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cJrjzLowåKtrsKd;tpm;rsm;? owåKodkuftrsdK;tpm;rsm;ESifh &SmazGjcif; 
 

KHIN ZAW HEIN 
24 Hour Mining & Industry Co., Ltd 
7/26/2013 
 rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
1/ cJrjzLowåKtrsK;d tpm;rsm; 1
2/ cJrjzLowåKjzpfay:ykH 2
3/ cJrjzLowåKtm;prf;oyfjcif; 3
4/ cJrjzLowåKtrsK;d tpm;rsm;
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5/ owåKou
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5.1/ cJrjzLyuf*rmwdu
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5.4/ cJrjzLyavpmtenfou
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6/ cJrjzLowåKou
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7/ cJrjzLowåKou
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7.1/ jyKwx
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7.2/ ajrpmusijf cif;enf;vrf; 9
7.3/ owåKay:xGuyf ikd ;f tm;&SmazGjcif; 10
1/ cJrjzLowåKtrsK;d tpm;rsm;
cJrjzLonf toGiEf pS rf sK;d &So d nf/ tjzLa&mifojH zLonf pwk*P k pf epfEiS hf odyof nf;q 7.31 &SNd y;D ?
rGJjyma&mif oHjzLonf ukAykHpepfESifh odyfonf;q 5.75 &Sdonf/ cJrjzLtm;owå owåKpif1taejzifh
wpfcgwpf&aH wGU&SEd idk o f nf/ ,if;tm; atmufq'kd yf pHk H2 taejzifv h nf;awGU&onf/ cJrjzL½kid ;f 3 (odrYk [kw)f
cJrjzL4 onfrlvowåKjzpfonf/ oefYpifaom cJrjzLonf awmufyaom? tjzLa&mifowåK jzpfonf/
cJrjzLonfeef;qGJEdkifonf? ykHoGif;Edkifonf/ a&csdefodyfonf;q 7.3 &SdNyD;? 232 'D*&Dq,fpD&yfwGif
t&nfaysmo f nf/ tylcsed f 13.2 'D*&Dq,fp&D yfatmufü tjzLa&mifcrJ jzLrS rGjJ yma&mifcrJ jzLodaYk jymif;Ny;D
trIejYf zpfomG ;onf/ owåKacsmif;tm;auG;ñGwv f Qif uGaJ MuoHrsm;xGuaf y:onf/
wGzJ ufaom pGeyYf pfpmwGi;f xGurf sm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh "mwfajymif;aeaom *&ufepf? ovif;ESihf
vaMu;jzLwdjYk zpfMuonf/ cJrjzLonf tNzKd uef ufEiS hf trsm;qk;H wGzJ ufawGU&avh&NdS y;D armfvpf'eD rf odrYk [kwf
aiGyg&SEd ikd o
f nf/ trsm;tm;jzifh a&TEiS hf wGzJ ufavhr&S/d
cJrjzL½dkif;tm; Ekef;ajrjym;odkuf5ESifh rlvodkuf6
ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;onf tmqDepf7? aMu;eDESifh
tNzd K uf e uf t p&S d a omowå K rsm;ES i f h w G J z uf j zpf a y:onf /
Ek e f ; ajrjym;od k u f w G i f , if ; onf tD r if E d k u f 8 od k Y r [k w f
wd k i f a weD , rf y g0if a omoH o wå K ½d k i f ; ? rd k e mZd k u f 9? a*:rd w f 10 ?
Oóz,m;? r[l&m ESifhvnf;wGJzufawGU&onf/ cJrjzLowåKom;
Reverberatory furnance
yg0ifEeI ;f tm; ajrom;wpfuAk udu k w f iG f yg0ifaomowåKaygifcsed f11
jzifhazmfjyonf/ cJrjzL½kdif;12wGif cJrjzLonf 70%cefYyg0ifonf/
Ekef;ajrjym;odkufwGif xkwfvkyfonfh cJrjzLonf tDrifEdkuf? tNzdKufeufESifh oHvkdufowåKrsm;13jzifh
wGzJ ufjzpfay:aeygu tDvufx½dk ruf*eufwpfpya&wm14? &Sw d uf ifawb,f15rsm;jzifh cJrjzL yg0ifrt I m;
70%ESifhtxuf oefYpifEkdifonf/ cJrjzL½dkif;tm;oefYpifjcif;vkyfaqmifygu atmufqD*siftm;
z,f&Sm;&efom usKdcsuf&onf/ ukwfausmufrD;aoG;? xif;rD;aoG;rsm; xnfhoGif;onf/ odkYaomf oHESifh
pDvu D mwdo Yk nf oHjzLudk acsmx f oJ Ykd ygoGm;apojzifh owåK&nf pD;xGuaf p&ef aocsmpGm vkyaf qmif&Ny;D
acsmrf sm;tm;vnf; jyefusK&d onf/ owåK&nftm; cGx J wk Nf y;D avESirhf w I íf oefpY ifay;&onf odrYk [kwf
vQyfppfenf;jzifh oefYpifay;&onf/ ,if;uJhodkY oefYpifNyD;aom cJrjzLowåKrsm;tm;xyfrHí
&DAm;AD&wfx&Dzm;aeY16 enf;jzihf 99.2%rS 99.9%txdoefpY ifEikd o f nf/
cJrjzLtm;t"dutm;jzifh oHjzLjym;17rsm;xkwfvkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/ pnfoGyfbl;? EdkYqDbl;
rsm;jyKvyk &f mwGif zke;f tkyx f m;onft h ay:,HtvTmtjzpftok;H jyKonf/ *a[acsmif;? pufb,f,m&if?
ykHESdyfvkyfief;okH;owåKrsm;? aMu;ndK? aoewf? acgif;avmif;tp&SdonfwdkY xkwfvkyf&mwGif
owåKpyftaejzifhxnfhoGif;tokH;jyKonf/ cJrjzLqm;18tm;tusÐwHqdyf½dkuf? aq;qdk;yef;½dkuf?
yd;k xnfvyk if ef; ESihf a<uxnfajrxnfvyk if ef;tp&So d nfww Ykd iG f tok;H jyKonf/
cJrjzLESppf Ofxw k vf yk rf o
I nf ysr;f rQjcif; wefcsed f 160,000 txufwiG &f o dS nf/ 1959 ckEpS w f iG f
rav;&Sm;? w½kwf? bdkvD;bD;,m;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwdkYonf cJrjzLxkwfvkyfonfh
xdyw f ef;Ekid if rH sm;jzpfonf/ uGe*f ?kd xdik ;f ? Edu k *f s;D &D;,m? Mopaw;vs? awmiftmz&du? uGe0f ,fEiS hf
1 native element 2 oxide form 3 cassiterite 4 tin stone 5 alluvial 6 lode 7 arsenic
8 ilmenite 9 monazite 10 zircon 11 lb/yd3 12 cassiterite 13 magnetic minerals 14 electromagnetic-
seperator 15 shaking table 16 reveratory furnance 17 tinplate 18 salt of tins
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twGut f a&;ygaom owåKjzpfonf/ ESppf Of urÇmch rJ jzLxkwv f yk rf \ I ig;ykw
H pfytHk m; tar&duefEikd if rH S
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tokH;jyKonf/ cJrjzLusKdcsufonfhpufrsm;tm; rav;&Sm;? t*Fvef? w½kwf? ½k&Sm;? tar&duefESifh
a[mfvefwrYkd x S w k v
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2/ cJrjzLowåKjzpfay:ykH
cJrjzLowåKou kd rf sm;rSm o,faqmifycYkd sou kd ?f taMumxkou dk ?f
tuf a Mumif ; taMumod k u f E S i f h jyef Y u sJ p G m tpm;xd k ; od k u f r sm;
jzpfMuonf/
taMumodu k rf sm;xJü tylcsed jf rifah om wGi;f xGurf sm;yg&SNd y;D
¤if;wdkYonf pDvDum<u,faom *&ufepfrsm;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyf
wGzJ ufaeavh&&dS m ¤if;\ rD;oifah usmuf&nfyu l efBu;D rS a&ylrsm;u
o,f a qmif v mcJ h M uonf [ k ,l q Muonf / cJ r jzLonf
ausmuf&nfyluefrS oHjzLzvdk½dkuf odkYr[kwf [dkuf'½dk*sifuvdk½dkuf
taiGUtjzpf o,faqmifjcif;cH&NyD; a&ESifh "mwfjyKaomtcg
[dkuf'½dk*sifzvdk½dk'f odkYr[kwf [dkuf'½dk*sifuvdk½dkufxkwfvTwfí
cJrjzLjzpfay:aMumif;,lqcJhonf// *&ufepfausmufeH&Hrsm;rS
tufqpf"mwfaiGUrsm;\ "mwfjyKrIaMumifh vaMu;jzL? ovif;ESifh
xyfw&m? Oóz,m;ausmuf½dkif;rsm;tjzpfodkYajymif;oGm;onf/
wG J z uf y g&S d a om zvd k & if ; ygonf h Oóz,m;ausmuf ½ d k i f ; ES i f h
zvd k ½ d k u f w d k Y r S m jzpf a y:rI \ ouf a orsm; jzpf M uaomf v nf ;
þtaMumif;t&mrSm ,lqcsufomjzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSm a&ylaqmif
odkufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/
owå K aMumxk E S i f h taMumrsm;xJ & S d cJ r jzLonf
"mwf o abmt& cH E d k i f & nf & S d o jzif h rl v ausmuf a y:wG i f
<uif;usefodkuftjzpfwnf&Sdonf/ tcsKdUrSm awmifatmufodkY
avQmusojzifh awmifaMumpk? awmifajcpkodkufrsm; jzpfay:onf/
tcsKd UrSm eD;&mawmifMum;rsm;odYk o,faqmifomG ;Ny;D ydcYk sjcif;cH&um
tay:rSm ajrEkrsm;zk;H oGm;onf/ oufaESmif;uyf ajrvTmedru hf sraI Mumifh
xkdowåKodkufrsm;rSm yifv,fa&atmufodkY epfjrKyfoGm;Muojzifh
&SmazGq,f,Ml uonf/
oH j zLowå K ½d k i f ; trsm;pk u d k o,f a qmif y d k Y c sod k u f r sm;rS
wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ cJrjzLowå½dkif;rsm;onf *&ufepfrsm;\ a&aiGU
a&ylausausmufx&H1tzGUJ tpnf;ESihf wGzJ ufaeMuonf/
cJrjzLESifhowåK½dkif;rsm;onf *&ufepf xJüvnf;aumif;?
tuf y vd k u f * &uf e pf a usmuf x &H 2 rsm;xJ ü vnf ; aumif ; ?
yuf*rmwdu k f3 rsm;xJüvnf;aumif;? *½dik Zf if4 xJüvnf;aumif;? ovif;taMumrsm;xJüvnf;aumif;?
tufaMumif;rsm;udk jznfí h vnf;aumif; jzpfay:Muonf/
1 dyke 2 apltie granite dyke 3 pegmatite 4 greisen

