The original question said 320° which is not correct.

The rest of the solution has also changed.

CIVE 140001

3. The discharge of water through a 140º bend, shown in Figure 1, is 30 litres/s. The bend is
lying in the horizontal plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200mm and
100mm respectively. The pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2, what is the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
[22 marks]
100mm

2
p = 100 kN/m
200mm o
40

Figure 1

Comment on how frictional losses might be included in the above analysis.

[3 marks]

Solution
A1= d1 / 4 = 0.0314 m2 A2= d2 / 4 = 0.00785 m2 Q = 30 / 1000 = 0.03 m3/s
u1 = Q/A1 = 0.5/0.0314 = 0.955 m/s u2 = Q/A2 = 0.5/0.00785 = 3.82 m/s p1 = 100 kN/m2 = 100 000 N/m2
Calculate the total force

FT x  Qu2 x  u1 x   Qu2 cos   u1 

In the x-direction:  1000  0.033.82 cos 140  0.955
 161.4 N
 
FT y  Q u 2 y  u1 y  Qu2 sin 
In the y-direction:  1000  0.03  3.82 sin 140
 73.7 N
Calculate the pressure force

p1 u12 p2 u22
Use Bernoulli to calculate force at exit, p2  z    z  hf
g 2 g 1 g 2 g 2
the friction loss hf can be ignored, hf=0
As the exit of the pipe is in the horizontal plane z1 = z2 so they cancel out.
By continuity, Q= u1A1 = u2A2


p2  p1 
2
u 2
2 
 u12  z1  z2 g

 100000 
1000
2

3.82 2  0.9552  0 
 93160.0N

4 Turn over
 CIVE 140001

FP  pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

FP x  p1 A1 cos 0  p2 A2 cos   p1 A1  p2 A2 cos 140

 3702 N
FP y  p1 A1 sin 0  p2 A2 sin    p2 A2 sin 50
 470 N
Calculate the body force (In horizontal plane so no body forces need be considered)

FBx  0 FBy  0
Calculate the resultant force

FT x  FR x  FP x  FB x
FT y  FR y  FP y  FB y

FR x  FT x  FP x  FB x  3818 N

FR y  FT y  FP y  FB y  543N
And the resultant force on the fluid is given by

FR  FR2 x  FR2 y  3857 N

And the direction of application is

 FR y 
  tan 1    8.1

 FR x 

the force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
R   FR

u2
b) The frictional force would be taken into account with a head loss term of the form h f  k in the Bernoulli
2g
equation. i.e.
p1 u1 p u
  z1  2  2  z2  h f
g 2 g g 2 g

5 Turn over