1, show the application and implication of classical conditioning theory

in the classroom? (6 point)

 Uses of Classical Conditioning in the Classroom are

Behaviorism is a school of psychology that views all behaviors as
learned. Classical conditioning is a form of behaviorism in which a
specific stimulus produces a predictable response. The most common
example is when dogs smell food that causes them to salivate. When a
bell is rung at every meal, the dogs will begin to salivate in response to
the bell, even when food is not present. Classical conditioning can play
different roles in the classroom setting but does not always work as a
positive learning experience or with all students.
1. Reinforce Learning

Teachers looking to use behavioral techniques to reinforce learning are

more likely to use operant conditioning techniques. Operant conditioning
often involves punishments and rewards with consistently-expected results
from the teacher to the classroom students. This form of behavioral
technique could be done quite simply by a teacher offering a reward (for
example, praise) for a job well done or punishment (extra homework) for
failure to do well. In classical conditioning, the rewards are more related to
interpersonal rewards. By contrast, classical conditioning may not be used
as directly in the classroom. However, it often can work alongside operant
conditioning to reinforce learning. For instance, if the overall tone of a
teacher’s classroom is one of praise and enjoyment in learning, the student
will associate this pleasure with the specific class and will be more likely to
attend. In classical conditioning, the entire class or individuals can be
rewarded or punished for their specific behaviors.

2. Hinder Learning

Students who have learned to associate threatening or fearful situations

with classroom experiences can have a more difficult time. For instance,
students often pair mathematical exams with test anxiety and pressure.
This conditioned response may be based on early experiences in grade
school, where a child was, for instance, given a high-pressure, timed exam.
Even when she is older, the student may have autonomic responses, such
as sweating and increased heart rate, when simply thinking about taking an
exam or when faced with difficult math problems. In the classroom,
teachers can be cognizant of the effects of classical conditioning on test
anxiety and create a learning and test environment that reinforces a feel of
calm and focus. When a student takes tests in a low pressure, positive
environment over time, the classically conditioned response will become
“extinguished,” or disappear. Additionally, to use classical conditioning to
the best effects of the technique, teachers have to integrate the process
into the classroom learning model which can take time away from the
overall learning experience. The technique may only work with positive
effects for some students; the other students may view it is as negative
aspect of the classroom.

 Applications Of Classical Conditioning In class room

Classical conditioning explains many aspects of human behavior. It plays
an important role in generating emotional responses, advertising, addiction,
psychotherapy, hunger etc. Classical conditioning also finds its application
at school, post traumatic disorders or associating something with the past.
These are explained as follows:

1.    Emotional Responses:

Classical Conditioning plays an important role in generating negative and

positive emotional responses.

1.1.    Negative Responses:

Emotions such as fear, phobias etc are strengthened by associating these

emotions with animals, weather, or some other place or things. People
often fear reptiles, dark places and insect phobias. Some people often
associate fear with stormy weather.

1.2.    Positive Responses:

Classical conditioning is also responsible for generating feelings of

happiness, feelings of relaxation e.g. thinking of going on a trip makes one
feels happy, for relaxation one might choose his friend’s house ,reaching
home after a long time makes one happy and relax as well.

2.    Advertising:

Advertising is a field where classical conditioning is used the most.

Companies’ use various models for this purpose e.g. cartoon characters
are used in commercials of those products which are associated with kids.
In the same way, female models are used in those ads in which products
are associated with females or housework. Similarly sports personalities for
products associated with men.

3.    Addiction:

People addicted with caffeine and nicotine found in tea, coffee or in the
form of smoking material feels relaxation even before its intake.

4.    Psychotherapy:

Classical conditioning also finds its application in psychotherapy. It is often

used in systematic desensitization to treat phobias or fears. Aversive
therapy is also one of the applications of classical conditioning. In this
therapy, behavior is modified by combining a nausiatic substance with the
unwanted behavior or habit (smoking/ alcoholism) which causes vomiting
or makes you feel bad. In this way, the unwanted behavior is vanished
slowly.

5.    Hunger:

Some people feel extremely hungry only on the sight of restaurant or some
other place where food is provided. This is due to the association of
restaurant or hotel with food.

6.    Post-Traumatic Disorders:

Sometimes people, who has experienced a war or some other battle, often
feel a rush of fear  and anxiety when they see a small fight or are stuck in a
situation similar to the one experienced during days of war.
7.    Association of something with the past:

Sometimes people associate an object or place with a past. E.g. one might
associate a song with the great times he or she spent with his/her friends or
some other pleasant event can be associated with a place visited in the
past.

8.    Classical conditioning at school:

If the environment at school is very strict, children might associate fear with
school or might give birth to school phobia. In the same way, if the
environment of school is very friendly and pleasant, a feeling of attraction
or comfort can be developed with the school by the children.

9.    Conditional Drug Response:

Sometimes the bad taste or result of taking the drug could also make you
feel bad. In extreme cases, the mere sound of that drug could make you
feel bad e.g. children often start vomiting only at the name of cough syrup
or some other drug. Though there are a lot of other fields as well where
classical conditioning has found its applications, but the above explained
applications are the most commonly observed.

