2-Petroleum Fluids

PDB4333 – PC&FA
© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
FLOW ASSURANCE
By
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

(aliyu.adebayor@petronas.com)
(Mobile: 0143485422; Office Ext.: 7051)
(Office location: L-01-35)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
▪ Classify different hydrocarbon fluids.
▪ Describe fluid sampling and testing requirements.
▪ Solve Equation of State (EOS) – Cubic.
▪ Describe the importance of Cn+ characterization.

FLUID TYPES, SAMPLING & TESTING
❑ FLUID TYPES
▪ Dry gas
▪ Wet gas
▪ Gas condensate
▪ Volatile oil
▪ Black oil
Any observation(s)?
Figure : P-T Curves for Different Reservoir Fluids
The bubble point locus decreases while the dew point curve
increases as the fluid changes from liquid to gas and vice versa Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
Retrograde Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
Property Black Oil (BO) Volatile Oil (VO)
Gas (RCG) (WG) (DG)
Tc > Tres. > Tres. < Tres < Tres < Tres
Phase Envelope Broad Less Broad
% of Liquid High Moderate or Normal More Light HC’s and Negligible

Lesser Heavy HC’s than VO
Characteristic High Proportion High Proportion of Light & High Proportion of Light Similar to No Heavy
of heavy HC’s Intermediate HC’s (C2–C6) HC’s RCG Fraction
GOR (SCF/STB) < 1000 1000 - 8000 70,000 - 100,000 > 100,000 N/A
Oil Gravity < 45oAPI 45o - 60o > 60o > 50o N/A
Mole % of C7+ > 30 ≥ 12.5% ≤ 12.5% Zero
Bo (RB/STB) < 2.0 > 2.0 N/A
Colour Dark Green to Light Brown to Green Light Colorless Colorless

Black
Other Name(s) Low-Shrinkage High Shrinkage or Near-
Oil Critical Oil

Typical Reservoir Fluid Compositions
Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67
C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77
C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95
C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73
C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88
C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12

+
C7 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42
+
MwC7 225 181 112 157
GOR 625 2000 18,200 105,000 -

o
Tank API 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7 -
Liquid Greenish Medium Light Water -
Color Black Orange Straw White
Typical Pressure and Temperature Ranges
Typical Values
Location Pressure (Psia) Temperature (oF)
Reservoir 500 - 10,000 100 - 300 (500+ thermal)
Separator 100 - 600 75 - 150
Stock tank 14.7 Ambient
Standard Conditions 14.7 60

FLUID TYPES
Black Oil:
Above the bubble Tc is higher than the reservoir temperature
point. the fluid is
termed
undersaturated
At the bubble point 1. Undersaturated
pressure fluid is
saturated
Single phase 2. Saturated Bubble point
(1. 2.) pressure
2 3 Reservoir fluid 3. Two phases in

composition reservoir
changes
Separator
Separator:
Two Phase
Liquid/Gas: 85/15%.
Low shrinkage

FLUID TYPES
Volatile Oil:
Tc is higher than the
reservoir temperature
Higher proportion of
light & intermediate
HC’s (C2 – C6)
Separator:
Two Phase
(Liquid/Gas =
65/35%).
High Shrinkage Oil

FLUID TYPES
Retrograde Condensate Gas

 If reservoir temperature between critical
point and cricondentherm - a retrograde A single dense
gas condensate exists phase
Dew point
Maximum liquid
drop-out
Dew point
Single gas phase

Region of
retrograde
condensation

FLUID TYPES
Wet Gas
The phase diagram for a mixture
containing smaller molecules lies
below the reservoir temperature.
The reservoir
condition always
remains outside the
two phase envelope
‘Wet’because
produces condensates.
Condensates produced in separator

FLUID TYPES
Dry Gas
The reservoir condition

GOR > 100,000 scf/stb always remains outside
the two phase envelope
‘Dry’because does
not produce
condensates
Separator lies outside

two phase envelopes

FLUID SAMPLING &

TESTING

FLUID SAMPLING & TESTING
Can you identify these equations?
Material Balance Equation (MBE) Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

What about these equations?
Diffusivity and Line Source Solution

And these…?
Droplet Settling Theory: (Ballistic Model) for

Horizontal and vertical Separator Sizing
Ever wondered wherefrom and how the fluid properties
X, Z, Co, Cg, Cw, ρo, ρg, ρw, βo, βg, βw, μo, μg, μw, and Rs
are obtained?
[where X = chemical composition]
PVT
ANALYSIS

PVT
ANALYSIS
To determine
FLUID BEHAVIOUR & PROPERTIES
from oil & gas samples
PVT Tests:
▪ Flash vaporization or relative volume test.
▪ Differential vaporization test.
▪ Separator tests.
▪ Viscosity measurements.
▪ Compositional measurements.
▪ Special studies: e.g. Interfacial tension.
PVT Equipment:
▪ Apparatus for transfer and recombination of
separator oil and gas samples.
▪ Apparatus for measuring gas and liquid volumes
▪ Apparatus for performing separator tests
▪ PVT cell and displacing pumps.
▪ High pressure viscometer
▪ Gas chromatograph or equivalent.

PVT Equipment
Recombination Cell Flash Equilibrium Separator Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

PVT Equipment
Educational PVT Cell

PVT Cell Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
PVT Equipment Setup: Sub-Surface Sample Analysis

PVT Equipment Setup: Surface Sample Analysis

PVT Equipment Setup: Gas Condensate Sample Analysis

Other Laboratory Equipment
▪ HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
▪ GC-MS: Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC Agilent 5975C/7890A GC-MS

(SARA Analysis) (Carbon Distribution)

▪ Differential Scanning Calorimetry – DSC
Setaram Micro DSC7 Evo

(WAT oC)
❑ Wax Content
▪ Universal Oil Product (UOP) 46-
85 method
❑ Density measurement
▪ Portable density meter (DMA
32N)
▪ Anton Paar DMA 5000M (ASTM

D5002-99)
• Fast
• Reliable
• Accurate
Anton Paar DMA 5000M

Example
PVT
Report.

Gas
Condensate
PVT Report

PVT Data are used for
❑ Field evaluation and design

▪ Reservoir calculations
▪ Well flow calculations
▪ Surface facilities
❑ Developing correlations between P, V, and reservoir T.
❑ Evaluate the effect of separator conditions on Bo & GOR. etc.
MAJOR REQUIREMENT? FLUID SAMPLES

To conduct PVT analysis, we

require reservoir fluid samples
Samples can be collected

downhole or from the surface.
Potential locations for reservoir sampling Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

❑ FLUID SAMPLING
▪ Quality: Representative reservoir sample.
▪ Sampling time: Most preferably during the early
life of the reservoir.
▪ Sampling location: Downhole or surface.
➢ Bottom-hole sampling
▪ Sample collected when sampling pressure P > Pb.

▪ When P ≈ Pb, sample quality may be jeopardized.
▪ Samples are validated when Pb < P or when Pb is
constant for many samples.
▪ Reliable (for live oil) but expensive.

➢ Surface samples Wellhead sampling
▪ Samples collected from wellhead or separator

▪ Fluids recombined in the laboratory on the
basis of the produced GOR
Separator
Gas sampling
Separator
Liquid sampling

❑ Sampling Requirement – Well Conditioning:
➢ Before sample collection, a new well must have sufficient production to

remove all drilling fluids, acids, and other impurities.
➢ Bottom-hole samples are collected away from fluid transition zones

(i.e. GOC, GWC or WOC).
➢ Influence of matrix treatment chemicals should be evaluated and

prevented.
➢ As long as representative reservoir fluid enters the wellbore and is

carried to the surface, and the same separator operating conditions of
temperature and pressure are maintained, the GOR should remain
stable for different choke sizes

