56
7.10 Determine canal dimension
Main Canal (Primary canal) is a canal next to the intake which water enters to for irrigation. In

05 kebele Bosena irrigation project a given main canal is designed lined. The total length of

main canal is 20m; Design of lined canals is usually done based on the permissible velocity

approach. A minimum permissible velocity is that which will not store sedimentation in the canal

and is determined by the sediment transport capacity of the flow. For the design of lined canals

uniform flow equations for open channel flow can be used. This can be Manning‟s formula:

Q A*V

Q A* 1 R 3S
2 1
2
n ………………………………………B

Where, Q = design discharge, m3/s

A = the x-sectional area of flow

R = hydraulic radius, m

S = longitudinal slope of the canal

n = Manning‟s coefficient

For a given, Manning‟s coefficient “n” and longitudinal slope “S” of the canal, determine the

hydraulic radius and velocity of flow from above discharge. For 05 kebele Bosena irrigation

project rectangular main canals were proposed.

7.10.1 Data available

Canal capacity (FSQ) =Qp =0.

Manning coefficient (n) = 0.018 (for masonry lining from table)

Area of rectangular canals;

57
A =B*Y ……………………………………………….…………..............C

Wetted perimeter

P = B+2Y … ……………………………………………….…..............D

The hydraulic radius (R)

R = A/P ……………………………………………………………………E

Flow velocity

V= ………………………….……….………….………F

Design discharge 0.022m3/s, it is less than 0.3

For best economical section b/d = 2 from this:

Therefore, , ,

Where: A=b*d =bd ,

In ordinary lined canals, the steepest satisfactory side slope from construction point of view is m

= 1.25 or m = 1 (m= cotangent of side slope). For the best hydraulic section the hydraulic

radius is

Discharge (Q)=Area*Velocity

Discharge (Q)=A*

( ) , Where: Q=0.022m3/s or 22 l/se

0.022= * ( )*

0.022= *55.556*( ) *0.032

58
0.022= *55.556* * *0.032

0.022*2.08= *55.556* *0.032

0.0661= * *1.76

0.046= *1.76

=0.046/1.76

d= (0.046/1.76)

d=0.25m, take 0.25m

b=d=0.25m, take,0.4m.

A=bd=0.4*0.25=0.10m2

P=b+2d=0.4+2*0.25= 0.9m, R=A/P=0.12m2/1.0m=0.11m

Since it less than 2m/s,

 Free board

The gap between full supply level and the bank level of the canal is known as free board

The amount of free board depends up on.

Canal size

Discharge and wave action etc.

According to the lacey free board is given by formula.

Where: Q is canal capacity [m3/s]

=0.24m, take free board is 0.25m

59
Total depth= water depth + free board = 0.25m+0.25m=0.5m

Figure-6 Canal cross section

60
 8 Crossing structures

8.1 Hydraulic Design of Flume structure

Figure-7 Flume cross section

61
 9 Division Box
 Division structures or boxes regulate the flow from one canal to another or several

others.

 They usually consist of a box with vertical walls in which controllable opening are

provided.

 Metal or wooden sluice gates or stop logs are usually installed to regulate the division of

flow of all times and to shut off in any branch when desired.

 The width of each out-let is generally proportional to the division of water to be made.

 The division of flow can be on continuous basis or rotational basis.

 Continuous: the flow will be proportionally divided into two or more small canals.

This can be achieved by providing width of the openings in proportional to the

discharge required.

 Rotational: in this case the opening should be equipped with gates to close and open

the opening on turn.

9.1 Design of division boxes

Q=C*L*H3/2

L1 =

= L2 =

= L3 =

62
 Figure-8 Division boxes calculation
Sample calculation:

N.B: BMC= Using HDPE pipe extension

Available data;

Qo=0.022m3/sec

Q1 = Q2 =Q3= 0.022 m3/s

A broad crest formula to divide proportionally is used.

Q=C*L*H3/2

Where, Q=flow allowed in to the turn out (m3/s)

C=Discharge coefficient, use 1.65 to 1.70

L=Width of turn out

63
H=Depth of flow (m)

Assuming that:

C=1.70

H=0.25m

Then Q=C*L*H3/2

L1 =

L1 = = 0.10m take, 0.10m

= L2 = = L2 = 0.1m

= L3 = = L3 = 0.1m

B = b+2mD

Where, B- Width of division box

b- Width of main canal

m- Side slope

D- Depth of main canal

B = 0.25+2*(1*0.25)

B = 0.65 m take 0.7m

The division box dimension internal length and width is 0.7m and depth is 0.5m.

