Remedial Law March 01, 2022

You must know the flow of the proceedings from the commencement of the civil action or institution of
criminal action until execution of judgment.

HOW DO YOU BRING CIVIL ACTION TO COURT

Rule 1, Section 5: Filing complaint in court. If additional defendant, action is commenced in the date of
filing of later pleadings.

Rule 1 is supposedly general provision pero it only talks about civil action. so how about criminal action?

Rule 110, Section 1:

GENERAL RULE: PROPER AUTHORITY SA

a. If penalize with prision correctional medium: filing of complaint with proper officer for
preliminary investigation.

EXCEPT:

b. All other offenses less than prision correctional medium, directly with municipal courts na.
c. pwede sad if no fiscal available. sa city man gud. you cannot go directly with the court kay city
fiscal sa.

EXCEPTION TO THE EXCEPTION:

d. except if customs cases kay naa sad na preliminary investigation and

e. ombudsman, preliminary investigation mga public officer.

mao na sa letter a. proper officer kay it is not the fiscal all the time. Do not be confuse anang sa
preliminary obligation sa Rule 112 . Kining preliminary investigation conducted by municipal court
judges, wa na na.

If in flagrante, deliver na na sa court especially if ma-lapse na ang period. pero municipal court ra na ha.

ANSWER

parehas ra na patubagon ang adverse party sa civil and criminal.

Sa civil – pleadings gyud.

sa criminal – enter your plea lang. iinform kas mga charge sa imua.
REPLY

Naa ni sa civil sa criminal wala.

PRE-TRIAL

RULE 18, CIVIL PROCEDURE

RULE 118, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

During pre-trial, the difference is nay pre-trial brief sa civil. sa criminal, wa na na. In both cases, naa gyud
na pre-trial order which will serve as guide in the course of trial. Trial is only limited to factual issues. We
only argue in legal issues.

By the way, Small Claims and summary procedure. Wa na na trial so wa sad pre-trial.

TRIAL

Plaintiff presents first dayun ang defense na sad. Followed by rebuttal and surrebuttal.

Pero di na basta-basta makapresent og rebuttal sa criminal. Need na gyud og motion. Pwede i-require
og memorandum or pwede ra sad og dili.after ana judgment.

JUDGMENT

RULE 36- CIVIL RULE 120-CRIMINAL

pwede ka mag MR, MNT or APPEAL

pero ang kalahian is that these remedies are all available for both parties in CIVIL. pero sa criminal,
accused ra pwede mag appeal in case guilty ang hatol kay you know na, double jeopardy in case i-
appeal sa prosecution ang acquittal.

RULE 37 – NT OR MR

either party may avail these remedies. within the period of filing an appeal. 15 days kay you know, time
for appeal.
RULE 121 – NT or MR

DEFENSE RA PWEDE MO AVAIL OF NT OR MR kay kabalo na ta, double jeopardy. anytime before
judgment of conviction become final.

RULE 122 (CRIMINAL) APPEAL

Civil – either parties may appeal. pwede gani both mag appeal.

Criminal – any party may appeal unless accused may be placed under double jeopardy. Nganong ana
man ang wording? kay nay judgment nga provisional dismissal, so di pa mana mahimong double
jeopardy. The offended party may only appeal as to civil aspect of the case only.

Section 6, Rule 122. 15 days from promulgation or final order appealed from.

Section 11, Rule 122.

Naa man lage mi masugatan jurisprudence sir nga mareverse ang mga criminal cases?

Remedy of certiorari sad na. Extraordinary remedy na. Special Civil Action. Grave abuse of discretion.
Not that easy. Lisud ni bai.

In a civil case, judgment of the court shall only be given to parties. by mail dayun karun pwede email.
Pero sa civil, naa tay gitawag nga promulgation of judgment. wa na sa civil case. date of promulgation is
scheduled ha. Adto tas Rule 120, Section 6. dapat naa ang accused. pero og light offense ra, pwede ra
representative oy. bisan pa wa ang judge, pwede ra ipromulgate ang judgment by the clerk of court.

in both light and other offense, If the judgment is conviction dayun wa ang accused without any
justifying reasons despite notice, bahala na siyas iyang kinabuhi, mawaive iyang chance to avail the
remedy of appeal dayun maforfeit imung bail.