2, discuss the idea of form perception? support your description with

pictures and examples?

Form perception refers to our ability to visually perceive objects in the world
in response to the patterns of light that they caste on our retinas.
Form perception is a demanding task for the brain because a retina has a
significant blind spot and retinal veins that obstruct light from reaching cells
that detect light, or photoreceptor cells. The brain handles the blind spots
through boundary processes, includes perceptual grouping, boundary
completion, and figure-ground separation, and through surface processing,
including compensation for variable illumination (“discounting the
illuminant”), and filling blank areas with the surviving illuminant-discounted
signals.

3, A child fear all white cloth wearing person after she take a
medication(injection) by white cloth wearing doctor according
classical conditioning learning. describe UCS, CS, UCR and CR?
UCS: A child getting an injection
UCR: He/she starts crying
CS: The doctor wearing a white coat
CR: The child starts crying whenever he/she sees anyone wearing a white jacket.

4. summarized the idea of selectivity of perception and perceptual

constancies? support your explanation with pictures and examples?

 Selective perception is the process by which humans select,

categorize, and analyze stimuli from the environment. Stimuli can

be either sensory or based on belief and personal background.

Distracting, unimportant, or contradicting information is filtered

both consciously and unconsciously.

Selective perception is also known as selective attention, exposure, or

distortion. For example, selective attention aids focus. Without selective

attention, focusing on work and fun tasks is difficult and overwhelming.

Selective perception filters stimuli such as background noises and

images in peripheral vision. The ability to focus on certain aspects of

the environment and filter out other sensory inputs is crucial for

functioning effectively and having meaningful experiences.

 Perceptual constancy is the ability of an observer to perceive

familiar objects as unchanging even when observed from various

angles, distances, and/or lighting. An object can be up close, far

 away, illuminated by various shades or colors of light, or held at

different angles; but if the object is familiar enough it can still be

perceived as if those things were constant.

Perceptual constancy does however depend on how familiar an object

is and the number of cues available to the observer which trigger

recognition of the object. That is, perceptual constancy is diminished

with less experience with an object, and with a decrease in the amount

of information which would aid in the object's identification. There are

also different types of perceptual constancy based on the different

environmental cues that could skew or aid in the accurate perception of

objects.

Selective Perception Examples

Beliefs are strong enough to change perceptions. The placebo effect is

an interesting example of selective distortion. For example, participants

told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage will feel more intoxicated

even if they are drinking a non-alcoholic beverage. The expectation of

intoxication creates a perception of intoxication. The same is true for

many medicines. If told they will feel better, people actually feel better,

even when taking sugar pills.

 In the blew image, find the number of food items. The brain

automatically focuses on images rather than numbers.

 

5, explain the typical characteristics of A) sensory memory B) Short term

memory and C) long term memory?

Sensory Memory 
Sensory memory allows you to remember sensory information after the stimulation
has ended. Researchers who classify memory more as stages than types believe
that all other memories begin with the formation of sensory memories. Typically
your sensory memory only holds on to information for brief periods. Remembering
the sensation of a person’s touch or a sound you heard in passing is sensory
memory.
Short-term Memory 
As the name implies, short-term memory allows you to recall specific information
about anything for a brief period. Short-term memory is not as fleeting as sensory
memory, but it’s also not as permanent as long-term memory. Short-term memory
is also known as primary or active memory.
Example research estimates that short-term memories only last for about 30
seconds.3
 When you read a line in a book or a string of numbers that you have to recall,
that’s your short-term memory at work.
Long-term Memory
We store a vast majority of our memories in our long-term memory. Any memory
we can still recall after 30 seconds could classify as long-term memory. These
memories range in significance—from recalling the name of a friendly face at your
favorite coffee shop to important bits of information like a close friend’s birthday
or your home address.

There is no limit to how much our long-term memory can hold and for how long.
We can further split long-term memory into two main categories: explicit and
implicit long-term memory.

6, what is the forgetting? Discus how forgetting occur from a different

perspectives?
Forgetting is the loss or change in information that was previously stored in
short-term or long-term memory. It can occur suddenly or it can occur
gradually as old memories are lost. While it is usually normal, excessive or
unusual forgetting might be a sign of a more serious problem.
 How does forgetting occur?
trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the
automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theorya
focuses on time and the limited duration of short-term memory. This theory
suggests short term memory can only hold information for between 15 and
30 seconds unless it is rehearsed.
sometimes people forget due to a phenomenon known as interference.
Some memories compete and interfere with other memories. When
information is very similar to other information that was previously stored in
memory, interference is more likely to occur.
Displacement theory provides a very simple explanation of forgetting. 
Because of its limited capacity, suggested by Miller to be 7+/- 2 items, STM
can only hold small amounts of information.

When STM is 'full', new information displaces or 'pushes out’ old

information and takes its place.  The old information which is displaced is
forgotten in STM.