64
Figure-9 Division boxes and PVC pipe turn out
65
 10 Pipe lines design
 Gravity main: - It is designed to convey economically the safe yield of the spring to the

newly constructed reservoir to be distributed by gravity.

 Economical size (D) of gravity main is determined by Lean formula as:-

D=0.97 *√Q to 1.22 *√Q)

Where, D= Pipe diameter in meter

Q= Discharge of spring in m3/sec.Q is 0.022 m3/sec.

D=0.97 *√0.022 =0.181meters=5.66inche we have taken economically 3 inch pipe used and

diameter of pipe in meter is 0.076m.

 After obtaining pipe diameter, the velocity (V) of water flowing through the gravity main

should be checked in order to greater than the allowable velocity of 0.6 m/sec. To check

this velocity, we have to use the formula:-

Q=AV,

V=Q/A Where, A= (ΠD2)/4=3.14*0.181^2/4=0.026m2

V=Q/A=0.022/0.026=0.855m/se

0.855m/se > 0.6 m/se safe.

 Head loss in the pressure main

The head loss due to pipe friction should be calculated as:-

hf = (fLv2)/2gd

Where, hf=head loss in meters

f=friction factor depends on the relative roughness of the pipe and is:-

0.04(1+(1/35d)) for old pipes and

66
 0.02(1+ (1/35d)) for new pipes

L=length of pipe in meter from cupping to Reservoir.

v=velocity of flow through the pipe in m/sec

g=acceleration due to gravity in m/sec.2

d=diameter of pipe in meter

Using new pipes formula f= 0.02(1+ (1/35*0.181)) for new pipes

f=0.023

Right side of the spring

hf = (fLv2)/2gd

hf= (0.023*1000*0.855^2)/2*9.81*0.181=4.73meters.

Left side of the spring

hf= (0.023*500*0.855^2)/2*9.81*0.181=2.37meters.

Let‟s Consider also minor losses (fittings, bends etc…) as 10% of hf then, total head loss will be

hf + minor loss.

 Right side of the spring =4.73*0.1=0.437m

 Total head loss=4.73 +0.437=5.20m

 Available head loss=2859.108 m.a.s.l-2857.884m.a.s.l=1.224m

 Left side of the spring=2.37*0.1=0.237m

 Total head loss=2.37+0.237=2.60m

 Available head loss=2859.108 m.a.s.l- 2858.262=1.224m

67
 Check available head of both side of the spring eye 1.224m is less than the total both side

of head loss 5.20m and 2.60m respectively. Water will reach safely to the command area.

The surveying alignments check to safe the head loss.

68
 11 Unit rate analysis for the project
Table-20 Unit rate analysis for the project

05 Kebele Bosena Spring Small Scale Irrigation Project Unit Rate Analysis
Unit Rate Analysis
• Material Cost+ Labor Cost+ Equipment Cost = Direct Costs (DC)
• Profit+ Overhead Costs= Indirect Costs ( IC)= 20% of DC
Unit Rate Analysis
• Labor Cost- skilled and unskilled laborers
• Equipment Cost- 5% labor cost
• Material Cost- cement+ sand+ stone+ gravel+iron bar+timber
formwork+wooden +nail+blackwire etc…
• Indirect Costs- 20 % Dc( profit +overhead costs)
• Add up the above gives the total unit cost

1 Unit cost estimate for site clearing up to a depth of 20 cm depth 16.38

Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =1.25 M2 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day
• Daily output w/h is the work norm for site clearing (m2) 10.00
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m2)=Labor payment/daily out put 13.00
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m2) = 5 % of labor cost 0.65
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 13.65
• Indirect cost (IC)=20% of direct cost 2.73
• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 16.38

69
2 Unit cost estimate for ordinary soil excavation up to adepth of 1 m depth 113.75
Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =0.18M3 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day

• Daily output w/h is the work norm for soil excavation (m3) 1.44
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 90.28
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 4.51
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 94.79
• Indirect cost (IC)=20 % of direct cost 18.96
• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 113.75

3 Unit cost estimate for ordinary soil excavation up to adepth of 1-1.5m depth 175.00
Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =0.117M3 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day
• Daily output w/h is the work norm for soil excavation (M3) 0.94
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 138.89
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 6.94
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 145.83
• Indirect cost (IC)=20 % of direct cost 29.17
• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 175.00

