Need Theory Psychodynamic Theory of Anne Roe

NEED THEORY
Objectives
 To know the factors that influences in choosing a career
 To recognize the value of family relationship in career development
 To describe and identify the different occupational groups and levels classified by
Roe by engaging in a fun activity
Anne Roe (1904–1991)

 was born and raised in Denver, Colorado
 upon graduating from the University of Denver, she attended Columbia
University and worked in the office of Edward Lee Thorndike
 the publication of The Psychology of Occupations would introduce Roe's theory
of personality development and career choice, her most enduring scientific
contribution
 Roe had no experience of careers or vocational guidance and counseling but
was originally interested in personality theory and occupational classification
(Roe, 1956, 1957).
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Topic Proper
 Psychodynamic approach in the sense that Roe’s theory posits that
early experiences (particularly those occurring in the family) can be a
determining factor in the career choice development in fact she
classified 3 types of parental attitudes that will be discussed later.
 Roe’s Theory focuses on the relationship between occupational choice
and personality. She pointed out that the personality traits of an
individual influences career choices. As she also pointed out that the
role of occupation in our life has much broader psychological
importance because the greater part of an adult life is devoted to
his/her occupation.
 Inspired by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
 Roe was not satisfied with existing classification systems for
occupations thus she set out to develop an eight by six classification
system with eight categories of occupations (service, business
contact, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general culture,
and arts and entertainment) and six levels (professional and
managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level
3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6)
 People either have an orientation toward or away from people.
Roe pointed out that in order to understand the role of occupation in the life of an
individual we must first understand the needs of an individual.
Following Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Roe proposed seven needs:
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Need for belongingness and love
4. Need for importance, respect, self-esteem and independence
5. Need for information
6. Need for beauty
7. Need for self-actualization
*Maslow’s hierarchy of needs concept assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied
or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators. And that
people are continually motivated by one need or another. When one need is satisfied, it
ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need. For
example, as long as people’s hunger needs are frustrated, they will strive for food; but
when they do have enough to eat, they move on to other needs such as safety,
friendship, and self-worth.
*Maslow noted that the order of needs might be flexible based on external
circumstances or individual differences. For example, he notes that for some
individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. Even
though needs are generally satisfied in the hierarchical order occasionally they are
reversed. Needs are interdependent and overlapping
Roe quoted “There is no single situation which is potentially so capable of giving some
satisfaction at all levels of basic needs as is the occupation”
Ex: Through our jobs we can satisfy our physiological needs such as food and drink.
This is also true for the safety needs, because of our jobs one can provide shelter and
clothes, we can rent or buy a house, medications for our diseases. It can also provide
us safety in a long range sense like pensions and savings.
Occupations as a source of need satisfaction are of extreme importance. Our needs are
satisfied of the job/career we have.
Possible variations of need patterns include the following;
1. Needs satisfied routinely do not become unconscious motivators.
2. Needs which are minimally satisfied will, of lower order, prevent the appearance of
higher needs will become dominant motivators.
3. Needs which are satisfied, but only after some delay, will become unconscious and
motivator depending on the degree of satisfaction felt.
Another thing Roe proposed that the emotional climate in the home that is the
relationship between parent and child can be a determining factor in the career choice
and development.
According to Roe, there are three types of parental attitudes:
1.Emotional concentration on the child
 Over protective (Warm: Indulgent)
 full and quick satisfaction of child’s lower needs but may hesitate in
gratifying higher order needs of love and esteem
 Over demanding (cold: push to achieve high standards )
 gratifies physical needs promptly and adequately but lay down conditions
of conformity to their values, and social achievement in return for the love
offered to the child
2.Avoidance of the child
 Rejection(cold: hostile, critical)
 Neglect(minimum of care, lack of affection)
3.Acceptance of the child

 Casual acceptance (indulgent, few rules mildly affectionate)
 Loving acceptance (warm, helpful, loving attention)
 Accepting types of parents will satisfy their children’s needs at most
levels in different ways and in varying degrees. The personality that
develops in children of accepting parents is capable of seeking
gratification of needs at all levels.
Children having “Concentration” parents may continue to need focus from people as
they move into the adult world. Children from “Avoidance” parents may be loners,
comparatively speaking – more time with things, not people. People from “Acceptance”
parents may be more interested in people, not data or things.
She theorized that warm and accepting parents, makes the person to want an
occupation which is oriented toward people and will fill the need for belongingness and
affection.
A person who had cold and rejecting parents will prefer to work alone.
Roe believed that an individual select an occupation either with high or low-level of
interaction with others. She gave basic orientation that is toward or away from other
person which are related to early childhood experiences which in turn related to
occupational choice.
Although she admitted that there are other influences on occupational choice, including
genetic influences and environmental experiences.
Roe proposes Eight Occupational Groups:
Occupational Group Description Examples

