1.

2. Selective Perception is a process by which individuals only perceive those things

they want to hear in a message while the opposing viewpoints are being ignored. With that
being said, the person perceives thing which he/she feels right without taking or viewing
the other side. Someone sees the picture in a way that he/she wanted to see such, and not
by what the actual picture is. Selective Perception can be helpful in identifying the behavior
being shown by the people in seeing things based on their personal preferences. By using
this kind of perception, people tend to forget information that contradicts their beliefs. As
a result, they will only believe their own perception and not letting others to give them
more knowledge to enhance theirs. However, this kind of perception also happens
unconsciously without exerting effort on our part. This phenomenon leads us to opinions
or positions that might be irrational and unreasonable. In our everyday lives, we tend to
create or make selective perceptions. Such can happen in simple situations or complex
circumstances.

For example, Ana used to go to the supermarket every Saturday. The first thing that
she would normally buy is fruits. Ana always pick up the ones which she thinks or knows
taste good. She makes such decision without even tasting the other fruits. In this case, Ana
made a selective perception by just looking at the fruits and not even caring about the other
fruits which may taste good also.

Another one is Ben was told by her mother that smoking is a bad habit. As a result
of such, whenever he sees someone who smokes, he tends to judge that someone as a bad
 person. This situation is a selective perception because Ben judged someone without even
knowing his/her true personality. He just based his perception on the bad habit which is the
smoking. Also, Ben did not take or view the other side of the situation, maybe there are
reasons why people tend to smoke.

Selective Perception also happens in the organization. Such influence employees

on how they must act in accordance with their management’s orders. For example,
Clarence, one of the employees in their company, was told and oriented by their boss that
the company’s bag products have the best materials used compared to others. As a result,
Clarence promoted their products to his neighborhoods by degrading other companies’
products. In this case, Clarence’s perception might be wrong because he does not know the
information of their competitors, but he chose to bad mouth them without any evidence,
just his beliefs.

As can be seen, there are several circumstances in which selective perception occurs
in our lives. We tend to make stereotypical judgments and generalize things. Also, we tend
to distort the truth to pacify our beliefs and avoid reality to take decisions easily.

3. Learning is the knowledge and skill gained by the person from experience or
teaching. It is a permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. As we
acquire learning from different circumstances, we tend to change our behavior and usual
doings. Since we have knowledge regarding such, we’ll know what the right thing is and
avoid those incorrect ones. Learning is deeper than memorization. It involves
understanding, relating ideas, making corrections, comparing prior knowledge to new ones,
and critical thinking.

Perception is defined as the process of selection, organization, and interpretation

of information or ideas coming from the environment. When we see, hear, and experience
things, we tend to create opinions about these. Such opinion will be mold, analyzed,
interpreted, and organized based on our own preference. Different people have different
thinking, beliefs, and feelings. People see things with different meanings. Such depends on
how someone takes things and his/her point of views. This is perception.
 Attribution is the process of explaining the behaviors of others. It is the process
by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. As individuals, we have
different behaviors toward someone or something. Of course, such behaviors did not arise
from nothing. There is always a reason for that. Through attribution, someone can identify
the problems and causes of someone’s behavior and may create solutions for that if
necessary.

Learnings are based on facts. We acquire learning through studying, applications,

and discovering new things. Someone cannot take away such from us, but we can share it
to them. On the other hand, perception refers to our opinions and beliefs which may be not
be based on reality. It just appeared based on how we see things and not looking deeper on
it. Since we do not know if we have the right perceptions about things, other people can
hep and influence us. Such can lead to the improvement of the viewpoint. Attribution can
be based on fact and opinions of other people. We can tell that someone behaves in a
specific way with the help of facts or true happenings. Also, people can say or explain
behaviors through their opinions about the situation.

4. Classical Conditioning

Maria, the Sales Manager of their company, motivates her subordinates too work
hard every day. Such resulted to the accomplishment of the highest sales for the year. Their
boss congratulated their team and treated them a dinner at a luxurious restaurant. Due to
that happening, the Sales Team worked really hard to achieve another goal. For the second
time, they’ve accomplished another high sale. Just like the other time, they ate together
which also strengthens their relationship with each other. Every time the Sales Team
accomplished such goal, positive outlooks were filling them even though their boss does
not know about it yet. It is because they are already anticipating the positive consequences
that will be given to them.

Operant Conditioning

Kim is a personal secretary of Mr. Garcia. Her tasks everyday are to organize
schedules, meetings, projects, report daily happenings, and contact important people in
 connection with the company. One day, Kim finished all her tasks within 8 hours. Her boss
noticed such and congratulated her by giving a performance bonus. Kim inclined herself
on a higher level of effort of finishing the tasks within shorter times hoping that her boss
will give her another performance bonus in the future.

Social Learning

James is a trainee in their factory. He has two months of training before becoming
a regular table work employee. Every morning, on his way to training room, James notices
and observes how the threads that will be used for making bags are arranged inside the box.
One time, one of his co – trainee in different department struggles in arranging the threads.
James offered help to the person and finished the task. Even though James does not belong
to a group with the task of arranging threads, he has the knowledge about such because he
saw someone do it. In this case, James acquired knowledge from others.

5. Stereotyping refers to a mistaken idea or belief people have about a specific group
which is based on how they look on the outside scenario. By just knowing the outside look
of something or someone, people’s perceptions may be untrue. Stereotyping people is a
biased judgement because we do not truly know the person. Also, by having this kind of
judgement, we infer that a person has those characteristics and abilities that we assume all
the members of the group have. In other words, we judge groups based on member’s
characteristics even though we do not know them individually and as a group. We tend to
ignore the differences between individuals. Therefore, we think things about people which
might not be true.

There are different kinds of stereotypes. Some of these are racial stereotypes,
gender profiling, and grouping of individuals. In racial stereotypes, races, cultures, and
ethnic groups are being judged by other people. If someone has a black skin color, people
will use such to degrade his/her confidence. As a result, he/she will just let other people
bully him/her and will not do anything to stop them. Gender profiling is another type of
stereotyping. In this type, men are believed to be stronger and smarter than women. If that
is the case, women will not be able to show their strengths and contributions to specific
tasks which is not a good thing. Another one is grouping of individuals. People stereotype
groups based on what they believe about them. Such can result to misconception of ideas
which will affect all the individuals or members of it.

In an organization, people must not do stereotyping. Since you are all members of
the company, all of you must help each other for the betterment of your organization. Also,
to be an effective and efficient organization, employees must avoid conflicts that may arise.
Since stereotyping leads to conflicts, people must not do such. Good communication and
relationships are important for the success of the organization so it is a must for the
employees to maintain understanding and unity.
 References

Portes, D. (2016, August 14). Do You See What I See? Selective Perception and Leadership.
Retrieved from https://www.mrgpeople.com/blog/2016/08/selective-perception

A Simple Explanation of Selective Perception for Better Understanding. Retrieved from

https://psychologenie.com/selective-perception

https://www.slideshare.net/Jann3196/learning-perception-and-attribution-99021913

Kwan, M. 10 Classical Conditioning Examples in Everyday Life. Retrieved from

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/10-classical-conditioning-examples-in-everyday-life.html

Kwan, M. Operant Conditioning Examples. Retrieved from

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/operant-conditioning-examples.html

Cherry, K. (2020, June 4). What is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work? Retrieved from

https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863#examples-of-operant-
conditioning

Cherry, K. (2019, December 1). How Social Learning Theory Works? Retrieved from

https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074

McLeod, S. (2017). Stereotypes. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/katz-

braly.html