4 Unit cost estimate for weathered rock excavation 321.18

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Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =0.064M3 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day
• Daily output w/h is the work norm for rock excavation (M3) 0.51
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 254.90
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 12.75
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 267.65
• Indirect cost (IC)=20% of direct cost 53.53

• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 321.18

5 Unit cost estimate for Backfill and Compaction in irrigation canal 109.20
Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =0.1875M3 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day
• Daily output w/h is the work norm for backfill & compaction (M3) 1.50
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 86.67
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 4.33
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 91.00
• Indirect cost (IC)=20% of direct cost 18.20
• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 109.20

6 Unit cost estimate for Backfill in pipe line work 13.65

Labor cost (LC)
• Let hourly working rate =1.5 M3 per hour
• Daily working time = 8 hour per day

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 • Daily output w/h is the work norm for backfill & compaction (M3) 12.00
• Let the Labor payment (Birr/day ) 130.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 10.83
Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 0.54
• Direct cost = labor cost + equipment cost 11.38
• Indirect cost (IC)=20% of direct cost 2.28
• Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 13.65

7 Unit Cost estimate for masonry dressed on both sides (1:4) 2891.45
• For 1m3 of masonry work the unit rate analysis:
• Let the mix ratio 1:4 & daily output of 1 mason crew ( m3 ) 1.50
• 1mason Crew composition=1 mason + 4 daily laborers
• payment for the main mason is 270 Birr/day & laborers is 130
birr/each 790.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 526.67
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 26.33

• Labor cost + equipment cost 553.00

Material cost: from 1 m3 of masonry 35% is mortar and 65% is stone,
i.e. 0.35 m3 mortar and 0.65 m3 stone by volume. (mix ratio 1:4)
• Cement = (1/5*1m3*1.3 shrinkage * 1.05 wastage *0.35*1400 kg /m3
)/100 1.34
730 Birr/Quntials 730.00
Cost of cement 976.52
• Sand = 4/5*1m3*1.3*1.15*0.35 0.42
700 Birr/ m3 700.00
Cost of Sand 293.02

• Stone = 1m3 *0.65*1.5 0.98

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 600 Birr/ m3 600.00
Cost of stone 585.00
Water = 0.4 m3 for 1m3 of masonry 0.40
5 Birr/ m3 5.00
Cost of water 2.00
Total material cost birr /1m3of masonry 1856.54
Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 2409.54
Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 481.91
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 2891.45

Unit cost estimate for mass concrete up to 10 cm thick mixed by hand C-10
8
(1:3:6) 2802.90
• For 1m3of mass concrete work the unit rate analysis:
• Let the mix ratio 1:3:6 & daily output of 1 mason crew (m3 ) 25.00
• mason Crew composition=1 mason + 6 daily laborers
• payment for the main mason is 270 Birr/day & laborers is 130
birr/each 1310.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 52.40
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 2.62
• Labor cost + equipment cost 55.02
Material cost ;

• Cement = (1/10*1m3*1.3 shrinkage * 1.05 wastage *1400 kg /m3 )/100 1.91

730 Birr/Quntials 730.00
Cost of cement 1395.03
• Sand = 3/10*1m3*1.3*1.15 0.45
700 Birr/ m3 700.00
Cost of Sand 313.95

73
 • Gravel = 6/10*1m3*1.1*1.15 0.76
750 Birr/ m3 750.00
Cost of gravel 569.25
• Water = 0.5 m3 for 1m3 of mass concrete 0.50
5 Birr/ m3 5.00
Cost of water 2.50
Total material cost birr /1m3of mass concrete 2280.73
Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 2335.75
Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 467.15
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 2802.90

Unit cost estimate for reinforced concrete footing paid mixed by hand C-15
9
(1:2:4) 9349.68
• For 1m3of Reinforced concrete work the unit rate analysis:
• Let the mix ratio 1:2:4 & daily output of 1 mason crew (m3 ) 2.37
• mason Crew composition=1 mason + 8 daily laborers
• payment for the main mason is 270 Birr/day & laborers is 130
birr/each 1310.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 553.68
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 27.68
• Labor cost + equipment cost 581.36
Material cost ;
• Cement = 1/7*1m3*1.05 shrinkage * 1.3 wastage *1400 kg /m3 2.73
730 Birr/Quntials 730.00
Cost of cement 1992.90
• Sand = 2/7*1m3*1.3*1.5 0.43
700 Birr/ m3 700.00

