Transformer

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 Transformer

• The transformer is a
device for transferring
electrical energy from
one circuit to another
without a change in
frequency.

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 History
• Principle of electromagnetic
induction (Michael Faraday &
Joseph Henry, 1831)
• Faraday was the first to publish
the results of his experiments
and thus receive credit for the
discovery.
• First type of transformer to see
wide use Faraday's experiment with
❑ induction coil (Rev. Nicholas induction between coils of wire
Callan of Maynooth College,
Ireland, 1836)

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Reasons for Use
• It is known that the efficiency of
electrical power transmission had
been improved by the use of
higher voltages.
• This is one of the main reasons
that AC has nearly entirely
replaced DC for power
transmission & distribution.
• Transformer is used for
transmission off A..C. over long
distances by stepping it up.
• The transformer accomplishes this
change in voltage without the use
of moving parts, & therein lies its
great advantage. 4
 Reasons for Use
• It reduces current for a given
power requirement, hence reduces
losses due to Joulle’s heating along
the resistance off the transmission
line.
• At the city A..C. is again stepped
down to 220V for the
consumption.
• Cost/kw is low & efficiency is high.
• No moving parts: maintenance is
simpler & cheaper, required
isolation for the extremely high
voltages obtained can more easily
be constructed.
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 Construction
• Consists of two coils having
mutual inductance & a
laminated steel core.
• Two coils are insulated from
each other.
• Others: container for
assembled core & windings;
brushing for insulating &
bringing out the terminals of
winding from the tank.
• It consists of a laminated soft
iron core.
• On which two enameled
copper wires are wound

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• The eddy current loss is minimized by
laminating the core, the laminations being
insulated from each other by a light coat of
core-plate varnish/by an oxide layer on the
surface.
• The first coil in which A.C. input is fed with
called primary winding
• Other coils across the other output supply is
taken and it is called secondary winding.

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 Construction

• Transformer oil
ASKARELS
PYROCLOR

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 Types
According to
construction
1. Core-type:
windings
surround a
considerable
part of the
core
2. Shell-type:
core surrounds
a considerable
portion of the
windings
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 Types
▪ Shell type : more prevalent than Shell-Type

core type for distribution

transformer applications
▪ Core type: more economical,
more prevalent, than shell type
for high voltage power
transformer applications at the
lower end of their voltage &
power rating ranges (</=230 kV Core-Type
or 75 MVA).
▪ At higher voltage & power
ratings, shell type transformers
tend to be more prevalent.
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 Types
▪ Shell type tends to be
preferred for extra high
voltage & higher MVA
applications because, though
more labor intensive to
manufacture, shell type
transformers are
characterized as having
inherently better
kVA-to-weight ratio, better
short-circuit strength
characteristics & higher
immunity to transit damage.
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According to
Function/Purpos Types
e
1. If a transformer
changes low
voltage A.C. into
high voltage A.C.
it is called
STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER
2. If a transformer
changes high
voltage A.C. into 3-phase step-down transformer
low voltage A.C. it
is called
STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER 12
 Basic Principle
Principle: MUTUAL
INDUCTION
According to
which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil
when current in
the neighboring
coil changes.
E= M dI/dt
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 Basic Principle
• Recall (generator): a voltage is induced in a coil
✔ by the coil moving past a magnetic field
✔ by the field poles moving past a stationary coil.
✔ Both cases, the total flux is substantially constant
✔ but there is a change in the amount of flux that
links the coil.
• Is the same principle still hold for transformer???
Coils & magnetic circuit are stationary,
but the amount of flux is continually changing.

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 Basic Principle
• Alternating current (AC)
changing with time & AC
changing the flux.
• The current through the
coil will vary in magnitude
with time & therefore,
the flux produced by this
current will also vary in
magnitude with time.

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 Basic Principle
• Any change of flux due to a current change in the
1st coil also causes a change in flux linking the 2nd
coil.
• Hence magnetic flux linked with the secondary
coil changes
• Since there is a change of flux linking the 2nd coil,
there will also be a voltage induced inn that coil.
• This voltage may then be applied to a load
connected to the 2nd coil.

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 EMF Equation
• Assumptions:
✔ Ideal two
winding
transformer
– ωinding
resistances are
negligible
– Fluxes confined
to magnetic core
– Core lose
negligible
– Core has
constant
permeability

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 EMF Equation
• Voltage of primary =V1
• Current at Primary= I1
• EMF = N1Ie
• No. of turns in Primary
= N1
• No. of turns in 2ndary =
N2
• Core flux φ follows, I
very closely.
• I & φ sinusoidal
• φ =φmax sinωt
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EMF Equation
φ =φmax
sinωt Sin (π/2-x) =
cosx

ω
=2πf

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Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)

This constant is known as voltage

transformation ratio.
(i) If N2 > N1, K >1 (Step-up)
(ii) If N2<N1, K<1 (Step-down)
For ideal transformer,
Input VA = Output VA
V1 I 1 = V 2 I 2
I2/I1 = V1/V2 = 1/K

❑ Currents are in the inverse ratio of

the voltage transformation ratio
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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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Electrical Equivalent Circuit

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 Why Transformer Rating in kVA?
• Cu loss of a transformer depends on current
• Iron loss on voltage
• Total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere
(VA) and not on phase angle between voltage &
current
• It is independent of load power factor
• P = VI cosθ = VI x power factor [θ = 0; cosθ = 1]
• That is why rating of transformers is in kVA & not
in kW.

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 Efficiency
▪In general

❖But transformer being

a highly efficient piece
of equipment
•Has very small loss
▪Impractical measure
✔Better method

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Condition for Maximum Efficiency

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Condition for Maximum Efficiency

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 All Day Efficiency
• Ordinary efficiency
• But certain transformer performance can not be
judged by this measure.
• Lighting/distributions
▪ All-day (24 hours): primary
▪ But 2ndary is light load
▪ It means that whereas core loss occurs throughout
the day, the cu loss occurs only when the
transformer is loaded
▪ )
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 All Day Efficiency
▪ Good practice: core loss very low.
▪ Cu loss less important (depends on load)
▪ The performance of such a transformer should be
judged by all-day efficiency (operational efficiency)
▪ Computed on the basis of energy consumed during a
certain time (a day-24 hours)
• Less than the commercial efficiency

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Transformer in Real World

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