If dili light offense Pwde ra sad na irecord ang promulgation dayun isend sa iyaha pero mao lage wa na
mga remedy. pero naa pa siya remedy, within 15 days smusrrender dayun mag file a motion for leave of
court para maka –avail if justifiable diay iyang absence.

Walay writ of execution sa criminal ha. Arrest lang. Sa civil case, if final na ang judgment, execution. If
fine ra, nay order to pay fine. RPC will sit in. amended na ha. Di na tag otso ang adlaw if di kabayad sa
fine. If acquittal, kung nakapreso, order for release. matic na na. final na ang acquittal upon
promulgation. If on bail sad dayun acquitted, your bail will be released. tagay dayun. Don’t use cancel sa
bail ha either to the bond’s man or sa accused mismo.
Bisan basahon ang promulgation, tagaan gihapon ka og copy sa decision. When does the period of
appeal start to run? On the day of promulgation gyud na.

Fresh period rule I think is already applicable in criminal case.

APPEAL

if the case is on appeal, dayun decision of appealate court is final. the execution is in the court of origin.

What about criminal case? records will be remanded to the court of origin for execution of judgment.
No need for motion. Court of origin will now issue a warrant of arrest if convicted. Bail during appeal is
not a matter of right so as a practice, gina-increase gyud na nila.

in civil procedure, detalyado kaayo. Naay rule 39 solely devoted for execution, satisfaction and effect of
judgment. Taas kayo ni oy. In motion gyud ang execution. Saba mani akong mga doggie dogs dri class.
Nabusog na ngali ni pakitang gilas sa amo. With respect to criminal case, Section 6, Rule 120. Ipadakop
dayun pagasugdan ang pagserbisyo sa iyang sentensya. pero naa ta balaod nga community service. Para
gani naku class no, kining mga cases nga public officials nga mangawala ang funds, pa community service
na sila dayun ipabalik ang kwarta.

In civil procedure, naa ta mga modes of discovery daghan. pero sa criminal, usa ra kabuok. search and
seizure. Lahi ning sa criminal procedure. Og mufile kag criminal case, dapat naa ka evidence sa accused.
Di na ka mag fishing evidence. Og wa kay evidence, pwede ka mu-apply for search warrant. Kanang sa
search warrant, naa gihapon docket number pero it is not like the usual trial nga patubagon ang accused
pero not part of the criminal action. The sole purpose is to get an evidence. If nay makuha nga mga
contrabands or mga evidence, diha na dayun mag file og complaint. or if during search, nadakpan ang
accused, inquest proceeding na dayun na.

We go back to our table of comparison.

Rule 2 – Cause of action wherein you must state the act or omission by which a party violates the right
of another.

Sa Rule 110, Section 9- acts/omission constitutive of an offense apil ang mga aggravating circumstances.

In OCA, cause of action ra ang needed. or else the case is dismissible for lack of cause of action. state
your right dayun attach your evidence na in support of that right included in your pleading. Sa criminal
case, dili pa necessary nga tanang pieces of evidence shall already be attach in the information. Not yet
necessary. In a civil case, you have there rule 2, cause of action dayun rule 3, parties to civil action. now
you may ask, diba sa civil case sir, a defendant may be impleaded later on? What about sa criminal case,
can we just add an accused there in the information? No. you cant do that in a criminal case. Sa criminal
case, balik na sa institution of criminal action. Didto sa filing of complaint sa proper officer and then sa
finding of probable cause and an information shall be filed in court, maconsolidate na na sa pending nga
criminal case bisan pa multisala court, i-assign na na sa executive judge og aha ang first case. Pero
dropping of parties, pwede ra mag auto drop og accused like in civil cases through a motion. As a matter
of right, before filing of responsive pleading.

How about intervention (RULE 19) in criminal case?

Yes, still allowed in criminal case pero limited to the civil aspect of the case where the private offended
party intervenes so far as the civil aspect is concerned. Section 16 of Rule 110 through a private
prosecutor. Mao mao ra gyud na sila pero the procedure differs. kay in criminal case, no more leave of
court. In practice, I just enter my appearance insofar as the civil aspect is concerned. In civil case, a
motion for leave of court para mu-intervene.

THERE ARE REMEDIES IN CIVPRO nga wa sa crimpro like petition for relief of judgment (RULE 38).
Beginning sa atung subject, my point is to compare civil procedure and criminal procedure then akoa o-
point out this early unsa nga mga remedy available sa civil procedure and sa crimpro sad.

