1.

Application of Infrasound
Infrasound is defined as low frequency sound with a
frequency below the lower limit of audibility (generally
20Hz)

• we use this frequency range for monitoring

earthquakes and volcanoes, charting rock and
petroleum formations below the earth.
• By measuring the propagation properties of
infrasound waves generated by natural sources,
one can detect some characteristics and rules of
the large scale meteorological motions.
• It is used in ballistocardiography and
seismocardiography to study the mechanics of the
heart.

2.Solution of the 2nd order differential

equation of SHM
We know the 2nd order differential equation of simple
harmonic motion is,
𝑑2𝑥
+ 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0 ……………(i)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥
Multiplying equation (i) by 2( 𝑑𝑡 )
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑤 2 . 2𝑥. 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
or, 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 )2 + 𝑑𝑡 (𝑤 2 𝑥 2 ) = 0
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 {( 𝑑𝑡 )2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 2 } = 0 ………(ii)
Integrating equation (ii) with ‘𝑡 ‘
𝑑𝑥
( )2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 2 = C ……………(iii)
𝑑𝑡
here, C is an integral constant.
Now, we can find the value of C by applying certain
condition of simple harmonic motion.
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 𝐴; =0
𝑑𝑡
Substituting this value in equation (iii) we have,
C= 𝑤 2 𝐴2
Again, substituting the value of C in equation (iii)
𝑑𝑥
( 𝑑𝑡 )2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 2 = 𝑤 2 𝐴2
𝑑𝑥
or, ( 𝑑𝑡 )2 = 𝑤 2 𝐴2 − 𝑤 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
or, ( 𝑑𝑡 )2 = 𝑤 2 (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
or, = ±𝑤√(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑡

For (+) ve sign,

 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑤√(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
or, = 𝑤. 𝑑𝑡 …………(iv)
√(𝐴2 −𝑥 2 )

Integrating equation (iv) with ‘𝑡’

𝑥
sin−1 ( 𝐴) = 𝑤𝑡 + Ø (Ø is a phase constant)
𝑥
or, 𝐴 = sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)

or, 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)
Again for (-)ve sign,
𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑤√(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
− = 𝑤. 𝑑𝑡 ……….. (v)
√(𝐴2 −𝑥 2 )

Integrating equation (v) with’ 𝑡’

𝑥
cos −1 ( 𝐴) = 𝑤𝑡 + Ø (Ø is a phase constant)

𝑥
or, = cos(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)
𝐴

or, 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)
3. What is “K” and its significance?

The spring constant ‘K’ is related to the difficulty in

deforming the system . “k” is connected with hook’s
law and it is defined as proportional spring constant.
 When a spring is stretched or compressed, so that its
length changes by an amount x from its equilibrium
length,
1
𝑓=
𝑇
2𝜋
hence, 𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑇 then it exerts a force , 𝐹 =
−𝑘𝑥 in a direction towards its equilibrium position.
𝐹
or, 𝑘 = − 𝑥

We can define ‘k’ as the required force per unit

extension or compression of the spring. The spring
constant, k, is representative of how stiff the spring is.
Knowing the spring constant, we can easily find how
much force is needed to deform the spring by certain
extent(x). Unit of spring constant – N/m.

𝟒. 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒘𝒕 + ∅), Prove that any form give above

is the solution for differential equation of SHM.
A particle of simple harmonic motion which oscillating
with x axis, the differential equation is –
𝑑2 𝑥
+ 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0 ………. (i)
𝑑𝑡 2
where, the general equation of displacement is -
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
For equilibrium position 𝑥 = 0 and ∅ = 0
 so, for the starting point,
𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡) ……….. (ii)
𝑑𝑥
now, = −𝐴𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝐴𝑤 2 cos(𝑤𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2

but, 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
𝑑2 𝑥
so, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑤 2 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0

When the particle starts to oscillation with initial phase

the equation of displacement will be,
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)………(iii)
𝑑𝑥
or, = −𝐴𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝐴𝑤 2 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
As, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
𝑑2 𝑥
So, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑤 2 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0

