In situ rock stress measurements

from existing tunnels with LVDT-cell

 LVDT-cell version II

Electronics Rock and cell Eight radial Mounting

temperature sensors LVDT sensors tool

Online cable

O-ring based Batteries & USB-memory

mounting system
 Measurement location and hole layout

Mine niche
-400 m

Raisebored shaft
-310 m
 Measurement location and hole layout

TBM-tunnel
-450

TBM

S-tunnel
SC 90 cm
Drill and blast SC 75 cm - 66 cm
- 10 cm
S-tunnel - 46 cm
-15 cm R3
-450 m R2
R4 SC 80 cm
- 10 cm
- 50 cm

R6
OC R1
- 50 cm R5
- 10 cm OC
-12 cm
- 63 cm
 Measurement holes

LVDT measurement

Selecting measurement location

- sparcely fractures
- middle of blast round
 Hole dimensions

Overcoring to by pass EDZ Pilot / installation hole

- raise bore or TBM: 0 cm - Ø 126 mm
- drill and blast: 25-50cm - min free length 35 cm

Overcoring
- Ø ≥ 200 mm LVDT-probe

min 5 cm
EDZ
Min OC length 35 cm
 Measurement phases

Drilling the 126 mm pilot hole Calibration of the cell

 Measurement phases

Overcoring Biaxial testing

Cooling Biaxial testing

 3D photogrammetry

3D-photogrammetry

Profiles
 Building the 3D-model for inversion

R4 R3

R5

R1

Y=North

Defining the measurement hole Building the 3D-model

Locations and orientations
 Interpretation

Calculation of in situ state of stress

- best fit inverse solution between measured and simulated convergences

- requires 3D-numerical simulations of geometries ( BEM, FEM, DEM )
- assumes linear elastic isotropy or known transverse isotropy
- analytical solution for surface measurements on circular excavation
( considered as gigantic overcoring measurement )

For 3D-model
- 3D-photogrammetric model
- all holes can be in the same model if
far enough from each other
 Interpretation

For the inversion

Six runs: To get orthogonal displacements components

at each LVDT sensor head
1) sEE = 1MPa
2) sNN = 1MPa - i.e., 6 × 3 displacements for each head location
3) sUU = 1MPa
4) sEN = 1MPa
5) sNU = 1MPa u1U,sij
6) sUE = 1MPa
- other five components are set to zero u1N,sij
- measured mean E and n

u1E,sij
 Interpretation

Inversion

In the case of linear elasticity the LVDT sensor head displacements caused
by any in situ stress state, ie. ( k×sEE, l×sNN, m×sUU, n×sEN, o×sNU, p×sUE ),
can be constructed by superimposing the multiplied displacement components
caused by each unit stress tensor:

ui(ksEE, lsNN, msUU, nsEN, osNU, psUE ) = k×ui(sEE=1) + l×ui(sNN=1) + m×ui(sUU=1) +

n×ui(sEN=1) + o×ui(sNU=1) + p×ui(sUE=1),
i=E,N,U

-> Best fit between measured and calculated convergence can be found
using a focused iterative search
 Side coring

Solution method does not require full stress release, -> side coring can be used
because solution uses displacement differences - to prevent ring disking
between the phases before and after coring

0
3
2
2
2
orignal shapes
2
2
2
2 36.650
2
2 4.98e-002
2
1
1 9.10e-002 2.82e-002
1
1

1.21e-001 2.17e-002

9.10e-002 2.82e-002

4.98e-002

deformed shapes
126.700

200.000

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Side coring
 CASE 1
Äspö Hard rock laboratory
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

measurements in well known stress state (-450m level)

TBM

TBM

TASS

TASS

TASS TBM
- bearing 218°, plunge 0.6° (up) - bearing 248°, plunge 8°
- drill and blast
Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Sidecoring responce
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Stability of LVDT probe readings

0.12 50
Measurement
R1-50 - 90 (1+5) Measured convergences
LVDT pair dL at OC-stop (µm) dL/1 h (µm) dL/12 h (µm) location
R1-50 - 135 (2+6) 45
(1+5) 41 2 0
0.1 R1-50 - 00 (3+7)
(2+6) 63 0 -2
R1-50 - 45 (4+8)
(3+7) 19 2 2 40
OC_Start (4+8) -2 3 3
0.08 OC_End, 35 cm 35
Diametric deformation (mm)

Values for calc.

