SAMI PHARMACEUTICAL

Assignment no 2
Topic Antibiotic, Liver, Kidney, Heart, Pancreas,
Digestive,Circulatory and Respiratory System.
Submitted by Wajid Hussain
8/6/2022

For Medical Rap

 Antibiotic and their classification
• Chemotherapy

• The use of drugs to treat a disease

• Selective toxicity: A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host
• Antibiotic/Antimicrobial
Antibiotic: Chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another
microorganism. Antibiotic are Substance produced by a microorganism [or a similar product
produced wholly (synthetic) or partially (semisynthetic) by chemical synthesis] that is capable, in
low concentrations, of inhibiting the growth of or killing other microoganisms.
• Antimicrobial agent: Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
Antibiotics are the most important weapons for the treatment of many infectious diseases caused
by bacteria. Bacteria are small (microscopic size) organisms that can be found in most
environments, for example in soil, water and on and inside the human body . There are around 50
million bacteria in every gram of surface soil . We would not survive without them! – Help
degrade the food we eat – Protect against pathogens Photo: Bacteria, Umberto Salvagnin (from
flickr). A few bacteria can be dangerous to our health by causing infections and even death ,We
can get them from outside the body: – Other humans, animals, food, water Sometimes our “own”
bacteria can cause disease . Examples of bacterial infections: – Pneumonia – Blood stream
infections – Urinary tract infections – Wound infections. Antibiotics are medicines for bacterial
infections Examples of antibiotics: – Penicillin and Ciprofloxacin Penicillin was discovered by
Alexander Fleming in 1928 – Introduced as medicine in the 1940’s •Antibiotics can have
“broad” or “narrow” spectrum – Broad spectrum: Active against many different types of bacteria
– Narrow spectrum: Active against one or a few types of bacteria
Antibiotics are large group of the drugs, which can Inhibit selectively growth of bacteria, fungi
or inhibit growth of tumor (cancer), without causing serious damage to the host. Antibiotics can
inducing human defence mechanism’
• The first observation of antibiotic effect was made in the 19th century by French chemist Louis
Pasteur, who discovered that certain saprophytic bacteria can kill anthrax bacilli.
German physician and chemist Paul Ehrlich began experimenting with the synthesis of organic
compounds that would selectively attack an infecting organism without causing serious damage
to the host.
• His experiments led to the development, in 1909, of salvarsan, a synthetic compound
containing arsenic, which exhibited selective action against spirochetes, the bacteria that cause
syphilis. Salvarsan remained the only effective treatment for syphilis until the purification of
penicillin in the 1940s.
The first antibiotic to be discovered was penicillin. Its discoverer, Alexander Fleming, had been
culturing bacteria on an agar plate with fungal contamination, and noticed that the culture
medium around was free of bacteria. He had worked on the antibacterial properties of lysozyme,
and make the correct interpretation of what he saw: that the mold was secreting something that
stopped bacterial growth.
The effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drug was dependent on the degree of its selective toxicity,
ie, selective inhibition of the growth of the microorganism without damage to the host. Selective
toxicity is achieved by exploiting the differences between the metabolism and structure of the
microorganism and the human cell (penicillins can inhibiting the growth of bacterial but not
human cells). Narrow(limited)-spectrum antibiotics are active against one or few types of
microorganisms (Vancomicin is primarily used against gram- positive cocci, namely,
staphylococci and enterococci. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are active against several types of
microorganism ( tetracyclines are active against G-rods, mycoplasmas). Bacteriostatic drug
inhibits their growth but does not kill them. Bacteriostatic antibiotics are dependent on the host ‘s
defense A bactericidal drug kills bacteria. Bactericidal drug are usually independent in their
actions and cause effects directly on disease agents. Most Antibiotics originate in one of two
ways: As natural products of microorganism • Chemically modified (semisynthetic) forms of
natural antibiotics. Synthetic forms the natural products of microorganism • 1.Bacteria • From
2.Streptomycetaceae • 3.Fungi Antibiotics
• Two important requirements: • 1. Antibiotics must be shown to be relatively nontoxic to the
host. It must exhibit antimicrobial activity at low concentration
Mechanism of action of antibacterial drugs
• 1. Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis . • Inhibition of protein synthesis • Action of 50S
ribosomal subunit. • Action of 30S ribosomal subunit. • Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. •
Inhibition of DNA synthesis . • Inhibition of RNA synthesis . • Alteration of cell membrane
synthesis.