Again, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)…………. (iv)

𝑑𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐴(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
 𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝐴(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝐴𝑤 2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 2𝜋
= −𝐴 ( 𝑇 𝑡) sin ( 𝑇 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑥 2𝜋 2 2𝜋
= −𝐴 ( 𝑇 𝑡) cos ( 𝑇 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥 2𝜋
= −𝐴𝑤 2 cos ( 𝑇 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
2𝜋
As, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos ( 𝑇 𝑡)
𝑑2 𝑥
So, 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑤 2 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0

hence, it’s proved that equation (ii), (iii), (iv) & (v) are the
solution of DE of SHM.

𝟐𝝅
5.Prove that, 𝒘 = = 𝟐𝝅𝒇
𝑻
Here W=angular speed. A frequency is a rate, so the
dimensions of this quantity are radians per unit time.
Inthis case ,the distance travelled by the particle
travelling in acicular path of radius r is 2πr.
 So, v=2πr/t
=>wr=2πr/t
=>w=2π/t
=>w=2πf
Here, frequency is defined as the total number of
vibrations in one sec.

Reference: 2 (Fundamental of physics); page: 403

6.Which of the following describe ∅ for the SHM of
this Fig-A?
𝜋
a) −𝜋 < ∅ < − 2
3𝜋
b) 𝜋 < ∅ < − 2
3𝜋
c)− < ∅ < −𝜋
2

The displacement of a particle undergoing a simple

harmonic motion is given by,
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
At, 𝑡 = 0; 𝑥(0) = 𝐴 cos(∅)
In the given fig 𝑥(0) is negative. So, cos(∅) must be
negative.
Now, we will check all the ranges for the given figure.
 𝜋
(a) when −𝜋 < ∅ < − 2
𝜋
or, cos(−𝜋) < cos ∅ < cos (− 2 )

or, -1< cos ∅ < 0

cos ∅ is negative for all values of ∅ in the given range.
3𝜋
(b) when 𝜋 < ∅ < −
2

-1< cos ∅ < 0

cos ∅ is negative for all values of ∅ in the given range.
3𝜋
(c) when − < ∅ < −𝜋
2

0 < cos ∅ < −1

cos ∅ is negative for all values of ∅ in the given range.
So, (a) & (b) describes the SHM shown in the figure.
7. The velocity 𝒗(𝒕) of a particle undergoing SHM is
graphed in Fig -B.

➢ -𝒙𝒎 , or headed toward +𝒙𝒎 at (a) point A Is the

particle momentarily stationary, headed toward
on the graph and (b) point B?
 ➢ Is the particle at -𝒙𝒎 , at +𝒙𝒎 , at 0, between -𝒙𝒎
and 0, or between 0 and +𝒙𝒎 when its velocity is
represented by (c) point A and (d) point B?
➢ Is the speed of the particle increasing or
decreasing at (e) point A and (f) point B?
The displacement 𝑥 (𝑡) of a particle from its equilibrium
position is described by the following equation,
𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)…...…(i)
Differentiating equation (i),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 {𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)}
𝑑𝑡

or, 𝑉𝑥 = −𝐴𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)………...(ii)

From the equation (i) & (ii) we can conclude that, at the
negative the displacement will be towards the position
displacement vice versa due to the negative sign.
Based on this we can solve this problem,
(a): At point “A” above the figure, the speed is in the
negative and toward +𝑣𝑠 . So, for the displacement the
particle toward −𝑥𝑚 .
(b): At point “B” above the figure, the speed is in the
positive and toward +𝑣𝑠 . So, for the displacement the
particle toward +𝑥𝑚 .
(c): From fig-b, the velocity at point “A” is between −𝑥𝑚
and 0.
(d): From fig-b, the velocity at point “B” is between −𝑥𝑚
and 0 as it goes to zero.
(e): The speed reached at its maximum negative
direction then decreases crossing by point “A” until its
being to zero. So, at point “A” the speed decrease.
(f): The speed reached zero then increases crossing by
point “B” until its being maximum. So, at point “B” the
speed increase.
8. The acceleration 𝒂(𝒕)of a particle undergoing SHM
is graphed in Fig-C. (a) Which of the labeled points
corresponds to the particle at -𝒙𝒎 ? (b) At point 4, is
the velocity of the particle positive, negative, or zero?
(c) At point 5, is the particle at -𝒙𝒎 , at +𝒙𝒎 , at 0,
between -𝒙𝒎 and 0, or between 0and -𝒙𝒎 ?

The displacement 𝑥 (𝑡) of a particle from its equilibrium

position is described by the following equation,
𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)…...…(i)
Differentiating equation (i),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 {𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)}
𝑑𝑡

or, 𝑉𝑥 = −𝐴𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)………...(ii)

𝑑𝑣 𝑑
Again, = {−𝐴𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)}
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

or, 𝑎 = −𝐴𝑤 2 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)

or, 𝑎 = −𝑤 2 𝑥 …………………...(iii)
From the equation (i) & (ii) we can say that the
displacement will be forward the positive displacement
and vice versa. Based on this we can solve the problem.
(a) All points labeled on the positive side of the
acceleration are in the negative side of the
displacement. From the figure, these points are 1,2,3.
(b) At point 4 the acceleration is zero and the particle
moves from -𝑥𝑚 to 0. So, the speed increases and be
positive.
(c) Based on the above explanation, the particle is in the
positive side of the displacement -𝑥𝑚 and between -𝑥𝑚
and zero.
 )

9. A block oscillating on spring has period T = 2s.

What is the period if-
(a) The block mass is doubled?
(b) The value of spring constant is quadrupled?
(c) the oscillation amplitude is doubled while m and k
are unchanged?
(a) let us consider, when the mass of block is doubled,
then changed time period is T’ and mass of the block ‘m’
when it is doubled mass is ‘2m’.
2𝜋
we know, 𝑤 = ………….(i)
𝑇′

𝑘
and 𝑤 = √𝑚′…………(ii)

from equation (i) & (ii),

2𝜋 𝑘
= √𝑚′
𝑇′

𝑚′
or, 𝑇 ′ = 2𝜋√ 𝑘

2𝑚
or, 𝑇 ′ = 2𝜋√ 𝑘
 2𝑚
or, 𝑇 ′ = √2 × 2𝜋√ 𝑘

or, 𝑇 ′ = √2 × 𝑇
or 𝑇 ′ = 2.83𝑠
hence, the value of 𝑇 ′ is 2.83𝑠 and it is√2 times of T when
the block mass is doubled.
(b) Let us consider,
spring constant = k
when it is quadrupled, then k’ = 4k
changed time period = T’
𝑚
we know, 𝑇′ = 2𝜋√𝑘′

𝑚
or, 𝑇′ = 2𝜋√4𝑘

2𝜋 𝑚
or, 𝑇′ = 2
√𝑘

𝑚
or, 𝑇′ = 𝜋√ 𝑘

1 𝑚
or, 𝑇′ = 2 × 2𝜋√ 𝑘
1
or, 𝑇′ = 2 × 𝑇
1
or, 𝑇′ = 2 × 2
 or, 𝑇 ′ = 1𝑠
𝑚
(c) 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 𝑘

the formula for the period of a SHM does not contain the
amplitude i.e. the period is independent of amplitude.
Changing the amplitude, does not affect the period. So,
the new period is still is 2𝑠.
10. A pendulum on planet x, where the value of g is
unknown, oscillates with a period T=2s. What is the
period of this pendulum if-?
(a) Its mass is doubled?
(b) Its length is doubled?
(c) Its oscillation amplitude is doubled?
The period of a simple harmonic motion is –
𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔

given that, time period is, T = 2s.