74
 Cost of Sand 299.00
•Gravel = 4/7*1m3*1.1*1.15 0.72
750 Birr/ m3 750.00
Cost of gravel 542.14
• Iron bar 15cm spacing c/c using 10mm Ø 4.10
cost of iron bar 590.00
total cost of iron bar 2419.00
• Timber formwork (Australia) using length=4m, width=25cm and
t=2.5cm 2.22
cost of Timber formwork 400.00
total cost of Timber formwork 888.00
• Wooden (komi=1 , mager = 3 and carrbat=2 ) 0.89
cost of wooden (150birr ,70 birr and 80 birr) 100.00
total cost of wooden 100.00
• Nails
cost of nails using 6cm,7cm.8cm ………1/2kg. 0.50
1kg cost of nails 120.00
total cost of nails 60.00
• Black wire 0.30
cost of black wire 60.00
total cost of black wire 18.00
• Water = 0.6 m3 for 1m3 of reinforced 0.60
5 Birr/ m3 5.00
Cost of water 3.00
Total material cost birr /1m3of reinforced concrete 7210.04
Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 7791.40
Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 1558.28

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Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 9349.68

10 Unit Cost Estimate For hard core without mortar 508.91

• For 1m3 of hard core the unit rate analysis:
• Let the daily output of 1 daily labor ( m3 ) 1.10
• composition=1 daily labor

• payment for the labor is 130 Birr/day 130.00

• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m3)=Labor payment/daily out put 118.18
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m3) = 5 % of labor cost 5.91
• Labor cost + equipment cost 124.09
Material cost: from 1 m3 of hard core without mortar
• Stone = 1m3 1.00
300 Birr/ m3 300.00
Cost of stone 300.00
Total material cost birr /1m3 of hardcore 300.00
Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 424.09
Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 84.82
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 508.91

11 Unit cost estimate for plastering work below 2m ht (1:3) 204.51

• For 1m2 of Plastering work the unit rate analysis:
• Let the mix ratio 1:3 & daily output of mason crew (M2 ) 14.00
• mason Crew composition=1 mason + 2daily laborers
• payment for the main mason is 270 Birr/day & laborers is 130
birr/each 530.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m2)=Labor payment/daily out put 37.86
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m2) = 5 % of labor cost 1.89

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 • Labor cost + equipment cost 39.75
Material cost ;
1 m2 of plastering = 0.03 m3 by volume for 3 cm thickness of plastering
• Cement = (1/4*0.03m3*1.3 shrinkage * 1.05wastage *1400 kg /m3
)/100 0.14
730 Birr/Quntials 730.00
Cost of cement 104.63
• Sand = 3/4*0.03m3*1.15*1.3 0.03
700 Birr/ m3 700.00
Cost of Sand 23.55
• Water = 0.5 m3 for 1m3 of masonry 0.50
5 Birr/ m3 5.00
Cost of water 2.50
Total material cost birr /1M2of Plastering 130.67

Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 170.42

Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 34.08
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 204.51

12 Unit cost estimate for pointing work (1:3) 198.55

• For 1m2 of Plastering work the unit rate analysis:
• Let the mix ratio1:3 & daily output of mason crew (M2 ) 16.00
• mason Crew composition=1 masons+ 2 daily laborers
• payment for the main mason is 270 Birr/each & laborers is 130
birr/each 530.00
• Labor cost (LC) (Birr/m2)=Labor payment/daily out put 33.13
• Equipment cost (EC) (Birr/m2) = 5 % of labor cost 1.66

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 • Labor cost + equipment cost 34.78
Material cost ;
#REF!
• Cement = (1/4*0.03m3*1.3 shrinkage * 1.05wastage *1400 kg /m3
)/100 0.14
730 Birr/Quntials 730.00
Cost of cement 104.63
• Sand = 3/4*0.03m3*1.3*1.15 0.03
700 Birr/ m3 700.00
Cost of Sand 23.55
• Water = 0.5 m3 for 1m3 of masonry 0.50
5 Birr/ m3 5.00
Cost of water 2.50
Total material cost birr /1M2of Pointing 130.67
Total direct cost (DC) =Labor cost + Material cost 165.45
Indirect cost (IC) w/h accounts overhead cost and profits /20 % of direct cost/ 33.09
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost 198.55

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 12 Bill of Quantity and Cost Estimation
The quantities of the various items have been worked out as per the final design and final

drawings prepared for the scheme.