The Liver and Its Functions

The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. It removes toxins from the body’s blood supply,
maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other
vital functions. It is located beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen.
Key Facts
 The liver filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as
alcohol and drugs.
 The liver also produces bile, a fluid that helps digest fats and carry away waste.
 The liver consists of four lobes, which are each made up of eight sections and thousands of
lobules (or small lobes).

Functions of the Liver

The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over 500 vital functions. These include
removing waste products and foreign substances from the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar
levels, and creating essential nutrients. Here are some of its most important functions:
 Albumin Production: Albumin is a protein that keeps fluids in the bloodstream from leaking
into surrounding tissue. It also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes through the body.
 Bile Production: Bile is a fluid that is critical to the digestion and absorption of fats in the
small intestine.
 Filters Blood: All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver,
which removes toxins, byproducts, and other harmful substances.
 Regulates Amino Acids: The production of proteins depend on amino acids. The liver makes
sure amino acid levels in the bloodstream remain healthy.
 Regulates Blood Clotting: Blood clotting coagulants are created using vitamin K, which can
only be absorbed with the help of bile, a fluid the liver produces.
 Resists Infections: As part of the filtering process, the liver also removes bacteria from the
bloodstream. 
 Stores Vitamins and Minerals: The liver stores significant amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K,
and B12, as well as iron and copper.
 Processes Glucose: The liver removes excess glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream and
stores it as glycogen. As needed, it can convert glycogen back into glucose.
Anatomy of the Liver
The liver is reddish-brown and shaped approximately like a cone or a wedge, with the small end
above the spleen and stomach and the large end above the small intestine. The entire organ is
located below the lungs in the right upper abdomen. It weighs between 3 and 3.5 pounds.
Structure
The liver consists of four lobes: the larger right lobe and left lobe, and the smaller caudate lobe
and quadrate lobe. The left and right lobe are divided by the falciform (“sickle-shaped” in Latin)
ligament, which connects the liver to the abdominal wall. The liver’s lobes can be further divided
into eight segments, which are made up of thousands of lobules (small lobes). Each of these
lobules has a duct flowing toward the common hepatic duct, which drains bile from the liver.
Parts
The following are some of the most important individual parts of the liver:
 Common Hepatic Duct: A tube that carries bile out of the liver. It is formed from the
intersection of the right and left hepatic ducts.
 Falciform Ligament: A thin, fibrous ligament that separates the two lobes of the liver and
connects it to the abdominal wall.
 Glisson’s Capsule: A layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the liver and its related
arteries and ducts.
 Hepatic Artery: The main blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood.
 Hepatic Portal Vein: The blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract,
gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver. 
 Lobes: The anatomical sections of the liver.
 Lobules: Microscopic building blocks of the liver.
 Peritoneum: A membrane covering the liver that forms the exterior.
The Pancreas and Its Functions
The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the
food we eat into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine
function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.
The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It is surrounded by other
organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen. It is spongy, about six to ten inches long,
and is shaped like a flat pear or a fish extended horizontally across the abdomen.The wide part,
called the head of the pancreas, is positioned toward the center of the abdomen. The head of the
pancreas is located at the juncture where the stomach meets the first part of the small intestine.
This is where the stomach empties partially digested food into the intestine, and the pancreas
releases digestive enzymes into these contents.The central section of the pancreas is called the
neck or body.The thin end is called the tail and extends to the left side.Several major blood
vessels surround the pancreas, the superior mesenteric artery, the superior mesenteric vein, the
portal vein and the celiac axis, supplying blood to the pancreas and other abdominal
organs.Almost all of the pancreas (95%) consists of exocrine tissue that produces pancreatic
enzymes for digestion. The remaining tissue consists of endocrine cells called islets of
Langerhans. These clusters of cells look like grapes and produce hormones that regulate blood
sugar and regulate pancreatic secretions.