-2-
 cJ r jzLwG i f ; xG u f o d k u f j zpf a y:rI o nf wpf c gwpf & H
ysuaf wmif;ysuaf wmif;jzpfay:aeNy;D rMumcP tNyKd ijf zpfay:aejcif;
odrYk [kwf taMumrsm;onf tpkv H udk f wpfcuk wkd pfck jzwfaejcif;rsm;ESihf
rSeb f v
D ;l ck;H ykrH sm;? taMum`rmT rsm;jzpfaeum txlrmS vnf; ½kww f &uf
tajymif ; tvJ r sm;onf / td r f c H a usmuf E S i f h xd a wG U Zk e f w G i f
vacs;jzL?vacs;ndK1EIwfcrf;om;rsm;?*½d *½dkifZifZkH2 rsm; jzpfay:jcif;
wdkYaMumifhxifxif&Sm;&Sm;&Sdonf/ tdrfcHausmufxJodkY *&ufepf
wdk;0if&mwGif txl;ojzifh wkd;0ifausmufpdkif\ trdk;ydkif;ESifh
ywfywfvnf tdrfcHausmuftykdif;ü xdawGUZkefxJwGif owåK½dkif;
ygaomovif;taMumrsm; jzpfay:onf/ o,faqmifycYkd sou kd rf sm;udk
awmifajcpk? jrpfacsmif;aqmifESifh a&tdkifydkYcstenfrsm;tjzpf
awGU&onf/
cJrjzLtrsm;pkrSm *½kdifZifxJü ao;i,faom ykHaqmifcJrsm;
tjzpf jzpfay:Ny;D rMumrMum 'ufprD w D mt&G,f Zkev f u kd af exm;&Sad om
ykaH qmifcv J nf;&So d nf/ owåKqmvzd'k rf sm;onf t&efrQavmufom
yg0ifonf/