Table-21 Bill of Quantity and cost estimation for the project

Bill Off Quantity And Cost Estimation For 05 Kebele Small Scale Irrigation Project
Project-Main canal, Division box, HDPE Pipe installation and cross drainage structure construction
Site- Bosena Spring HDPE pipe installation
Kebele- 05 (Mergeja)
Table-22 Mason and daily labor cost for the project
Item Unit Rate Total Cost
Item of work Unit Quantity
no (Et.Birr) (Et.Birr)
A Main canal construction
1 Earth work

1.1 Site clearing up to 20 cm depth 36.00 16.38 589.68

1.2 Ordinary soil excavation 34.20 113.75 3890.25

1.3 Weathered rock excavation 1.80 321.18 578.12

2 Hard core without mortar 4.80 124.09 595.63
3 Masonry work
3.1 Dressed-masonry (1፡ 4) 8.00 553.00 4424.00

4 Concrete work

4.1 Mass concrete (1:3:6) 24.00 55.02 1320.48

5 Plastering work internal part (1፡ 3) 52.00 39.75 2067.00

6 Pointing work external part (1፡ 3) 32.00 34.78 1112.96

7 Backfill and Compaction 12.00 109.20 1310.40

Sub total 15888.53

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B HDPE pipe installation
1 Earth work

1.1 Site clearing up to 20 cm depth 750.00 16.38 12285.00

1.2 Ordinary soil excavation 412.50 113.75 46921.88

1.3 Weathered rock excavation 37.50 321.18 12044.25
2 Extension of HDPE pipe m 1500.00 10.00 15000.00

3 Backfill and Compaction 450.00 13.65 6142.50

Sub total 92393.63

C Division box construction
1 Earth work

1.1 Site clearing up to 20 cm depth 149.94 16.38 2456.02

1.2 Ordinary soil excavation 142.44 113.75 16202.89

1.3 Weathered rock excavation 7.50 321.18 2407.89

2 Hard core without mortar 15.30 124.09 1898.58
3 Masonry work

3.1 Dressed-masonry (1:4) 29.92 553.00 16545.76

4 Concrete work

4.1 Mass concrete (1:3:6) 76.50 55.02

4209.03
5 Plastering work internal part (1:3) 212.50 39.75 8446.88

6 Pointing work external part (1:3) 163.20 34.78 5676.10

7 Backfill and Compaction 61.20 109.20 6683.04

Sub total 64526.17
D Flume structure construction
1 Earth work
1.1 Site clearing up to 20 cm depth 8.00 16.38 131.04
Ordinary soil excavation up to 1m
1.2
depth 8.00 113.75 910.00
80
 Ordinary soil excavation up to 1-
1.3
1.5m depth 3.60 175.00 630
1.4 Weathered rock excavation 0.40 321.18 128.47
2 Concrete work
Reinforced concrete C-15 (1፡ 2፡ 4)
2.1 footing pad using 12mm Ø iron
bar 15cm spacing c/c including all
necessary materials 3.00 581.36 1744.08
Welding the 3 inch double GI pipe
with 3/4 inch GI pipe by 50cm
3
vertically and horizontally interval m
including cutting and other work 30.00 70 2100
Installing the welded pipe with
4 the footing pad including m
transport cost 30.00 50 1500
5 extension of HDPE pipe m 500
25.00 20
6 Plastering work (1፡ 3) 20.00 190.75 3815
7 Backfill & compaction 12.00 109.2 1310.4
Sub total 12768.99
E Additional cost
1 Mobilization and demobilization Ls 1 10000 10000
Three forman working period 3
2 No. 3 4500 13500
months
3 Store house renting Ls 1 6000 6000

Sub total 29500

Total Sub total with out vat 215077.32
Vat 15% 32261.597
Total cost for the project with Vat 15% 247338.91

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 Table-23 Transporation and fabric material cost for the project
Unit Rate Total Cost
Item no Item of materials Unit Quantity
(Et.Birr) (Et.Birr)
A Main canal construction
1 Cement Quntials 27.33 730.00 19950.90
Sub total 19950.90
B HDPE pipe installation
1 HDPE pipe Meters 1500.00 260.00 390000
Sub total 390000.00
C Division box construction
1 Cement Quntials 108.49 730.00 79197.7
Sub total 79197.70
D Flume structure construction
1 Cement Quntials 11.06 730.00 8073.80
2 3 inch GI pipe Meters 30.00 533.30 15999.00
3 3/4 inch GI pipe Meters 12.00 220.00 2640.00
4 1 inch HDPE pipe meters 60.00 70.00 4200.00
5 Iron bar 10mm Kg 204.99 85.00 17424.15
6 Timber formwork 30cm thickness Numbers 8.00 400.00 3200.00
7 Black wire Kg 25.00 60.00 1500.00
8 Nails
8.1 6cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
8.2 8cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
8.3 9cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
Sub total 54596.95
Total Sub total 543745.55
Vat 15% 81561.83
Total cost for the project with Vat 15% 625307.38

