PRESENTED BY

SOUMI GHOSH
23460521007
Philosophy and Dualism
• Dualism is a set of views about the
relationship between mind and matter.

• Minds and bodies are often supposed to

be very different kinds of thing.

• Minds and bodies are supposed to have

very different properties.

• Minds have ideas, feelings, and can

dream, but not bodies.
Plato’(427— 347 B. C. )

• Dualism argues that mind and

body are of two different natures;
the brain is a physical substance and
the mind is a mental substance.
• Plato thought the body resided in
a world that is material, extended,
and perishable.
• The mind, he believed, resided in
an ideal world of forms that was
immaterial, non-extended, and
eternal.
Descartes- Substance dualism

A generally well known version of

dualism is attributed to René Descartes
(1641), which holds that the mind is a
nonphysical substance.

Descartes was the first to clearly

identify the mind with consciousness
and self-awareness and to distinguish
this from the brain, which was the seat
of intelligence.
Descartes – Cogito Ergo Sum… The
Argument from Doubt

“I think, therefore I am”

I can doubt that my body exists

I cannot doubt that I exist,
therefore, I am not identical with my
body.
Cartesian Dualism
•Cartesian dualism states that the
immaterial mind and the material body,
while being ontologically distinct
substances, causally interact Mental
events cause physical events, and vice-
versa.
•But this leads to a substantial problem
for Cartesian dualism; how can an
immaterial mind cause anything in a
material body and vice versa? This has
often been called the”problem of
interactionism”.
Types of Monism:
MATERIALISM
•All that exists is matter
•There are no minds or souls or
spirits
•Only physical matter exists
IDEALISM
•All that exists are minds and
ideas in minds
•Nonmetal matter is an illusion
created by the mind
•All that physical universe is
produced by the mind of god.
Different approaches to
psychology
•Behaviorists believe that psychology
should only be concerned with
"observable actions",
•Radical behaviorist believe that
mind does not exist.
•Biologists who argue that the mind
does not exist and the brain will be
ultimately be found to be mind.
•In the same way Humanists
like Carl Rogers believe that
subjective experiences are the
only way to study human
behaviour.
•They believe it is each persons
unique subjective approach to
defining reality.
•Recent research of cognitive
psychologists has placed a new
emphasis. They applied
computer analogy of Artificial
Intelligence in to this debate.
 There are a large number of views on the mind-body
problem, ranging from the superiority of the mind to beliefs
that there is nothing else apart from physical matter.
Nowadays, there are many scientific facts and hypotheses
that make the existence of something immaterial almost
impossible and, therefore, undermine the position of
dualists. Despite the argumentation that is often strong,
solutions to the mind-body problem other than materialism
do not refer to verifiable facts.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WWW.STUDY.COM
WWW.PRACTICALPIE.COM
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