3/ cJrjzLowåKtm;prf;oyfjcif;
cJrjzL[k,lqonfh owåKrsm;tm; oGyfwkH;ay:wGifwifí
[dkuf'½dkuvkd&pftufqpftjyif; tenf;i,fjzifh avmif;csvQif
cJ r jzLrsm;tm; oG y f r sm;jzif h z k H ; tk y f o G m ;ojzif h tjzLa&mif o d k Y
ajymif;vJomG ;onf/ þenf;jzifh cJrjzL[kwrf [kwf prf;oyfEidk o f nf/

4/ cJrjzLowåKtrsK;d tpm;rsm;
cJrjzL\rlvwGif;xGufrSm atmufqdk'fcJrjzL½dkif;3 jzpfonf/
cJrjzLonf qmvzdk'f4taejzifhvnf; tenf;i,fjzpfay:onf/
,if;wdkYtxJwGif ta&;ygaom cJrjzLwGif;xGufrSm pwef;Edkuf5 ESifh
kd f6 jzpfonf/
wif;ydik ½f u
xdaYk Mumifh ta&;ygaom cJrjzLwGi;f xGurf sm;rSm t"dutm;jzifh
atmufqdk'f - uufpDw½dkuf7 ? wif;pwkef;8 (SnO2)
qmvzd'k f - pwef;Edu k f9? wif;ydik ½f u
dk f10 (Cu2 SnFeS4) wdjYk zpfonf/

4.1/ uufpw D ½duk ?f wif;pwke;f

odomxif&mS ;onft h csuf
uufpw D ½duk \f xl;jcm;csurf mS ta&mifonf teufa&mifjzpfay:aejcif;? rmqifh
jrifhjcif;? y&ifZif (odkY) yd&drpfykHpH ykHaqmifjzpfay:aejcif;wkdYjzpfonf/ tvif;jyefrIaumif;aomaMumifh
wrlx;l jcm;aom pdeaf &mifvuf11 a&mifvuftjzpfawGU&onf/
1 muscovite biotite 2 greisen zone 3 oxide cassiterite 4 sulphide 5 stannite 6 tin pyrite
7 cassieterite 8 tinstone 9 stannite 10 tin pyrite 11 adamantine

-3-
"mwfzUJG pnf;ykH1 - wif;atmifq'kd f2 (SnO2) cJrjzLyg0ifrI 78.6%
ykaH qmifpepf3 - pwk*P k f
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4

ydkif;jcm;xm;onf/ 'l;acgif;ykH7 ykHaqmifrsm;vnf; awGU&onf/

ykHaqmifcJykH? trQifykHo@mef? jyefYusJjzpfay:aeonfh taphESifh
trI e f i ,f r sm;tjzpf v nf ; aumif ; ? Ek e f ; ajrjym;od k u f w G i f
a&jzifw h ukd pf m;a&GUvsm;rIaMumifh tenf;i,fv;Hk 0ef;aom taphrsm;
taejzihv f nf;aumif; awGU&S&d onf/
ta&mif - trsm;tm;jzifh teufa&mif? tndKa&mifjzpfonf/
t0ga&mif? ta&mifrrhJ sm;taejzifv h nf;&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awGU&onf/
rS w f a &mif 8 - tjzLa&mif ( od k Y r [k w f ) rD ; ck d ; azsmh a &mif r S
tndKa&mifqefaom rSwaf &mif&o dS nf/
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a&mif v uf - rmaMumajymif v uf o nf / yk H a qmif c J o nf
trsm;tm;jzih f awmuf y ajymif v uf o nf / ta&mif & if h v Qif
teufa&miftxd&o dS nf/
tuf N yd K if 10 - uRwf q yf o nf / tenf ; i,f a csmarG U onf /
wpfcgwpf&HvkH;0 acsmarGUrIr&Sd/ qyfuGefcGdsKuf',f11 (odkYr[kwf)
teft;D Aef;12 tufNyKd iyf &Hk o dS nf/
rmqifh - 6 rS 7 txd&Sdonf
a&csed o f yd of nf;q - 6.8 rS 7.1 xd&o dS nf/
tjcm;0daoovu©Pmrsm; - tvif;jyefEeI ;f ude;f 13 jrifjh cif; (cefrY eS ;f ajc
2.0cef)Y
cJrjzLrsKd;uGJrsm; - 0k'fwif;14onfuspfvpfí twGif;ydkif;wGif
opfom;ykt H rQiyf o Hk @efrsm; jzpfay:onf/ A[dw k pl uf0ikd ;f 15 ykpH &H o
dS nf/
opfom;tvTmrsm;uJhokdY jzpfay:aejcif;aMumifh 0k'fwif;[kac:jcif; jzpfonf/ zg;rsufvkH;ykHcJ16
trsK;d tpm;rsm;vnf;&So d nf/
jzpfay:rI - cJrjzL½dkif;jzpfay:rItwGufta&;ygaom owåKodkufrsm;tm; *&ufepfwpf17ausmufrsm;?
jzpf
,if;ausmufrsm;ESihf qufpyfonfh ausmuftrsK;d tpm;18rsm;? toGiaf jymif;jcif;cH&onfh rD;oifah usmuf19
taMumrsm;wGiaf wGU&onf/ t"dutaMum20udk zvdpk yg;21? Oóz,m;? r[l&m? tufZED Y22 kd ? e*g;oGUJ wdYk
wGJzuf jzpfay:aeaom ovif;aMumrsm;wGifawGU&Sd&onf/ ¤if;wdkY wdk;0if cJzGJUjcif;cH&onfh
tdrfcHausmufonf ovif;? vacs;? r[l&m? Oóz,m;rsm;yg0ifonfh ta&mtaESmtjzpfodkY
ajymif;vJomG ;onf/ ,if;ausmufukd *½dik Zf if23[kac:onf/ rD;awmifjzpfpOf24odrYk [kwf [du k yf gabq,f25
wd\ Yk ay:z&D26 rsm;wGiv f nf;aiGEiS hf cJrjzLaMumrsm; &SmazGawGU&S&d wwfonf/ urÇmch rJ jzLxkwv f yk rf \
I
xuf0ufcefu Y kd Eke;f ajrjym;odu k rf sm;rS&&So
d nf/ rlvodu k Ef iS hf Eke;f ajrjym;odu
k f ESprf sK;d pvk;H onf pD;yGm;a&;t&
ta&;ygaomowåKou kd rf sm;jzpfonf/ rD;oifah usmuf\ rlvausmufrsm;jzpfonfh *&ufepf ESihf
1 composition 2 tin oxide 3 crystal system 4 comp. form 5 tetragoanl pyramid6 tetragoanl prism
7 knee shape 8 streak 9 lustre 10 fracture 11 subconchoidal 12 uneven
13 refractive index 14 wood tin 15 concentric band 16 toad's eye tin 17 granitic 18 allied rock
19 pneumatolytic 20 veinstone 21 fluor spar 22 axinite 23 greisen 24 volcanic origin
25 hypabysal 26 porphyry
-4-
yuf*rmwdkuf 1 wGif cJrjzL½dkif; 2 rsm;jzpfay:onf/ *&ufepfESifh xkH;ausmufrsm;
kd rf sm;3 rsm;wGiv
xdpyfaeonfah e&mwGif jzpfay:onfh xdawGUtoGiaf jymif;owåKou f nf;
cJrjzLodu
k rf sm; jzpfay:onf/