1. Service Concerned with serving and maids, firemen, barbers,
(person- attending to the needs and police, nurses,
oriented) welfare of other persons. therapist, counselors,
social workers,
politicians
2. BusinessConta Concerned with face to face of buyers, salesmen,
ct commodities, investments, real public relations officers,
(person- estate and services. The focus is insurance agents
oriented) on persuasion to a course of
action.
3. Organizations( Managerial and white collar jobs typists, clerks, owners,
person- in business, industry and accountants, bankers,
oriented) government. It is concerned financial executives,
primarily with the organization
and efficient functioning of
commercial enterprises and of
government activities.
4. Technology Concerned with the production, laborers, mechanics,
(non-person maintenance and transportation aviators, engineers.
oriented) of commodities and utilities. craftsmen,
Focus is on dealing with things. transportation and
communication
5. Outdoor(non- Concerned with cultivation, farmers, miners, forest
person preservation and gathering of rangers, landscapers,
oriented) crops, marine or inland water architects, fishermen,
resources, forest products and loggers
other natural resources.
Interpersonal relations are
largely irrelevant.
6. Science Concerned with scientific theory medical technicians,
(non- and its application under pharmacists, scientists,
personoriented) specified circumstances other medical specialists
than technology.
7. General Concerned with the preservation occupations in
Culture and transmission of the general education, journalism,
(person- cultural heritage. Interest is in linguistics, lawyers,
oriented) human activities rather than in scholars,
individual persons.
8. Arts & Concerned with the use of Creative artists,
Entertainment special skills in the creative arts performers, athletes,
(person- and in entertainment. designers, interior
oriented) decorators
Roe’s Theory also has six levels of occupations:

1. Professional & Managerial 1 =>Independent responsibility
 Includes innovators, creators and top managerial and administrative people as
well as professionals who have independent responsibility in important respects.
Requires high level of education
2. Professional & Managerial 2 =>Less Independence
 Genuine autonomy may be present but with less significant responsibilities
Requires a bachelor’s/masteral degree
3. Semiprofessional and Small Business=>.Moderate responsibility for others
 Concerned with self-employment and vocational occupations.
High School/Technical School
4. Skilled=>Special training or experience is required
5. Semiskilled =>requires some training and experience but less autonomy and initiative
are permitted in these occupations
6. Unskilled=>Little special training is required.Individuals only need to follow basic
directions
The level of one’s occupation depended on individual’s level of ability and
socioeconomic background.
A chart example of the occupational groupings and levels.
Using Roe’s Theory several instruments have been developed:
1. Roe’s Own Theory: Parent-Child Relations Questioner (PCR1,1957)
2. Career Occupational Preference System (COPS, KNAPP and KNAPP,1984)
3. Computerized Vocational Information System (CVIS, Harris,1968)
4. Ramak and Courses (Meir & Barak, 1973)
5. Individual Career Exploration (ICE, Miller Tiedeman, 1976)
Synthesis
According to my readings, Roe’s theory has not been validated but her work has
contributed to an understanding of the importance of the role of occupation and lives of
individuals. Her greatest achievement according to Walsh and Osipo, 1983 may lie in
the use of her two way job classification and the concept of people versus ideas
meaning that people either have an orientation toward people or an orientation away
from people and this two ideas have changed the ways counsellors work with clients.
Roe’s theory has an intuitive appeal but it is difficult to test since it would require a long
term study of how children have different parental types. Another problem is if a child
two parents could have two different parenting styles and not all children have two
parents in the home too.
The parental behaviors are inconsistent, there are many influences or occupational
choice or parenting behavior and personality.
And that research has not demonstrated a direct link between parent-child relationship
and occupational choice.
References
1. Osipow, S. H., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1996). Theories of career development (4th ed.).
Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
2. Roe, A. (1956). The psychology of occupations. New York: Wiley.
3. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/109969417/Anne-Roe-s-Theory-of-
Occupational-Choice
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NEED THEORY

 To recognize the value of family relationship in career development

Anne Roe (1904–1991)

3.Acceptance of the child

Occupational Group Description Examples

Roe’s Theory also has six levels of occupations:

A chart example of the occupational groupings and levels.

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