Sampling Requirement: Well Conditioning:
➢ Well conditioning is conducted by placing the well on a producing schedule

consisting of a series of successively lower flow rates. After each rate
reduction, flow is continued until the GLR is stable.
➢ Well is conditioned when the stabilized GLR does not change after the
producing rate is reduced.
➢ For surface-separator sampling, chemical injection (e.g. demulsifiers,

antifoaming agents, hydrate inhibitor) should be stopped before separator
samples are taken, and enough time should be allowed for such potential
contaminants to be purged from the separator.
➢ No conditioning is necessary for dry and wet gas wells

FLUID MODELLING
Black Oil Model

&
Compositional Model

Black Oil Model
Flow behavior calculations are made with either of the following models:
▪ Black oil Model: (Low to medium GOR oils)
✓ Based on two component system (i.e. surface gas and surface oil).
✓ Involves simple interpolation of PVT properties as a function of

pressure.
✓ Does not consider changes in composition of the hydrocarbons as the

field is produced, beyond the solution or evolution of dissolved gas in
oil, or vaporization or dropout of condensate from gas.

Black Oil Model
Reservoir Fluid
Solution
Gas
Rs - Solution
Gas to Oil Ratio
Stock
Tank Oil
βo - Oil Formation Volume Factor Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Compositional Model
▪ Compositional Model: (Volatile Oil & Gas Condensate)
✓ Based on multicomponent system.
✓ Based on a thermodynamically-consistent model such as a cubic

equation of state (EOS).
✓ Calculates the PVT properties of oil and gas phases once they have
been fitted to an equation of state (EOS), as a mixture of
components.

Compositional Model
Gas at surface conditions
C1 C2 C3
C4 C5 C6 C7+
Oil at surface conditions
Distribution of
compounds as
function of P, T, & X.
FLUID MODELLING
EOS and C7+

Characterization

FLUID MODELLING
Equation of State
✓ An Equation of State (EOS) is a simplified mathematical model that

calculates thermodynamic properties and the equilibrium state.
OR
✓ It is a semi-empirical functional relationship between pressure, volume

and temperature of a pure substance or a mixture when appropriate
mixing rules are invoked.
✓ The functional form of an EOS can be expressed as:
𝒇 𝑷, 𝑽, 𝑻, 𝒂𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝒏𝒑 = 𝟎
where ak = EOS parameters.

FLUID MODELLING
Equation of State
The properties derived from an EOS include:
✓ Densities (vapor and liquid),
✓ Vapor pressures of pure components,
✓ Critical pressures and temperatures for the mixture,
✓ Vapor-Liquid equilibrium (VLE) information,
✓ Thermodynamic properties (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, ΔA).

FLUID MODELLING
Widely Used EOS
✓ SRK and PR equations are widely used in the industry.
✓ Used in simulation software to predict behavior in reservoirs, wells and
✓ processing.
✓ There are other EOS.

FLUID MODELLING
Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS
𝒁𝟑 − 𝒁𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝑩𝟐 𝒁 − 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎
𝒂∝𝑷
𝑨= 𝟐 𝟐
𝑹 𝑻
𝒃𝑷
𝑩=
𝑹𝑻
𝑹𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝒄
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟎
𝑷𝒄
𝑹𝑻𝒄
𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟎
𝑷𝒄
𝟐
∝= 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟏𝝎 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟑𝝎𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓
FLUID MODELLING
Peng-Robinson EOS
𝒁𝟑 − 𝟏 − 𝑩 𝒁𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 − 𝟑𝑩𝟐 𝒁 − 𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝟐 − 𝑩𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒂∝𝑷
𝑨= 𝟐 𝟐
𝑹 𝑻
𝒃𝑷
𝑩=
𝑹𝑻
𝑹𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝒄
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟒
𝑷𝒄
𝑹𝑻𝒄
𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟎
𝑷𝒄
𝟐
∝= 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟔𝝎 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟐𝝎𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑻𝒓
FLUID MODELLING
Application to Mixtures
✓ With mixtures mixing rules required to combine data from pure