4.2/ pwef;epf4? pwef;euf5? wif;ydik ½f u kd f6 ?acgif;avmif;owåK7

"mwfzUJG pnf;ykH - cJrjzL? aMu;eD? oHEiS hf qmvzdu k w f jYkd zifzh UJG pnf;xm;onfh owåK jzpfonf/ "mwkzUJG pnf;ykrH mS
(Cu2SnFeS4)jzpfonf/ cJrjzLyg0ifrr I mS 27.5% jzpfonf/ oGyt f enf;i,fvnf;yg0ifonf/
ykaH qmifpepf - pwk*P k yf aHk qmif pepfjzpfonf? tefpmwk;H ykaH ,mifa,mif9&So
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owå K zG J U pnf ; rI y k H p H - yk H a qmif c J t aejzif h j zpf a y:jcif ; rS m &S m ;yg;onf / xk v d k u f 10 ? taph y k H 11 ES i f h
jyefu J wåK12rsm;taejzifjh zpfay:jcif;rsm;onf/
Y so
ykaH qmiftavhtx - *&ufepfausmufrsm;xJwiG f taphy13 Hk ? xkvudk 14f yko
H @efrsm;jzpfay:onf/ >cif;csuf
taejzifh ao;i,faom yd&rpfyrHk sm;vnf;jzpfay:onf/
ta&mif - oefYpifxm;aomcJrjzLonf rD;cdk;a&mifpwD;ta&mif&Sdonf/ oHtrJa&mif? aMu;ndKa&mif?
aMu;acgif;avmif;ta&mifrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ &Hzef&Hcg tjymazsmha&mif? aMu;eDydkif½dkuf 15ES i f h
a&maESmjzpfay:vQif t0ga&mif jzpfomG ;onfuv kd nf;rMumcPawGU&onf/
a&mifvuf - owåKa&mifvuf
rSwaf &mif - teufa&mif
rmqifh - 4
uGt J if - rjynfph H16 k
tufNyKd if - tuf&mMurf;17
a&cseo f yd of nf;q - 4.3rS4.5
prf;oyfjcif; - >yefyGifh18xJwGiftylay;vQif qmvzm'dkifatmufqdkuf "mwfaiGUrsm;xGufay:onf/
atmufq'D u kd Zf if;rD;awmuf19 jzift h ylay;vQif qmvzm rsm;xGuo f nf/
odomxif&mS ;onft h csuf - pwef;Edu k o f nf¤if;\oH oHacs;eufa&mif20? aMu;0ga&mifoef;aomta&mif
ESihf qmvzd'k rf sm;yg0ifro I nf pwef;Eku d f \xl;jcm;csurf sm;jzpfonf/
tjcm;cJrjzLowåKwGif;xGufrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfhvQif pwef;Edkuf awGU&Sd&rIrSmtenf;i,f&Sm;
yg;onf/ ¤if;onf qmvzdk'frsm;yg0ifaom *&ufepfausmufrsm;teD;&Sd *&ufepfausmufrsm;xJwGif
taphykHpHjzifhvnf;aumif;? a&yljyKodkuf21taMumrsm;xJwGif taMumvdkuf? xkvdkufykHo@efrsm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;jzpfay:onf/ pwef;EdkufowåKpifta&mifonf oHacs;eufa&mifjzpfaomfvnf;?
csmud k y d k i f ½ d k u f r sm;yg0if v Qif aMu;0ga&mif z uf o d k Y a jymif ; oG m ;onf / xd k Y a Mumif h p wef ; Ek d u f t m;
owåKwl;azmfolrsm;u acgif;avmif;owåK22 (odkY) wif;ydkif½dkuf[kvnf;ac:Muonf/ bdkvD;AD;,m;wGif
pwef;epfonf aiGEiS t hf wljzpfay:onfuakd wGU&Ny;D ? bd[ k ;D rD;,m;wGif *vDemESihf pzm;v½du k f23owåKrsm;
ESit hf wljzpfay:onfukd awGU&S&d onf/ pwef;epfonf aMu;eDqmvzd'k t f yk pf k xJwiG v
f nf; yg0ifonf/
24
jzpfay:rI - cJrjzLonf aMu;eDyikd ½f u kd ?f *vDem ESiv hf nf;a&maESm wGzJ ufjzpfay:onf/ rlvodu k rf sm;wGif
cJrjzLonf aiG25? aMu;eDqmvzdu k f26? caemufprd ;f 27? cJ28? oGyf29? <uyf30wdEYk iS w hf í
JG vnf;jzpfay:onf/
1 pegmatite 2 cassiterite 3 contact metamorphic deposit 4 stannine 5 stannite 6 tin pyrite
7 bell metal ore 8 tetragonal 9 appearing cubic 10 granular 11 massive 12 disseminated
13 grains 14 masses 15 copper pyrite 16 imperfect 17 uneven 18 open tube
19 oxidising flame20 iron black 21 hydrothermnal 22 bell metal ore 23 sphalerite 24 galena
25 silver 26 copper sulphide 27 antimony 28 lead 29 zinc 30bismuth
-5-
5/ owåKoku
d t
f rsK;d tpm;rsm;
j'yfzUJG pnf;rIEiS hf jzpfay:aomtajctaetay:rlwnfí cJrjzLtm; (4) rsK;d cGjJ cm;Edik o f nf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS
1 2
(1) cJrjzLyuf*rmwdu k f owåKou kd ?f (2) cJrjzL½kid ;f ovif; owåKou
kd ?f (3) cJrjzL½dik ;f qmvzdu
k f owåKoukd 3f ESihf
(4) cJrjzLyavpmtenf4owåKou kd f [lícGjJ cm;Edik o
f nf/

5.1/ cJrjzLyuf*rmwdu
k o
f wåKou
fkd f
¤if;owåKtrsK;d tpm;wGif t0gazsmah &mif z,fpygrsm; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh rD;ck;d a&mif ovif;rsm;jzifh
a&maESmjzpfay:) ESihf tpdr;f azsmah &mifvaMu;5tcsyrf sm;onf cJrjzL½kid ;f taphrsm;? &Sm;yg;aom6owåKrsm;ESihf
a&maESmjzpfay:onf/
yuf*rmwdkufowåKodkufonf ykHoP²eftwnfwusr&Sdyg/ þowåKodkuftrsKd;tpm;wGif
owåKyg0ifrI tvGeef nf;yg;onf 1 &mEIe;f \tydik ;f *Pef;rQomjzpfonf/
þowåKodkufrsm;onf *&ufepfausmufpdkifxkrsm; 7rsm;? toGifajymif;oJausmuf ESifh
&Spf8ausmufrsm;Mum;wGifjzpfay:onf/ t"durSwfom;&eftcsufrSm cJrjzLyuf*rmwdkuf trsKd;tpm;
owåKou f nf umbGe<f u,fausmuf9rsm;xJwiG f jzpfay:avhr&Syd g/ þowåKou
kd o kd o
f nf pD;yGm;a&;t&
tusK;d tjrwfjzpfxeG ;f Edik af omowåKou kd t
f rsK;d tpm; r[kwyf g/

5.2/ cJrjzL½kid ;f ovif;owåKou kd f

þowåKou kd t
f rsK;d tpm;onf tvGeu f s,uf s,jf yefjY yefY jzpfay:onf/ rD;cd;k azsmah &mif ovif;rsm;?
EdkYESpfa&mifovif;rsm;? tpdrf;azsmha&mif vaMu; vaMu;csyfrsm;ESifh rD;ckd;azsmha&mifz,fpyg10rsm;onf
þowå K od k u f t rsKd ; tpm;tm; ud k , f p m;jyKonf h w G i f ; xG u f r sm;jzpf o nf / wpf c gw&H
ta&mifazsmhOóz,m;11rsm;? a&mifpGuftrsKd;rsKd;yg0ifonfh zvdk½dkufrsm;ESifh r[l&mmrsm;yg0ifonf/
cJrjzL½dkif;ovif;owåKodkuf \ t"duoGifjyifvu©PmrSm 5 pifwDrDwmESifhatmuft&G,f&Sd
&G,af phBu;D cJrjzL½dkif; rsm;yg0ifjcif;jzpfonf/ þowåKou kd w f iG f cJrjzLowåKysUH ESyYH g0ifro
I nfnrD Qonf/
cJrjzLonf tNzdKufeuf ? rsuf&GJ 12? &Sm;yg;owåKwGif;xGuf 13rsm;ESifhvnf;wGJzufjzpfay:onf/
þowåKou kd w f iG f cJrjzLyg0ifr&I mcdik Ef eI ;f jrifrh m;onf/ owåKaMumrsm;ü cJrjzLyg0ifrrI mS wpfuAk ayvQif
0.4 rS 0.5 aygif&NdS y;D &mcdik Ef eI ;f tm;jzifh 1-8%cefyY gonf
cJrjzL½dkif;ovif;owåKodkufonf taMumodkuf14? tufaMumif;taMumodkuf15 ykHrsm;jzifh
owåKpGJ0ifrIjzpfay:onf/ ausmuftufaMumif;rsm;wpfavQmuf tjcm;a&m&mwGif;xGufrsm;jzifh
a&maESmumjzpfay:onf/
taMumowåKodkufrsm;onf t&G,ftpm;twnfwusr&Sday/ tvsm; ay 300 cefYrS 1 rdkif
ausmcf efxY &d n S wf wfNy;D ? teHwiG f vufrtenf;i,frS 10 ayceft Y xdjzpfay:wwfonf/ ,if;taMum\
ajratmufteufrmS xlonf/
tufaMumif;taMumowåKodkufonfBuD;rm;aomowåKodkufrsm;jzpfonf/ ay&maygif;rsm;pGm
&Snv f sm;Ny;D ? wpfcgwpf&H ay 300 cefY us,jf yefo Y nf/
owåKou dk of nff aMurGaeaomausmufrsm;tMum;wGif OD;wnf&mrsK;d pkjH zifh ½Iyaf xG;pGmjzpfay:onf/
owåKaMumvufwufrsm;onf vufrtenf;i,frS aytenf;i,ftxd &Snfonf/ txl 2 vufr
cefYxufrydkay/ owåKyg0ifEIef;enf;onf/ odkYaomf owåKodkuft&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;ygu 10 wefcefYrS
wefcsed f axmifcsí D yg0ifonf/
1 tin bearing pegmatite 2 cassiterite quartz 3 cassiterit sulphide ore 4 tin bearing sands 5 mica
6 rare 7 granitic masses 8 schist 9 carbonaceous 10 light grey feldspar 11 light topazes
12 beryl 13 rare metal mineral 14 vein 15 stock
-6-
5.3/ cJrjzL½dik ;f qmvzdu k f owåKou kd f
1
pdr;f jyma&mif uvd½k u kd f ? teufa&mif r[l&m? ydik ;f ½duk f2? ydik ½f w
kd u kd f3? *vD;Edu
k f4? tmpDEykd ikd ;f ½kud f5
ESihf cJrjzL½kid ;f 6atmif;0ifrsm;onf þowåKou kd \ f 0daoovu©Pmrsm;jzpfonf/ rD;cd;k &ifah &mif&o dS nfh
þowåKodkufonf cJrjzL½dkif;ovif;owåKodkuf trsKd;tpm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ cJrjzLyg0ifrIEIef;
dS nf/ cJrjzL½dik ;f qmvzdu
jrifrh m;onf/ ysr;f rQ 0.5 rS 1.5 &mckid Ef eI ;f cef&Y o k o
f wåKou kd of nf oJausmuf?
&Spaf usmuf7ESihf wpfcgwpf&H umbGe<f u,f8ausmufrsm;xJwiG f taMumodu k fEiS hf tufaMumif;taMumodu k f
9
H P²erf sm;jzifh jzpfay:onf? a,bk,stm;jzifh *&ufewGKd uf ausmufpikd x
yko f \ k teD;ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf &Hzef&cH g
EIwcf rf;om;rsm;üjzpfay:onf/ ¤if;rSwjznf;jznf;a0;uGmoGm;vQif cJrjzL½kid ;f qmvzdu k f trsK;d tpm;jzifh
tpm;xdk;oGm;onf/ *&ufepf ausmufpdkifxk\tv,fwGif cJrjzLyuf*rmwdkufowåKodkuf rsm;
tenf;i,fjzpfay:onf/