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 Table-24 Transporation and local material cost for the project
Unit Rate Total Cost
Item on Item of materials Unit Quantity
(Et.Birr) (Et.Birr)
A Main canal construction
1 Sand 6.96 700 4872
2 Aggregate 1.82 750.00 1365
3 Stone 12.60 600.00 7560
Sub total 13797.00
B Division box construction
1 Sand 28.59 700 20013

2 Aggregate 5.81 750.00 4357.5

3 Stone 44.47 600.00 26682

Sub total 51052.50
C Flume structure construction
1 Sand 1.95 700 1365
1.1 Aggregate 2.17 750 1627.5
Sub total 2992.5
Total Sub total 67842.00
Vat 15% 10176.3
Total cost for the project with Vat 15% 78018.30

83
 Table-25 Total cost for the project
Unit Rate Total Cost
Item no Item of materials Unit Quantity
(Et.Birr) (Et.Birr)
1 Cement Quntials 146.88 730.00 107222.40
2 HDPE pipe Meter 1500.00 260.00 390000.00
3 3 inch GI pipe Meters 30.00 533.30 15999.00
4 3/4 inch GI pipe Meters 12.00 220.00 2640.00
5 1 inch HDPE pipe meters 60.00 70.00 4200.00
6 Iron bar 10mm Kg 204.99 85.00 17424.15
7 Timber formwork 30cm thickness Numbers 8.00 400.00 3200.00
8 Black wire Kg 25.00 60.00 1500.00
9 Nails
9.1 6cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
9.2 8cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
9.3 9cm Packet 1.00 520.00 520.00
10 Sand 37.50 700.00 26250.00
11 Aggregate 9.80 750.00 7350.00
12 Stone 57.07 600.00 34242.00
Sub total 611587.55
Mason and daily labor cost for the project without vat 215077.32
Total Subtotal without vat 826664.87
Vat 15% 123999.73
Total cost for the project with Vat 15% 950664.60

84
 13 Conclusion and recommendation
 Bosena spring irrigation project is upgrading traditional irrigation practice. The existing

irrigation practice has more or less two basic problems. The route, along which main

canal is aligned, is made of alluvial deposit as a result there is much water losses.

Solving these problems is very essential for proper utilization of water & soil which in

turn can improve the livelihood of peasants of the project area. That is why Bosena

spring irrigation project is being formulated.

 The designs of each of these structures with their working drawings have been executed.

 The infrastructure of this project area is designed to irrigate about 20 ha of land by

taking its supply from the Bosena spring irrigation project. The maximum duty of the

command area for 24 hours per day.

 The following recommendations are drowning:

 For better performance and long service year of the project regular inspection and

maintenance is highly required.

 Farmers training, how to operate and maintain the project structures as a whole and

available and water resources has a paramount important.

 The irrigation hours per day and per week should be flexible based on base flow amount

of each week or month.

 Close supervision of the construction should be made to modify (if needed) each

Components of irrigation system based on specific site conditions.

85
 14 Reference
 Guideline on small scale irrigation development for woreda and zone IADP experts

 design of diversion weir and main canal, By: Endager Getinet, August, 2013 Bahir Dar

 design of diversion weir and main canal by: Abdu august -2013 debretabor

 Arora K, R. (1996). Irrigation, Water Power and Water Resources Engineering. Napa

Sarak Delhi: standard publisher‟s distribution.

 Arora, K. (2001). Irrigation Water Power and Water Resources Engineering. Neia Sarak

Delhi: Standard Publishers Distribution.

 Basak, N. (1999). Irrigation Engineering.

 chow, V. T. (1964). Applied hydrology. Mc Graw international book company.

 CROP Wat 8 window programing. (n.d.) . (n.d.).

 FAO. (1998). Guide line for computing crop water requirements, irrigation and drainage

paper, No.24,56. Rom, Etaly.

 Garg, S. (1978). Irrigation and hydraulic structures. New Delhi: Khanna publishers.

 Handout. (n.d.). Agricultural drainage water management.

 S.K, G. (1996). Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures 6th edition. Delhi:

Khanna Oublishers.

 Subramanian. (1994). hydrology, Engineering. New Delhi.

 Water supply projects Construction Manual,Prepared by Endager Getinet, June 2011

Bahir Dar.

86