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Elastoplastic Models 3
Elastoplastic Models 3
Elastoplastic Models 3
NUMERICAL
CONTRATTI METHODS
IN GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
LECTURE 13
Elastoplastic models 3
Guido Musso
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica
Experimental evidences
1
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
A general observation
Stiffness
ds = Dep de
Compliance
de = Cep ds
Taylor and Quinney (1931): annealed copper wire tested in simple tension
P
P
Irreversible strains B1, B2 … Bn under null load as a new reference for ‘elastic behavior’
Departure from stiff elastic response C1, C2 … Cn yielding
Effect of load history
2
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
Elastic strain hardening plastic model
σ
ePC = plastic strain
syE E
e
syC C
syB
B
ePC
A eB D eC F eF ε
Elastic strain hardening
plastic model
AB e CD - linear elastic
BCE - irreversible
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
• While the stress remains within the yield surface (0- a –b), the behaviour is elastic.
• Plastic strains occur while the stress state remains on the yield surface (b-c-d)
• For Hardening Plastic Models the Yield Surface expands in the stress space
The yield surface expands (isotropic hardening)
sy sy sy
deypl depl d
d
c c sx
b hardening b
0 a dexpl, sx a 0 e ey
3
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
Elastic strain softening plastic model
C
syC F
ePC
A eB D eC ε
(3) Elastic strain softening
plastic material AB e CD - linear elastic
BCF - irreversible
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
• While the stress remains within the yield surface (0- a –b), the behaviour is elastic.
• Plastic strains occur while the stress state remains on the yield surface (b-c-d)
• For Softening Plastic Models the Yield Surface shrinks in the stress space
The yield surface is reduced in size (isotropic softening)
sy sy sy
deypl depl
b
b
c sx
c softening
0 a dexpl, sx a 0 d ey
4
Structure of Elastic Hardening Plastic Models
(b) a yield function which indicates the onset of plastic strain (i.e. a scalar
function of stress, espressed in terms of stress components or stress invariants)
(d) hardening / softening rule which tells how the yield surface evolves.
This is usally obtained by relating the size of the yield surface to the plastic strains
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
Yield function
This function f defines the type of material behaviour and is based on theoretical -
experimental results
f (s, c) < 0, purely elastic behaviour
Differently from elastic perfectly plastic models, hidden variable(s) c are introduced
5
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
sy
hardening
Examples of
hardening/softening rules
softening
epl
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
Consistency condition
f f
T
f(s, c) = 0 df = dσ dc = 0
σ c
6
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
Consistency condition
The expression of the flow rule is unchanged:
g g
dε = dσ = D dε D
p
so:
σ σ
f f c g
T T
df = dσ = 0
σ c ε σ
p
T
f c g
H = p
c ε σ
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
T
g f
D D
σ σ
dσ = D dε = D d ε
ep
T
f g
D H
σ σ
H = 0 perfect plasticity
H ≠ 0 hardening plasticity
7
Linear Elastic
Elastic Hardening
Perfectly
Plastic
Plastic
Modelsmodels
A version of Mohr Coulomb where the yielding surface evolves non linearly
with plastic strains can help better reproduction - in the described version
hardening is related to distorsional strain
G p’ 1/2
(this would make this model non - ILE)
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Yield function
f = f (σ , c ) = f ( p ' , q , y )= 0
f =q – yp’
y : hardening parameter
It is not a constant but it depends on the
deviatoric plastic strain
8
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
i.e. volume decrease at low stress ratios, volume increase at high stress ratios
9
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Flow rule
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Hardening rule
The current size of the yield locus is expressed as a function of deviatoric strains
eq
p
y
= p –limiting value of the yield locus - failure
a eq
p
p
y
0
p
e p
= ( y)
2
y
p
a p
eq
p
10
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
K 2 y (M y ) 3 GK ( M y )
3 GK y
2
dp' K 0
9G
de p
=
de
p ' ( p y )
dq
2
0 3G
3 G K y (M y )
q
( p )
Elastic
Plastic
- plastic terms in the stiffness matrix are not constants, since y varies with ep
- for high values of eqp y p
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Hardening function:
y eq
p Increase in size of the yield function is related
= to distorsional strains through an hyperbolic
p
p a eq law (parameter a)
The ultimate condition is failure, with y = p
11
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
- p < M - compression
- p = M - critical state (constant volume)
- p > M - expansion
12
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
A sample of Mohr Coulomb soil with hyperbolic hardening rule and properties
1. Calculate the shear strain to bring the soil to the stress ratios:
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
13
Linear Elastic
Extended Mohr Perfectly
Coulomb Plastic
Modelmodels
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
The extended Mohr Coulomb allows modelling conditions where the element
gets ‘more resistent’ while it deforms: e.g. shearing loose sands or of clays
having low OCRs.
It is completely inadequate when increase of shear strains imply loss of strength
–rocks with a fragile behavior, densely packed sands, stiff clays
14
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
Mohr Coulomb with post peak softening
A trilinear hardening rule links y to eqp
q 1) While < p the soil behaves elastically and the
p yield locus is kept fixed:
< p y = p deqp=0
M
2) Once peak strength is reached softening starts
and the yield locus reduces
P’ ( ) eq
p
p y
= For 0 < eqp < b
( p
M ) b
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
Flow rule and elastic stiffness are unchanged with respect to the previous case, the
only difference is due to the term H in the Elastic Plastic stiffness matrix
f d y g p
M
H = = ( p ' )
q
p
y
dεq b
K y (M ) 3 GK ( M )
2
y y
3 GK y
2 de
d p ' K 0
9G
p
=
dq 0
p ' ( M ) de
3G
3G K y
(M y
) p
b
q
15
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
Mohr Coulomb with post peak softening
With respect to the Extended Mohr Coulomb
p 'r
Plastic potential function: The same: g ( q , p ' ) = q Mp ' ln
p'
Non associated plastic flow
Direction of plastic strains M - y
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
K= 120 MPa
G = 40 MPa
b = 0.02
j’p= 39°.17 (p= 1.60)
j’cv = 30° (M= 1.20)
16
LinearCoulomb
Mohr Elastic Perfectly
with postPlastic
peak softening
models
17