5.4/ cJrjzLyavpmtenfou kd f
yavpmtenfodkufrsm;ü oHjzLyg0ifrIrSm wpfukAayvQif 0.4 rS 0.5 aygifcefY&Sdonf/
Eke;f ajrjym;odu k wf iG f 2 lb/yd3 &Sv d Qif pD;yGm;jzpfxw k ,f rl I twGuo f ifah wmfonf/
yavpmtenfodkufwGif ausmufwkH;? ausmufcJtydkif;tprsm;onf ajrpmtuspf? tyGponfh
ykHoP²efrsm;jzifh jzpfay:aeNyD;? cJrjzLtrIefESifh taphrsm;yg0ifonf/ &Hzef&Hcg tNzdKufeuf? &SD;vkdufESifh
a&T p onf h o wå K rsm;vnf ; yg0if w wf o nf / ajrjym;od k u f o nf cJ r jzL½d k i f ; ovif ; od k u f ?
cJrjzL½dik ;f qmvzdu k o f u kd f ESihf yuf*rmwdu k fowåKou kd rf sm; wduk pf m;ajczsucf &H jcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ þowåKodkuf trsKd;tpm;onf cJrjzLowåKtajrmuftrsm;xGuf&Sdonfh trsKd;tpm;jzpfNyD;?
urÇmh cJrjzLxkwv f yk rf yI rmP\ 75 &mEIe;f tm; ,if;owåKou kd rf x
S wk v
f yk of nf/ ESppf OfcrJ jzLxkwv
f yk rf \
I
50 &mEIe;f onf ajrjym;odu k rf sm;rS xGu&f jdS cif;jzpfonf/
ajrjym;owåKou kd \ f ajrvTmzGUJ pnf;ykt H m;t"du ok;H ykid ;f cGjJ cm;Edik o
f nf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS tay:,Hz;Hk tkyf
10
ajrvTm? owåKygaomausmufp&pfjzKef;vTm (uyfvQm) Qm)tvTmESifh tdrfcHausmufvTm11wdkYjzpfonf/
tay:,HajrvTmonf &TUH qefaomoJrsm;? ausmufp&pfcrJ sm;yg&So d nf/ ,if;tvTmwGif owåKyrmPonf
pD;yGm;jzpfxkwf,lEdkifavmifatmifryg&Sdyg/ p&pfjzKef;tvTmwGif rlvodkufrS ausmufwkH;? ausmufcJ
tyd k i f ; tprsm;yg&S d o nf / þtvT m wG i f cJ r jzLwG i f ; xG u f tajrmuf t jrm;yg&S d o nf /
atmufq;Hk tvTmwGi&f o dS nfh rD;oifah usmufpikd x f tk m; tdrcf aH usmuf[k ac:onf/
tDvlAD&,f ? 'DvlAD&,f ESifh tvlAD&,f14 owåKodkufrsm; wdkufpm;acszsufjcif;cH&um
12 13

yavpmtenf ajrjym;odu k f trsK;d tpm;rsm;jzpfay:vmonf/

6/ cJrjzLowåKodu k tf m;&SmazG&rnfah e&m

cJrjzL&SmazG&mwGif yxrtcsufonf rD;oifhausmufjzpfay:rIjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm
wd;k 0ifausmufpikd xf tk em;wGif owåKp0JG ifjzpfay:Edik af om tdrcf aH usmufrsm;wnf&adS erIjzpfonf/
cJ r jzLygovif ; 15 yg0if o nf h taMumod k u f 16 ES i f h tuf a Mumif ; taMum 17 owå K od k u f
trsKd;tpm;rsm;onf *&ufepfausmufpdkifxk\ ckH;aomae&mESihf tem;ywfvnfrsm;? *&ufepf
ausmufpdkifxkem;wGifwnf&Sdonfh toGifajymif;oJausmufESifh &Spfausmufrsm;xJwGifjzpfay:onf/
1 chlorite 2 pyrite 3 pyrrhotite 4 galenite 5 arseno pyrite 6 cassiterite 7 schists
8 carbonaceous 9 granitoid 10 metal bearing gravel 11 bed rock 12 eluvial
13 deluvial 14 alluvial 15 cassiterite bearing quartzite 16 vien 17 stockwork

-7-
tcsKUd a'orsm;wGif cJrjzLonf u,fvqD,rfumbGeef w d <f u,f1 ausmufrsm;xJwiG v f nf; jzpfay:onf/
2
a,bk,stm;jzifh cJrjzLjzpfay:rIonf *&ufeufwKdG uf wd;k 0ifrrI sm;ESihf qufpyfjzpfay:onf/
taMumodkufrsm;wGif cJrjzLowåKonf tuf&mrsm;xJü OD;wnf&mrsKd;pkH? t&G,ftpm;rsKd;pkHjzifh
jzpfay:onf/ taMumodkufonf tufaMumif;taMumodkuf xuft&G,ftpm;ydkBuD;NyD; ykHoP²ef
wnfNird rf &I odS nf/ xdaYk Mumifh *&ufeufwKdG ufausmufpikd x f yk wf0ef;usi&f dS ausmufvmT rsm; wGeaYf cguf?
usKd;ysufNyD;jzpfay:vmaom ajruRHcsKdifhrsm;onf &Snfvsm;? usOf;ajrmif;pGmjzpfay:aeygu *½kwpdkuf
okH;oyfavhvm&efvdktyfygonf/ ovif;aMumrsm;? tufyvkduf3rsm;ESifh yuf*rmwkdufrsm;onf
*&ufeufwKdG urf sm;ESiw hf zJG ufíjzpfay:Ny;D ? ,if;blrad A' tajctaeonf tuf&mrsm;wGif *&ufeufwKdG uf
ausmufpikd x f w k ;kd 0ifat;cJ&ef tajctaeay;aom taetxm;jzpfonf/
ajrjym;yavpmtenfodkuf wGif cJrjzL½kdif;4 udkawGU&Sd&jcif;onf rlvodkufudk&SmazG&ef
vrf;ñTejf zpfonf/ tjyeftvSet f m;jzihf taMumowåKou kd fwiG f cJrjzL½dik ;f rsm;udak wGU&Syd gu teD;tem;wGif
ajrjym;yavpmtenfou kd frsm; &SEd ikd o
f nf/

7/ cJrjzLowåKodu
k t
f m;&SmazGenf;
cJrjzLowåKou kd t
f m; &SmazGonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm;&So
d nf/ tvG,q
f ;Hk ESihf xda&mufrt
I &Sq
d ;Hk enf;
5 6
vrf;rSm jyKwx G af rsmygvmaomausmufrsm;tm;ajc&mcHjcif; ESihf ajrpmusijf cif; enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
f u