(a) here, the mass is doubled. m2 =2m1. However, the
mass does not appear in the formula for the period of a
pendulum. i.e., the period does not depend on mass.
Therefore, the period is still 2s.
(b) In this case length is doubled.
𝐿2 = 2𝐿1
 𝐿
2𝜋√ 2
𝑇2 𝑔
now, =
𝑇1 𝐿
2𝜋√ 1
𝑔

𝑇2 𝐿
or, = √𝐿2
𝑇1 1

𝑇2
or, = √2
𝑇1

or,𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × √2
or, 𝑇2 = 2.8𝑠.
(c) The formula for the period of a simple small angle
pendulum does not certain the amplitude. Changing the
amplitude as lang as it still small, does not affect the
period, so the new period still 2s.
11. The below figure shows a position vs time graph
for a particle in SHM. What are -
(a) the amplitude 𝑨?
(b) the angular frequency 𝒘?
(c) the phase constant ∅?
(a) Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave
which is measured from its equilibrium position. From
the figure we can see that 𝑥𝑜 (𝑐𝑚) varies from 0 to 10 or 0
to -10. Considering the value of 𝑥𝑜 , it is the maximum
displacement of the wave/oscillation is 10𝑐𝑚.
So, according to the definition of amplitude,
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑚
(b) The angular frequency refers to angular
displacement of any element of the wave per unit time or
the rate of the change of the phase of the waveform. It is
represented by ′𝑤′.
2𝜋
𝑤= 𝑇

let us consider, one oscillation has completed in 2s. Thus

the time period, T=2s
2𝜋
𝑤= = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
2

(c) A position vs time graph plot 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅𝑜 ).

1
The graph of 𝑥(𝑡) starts at 𝐴 and it’s increasing.
2
1
So, at 𝑡 = 0; 𝐴 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅𝑜 )
2
𝜋
or, ∅𝑜 = ± 3
𝜋
for, ∅𝑜 = + 3 . The particle is moving to left, indicating
that it is in the bottom half of the circular motion
diagram.
12.

The figure shows a position vs time graph for a

particle in SHM.
(a) What is the phase constant?
(b) What is the phase of the particle at each of the
three numbered points on the graph?
(a) A position vs time graph plot 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅𝑜 )
1
The graph of 𝑥(𝑡) starts at 2 𝐴 and it’s increasing.
1
So, at 𝑡 = 0; 𝐴 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅𝑜 )
2
𝜋
or, ∅𝑜 = ± 3
𝜋
for, ∅𝑜 = − . The particle is moving to right, indicating
3
that it is in the bottom half of the circular motion
diagram.
(b) The phase at each point can be determined in the
same manner as for (a). For points 1 and 3, the
1
amplitude is again 2 𝐴. At point 1the particle is moving to
 𝜋
the right. So, ∅1 = − 3 . At point 3, the particle is moving
𝜋
to left. So, ∅3 = + 3 .

At point 2, the amplitude is A. So, cos ∅2 = 1; or, ∅2 =0.

13. When a guitar string plays the note “A” the string
vibrates at 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝐇𝐳 . What is the time period of
vibration?
Given that, frequency of the vibration, 𝑓 = 440𝐻𝑧
Time period, 𝑇=?
1 1
we know, 𝑇 = 𝑓 = 440 = 2.27 × 10−3 𝑠

or, 𝑇 = 2.27𝑚𝑠
14. An air-track glider attached to a spring oscillates
between the 10cm mark and 60cm mark on the track.
The glider completes 10 oscillations in 33s. What are-
(a) period? (b) Frequency (c) angular frequency (d)
amplitude and (e) maximum speed of the glider?
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(a) Time period, 𝑇 = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

given that, 𝑡 = 33𝑠

no of oscillation = 10
33
now, 𝑇 = 10

or, 𝑇 = 3.3
 1 1
(b) Frequency, 𝑓 = 𝑇 = 3.3 = 0.3𝐻𝑧.
2𝜋 2𝜋
(c) Angular frequency, 𝑤 = = 3.3 = 1.904𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑇

(d) The oscillation is one side to another is equal to (60-

10) cm =50cm =0.5m.
we know that amplitude is equal to the one half of the
length of the oscillation path,
1
hence, 𝐴 = 2 (0.5) = 0.25𝑚
(e) We know, the maximum speed, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐴
or, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.904 × 0.25
or, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.476𝑚𝑠 −1
15. An air truck glider is attached to a spring. The
glider is pulled to the right and released from rest at
t= 0s. It then oscillates with a period od 2.0s and a
maximum speed of 40cm/s.
(a) What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
(b) What is the glider position at t= 0.25s?
(a) Given that, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 40𝑐𝑚/𝑠
= 0.4𝑚/𝑠
T= 2s
2𝜋 2𝜋
Angular frequency, 𝑤 = = 2 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑇

now, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐴
 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.4
or, 𝐴 = = = 0.127𝑚
𝑤 𝜋

(b) We know, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡)

or, 𝑥(𝑡) = 0.127 sin(𝜋 × 0.25)
𝜋
or, 𝑥(𝑡) = 0.127 sin 4

or, 𝑥(𝑡) = 0.090𝑚 = 9.0𝑐𝑚

16.

What are the (a) Amplitude (b) Frequency and (c)

Phase constant of the oscillation shown in fig?
(a) In this figure, we see that maximum displacement
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑚
hence, 𝐴 = 10𝑐𝑚
(b) In this graph one oscillation has completed between
1s and 3s.
So, Time period, T=(3-1)s =2s
1
hence, frequency,𝑓 = 2 = 0.5𝐻𝑧
(c) We can find the phase constant from the initial
condition 𝑥𝑜 .
For this equation,
𝑥𝑜 = 𝐴 cos ∅𝑜
𝑥
or, ∅1 = cos −1 ( 𝐴𝑜 )
5
or, ∅1 = cos −1 (− 10)
2𝜋
or, ∅1 = ± 3
2𝜋
As the particle is moving to the left. So, ∅1 = + 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
3

17.

What are the (a) Amplitude (b) Frequency and (c)

Phase constant of the oscillation shown in fig?
(a) In this figure, we see that maximum displacement
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑐𝑚
hence, 𝐴 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚
(b) In this graph one oscillation has completed between
2s and 6s.
So, Time period, T=(6-4)s =4s
1
hence, frequency,𝑓 = 4 = 0.25𝐻𝑧

(c) We can find the phase constant from the initial

condition 𝑥𝑜 .
For this equation,
𝑥𝑜 = 𝐴 cos ∅𝑜
𝑥
or, ∅1 = cos −1 ( 𝐴𝑜 )
10
or, ∅1 = cos −1 (− 20)
𝜋
or, ∅1 = ± 3
𝜋
As the particle is moving to the right. So, ∅1 = − 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

18. An object in SHM has an amplitude of 4.0cm, a

𝟐𝝅
frequency of 2.0Hz and a phase constant of 𝒓𝒂𝒅.
𝟑
Draw a potion graph showing two cycles of the
motion.
Given that, f=2hz, A=4.0cm=0.04m
2𝜋
and ∅𝑜 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3

For the initial condition, 𝑥𝑜 = 𝐴 cos ∅𝑜

 2𝜋
= 0.04 cos ( 3 )

= −2𝑐𝑚
1 1
now, Time period, 𝑇 = 𝑓 = 2 = 0.5𝑠
2𝜋 1
Hence, ∅𝑜 = = 120° means that 𝑥𝑜 starts at − 2 𝐴 and
3

its moving to the left. From the above obtained values,

we can draw the graph (position vs time).

19. An object in SHM has an amplitude of 8.0cm, a

𝝅
frequency of .25Hz and a phase constant of − 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅.
Draw a potion graph showing two cycles of the
motion.
Given that, f=0.25hz, A=8.0cm=0.08m
𝜋
and ∅𝑜 = − 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
For the initial condition, 𝑥𝑜 = 𝐴 cos ∅𝑜
 𝜋
= 0.08 cos (− 2 )

= 0𝑐𝑚
1 1
now, Time period, 𝑇 = 𝑓 = 2 = 0.5𝑠
𝜋
Here, ∅𝑜 = − 2 means that x starts from 0cm and its
moving to the right.
From the above obtained values,
we can draw the graph (position vs time).