Functions of the Pancreas

A healthy pancreas produces the correct chemicals in the proper quantities, at the right times, to
digest the foods we eat.

Exocrine Function:

The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produce enzymes important to digestion. These

enzymes include trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of
carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats. When food enters the stomach, these pancreatic
juices are released into a system of ducts that culminate in the main pancreatic duct. The
pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater which is located at
the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum. The common bile duct originates in
the liver and the gallbladder and produces another important digestive juice called bile. The
pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins.
Endocrine Function:

The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells (islets of Langerhans) that create
and release important hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic
hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood
sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including
the brain, liver, and kidneys.
kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs on either side of our spine, below our ribs and behind
our belly. Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidneys' job is to filter our blood. They remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, and
keep the right levels of electrolytes. All of the blood in our body passes through them about
40 times a day.
Blood comes into the kidney, waste gets removed, and salt, water, and minerals are adjusted, if
needed. The filtered blood goes back into the body. Waste gets turned into urine, which collects in
the kidney's pelvis -- a funnel-shaped structure that drains down a tube called the ureter to
the bladder.
Each kidney has around a million tiny filters called nephrons. we could have only 10% of our
kidneys working, and we may not notice any symptoms or problems.
If blood stops flowing into a kidney, part or all of it could die. That can lead to kidney failure.
Heart And Circulatory System
The human heart is a finely-tuned instrument that serves the whole body. It is a muscular organ
around the size of a closed fist, and it sits in the chest, slightly to the left of center.
The heart beats around 100,000 times a day, pumping approximately 8 pints of blood throughout
the body 24/7. This delivers oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to tissues and organs and carries
away waste.
The heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where the blood loads up with oxygen and
unloads carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism.
Together, the heart, blood, and blood vessels — arteries, capillaries, and veins — make up the
circulatory system.
In this article, we explore the structure of the heart, how it pumps blood around the body, and the
electrical system that controls it.
The heart consists of four chambers:
 The atria: These are the two upper chambers, which receive blood.
 The ventricles: These are the two lower chambers, which discharge blood.
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria and the left and right ventricle.
Valves separate the atria from the ventricles.
The heart’s walls consist of three layers of tissue:
 Myocardium: This is the muscular tissue of the heart.
 Endocardium: This tissue lines the inside of the heart and protects the valves and
chambers.
 Pericardium: This is a thin protective coating that surrounds the other parts.
 Epicardium: This protective layer consists mostly of connective tissue and forms the
innermost layer of the pericardium.
How the heart works
The rate at which the heart contracts depends on many factors, such as:
 activity and exercise
 emotional factors
 some medical conditions
 a fever
 some medications
 dehydration
At rest, the heart might beat around 60 times each minute. But this can increase to 100 beats per
minute (bpm) or more.

Left and right sides

The left and right sides of the heart work in unison. The atria and ventricles contract and relax in
turn, producing a rhythmic heartbeat.
Right side
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lungs.
 The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through veins called the
superior and inferior vena cava. These are the largest veins in the body.
 The right atrium contracts, and blood passes to the right ventricle.
 Once the right ventricle is full, it contracts and pumps the blood to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery. In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and offloads carbon dioxide.

Left side

The left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
 Newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
 The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood into the left ventricle.
 Once the left ventricle is full, it contracts and pushes the blood back out to the body via
the aorta.

Diastole, systole, and blood pressure

Each heartbeat has two parts:
Diastole: The ventricles relax and fill with blood as the atria contract, emptying all blood into
the ventricles.
Systole: The ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart as the atria relax, filling with
blood again.
When a person takes their blood pressure, the machine will give will give a high and low trusted
source. The high number is the systolic blood pressure, and the lower number is the diastolic
blood pressure.
Systolic pressure: This shows how much pressure the blood creates against the artery walls
during systole.
Diastolic pressure: This shows how much pressure is in the arteries during diastole.