7.1/ jyKwx f u G af rsmygvmaomausmufrsm;tm;ajc&mcHjcif;

,if;enf;onf cJrjzLowåKpGJ0ifaeonfhausmufp? ausmufersm;tm; ,if;awGU&Sdonfhae&mrS
acsmif;txufydkif;? awmifukef;txufydkif;odkY wjznf;jznf;jcif; ajc&mcHívdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ jrpf?
acsmif;vufwufrsm; qkaH omae&mrsm;wGif txl;*½kpu kd &f mS azG&rnfjzpfonf/
rD;ck;d a&mif (od)Yk EkEYd pS af &mifovif
ovif;rsm;? teufa&mif r[l&mmrsm;? pdr;f jyma&mif uvd½k u kd frsm;ESihf
tjcm; cJrjzL½k jzL½kdif;ESifhwGJzufjzpfay:aom wGif;xGufrsm;tm; jrpf? acsmif;Murf;jyifwGif awGU&Sd&vQif?
,if;ae&mrSacsmif; txufyidk ;f wpfae&m&mwGif rlvodu k f &So d nf[, k q l Ekid of nf/ ,if;wGi;f xGurf sm;
&&Sdaomae&mtm; ajrykHay:wGif wifMunhfjcif;? t&G,ftpm;tm; tMurf;zsif;okH;oyfjcif;rsm;tm;
vkyaf qmif&rnf/ cJrjzLwGi;f xGuo f nf rlvodu k rf S a0;uGmavav ¤if;\yko H P²erf mS ydrk v
kd ;Hk 0ef;onf/
rlvodu k Ef iS ehf ;D avav wGi;f xGuo f nf vk;H 0ef;rIenf;yg;Ny;D ? axmifch sK;d rsm;ydrk rkd sm;jym;avjzpfonf/
cJrjzLatmif;0ifrsm;yg&Sdonfh vkH;0ef;rIenf;yg;aom ovif;ausmufrsm;tm; acsmif;qkHwGif
awGU&S&d Ny;D txufyidk ;f acsmif;rBu;D xJwiG f owåKp0JG ifaeonfw h iG ;f xGurf sm;tm;rawGU&S&d vQif owåKrsm;onf
tjcm;acsmif;vufwufxrJ S xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ acsmif;qkrH sm;teD;&Sd vQKd apmufrsm;wGif owåKrsm;
awGU&Sd&vQifvnf;txufygenf;twkdif; &SmazG&rnfjzpfonf/ acsmif;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;csif;
tqefbufodkY wufoGm;avav owåKyg0ifrIydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; owåKrsm;\vkH;0ef;rIonf ydkrdkenf;yg;
avavjzpfonf/ wGif;xGufawGU&Sd&rIonf ½kwfw&ufaysmufuG,foGm;vQif rlvodkuftm;ausmfvGef
oGm;cJNh yjD zpfonf/ ,if;ae&mw0du k &f dS awmifapmif;rsm;tm; *½kwpdu k &f mS azG&rnfjzpfonf/

1 calcareous 2 granitoid 3 aplite 4 cassiterite 5 float tracing 6 panning

-8-
7.2/ ajrpmusijf cif;enf;vrf;
þenf;onf jyKwfxGufarsmygvmaomausmufrsm;tm;ajc&mcHjcif; enf;vrf;ESifh t"du
ausm½dk;tm;jzifh wlnDonf/ uGJjym;rIrSm þenf;onf jrpf? acsmif;rsm;twGif;&Sdajrpmrsm;xJrS
wGi;f xGut f rIeif ,frsm;udk ajc&mcH&mS azGjcif;jzpfonf/
þenf;wGif ae&ma&G;cs,jf cif;? prf;oyf&ef ajrpmerlemrsm;,ljcif;? ajrpmrsm;tm; usiMf unhjf cif;ESihf
tav;pD;erlemrsm;tm;a&G;xkwjf cif;wdv Yk yk af qmif&onf/
ae&ma&G;cs,jf cif;ESihf ajrpmerlemrsm;,laqmifjcif;tm; txl;*½kpu kd af qmif&u G &f efvt dk yfonf/
cJrjzLESihf tNzKd uef ufa&m&mowåKrsm;onf jrpf? acsmif;wavQmufv;Hk wGif rjzpfay:ay/ a&pD;oefaom
ae&mrsm;wG i f owå K tenf ; i,f o mawG U &S d E k d i f o nf / a&pD ; ½k w f w &uf aES ; aomae&mrsm;?
ausmufvmT rsm;onfa&pD;tm;uefv Y efjY zwfvQuf a&pkeb f ufopYkd u
kd af eaomae&mrsm;&Sd oJrsm;xJwiG f
rsm;aomtm;jzifah wGU&S&d wwfonf/ a&pD;onfOh ;D wnf&m ajymif;vJomG ;aomae&mrsm;? tauGUrsm;wGif
a&m&mowåKrsm; ydcYk sjzpfay:wwfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh owåK&mS azGjcif;onf erlem,l&rnfah e&ma&G;cs,jf cif;
tay:wGif rlwnfonf/
erlem,l&mwGiaf tmufygtcsurf sm;udv k ukd ef m&rnf/
1/ jrpfausmufp&pfrsm;rS erlem,lvQif tuGmta0;wpfcEk iS hf wpfck ayok;H axmifxufryko d ifah y/
2/ acsmif;urf;yg;&Sd p&pfjzKef;vTmrsm;ukd *½kpdkufavhvm&rnf/ urf;ESpfbufonf wpfckESifhwpfck
rnfrQyife;D apumrl erlem,laom ae&monf¤if;wd\ Yk Mum;wGijf zpf&rnf/
3/ erlemrsm;tm; a&wdraf omifcrHk sm;? obm0twm;tqD;rsm;&Sad omae&mrsm;ESihf jrpf0rS ;f us,o f mG ;aom
ae&mrsm; wGi, f &l rnf/
4/ jrpf\txufyikd ;f wGif ydrk *kd ½kpu kd &f mS azG&rnf/ ,if;ae&mwGif a&pD;tenf;i,fjrefaomaMumifh trIeif ,f
rsm;onf pka0;jzpfay:wwfonf/
5/ ajrpmerlemrsm;udk tdrcf aH usmufEiS hf eD;Edik o f rQ eD;eD;rS&,loifo h nf/ jrpf\a&pD;aMumif; aES;oGm;aom
ae&mrsm;wGif? tenfrsm;onf Ekef;qefvmvQif &G,faphBuD;owåKrsm; ygvmEkdifojzifh Ekef;rsm;tm;
t&nfazsmí f taotcsm aq;aMumusi, f l prf;oyfMunh&f ygrnf/
6/ jrpfurf;ab;&SdajrvTmrsm;onf wpfvTmNyD;wpfvTm zGJUpnf;jzpfay:onf/ ajrtay:,H wpfay?
wpfaycGcJ efrY pS í atmufbufyikd ;f tvTmrsm;tm; txl;*½kjyK&mS azGoifo h nf/
rdrtd ok;H jyKonfh usicf uG f t&G,t f pm;tay:wGirf w l nfNy;D vdtk yfaom tav;pD;erlemyrmPudk
&&SEd ikd &f ef ajrpmerlemrsm;udv k vHk aHk vmufaf vmuf &,l&rnf/
16 uDvkd (10 ydóm) cef&Y adS omajrpmonf 0.007-0.008 usLbpfrw D mcef&Y o dS nf/ 30-32
uDv*kd &rfcefY (18 ydóm) onf vkaH vmufonfah jrpmerlemjzpfonf/
usifcGuf1jzifh ajrpmrsm;tm;usifMunfhjcif;jzifh oJ? &THU? ausmufp&pfESifh tjcm; owåKrsm;tm;
z,fxw k Ef idk u
f m tav;pD;owåKrsm;tm;&&So d nf/
usicf u G tf m; a&ao odrYk [kwf a&pD;aES;aomacsmif;twGi;f wGiEf pS í f vIy0f ikd ;f jcif;jzifh &TUH ESihf oJrsm;
xGufoGm;rnf/ ausmufp&pfcJtydkif;tprsmtm; vufjzifhz,fxkwf&NyD;? ¤if;ausmufp&pfcJrsm;wGif
owåKatmif;0ifrsm;;yg&S?d r&Su d kd ppfaq;Munf&h rnf/
usif c G u f t m; oJ q ef a omowå K ES i f h tav;pD ; owå K rsm;usef & S d o nf t xd 0d k i f ; &rnf /
1 panning

