Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) or (LPWA) is a type of wireless telecommunication network designed

to allow long range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on
a battery. The characteristics of extremely long communication range and low power provide more feasible,
reasonable wireless connectivity with a lot of researchers, field engineers, and application designers, who have
suffered from weak wireless connectivity, range limitations, and energy efficiency. Therefore, key applications and
challenges of LPWA will be handled first, and several existing (emerging) new LPWA standards will be discussed.
In particular, LoRaWAN, which is regarded as one of the most effective LPWA solutions, is mainly focused.

LoRaWAN provides features such as multi-channel access, frequency switching, adaptive rate, channel
management, timing transmission and reception, node access authentication and data encryption, and roaming. In
addition to the advantages of long transmission distance and low power consumption at the physical layer, compared
to the transmission method using only the LoRa physical layer, it has the following advantages:

1. Good safety. The LoRaWAN network is designed with security mechanisms such as node access
authentication and data encryption. These mechanisms have been reviewed by industry experts and verified
by multiple applications of various technology companies around the world, and their security is much
higher than that of application developers’ temporary agreements. Provide protection for the continued
security of the application.
2. There is compatibility. Different sensor nodes of different manufacturers can be connected to the same
LoRaWAN network, and the LoRaWAN protocol and the interface of the data cloud platform are unified.
For application developers, there is no need to customize all the sensors to shorten the research and
development cycle, reduce research and development costs, and be able to deliver quickly.
3. Features continue to expand and upgrade. With the evolution of the LoRaWAN network standard, features
such as positioning, roaming, broadcasting, and multicasting can continue to be added. It is equivalent to
continuing to benefit from a public technology platform.
4. Large network capacity. Compared with point-to-point or point-to-multipoint applications based on the
LoRa physical layer, the LoRaWAN network has a larger data capacity through multi-channel access,
frequency switching, and adaptive rate. It can access more nodes and has strong scalability. It is conducive
to application developers to develop larger-scale applications and continuous upgradeable applications.

LoRa technology is a candidate for the implementation of the IoT concept. LoRaWAN communication protocol
provides a high level of performance. LoRa network reduce the implementation costs and evaluate any problems
that may arise relating to the way of transmitting packages that comply with an ALOHA mechanism.