Gas exchange
When blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, it passes through tiny capillaries
that connect on the surface of the lung’s air sacs, called the alveoli.
The body’s cells need oxygen to function, and they produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.
The heart enables the body to eliminate the unwanted carbon dioxide.
Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it through the capillaries of the alveoli.
The coronary arteries on the surface of the heart supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

Pulse
A person can feel their pulse at points where arteries pass close to the skin’s surface, such as on
the wrist or neck. The pulse is the same as the heart rate. When you feel your pulse, you feel the
rush of blood as the heart pumps it through the body.
A healthy pulse is usually 60–100 bpmTrusted Source, and what is normal can vary from person
toperson
A very active person may have a pulse as low as 40 bpm. People with a larger body size tend to
have a faster pulse, but it is not usually over 100 bpm.
Valves
The heart has  to ensure that blood only flows in one direction:
 Aortic valve: This is between the left ventricle and the aorta.
 Mitral valve: This is between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
 Pulmonary valve: This is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
 Tricuspid valve: This is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Most people are familiar with the sound of the heart. In fact, the heart makes many types of
sound trusted source, and doctors can distinguish these to monitor the health of the heart.

The opening and closing of the valves are key contributors to the sound of the heartbeat. If there
is leaking or a blockage of the heart valves, it can create sounds called “murmurs.”

The heart’s electrical system

To pump blood throughout the body, the muscles of the heart must work together to squeeze the
blood in the right direction, at the right time, and with the right force. Electrical impulses
coordinate this activity.
The electrical signal begins at the sino-atrial node, sometimes called the sinus, or SA, node. This
is the heart’s pacemaker, and it sits at the top of the right atrium. The signal causes the atria to
contract, pushing blood down into the ventricles.
The electrical impulse then travels to an area of cells at the bottom of the right atrium, between
the atria and ventricles, called the atrioventricular, or AV, node.
These cells act as a gatekeeper. They coordinate the signal so that the atria and ventricles do not
contract at the same time. There needs to be a slight delay.From here, the signal travels along
fibers, called Purkinje fibers, within the ventricle walls. The fibers pass the impulse to the heart
muscle, causing the ventricles to contract.

Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels:
Arteries: These carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The arteries are
strong, muscular, and stretchy, which helps push blood through the circulatory system, and they
also help regulate blood pressure. The arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
Veins: These carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and they increase in size as they get
closer to the heart. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.
Capillaries: These connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins. They have very thin walls,
which allow them to exchange compounds such as carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, waste, and
nutrients with surrounding tissues.
The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the circulatory, or cardiovascular, system.

Digestive system

What Is Digestion?
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for
energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste
to be eliminated.
The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends
at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food and other
cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the breakdown of food. Along the way are other
'accessory' organs that are needed for digestion: liver and the pancreas.
Food's Journey Through the Digestive System

Stop 1: The Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system, and, in fact, digestion starts here before you
even take the first bite of a meal. The smell of food triggers the salivary glands in your mouth to
secrete saliva, causing your mouth to water. When you actually taste the food, saliva increases.
Once you start chewing and breaking the food down into pieces small enough to be digested, other
mechanisms come into play. More saliva is produced. It contains substances including enzymes that
begin the process of breaking down food into a form your body can absorb and use. Chew your food
more -- it also helps with your digestion.
Stop 2: The Pharynx and Esophagus
Also called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract that receives the food from
your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus, which carries food to the stomach, and
the trachea or windpipe, which carries air to the lungs.
The act of swallowing takes place in the pharynx partly as a reflex and partly under voluntary
control. The tongue and soft palate -- the soft part of the roof of the mouth -- push food into the
pharynx, which closes off the trachea. The food then enters the esophagus.
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx and behind the trachea to
the stomach. Food is pushed through the esophagus and into the stomach by means of a series
of contractions called peristalsis.
Just before the opening to the stomach is an important ring-shaped muscle called the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES). This sphincter opens to let food pass into the stomach and closes to
keep it there. If your LES doesn't work properly, you may suffer from a condition called GERD, or
reflux, which causes heartburn and regurgitation (the feeling of food coming back up).