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a&csed of yd of nf;qenf;onfh owåKtrIerf sm; ovif;? z,fpygESihf vaMu;rsm;onf owåK½idk ;f wGi;f xGurf sm;
jzpfonfh cJrjzL½kdif;1? 0lz&rfrdkuf2? r*¾eufwdkuf3? &SD;vdkuf4 a&T? tjcm;owåKrsm; ESifh owåKr[kwfonfh
wGi;f xGurf sm;jzpfonfh Oa'gif5tp&So d nfw h iG ;f xGurf sm;rS cGí
J xGuo
f mG ;rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfonf
av;aomowåKrsm;onf atmufoYkd qif;í ayghaomowåKrsm;onf tay:odw Yk ufvmNy;D tjyifbufoYkd
a&ESifhtwl xGufoGm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ ayghaom ajrpmrsm;tm;vkH;z,fxkwfNyD;vQif usifjcif;
vkyif ef;Ny;D pD;NyD jzpfonf/ aemufq;Hk use&f adS om owåKrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh r*¾eufwu kd rf sm; ygaevQif
teuf a &mif j zpf N yD ; ? aygh a omowå K rsm;vQif rD ; cd k ; a&mif & S d r nf j zpf o nf / Oa'gif r sm;ygvQif
teDa&mif&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ csdefpD;wGif;xGufrsm;udk qkH;½IH;rIrjzpfay:ap&ef ajrpmta&mifonf
rD;ckd;a&mifjzpfvQif usifjcif;udk &yfoifhonf/ xdkYaemuf wGif;xGufrsm;udk rD;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
aea&mifwiG f tajcmufveS ;f jcif;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; tajcmufc&H rnf/

7.3/ owåKay:xGuyf ikd ;f tm;&SmazGjcif;

yxrOD;pGm owåKyg0ifaom ausmuftptersm;awGU&Sd&onfh vQdKapmufi,frsm;? awmifMum;
rsm;wGif &SmazG&rnf/ owKåay:xGufydkif;&SdEdkifrnfh awmifapmif;wGif&SmazG&rnf/ awmifapmif;?
awmifuek ;f wd\Yk uGew
f rkd sO;f rsm;tvdu
k &f mS azGjcif;onf ydrk akd umif;rGeof nf/ blrad A'ynm&Sif 3 a,mufrS
6 a,mufcefYyg0ifaom tzGJUi,fonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ay 30 cefYrS ay 100 cefYtuGmta0;jzifh
vrf;avQmufí awGU&SdorQausmufwdkif;udk txl;½kpdkufavhvmjcif;rsKd;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
owåKatmif;0ifrsm;yg&Sdonfh ausmuftptersm;tm;awGU&Sd&vQif rSwfom;í ,if;ae&m&Sd
ausmufvTmrsm;tm; aphaphpyfpyf ydkufpdyfwkduf &SmazG&rnf/ owåKjzpfay:rIrsm;jym;vQif ,if;{&d,m
tus,t f 0ef;tm;wdik ;f wm&rnf/ owåKou kd \f taetxm;tm;od&EdS idk &f ef ,if;ae&mwGif vdt k yfvQif
tprf;wGi;f rsm;? ajrmif;&Snrf sm; wl;azmf&rnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh owåKay:xGuaf eonfh {&d,monf awmifxyd zf uf tcRejf yaom Bw*d yH jHk zpfaeygu
ausmufay:xGufydkif;rsm;rSm awmifapmif;wpfavQmuf odkYydkYcsavh&Sdygonf/ owåKodkufykHoP²efonf
awmifapmif;wGif av;axmifyh jHk zpfay:aeygu owåKZo Hk nf awmifapmif;wavQmuf a&jyifnt D wdik ;f
jzpfay:aeEkid o
f nf/ awmifapmif;ausmufrsm;\ {&d,mESihf t&Sno f nf owåKou kd rf sm;tm;&SmazG&mwGif
ta&;ygonf/

Compiled by
Khin Zaw Hein
24 Hour Mining & Industry Co.,Ltd

REFERENCE:
1.How to Collect Rocks and Minerals by KITAISKY
2. ROCK, FOSSILS & MINERAL OF THE WORLD
3. Elements of Mineralogy
4. OD ; vS j rif h - "mwf o wå K rsm;\taMumif ; ES i f h jref r mEk d i f i H
wGi;f xGuo
f u
kd rf sm;

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