Nganong wa man relief of judgment sa criminal? Alangan, naa gud promulgation of judgment so
impossible nga di ma inform ang accused.

First ROUND OF appeal:

Notice of appeal gihapon.

With respect of jurisdiction of ombudsman, dual function na sila. With respect of admin cases,
adjudicatory powers (concurrent with CSC) na and appealable dayun ikaduha, complaints involving
crimes, investigatory power ra na. preliminary investigation lang murag fiscal ba. what if MTC? the
ombudsman will still file an information if way fiscal, ideputize ra na nila ang DOJ Prosecutor para maoy
moprosecute. If nay probable cause, information will be filed. Dependent sa Salary Grade and penalty of
the crime. Even if the other accused are below SG 27, ombudsman gihapon na.

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES

Provisional remedies daw available in case of the civil aspect of the criminal action.

RULE 127 ni.

How to ask for such relief in criminal cases nga di man detailed ang rule 127?

If you are asking of relief, motion gyud na. File for a motion for writ of attachment, pendente lite, TRO,
etc. Since there is no rule devoted for motions in criminal procedure, refer to Rule 15. Rule 15 ta. A
motion is an application of relief other than a pleading. Since we are talking of a criminal action,
naturally, wa gyud na pleading. Section 2. All motions are in writing except open court motions. If medjo
kuti imung motion, court may require you to make your motion in writing. Here, sa contents, relief
sought and grounds thereof apil ang supporting documents/affidavits/papers. In short, substantiate
your motion. Section 4 hearing of motions (deleted). notice of hearing is no longer required ha. Insofar
as the details of that kind of provisional remedy, adto kas Rule 57. Rule 127 is only your guide. Refer
balik sa CivPro. If there is an interlocutory order in a civil case, naa sad na sa criminal case. For example,
motion for reduction of bail. you can file MR in such interlocutory order pero di na Rule 37 (CivPro) or
Rule 121 (CrimPro). Rule 15 gihapon na kay kanang MR sa 37 and 121, MR pertaining to final judgment
mana.

Before I forget, Rule 16, MD (deleted/transposed). However, the grounds there are scattered in the
different rules like Rule 9, Section 1. You can still set it as an affirmative defense in your defense. In
crimpro however, a motion to quash – rule 117 (equivalent sa MD) is still there bisan sa Revised
Guidelines. MQ before arraignment pero naa na exceptions diha like lack of jurisdiction and others. In
civil cases, ang ipafile na lang is answer dayun if nay mga grounds for MD, affirmative defense na lang.
Gihimo manang delaying tactic sa mga defense lawyers. kay if madeny ang MD, naa pa ka 5 days to file
answer. However, there is a new provision in 2020 Rules that before summons can be issued i-evaluate
pa na sa judge if the case is dismissable in its face and if so, i-dismiss na na niya (Dismissal Moto Propio)
Rule 14, Section 1.

Sa criminal case diay sir? Dismissal Moto Propio?

pwede oy especially lack of jurisdiction nga glaring kayo on its face, the judge can dismiss it moto propio.

I will refer you to Rule 14, Section 1: unless the complaint is dismissible based on grounds in Rule 9,
Section 1. Honestly, in actual practice, kining dismissible upon its face, it only refers only to jurisdiction
over SM of the case. Example, collection sum of money dayun gifile sa MTC. Dismissible in its face diba.
In Rule 9, Section 1. Lisud man sad gyud idetermine ang ubang grounds example. Kanang walay pending
nga action, lisud pud muingon ka naa. Murag gahikog or muingon ka nga naay prior judgment ana imung
gifile. Statute of limitations hinuon. Pwede ra ni madetermine. Bisan tinuod naa sa Rule 9, Section 1,
dapat on the face of the complaint because requirement man gyud na niya.

What if sa answer makita ang ground as stated under Rule 9, Section 1? Should the court still dismiss it?

No. Di na idismiss. Under the new rules, if nay affirmative defense, the court should resolve it. Rule 8,
Section 12 (c) should resolve it within 30 calendar days from filing of the answer. (Section 5 (b) (first
paragraph), Rule 6 – with hearing) (pero Section 5 (b) (second paragraph), Rule 6 – without hearing –
moto proprio) Mao na pasabot sa Rule 8, Section 12 (d)

Moto proprio dismissal:

 if in its face dismissible (Section 1, Rule 14)

 Grounded in Rule 9, Section 1: Moto Proprio resolved by case.