20. An object in SHM has amplitude 4.0cm and

frequency 4.0Hz and at t=0s it passes through the
equilibrium point moving to the right. Write the
function 𝒙(𝒕) that describes the object’s position.
The position of the object is given by the equation,
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅𝑜 )
or, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + ∅𝑜 )……(i)
Initial condition, 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos ∅𝑜
 0 = 4cos ∅𝑜
∅𝑜 = cos −1 0
𝜋
∅𝑜 = ± 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
Since, the object is moving to the right. ∅𝑜 = ± 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑

In equation (i),
𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 4 cos {(2𝜋 × 4) − 2 }
𝜋
or, 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 cos {(8𝜋) − 2 }

21.Prove that, the potential energy associated

𝟏
with a mass spring system is 𝑼 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝟐
The potential energy of a mass spring system is stored
as a result of deformation of such as the stretching of
the spring. It is equal to the work done to stretch the
spring.
𝑊=𝑈
The work done for stretching spring against the
restoring force is stored as potential energy in spring.
According to Hooke’s law,
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
For the displacement of 𝑑𝑥, work done,
𝑑𝑤 = −𝐹. 𝑑𝑥
or,𝑑𝑤 = −𝑘𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
 Integrating this equation between the limit 𝑥 = 0 to
𝑥=𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
∫𝑜 𝑑𝑤 = ∫𝑜 −𝑘𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
or, 𝑊 = −𝑘 ∫𝑜 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2
or, 𝑊 = −𝑘 [ 2 ]
𝑜
1
or, 𝑊 = 𝑘𝑥 2 (neglecting -ve sign)
2
1
or, 𝑊 = 𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

22.Prove the following relations:

𝒗 = 𝒘√𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
For a particle vibrating simple harmonically, the general
equation of displacement is –
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø) ………(i)
By differentiating equation (i) w.r.t ′𝑡′, we can get the
velocity of vibrating particle,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 {𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)}
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤 cos(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)
 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√1 − {sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)}2 ……...(ii)

here, 𝜃 =𝑤𝑡 + Ø
For the above figure we can write,
𝑥
sin 𝜃 = 𝐴
𝑥
sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝐴
𝑥 2
sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 )2 = (𝐴 )

Substituting this value in equation (i),

𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√1 − (𝐴)

𝐴2 −𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√ 𝐴2

𝑣 = 𝑤√𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 …………(iii)

(𝒗 ) 𝟐
23.𝑨 = √(𝒙𝒐 )𝟐 − 𝒐
𝒘

For a particle vibrating simple harmonically, the general

equation of displacement is –
 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø) ………(i)
By differentiating equation (i) w.r.t ′𝑡′, we can get the
velocity of vibrating particle,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 {𝐴 sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)}
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤 cos(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√1 − {sin(𝑤𝑡 + Ø)}2 ……...(ii)

here, 𝜃 =𝑤𝑡 + Ø
For the above figure we can write,
𝑥
sin 𝜃 =
𝐴
𝑥
sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝐴
𝑥 2
sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 )2 = (𝐴 )

Substituting this value in equation (i),

𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√1 − ( )
𝐴

𝐴2 −𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤√ 𝐴2

𝑣 = 𝑤√𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 …………(iii)
ii) For initial phase, considering 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 and 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜
we can rewrite the equation by this way,
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑤√𝐴2 − 𝑥𝑜 2
𝑣𝑜 2 = 𝑤 2 (𝐴2 − 𝑥𝑜 2 )
𝑤 2 𝐴2 = 𝑣𝑜 2 + 𝑤 2 𝑥𝑜 2
2 2 𝑣𝑜 2
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑤2

(𝑣 ) 2
𝐴 = √(𝑥𝑜 )2 − 𝑜 𝑤
𝒃𝒕
−
24.Prove that, 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒘′ 𝒕 + Ø) is the 𝟐𝒎

solution of damped harmonic oscillation.