30

Temperature (C)
0.06

25

0.04
20 LVDTs looking from tunnel
to the measurement hole
15
0.02

OC_Start
10

0
5

OC_End, 35 cm
-0.02 0
18:00 19:30 21:00 22:30 0:00 1:30 3:00 4:30 6:00 7:30 9:00
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Results - TASS biaxial tests

100
Elastic parameters from LVDT pilot cores
Young's Modulus (GPa)

80
- no diffrence in mean values
60
Surface A between EDZ and deep samples
Surface B
40
Deep A
- no difference related to location
20 Deep B ( stress state )
0 - EDZ samples have higher variation
R1 R2 R3 R4 R6
Sample
0.4
0.35
R3
Poisson's ration ()

0.3
0.25 R4 R2
Surface A
0.2
Surface B
0.15
Deep A R6
0.1
Deep B R1
0.05 R5
0
R1 R2 R3 R4 R6
Sample
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Results - in situ stress orientation

TASS TBM
North North
Surface Sigma_1 Sigma_1
open signals
TASS Axis Sigma_2 Sigma_2

Sigma_3 Sigma_3

TBM Axis
248°
Constrained
to be H/V
East East
Trend 90 Trend 90
dip=60 dip=30 dip=0 dip=60 dip=30 dip=0

Deep
solid signals

Christiansson & Christiansson &

Jansson (2003) Jansson (2003)
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Results - in situ stress magnitude

Note, Vertical bars are for sH, sh and sV according to Christiansson & Jansson (2003)

TASS, drill and blast TBM

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30

Sigma 1 Sigma 2 Sigma 3

Sigma 1 Sigma 2 Sigma 3

24.6 Deep,
Deep,
13.6 Finalvalues
Final values 25.6
9.2
22.0 Final All
Final, values
14.1
Deep,
Deep,
OC
OC stopvalues
Stop values
Final values,
Final, All, H/V
constrained
18.9 Surface, to be H/V
Surface,
13.4 Finalvalues
Final values
9.8

Surface,
Surface,
All,
OCOC-Stop
stop values
OCStop
OC stopvalues
values

Principal stress (MPa)

Principal stress ( MPa )
Principal
Principal stress
stress (MPa)
( MPa )
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Quality of the solution

TASS, drill and blast TBM

100 200
y = 1.01x
R² = 0.84
80

Calculated convergence (microstrain)

(microstrain)
Convergence (microstrain)

150
60

100
y = 0.98x
40 y = 0.67x R² = 0.97
Calculated convergence

R² = 0.82

20 50

0
Calculated

0
-20

Deep, final -50

-40
Surface, final
-60
-100
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Measredconvergence
Measured Convergence(microstrain)
(microstrain) Measured convergence (microstrain)
 Experience with a new LVDT-Cell to measure in-situ stress from an existing tunnel

Summary
- deep measurements have excellent agreement with traditional borehole
techniques
σH σH trend σh σv
MPa (RT90) MPa MPa
Christiansson &
Jansson (2003) 24 ±5 136° 10 - 13 12
This study
Deep, > 0.5 m 23-24 136°-139° 12-13 10-11

- the higher internal error and distortion of surface measurement solution

supports the existence of an excavation disturbed zone (EDZ)
-> minimum measurement depth should be 50 cm
- clear advantages of the methodology are the capability to manage with short
boreholes and a compact drill rig, and avoiding the issues associated with
gluing and the time needed for curing

- method also involves large volume, avoids effect of small scale heterogeneity
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matti.hakala@smcoy.fi