components.
✓ For both SRK and PR equation
𝒂 = σ𝒊 σ𝒋(𝒚𝒊 𝒚𝒋 ) 𝒂∝ 𝒊 𝒂∝ 𝒋 𝟏 − 𝒌𝒊𝒋 and 𝒃 = σ𝒊 𝒚𝒊 𝒃𝒊
✓ kij are termed binary interaction coefficients (fitting parameter).
✓ They have NO physical property significance.
✓ Each equation has its own binary interaction coefficients.

FLUID MODELLING
Example: Peng-Robinson EOS
𝒁𝟑 + 𝑩 − 𝟏 𝒁𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 − 𝟑𝑩𝟐 𝒁 − 𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝟐 − 𝑩𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒂∝𝑷 𝒃𝑷
𝑨 = = 𝟗. 𝟕; 𝑩 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝑹𝑻
𝑩 − 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐; 𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟖 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒; 𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝟐 − 𝑩𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟗
𝒁𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒁𝟐 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝒁 − 𝟕. 𝟕𝟗 = 𝟎
𝒇(𝒁)
𝒁𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒁𝒏 − /
𝒇 𝒁
𝒇/ 𝒁 = 𝟑𝒁𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒁 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒 = 𝟎

FLUID MODELLING
Example: Peng-Robinson EOS
/
𝒇(𝒁)
𝒁𝒏 𝐟(𝐙) 𝒇 (𝒁) 𝒁𝒏+𝟏 ∆𝒁
𝒇/ (𝒁)
1.0000 -2.23 7.58 0.2942 1.2942 -
1.2942 0.2868 9.6166 -0.0298 1.2643 0.2942
1.2644 -0.0285 9.3864 0.0030 1.2674 0.0299
1.2640 0.0320 9.4096 -0.0034 1.2640 0.0009
1.2640 0.0001646 9.3836 0.00001754 1.2640 0.00001754

GROUP ASSIGNMENT - 1 ON EOS
Given the compositional data in Table 1, determine the compressibility
factor and specific volume of the hydrocarbon mixtures at the following
pressure and temperature conditions. Interpret your results in detail.
S/N PRESSURE (Psi) TEMPERATURE (oF)
1 14.70
60
2 73.50
3 147.00 120
4 735.00 180
5 1,470.00
240
6 7,350.00
300
7 14,700.00

TABLE 1 – Compositional Data of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Oil no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Component Molar composition (%)
C1 1.139 0.056 0.016 0.021

C2 0.507 0.009 0.368 0.113 0.145 0.100 0.173 0.254
C3 0.481 0.476 1.171 1.224 1.392 0.118 1.605 1.236
iC4 0.563 0.585 0.466 0.645 1.180 0.106 1.148 0.588
nC4 0.634 1.572 1.486 2.832 3.088 0.099 3.596 2.512
iC5 1.113 1.705 0.961 1.959 2.980 0.162 3.086 1.955
nC5 0.515 1.985 1.396 3.335 3.802 0.038 4.171 3.485
C6 2.003 1.491 2.251 5.633 7.207 0.458 7.841 6.842
C7 5.478 9.110 6.536 9.933 11.333 2.194 11.11 12.85
C8 8.756 10.84 8.607 10.75 12.465 2.847 13.43 13.98
C9 7.222 7.413 4.882 7.179 7.784 1.932 9.419 9.190
C10 5.414 6.394 2.830 6.561 5.314 5.750 5.583 6.435
C11 5.323 5.649 3.019 5.494 5.033 4.874 4.890 5.118
C12 4.571 5.270 3.119 4.547 3.989 5.660 3.864 4.111
C13 5.289 4.541 3.687 4.837 3.869 6.607 4.298 4.231
C14 4.720 4.921 3.687 3.700 3.627 6.149 3.272 3.682
C15 4.445 3.903 3.637 3.520 3.165 5.551 2.274 3.044
C16 3.559 2.894 3.079 2.922 2.311 5.321 2.791 2.255
C17 3.642 3.420 3.657 3.072 2.472 5.022 2.311 2.405
C18 3.104 2.399 3.289 2.214 2.815 4.016 1.960 2.006
C19 2.717 2.737 3.109 2.493 2.110 4.176 1.821 1.766
C20 (C20+) 2.597 0.909 (38.400) (17.000) (14.400) (38.800) (11.300) (12.000)
MWn+ 624.0 612.0 423.0 544.0 418.0 472.0 388.0 399.0