Stop 3: The Stomach and Small Intestine

The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding food, it serves as
the mixer and grinder of food. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the
process of breaking the food down and changing it to a consistency of liquid or paste. From there,
food moves to the small intestine. Between meals, the non-liquefiable remnants are released from
the stomach and ushered through the rest of the intestines to be eliminated.
Made up of three segments -- the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum -- the small intestine also breaks
down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. The small intestine is
the 'workhorse' of digestion, as this is where most nutrients are absorbed. Peristalsis is also at work
in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with the digestive secretions from the pancreas
and liver, including bile. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuing breakdown
process, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the
bloodstream.
A more technical name for this part of the process is "motility," because it involves moving or
emptying food particles from one part to the next. This process is highly dependent on the activity
of a large network of nerves, hormones, and muscles. Problems with any of these components can
cause a variety of conditions.
While food is in the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed through the walls and into the
bloodstream. What's leftover (the waste) moves into the large intestine (large bowel or colon).
Everything above the large intestine is called the upper GI tract. Everything including the large
intestine and below is the lower GI tract.

Stop 4: The Colon, Rectum, and Anus

The colon (large intestine) is a five- to seven -foot -long muscular tube that connects the small
intestine to the rectum. It is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse
(across) colon, the descending (left) colon and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum.
The appendix is a small tube attached to the ascending colon. The large intestine is a highly
specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that defecation (excretion of waste) is
easy and convenient.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, passes through the colon by means of
peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form. As stool passes through the colon, any
remaining water is absorbed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass
movement" empties it into the rectum, usually once or twice a day.
It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food
debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing
various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful
bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, it empties its contents into the rectum to
begin the process of elimination.
The rectum is an eight-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum:
 Receives stool from the colon
 Lets the person know there is stool to be evacuated
 Holds the stool until evacuation happens
When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain.
The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax
and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters
contract and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the muscles that line the pelvis (pelvic
floor muscles) and two other muscles called anal sphincters (internal and external).
The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from
coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal sphincters provide fine control of stool. The
internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent (not
releasing stool) when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an
urge to defecate (go to the bathroom), we rely on our external sphincter to keep the stool in until we
can get to the toilet.

Accessory Digestive Organs

Pancreas
Among other functions, the pancreas is the chief factory for digestive enzymes that are secreted into
the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and
carbohydrates.

Liver
The liver has multiple functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to
make and secrete an important substance called bile and to process the blood coming from the small
intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed. The liver purifies this blood of many impurities
before traveling to the rest of the body.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a storage sac for excess bile. Bile made in the liver travels to the small intestine
via the bile ducts. If the intestine doesn't need it, the bile travels into the gallbladder, where it awaits
the signal from the intestines that food is present. Bile serves two main purposes. First, it helps
absorb fats in the diet, and secondly, it carries waste from the liver that cannot go through
the kidneys.

Respiratory System
The respiratory system, which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing
muscles, aids the body in the exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between the
blood and the body’s billions of cells. Most of the organs of the respiratory system help to
distribute air, but only the tiny, grape-like alveoli and the alveolar ducts are responsible for
actual gas exchange.
The respiratory system, which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing
muscles, aids the body in the exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between the
blood and the body’s billions of cells. Most of the organs of the respiratory system help to
distribute air, but only the tiny, grape-like alveoli and the alveolar ducts are responsible for
actual gas exchange.
In addition to air distribution and gas exchange, the respiratory system filters, warms, and
humidifies the air you breathe. Organs in the respiratory system also play a role in speech and the
sense of smell.
The respiratory system also helps the body maintain homeostasis, or balance among the many
elements of the body’s internal environment.
The respiratory system is divided into two main components:

Upper respiratory tract: 

Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory tract are
located outside the chest cavity.
 Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps
dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or
blown out.
 Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along side the nose help make the skull lighter.
 Pharynx: Both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate
destinations. The pharynx also plays a role in speech.
 Larynx: The larynx is essential to human speech.
Lower respiratory tract:
Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial tree (including the alveoli), the
organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity.
 Trachea: Located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.
 Lungs: Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs. They’re responsible for
providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide.
 Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network of intricate
passages that supply the lungs with air.
 Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air
into the lungs.