Equation of damped harmonic oscillation is –
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝐾
𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑥
𝑚 𝑜
=0

Auxiliary equation to solve the equation (i),

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡 ……………. (ii)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜆𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
= 𝜆2 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
Putting the values in equation (i),
𝑏 𝑘
𝜆2 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑚 𝜆𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡 + 𝑚 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡 = 0
𝑏 𝑘
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑡 (𝜆2 + 𝜆 𝑚 + 𝑚) = 0
𝑏 𝑘
𝜆2 +λ𝑚 + 𝑚 = 0……………. (iii)
 Equation (iii) is a quadric equation, so the roots of this
equation,
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑘
− ± √( ) −4( )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝜆= 2×1
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑘
− ± 2√( ) −4( )
𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚
𝜆= 2
𝑏 𝑘 𝑏 2
𝜆 = − 2𝑚 ± √(2𝑚) − 4 (𝑚)
𝑏 𝑘
Considering 𝛿 = 2𝑚 , and we know 𝑤 2 = 𝑚
So, 𝜆 = −𝛿 ± √𝛿 2 − 𝑤 2
As ′𝝀′ has two different values we can write equation
(ii) by this form,
2 −𝑤 2 )𝑡 2 −𝑤 2 )𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴1 𝑒 (−𝛿+√𝛿 + 𝐴2 𝑒 (−𝛿−√𝛿
2 −𝑤 2 )𝑡 2 −𝑤 2 )𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝛿𝑡 (𝐴1 𝑒 (√𝛿 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −(√𝛿 )….. (iv)

here, √𝛿 2 − 𝑤 2 = √(−1)2 (𝑤 2 − 𝛿 2 ) = 𝑖√𝑤 2 − 𝛿 2 = 𝑖𝑤′

where, 𝑤 ′ = √𝑤 2 − 𝛿 2
′ ′
now, 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝛿𝑡 (𝐴1 𝑒 𝑖𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔 𝑡 ) ………. (v)
′ ′𝑡
let us consider 𝑥′(𝑡) = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑖𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔
From a physical point of view only real numbered
solution are interest. To find these we have to separate
the real and imaginary parts from one another. As
already 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are complex valued constants, now we
can transform into their polar forms,
 𝐴1 = 𝐴′1 𝑒 𝑖∅1 and 𝐴2 = 𝐴′2 𝑒 𝑖∅2
here, 𝐴′1 + 𝐴′2 = 𝐴
′ ′ 𝑡)
now we can write, 𝑥′(𝑡) = 𝐴′1 𝑒 𝑖∅1 𝑒 𝑖𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐴′ 2 𝑒 𝑖∅2 𝑒 (−𝑖𝜔
′ ′ 𝑡)
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴′1 𝑒 𝑖(∅1 +𝜔 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 2 𝑒 𝑖(∅2 −𝜔
According to Euler’s formula, 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴′1 cos(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′1 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) +
𝐴′ 2 cos(∅2 − 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 2 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅2 − 𝜔′ 𝑡)
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴′1 cos(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 2 cos(∅2 − 𝜔′ 𝑡) +
𝑖{𝐴′ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅2 − 𝜔′ 𝑡)}……(vi)
We can solve this equation when the imaginary parts are
disappeared. It happens by considering,
𝐴′1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅2 − 𝜔′ 𝑡) = 0
or, 𝐴′1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) = 𝐴′ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−∅2 + 𝜔′ 𝑡)
This will be true when 𝐴′1 = 𝐴′2 and ∅1 = −∅2
then, 𝐴′1 + 𝐴′ 2 = 𝐴′1 + 𝐴′1 = 2𝐴′1 = 𝐴
From equation (vi),
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴′1 cos(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 1 cos(−∅1 − 𝜔′ 𝑡)
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴′1 cos(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡) + 𝐴′ 1 cos{−(∅1 + 𝜔′ 𝑡)}
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝐴′ 1 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + ∅1 )
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + ∅1 )
Generally, 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + ∅)
Comparing with equation (v),
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝛿𝑡 𝐴 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + ∅)
𝑏𝑡
−
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑚 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + ∅)