S.G 0.953 0.935 0.893 0.934 0.880 0.963 0.872 0.88

FLUID MODELLING
C7+ CHARACTERIZATION
▪ Naturally occurring oil or gas condensate mixtures may contain

thousands of different components.
▪ Such high numbers are impractical in flash calculations. Thus, several

components are usually lumped together as Cn+, where n ≥ 7).
▪ The Cn+ characterization involves splitting the hydrocarbons with ‘n’ and
more carbon atoms (e.g. C7+ fraction) into a convenient number of
pseudo-components and to find the needed equation of state
parameters; Tc, Pc, and ω for each of the pseudo-components.

FLUID MODELLING
C7+ CHARACTERIZATION

FLUID MODELLING
Molar Composition
of North Sea
Gas Condensate

GROUP ASSIGNMENT – 2 ON SPLITTING OF LUMPED FRACTION
Oil no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Component Molar composition (%)
C1 1.139 0.056 0.016 0.021

C2 0.507 0.009 0.368 0.113 0.145 0.100 0.173 0.254
C3 0.481 0.476 1.171 1.224 1.392 0.118 1.605 1.236
iC4 0.563 0.585 0.466 0.645 1.180 0.106 1.148 0.588
nC4 0.634 1.572 1.486 2.832 3.088 0.099 3.596 2.512
iC5 1.113 1.705 0.961 1.959 2.980 0.162 3.086 1.955
nC5 0.515 1.985 1.396 3.335 3.802 0.038 4.171 3.485
C6 2.003 1.491 2.251 5.633 7.207 0.458 7.841 6.842
C7 5.478 9.110 6.536 9.933 11.333 2.194 11.11 12.85
C8 8.756 10.84 8.607 10.75 12.465 2.847 13.43 13.98
C9 7.222 7.413 4.882 7.179 7.784 1.932 9.419 9.190
C10 5.414 6.394 2.830 6.561 5.314 5.750 5.583 6.435
C11 5.323 5.649 3.019 5.494 5.033 4.874 4.890 5.118
C12 4.571 5.270 3.119 4.547 3.989 5.660 3.864 4.111
C13 5.289 4.541 3.687 4.837 3.869 6.607 4.298 4.231
C14 4.720 4.921 3.687 3.700 3.627 6.149 3.272 3.682
C15 4.445 3.903 3.637 3.520 3.165 5.551 2.274 3.044
C16 3.559 2.894 3.079 2.922 2.311 5.321 2.791 2.255
C17 3.642 3.420 3.657 3.072 2.472 5.022 2.311 2.405
C18 3.104 2.399 3.289 2.214 2.815 4.016 1.960 2.006
C19 2.717 2.737 3.109 2.493 2.110 4.176 1.821 1.766
C20 (C20+) 2.597 0.909 (38.400) (17.000) (14.400) (38.800) (11.300) (12.000)
MWn+ 624.0 612.0 423.0 544.0 418.0 472.0 388.0 399.0

S.G 0.953 0.935 0.893 0.934 0.880 0.963 0.872 0.88

OIL BIODEGRADATION
OIL BIODEGRADATION
▪ Biodegradation occurs when bacteria, fungi, or other organism or

biological process chemically dissolves materials.
▪ The process can be beneficial or detrimental e.g. biodegradation via

bacteria can aid in the cleanup of oil spills.
▪ Shallow oil accumulations (< 80oC reservoir temperature) are

commonly found to be biodegraded to some degree.
▪ When biodegradation occurs in an oil reservoir, the process

dramatically affects the fluid properties (e.g., Miller et al., 1987) and
hence the value and producibility of an oil accumulation
OIL BIODEGRADATION
OIL BIODEGRADATION
▪ Specifically, oil biodegradation typically:
✓ Raises oil viscosity (which reduces oil producibility)
✓ Reduces oil API gravity (which reduces the value of the produced oil)
✓ Increases the asphaltene content (relative to the saturated and aromatic

hydrocarbon content)
✓ Increases the concentration of certain metals
✓ Increases the sulfur content
✓ Increases oil acidity
✓ Adds compounds such as carboxylic acids and phenols

Oil Biodegradation

HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTS - GC & LC/GPC
In general, the degradation of hydrocarbons is

ranked in the following order of decreasing
susceptibility:
n-alkanes > branched alkanes > low-molecular-

weight aromatics > high-molecular-weight
aromatics and cyclic alkanes.
GC = Gas Chromatography (Response vs Time, min.)
LC = Liquid Chromatography, e.g. GPC

GPC = Gel Permeation Chromatograph
(Normalized Distribution vs Molar Mass, g/mole)



HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTS

Figure: GC-FID
chromatograms for six oils.
These six oils are different,
as not only are there large
differences in the n-alkane
distributions and UCMs, but
also in relative ratios of
isoprenoids to normal
alkanes. Note that the
Orimulsion sample, has
nearly no n-alkanes on its
GC-FID chromatogram
FID = Flame Ionization Detector
UCM = Unresolved Complex Mixtures

Figure: GC-MS (m/z 85)

chromatograms of four
petroleum products,
illustrating distinguishing
features of n-alkane
distribution patterns
between these oil products.

FLUID MODELLING
Fluid Temperature Model (Sagar et al (1991)
The fluid temperature model is given as
https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-19702-PA
https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-109765-PA

QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU

THANK YOU
© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.

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PDB4333 – PC&FA

© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

▪ Classify different hydrocarbon fluids.

▪ Describe fluid sampling and testing requirements.

▪ Solve Equation of State (EOS) – Cubic.

▪ Describe the importance of Cn+ characterization.

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Phase Envelope Broad Less Broad

% of Liquid High Moderate or Normal More Light HC’s and Negligible

Mole % of C7+ > 30 ≥ 12.5% ≤ 12.5% Zero

Bo (RB/STB) < 2.0 > 2.0 N/A

Colour Dark Green to Light Brown to Green Light Colorless Colorless

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67

C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77

C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95

C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73

C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88

C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12

GOR 625 2000 18,200 105,000 -

Location Pressure (Psia) Temperature (oF)

Reservoir 500 - 10,000 100 - 300 (500+ thermal)

Separator 100 - 600 75 - 150

Stock tank 14.7 Ambient

Standard Conditions 14.7 60

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

2 3 Reservoir fluid 3. Two phases in

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

High Shrinkage Oil

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Retrograde Condensate Gas

Single gas phase

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Condensates produced in separator

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

The reservoir condition

Separator lies outside

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

FLUID SAMPLING &

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Can you identify these equations?

Material Balance Equation (MBE) Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

What about these equations?

Diffusivity and Line Source Solution

Droplet Settling Theory: (Ballistic Model) for

Ever wondered wherefrom and how the fluid properties

[where X = chemical composition]

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

▪ Apparatus for measuring gas and liquid volumes

▪ Apparatus for performing separator tests

▪ PVT cell and displacing pumps.

▪ High pressure viscometer

▪ Gas chromatograph or equivalent.

Recombination Cell Flash Equilibrium Separator Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Educational PVT Cell

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC Agilent 5975C/7890A GC-MS

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Setaram Micro DSC7 Evo