The Nature of Inquiry and Research

Words, images, Statistics, scores,

Research observations or numerical data.
- is a systematic process of solving a objects. Qualitative Precise
problem or finding the answer to an data such as open- measurements
inquiry. ended responses, using structured
Characteristics of a Research interviews, and validated data
1. Systematic participant collection
observations, field instruments.
2. Investigation
notes, and
3. Truth Revealing reflections
4. About a certain topic/Phenomenon

ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER

Strengths
- Examined in detail
- Human experience is powerful Qualitative Quantitative
- Research framework can be quickly Researcher and Biases are lesser,
revised their biases may be almost none.
known to Interpreter of
- Interviews are not restricted to
participants in the statistical data
specific questions study, and collected.
Weaknesses participant
- Time-consuming characteristics may
- Issues of confidentiality/anonymity be known to the
- Dearth of credibility researcher
- Sometimes unaccepted by the
scientific community HOW RESULTS ARE INTERPRETED?
- Dependent on the researcher’s skills

Qualitative Quantitative
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Explore, explain, Describe, measure,
understand usually predict. Users
DEFINITION in a narrative. statistical tables
Mainly used and charts. Mainly
Qualitative Quantitative
inductive reasoning: uses deductive
To understand and To test hypothesis, conclusions can be reasoning:
interpret social reveal cause and drawn from the everything is known
interactions and effect, and to make evidence no matter before conclusions
behavior predictions how incomplete can be drawn.

Subjective Objective Research Process

“What?” “Why?” “How many?” 1. Identify the Research Problem
Theory Rest Theory 2. Review of Literature and studies
Interactive Measurable 3. Hypothesis
4. Research Design
DATA USED 5. Data Collection
6. Data Analysis
7. Finding the Conclusion
Qualitative Quantitative
8. Report Making

Types of Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
- Is highly concerned with low
participants find their experiences
meaningful
Ethnography
- Focused on getting clear
understanding of a particular cultural
group’s characteristics:
organizational set-up, internal
operation, and/or lifestyle
Case Study
- Provides an in-depth look at a
particular test subject;
- Data is collected from various
sources and compiled
- Using the details to create a bigger
conclusion
Narrative
- Simply narrates life experiences of
an individual
- Told to the researcher or from
available documents; (not to be
confused with a biography as it is a
literary genre, although may be used
for research as well)
Historical Analysis
- Uses primary documents to
understand the connection of past to
present
Grounded Theory
- Theoretical methods are developed
based on existing data; discovery of
new theories whilst studying different
other concepts
Ethics
Moral Principles that govern a person’s
behavior or the conducting of an activity.
The National Research Act was passed in
1974 and required regulations for protecting
human participants by implementing
informed consent and regular review of
research by institutional review boards
(IRBs)
Beneficence Principle
- Doing no harm to the research
participants, and second maximizing
the benefit to them while minimizing
possible harms (National
Commission, 1979)
Unethical Practices:
- Data falsification
- Data fabrication
- Unintentional plagiarism
- Intentional plagiarism
- Harmful conflict of interest
Rules to Follow in Research
1. Informed consent
- Document that notifies the
prospective participant about
the nature of your study, the
risk involved and about the
participant’s right to quit he
study at anytime
2. Deception in Research
- Lie in order to manipulate
their behavior without their
knowledge
3. Debriefing
- Gives participants the
opportunity to learn the true
purpose of the study
4. Confidentiality
- To explain how you will be
handling and storing their
data
5. Anonymity
- You will know the names and
any other personal details of
your participants but will not
 disclose this information to
others
6. Voluntary participation
7. No harm to the participants and
researchers
Chapter 1 - The Problem and Its
Background
Parts of Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Scope and Delimitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Introduction
➔ Step 1: Establishing Territory
Set the context and provide necessary
background
➔ Step 2: Establishing a Niche
Establish which space in the research field
you will fill
➔ Step 3: Occupying Niche
Relating your research to what is existing or
what is already found
Statement of the Problem
➔ Describes the problems to be
investigated usually followed by sub
problems or sub questions which
serves as a researcher's map
Scope and Delimitation
➔ State what your study covers and
what it wont
➔ Limitations of study
Significance of the Study
➔ Explain how your research output
may be directly useful to your
subject and others
➔ You can also state the possible
beneficiaries of your study
Definition of Terms
➔ Alphabetically listed words that are
important in understanding your
research. It must be stated also if
the terms are used technically or
operationally.
Writing statement of the Problem
APA CITATIONS (American Psychological
Association)
References and in-text citations
1. Publisher location not included
2. In-text citations are shortened
3. Up to 20 authors in the reference list
4. DOIs are formatted as URLs
5. Citing web pages
6. Citing ebooks
7. Contributors other than authors
https://libguides.csudh.edu/citation/apa-7#s-
lg-box-22358979
Inclusive
1. Use singular “they”
2. Be sensitive to labels
3. Appropriate level of specificity
Paper Format
● Fonts to choose from:
1. Times New Roman (12)
2. Arial (11)
3. Georgia (11)
4. Calibri (11)
5. Lucida Sans Unicode (10)
 ● No More Running Head 1. Problem Formulation
2. Literature Search
Review of Related Literature 3. Data Evaluation
Different forms of Plagiarism 4. Analysis and Interpretation
Cut and Paste Plagiarism
- Copying a text word-per-word
without property indicating that the
text was taken from another source.
Mosaic Plagiarism
- Copying a text from a source and
changing several words still in the
pattern of the sentence structure.
Misattribution Plagiarism
- Attributing the piece/reference to the
wrong author or citing an incorrect
source.
Self Plagiarism
- Duplication or replication of your
own work.

How to Write the Literature Review

Related Literature
- Serves to clarify the central concepts
of the research study.
- Include books, encyclopedias,
published journals, newspapers, and
magazines.
Literature Review
- Is a specific type of research paper
that focuses on published literature
on a given topic.
- Serves as the initial step in doing
research.
Major Variables
- The central idea of the entire
literature
Sub Variables
- Help specify which particular aspect
of the major variable is being
referred to
Indicators
- Specific information that describes
the sub variables
Stages involved in writing the literature: