Untitled 2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
*9–96. The propeller shaft of the tugboat is subjected to

the compressive force and torque shown. If the shaft has an
inner diameter of 100 mm and an outer diameter of 150 mm,
determine the principal stress at a point A located on the
outer surface.
10 kN
A
2 kN·m
Internal Loadings: Considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram of the

propeller shaft’s right segment, Fig. a,
©Fx = 0; 10 - N = 0 N = 10 kN
©Mx = 0; T - 2 = 0 T = 2 kN # m
Section Properties: The cross - sectional area and the polar moment of inertia of the
propeller shaft’s cross section are
A = p A 0.0752 - 0.052 B = 3.125p A 10 - 3 B m2
A 0.0754 - 0.054 B = 12.6953125p A 10 - 6 B m4

p
J =
2
Normal and Shear Stress: The normal stress is a contributed by axial stress only.
N 10 A 103 B
3.125p A 10 - 3 B
sA = = - = - 1.019 MPa
A
The shear stress is contributed by the torsional shear stress only.
Tc 2 A 103 B (0.075)
12.6953125p A 10 - 6 B
tA = = = 3.761 MPa
J
The state of stress at point A is represented by the element shown in Fig. b.
Construction of the Circle: sx = - 1.019 MPa, sy = 0, and txy = - 3.761 MPa.

Thus,
sx + sy -1.019 + 0
savg = = = - 0.5093 MPa
2 2
The coordinates of reference point A and the center C of the circle are
A(-1.019, - 3.761) C( - 0.5093, 0)
Thus, the radius of the circle is
R = CA = 2[- 1.019 - ( - 0.5093)]2 + (- 3.761)2 = 3.795 MPa
Using these results, the circle is shown in Fig. c.
In-Plane Principal Stress: The coordinates of reference points B and D represent s1

and s2, respectively.
s1 = - 0.5093 + 3.795 = 3.29 MPa Ans.
s2 = - 0.5093 - 3.795 = - 4.30 MPa Ans.
949
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
9–96. Continued
Orientation of the Principal Plane: Referring to the geometry of the circle, Fig. c,
tan 2 A up B 2 =
3.761
= 7.3846
1.019 - 0.5093
A up B 2 = 41.1° (clockwise) Ans.
The state of principal stresses is represented on the element shown in Fig. d.
www.elsolucionario.org
950
*9–97. The box beam is subjected to the loading shown. 1200 lb

800 lb
Determine the principal stress in the beam at points A and B.
6 in.
A A
6 in. B 8 in. B
8 in. 3 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft 5 ft
Support Reactions: As shown on FBD(a).
Internal Forces and Moment: As shown on FBD(b).
Section Properties:
(8) A 83 B - (6) A 63 B = 233.33 in4

1 1
I =
12 12
QA = QB = 0
Normal Stress: Applying the flexure formula.

My
s = -
I
- 300(12)(4)
sA = - = 61.71 psi
233.33
- 300(12)(- 3)
sB = - = - 46.29 psi
233.33
Shear Stress: Since QA = QB = 0, then tA = tB = 0.
In-Plane Principal Stress: sx = 61.71 psi, sy = 0, and txy = 0 for point A. Since no
shear stress acts on the element,
s1 = sx = 61.7 psi Ans.
s2 = sy = 0 Ans.
sx = - 46.29 psi, sy = 0, and txy = 0 for point B. Since no shear stress acts on the
element,
s1 = sy = 0 Ans.
s2 = sx = - 46.3 psi Ans.
Ans:
Point A: s1 = 61.7 psi, s2 = 0
Point B: s1 = 0, s2 = - 46.3 psi
951
9–98. The state of stress at a point is shown on the element. 60 MPa

Determine (a) the principal stresses and (b) the maximum
in-plane shear stress and average normal stress at the point.
Specify the orientation of the element in each case. 30 MPa
45 MPa
a) sx = 45 MPa sy = - 60 MPa txy = 30 MPa
sx + sy sx - sy
b + txy
2
Aa
s1, 2 = ; 2
2 2
45 - 60 45 - ( -60) 2
= ; a b + 30
2
2 A 2
s1 = 53.0 MPa s2 = - 68.0 MPa Ans.

txy 30
tan 2up = sx - sy = = 0.5714
45 - ( - 60)
2 2
up = 14.87° and - 75.13°
Use Eq. 9–1 to determine the principal plane of s1 and s2
sx + sy sx - sy
sx ¿ =
2
+
2 www.elsolucionario.org
cos 2u + txy sin 2u
u = uy = 14.87°
45 + ( -60) 45 - ( -60)
sx¿ = + cos 29.74° + 30 sin 29.74° = 53.0 MPa
2 2
Therefore, up1 = 14.9° ; up2 = - 75.1° Ans.
sx - sy
a b + txy
2 45 - ( -60) 2
Aa b + 30 = 60.5 MPa
b) tmax = 2 = 2
Ans.
in-plane A 2 2
sx + sy 45 + ( -60)
savg = = = - 7.50 MPa Ans.
2 2
(sx - sy) [45 - ( - 60)]

2 2
tan 2us = - = - = -1.75
txy 30
us = - 30.1° Ans. and 59.9° Ans.
By observation, in order to preserve equilibrium, tmax = 60.5 MPa has to act in the
direction shown in the figure.
Ans:
s1 = 53.0 MPa, s2 = - 68.0 MPa,
up1 = 14.9°, up2 = - 75.1°, tmax = 60.5 MPa,
in-plane
savg = - 7.50 MPa, us = - 30.1° and 59.9°
952
9–99. The state of stress at a point in a member is shown on 14 ksi

the element. Determine the stress components acting on the
inclined plane AB. Solve the problem using the method of
equilibrium described in Sec. 9.1. A
20 ksi
50⬚
+ Q©F = 0; sx¿ ¢A + 14 ¢A sin 50° cos 40° + 20 ¢A cos 50° cos 50° = 0
x¿
sx¿ = - 16.5 ksi Ans.
a + ©Fy¿ = 0; tx¿y¿ ¢A + 14 ¢A sin 50° sin 40° - 20 ¢A cos 50° sin 50° = 0
tx¿y¿ = 2.95 ksi Ans.
Ans:
sx¿ = - 16.5 ksi, tx¿y¿ = 2.95 ksi
953
10–1. Prove that the sum of the normal strains in

perpendicular directions is constant.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Px¿ = + cos 2u + sin 2u (1)
2 2 2
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Py¿ = - cos 2u - sin 2u (2)
2 2 2
Adding Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) yields:
Px¿ + Py¿ = Px + Py = constant (Q.E.D.)
954
10–2. The state of strain at the point has components of

Px = 200 110-62, Py = - 300 110-62, and gxy = 400(10-62. y
Use the strain-transformation equations to determine the
equivalent in-plane strains on an element oriented at an x
angle of 30° counterclockwise from the original position.
Sketch the deformed element due to these strains within
the x–y plane.
In accordance with the established sign convention,
Px = 200(10 - 6), Py = - 300(10 - 6) gxy = 400(10 - 6) u = 30°
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Px¿ = + cos 2u + sin 2u
2 2 2
= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

200 + ( -300) 200 - ( -300) 400
+ cos 60° +
2 2 2
= 248 (10 - 6) Ans.

gx¿y¿ gxy
= -a b sin 2u +
Px - Py
cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = e - C 200 - ( - 300) D sin 60° + 400 cos 60° f(10 - 6)
= - 233(10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Py¿ = - cos 2u - sin 2u
2 2 2
= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

200 + ( -300) 200 - ( - 300) 400
- cos 60° -
2 2 2
= - 348(10 - 6) Ans.
The deformed element of this equivalent state of strain is shown in Fig. a
Ans:
Px¿ = 248(10 - 6), gx¿y¿ = - 233(10 - 6),
Py¿ = - 348(10 - 6)
955
10–3. The state of strain at a point on a wrench

has components Px = 120110-62, Py = - 180110-62,
gxy = 150(10-62. Use the strain-transformation equations
to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the
maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain.
In each case specify the orientation of the element and
show how the strains deform the element within x–y plane.
Px = 120(10 - 6) Py = - 180(10 - 6) gxy = 150(10 - 6)
2 gxy 2
; Aa b + a b
Px + Py Px - Py
a) P1, 2 =
2 2 2
b d
120 + ( - 180)
= c
120 - ( -180) 2 150 2 10 - 6
;
A a b + a
2 2 2
P1 = 138(10 - 6); P2 = - 198(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of P1 and P2
gxy 150
tan 2up = = = 0.5
[120 - (- 180)]
Px - Py
up = 13.28° and - 76.72°
Use Eq. 10–5 to determine the direction of P1 and P2
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Py¿ = + cos 2u + sin 2u
2 2 2
u = up = 13.28°
sin 26.56° d10 - 6

120 + ( -180) 120 - ( - 180) 150
Py¿ = J 2
+
2
cos (26.56°) +
2
= 138(10 - 6) = P1
Therefore up1 = 13.3°; up2 = - 76.7° Ans.
gmax
in-plane Px - Py gxy 2
Aa b + a 2 b
2
b) =
2 2
= 2c + a 150 b d 10 - 6 = 335(10 - 6)
gmax
Aa b
120 - ( -180) 2 2
in-plane
Ans.
2 2
= c d 10 - 6 = - 30.0(10 - 6)
Px + Py 120 + (- 180)
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
956
10–3. Continued
Orientation of gmax
- (Px - Py) -[120 - ( - 180)]

tan 2us = = = - 2.0
gxy 150
us = - 31.7° and 58.3° Ans.
Use Eq. 10–11 to determine the sign of gmax

in-plane
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
u = us = - 31.7°
gx¿y¿ = 2 c - cos ( -63.4°) d10 - 6 = 335(10 - 6)

120 - (- 180) 150
sin ( - 63.4°) +
2 2
Ans:
P1 = 138(10 - 6), P2 = - 198(10 - 6),
up1 = 13.3°, up2 = - 76.7°,
gmax = 335(10 - 6), Pavg = - 30.0(10 - 6)
in-plane
us = - 31.7° and 58.3°
957
*10–4. The state of strain at the point on the gear tooth has y
components Px = 850110-62, Py = 480110-62, gxy =
650(10 2. Use the strain-transformation equations to
-6
determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the

In each case specify the orientation of the element and
show how the strains deform the element within the
x
x–y plane.
Px = 850(10 - 6) Py = 480(10 - 6) gxy = 650(10 - 6)
Px + Py gxy
Aa b + a
2
b
Px - Py 2
a) P1, 2 = ;
2 2 2
= c ; a 850 - 480 b + a 650 b d(10 - 6)

850 + 480 2 2
2 A 2 2
P1 = 1039(10 - 6) Ans. P2 = 291(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of P1 and P2:

gxy 650
tan 2uy =
Px - Py
=
850 # 480www.elsolucionario.org
uy = 30.18° and 120.18°
Use Eq. 10–5 to determine the direction of P1 and P2:
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
u = uy = 30.18°
Px¿ = c sin (60.35°) d (10 - 6)

850 + 480 850 - 480 650
+ cos (60.35°) +
2 2 2
= 1039(10 - 6)
Therefore, up1 = 30.2° Ans. up2 = 120° Ans.
b)
gmax
2 gxy
Aa b + a b
in-plane Px - Py 2
=
2 2 2
= 2c
850 - 480 2 + 650 2 d (10 - 6) = 748(10 - 6)
Aa b a b
gmax
in-plane Ans.
2 2
= a b (10 - 6) = 665(10 - 6)
Px + Py 850 + 480
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
958
10–4. Continued
Orientation of gmax:
- (Px - Py) - (850 - 480)

tan 2ut = =
gxy 650
ut = - 14.8° and 75.2° Ans.
Use Eq. 10–6 to determine the sign of gmax :

in-plane
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u; u = ut = - 14.8°
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ -(850 - 480) sin ( - 29.65°) + 650 cos ( -29.65°)](10 - 6) = 748(10 - 6)
959
10–5. The state of strain at the point on the gear tooth has y
the components Px = 520110-62, Py = - 760110-62, gxy =
750(10-62. Use the strain-transformation equations to
determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the
In each case specify the orientation of the element and show
how the strains deform the element within the x–y plane.
x
Px = 520(10 - 6) Py = - 760(10 - 6) gxy = - 750(10 - 6)
Px + Py 2 gxy 2
Aa b + a b
Px - Py
a) P1, 2 = ;
2 2 2
= c
520 + ( - 760)
; a 520 - ( -760) b + a - 750 b d10 - 6
2 2
2 A 2 2
P1 = 622(10 - 6); P2 = - 862(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of P1 and P2
tan 2up =
gxy
Px - Py
=
-750
[520 - ( - 760)]
= - 0.5859; up = - 15.18° and up = 74.82°
Use Eq. 10–5 to determine the direction of P1 and P2.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
u = up = - 15.18°
sin ( -30.36°) d10 - 6

520 + (- 760) 520 - ( - 760)
J
-750
Px¿ = + cos ( - 30.36°) +
2 2 2
= 622 (10 - 6) = P1
Therefore, up1 = - 15.2° and up2 = 74.8° Ans.
gmax
Px - Py 2 gxy 2
a b + a
2 b
in-plane
b) =
2 A 2
= 2c d 10 - 6 = - 1484 (10 - 6)
520 - ( -760) 2
a b + a
- 750 2
2 b
gmax
Ans.
in-plane A 2
= c d 10 - 6 = - 120 (10 - 6)
Px + Py 520 + ( -760)
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
960
10–5. Continued
Orientation of gmax :
in-plane
- (Px - Py) -[520 - ( - 760)]

tan 2us = = = 1.7067
gxy - 750
us = 29.8° and us = - 60.2° Ans.
Use Eq. 10–6 to check the sign of gmax :

in-plane
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u; u = us = 29.8°
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = 2 c - cos (59.6°) d10 - 6 = - 1484 (10 - 6)

520 - (- 760) -750
sin (59.6°) +
2 2
Ans:
P1 = 622(10 - 6), P2 = - 862(10-6),
up1 = - 15.2° and up2 = 74.8°,
gmax = - 1484(10 - 6), Pavg = - 120(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = 29.8° and -60.2°
961
10–6. A differential element on the bracket is subjected y

to plane strain that has the following components:
Px = 150110-62, Py = 200110-62, gxy = - 700(10-62. Use the
strain-transformation equations and determine the
x
equivalent in plane strains on an element oriented at an
angle of u = 60° counterclockwise from the original
position. Sketch the deformed element within the x–y plane
due to these strains.
Px = 150 (10 - 6) Py = 200 (10 - 6) gxy = - 700 (10 - 6) u = 60°
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c cos 120° + a b sin 120° d 10 - 6

150 + 200 150 - 200 - 700
+
2 2 2
= - 116 (10 - 6) Ans.

Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c
150 + 200
2
-
150 - 200
2
cos 120° - awww.elsolucionario.org
- 700
2
b sin 120° d 10 - 6
= 466 (10 - 6) Ans.
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = 2 c - sin 120° + a b cos 120° d 10 - 6 = 393 (10 - 6)

150 - 200 -700
Ans.
2 2
Ans:
Px¿ = - 116(10 - 6), Py¿ = 466(10 - 6),
gx¿y¿ = 393(10 - 6)
962
10–7. Solve Prob. 10–6 for an element oriented u = 30° y

clockwise.
Px = 150 (10 - 6) Py = 200 (10 - 6) gxy = - 700 (10 - 6) u = - 30°

Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c cos ( -60°) + a b sin ( -60°) d10 - 6

150 + 200 150 - 200 - 700
+
2 2 2
= 466 (10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c cos ( -60°) - a b sin ( -60°) d10 - 6

150 + 200 150 - 200 - 700
-
2 2 2
= - 116 (10 - 6) Ans.
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = 2 c - cos ( - 60°) d10 - 6

150 - 200 - 700
sin ( - 60°) +
2 2
= - 393(10 - 6) Ans.
Ans:
Px¿ = 466(10 - 6), Py¿ = - 116(10 - 6),
gx¿y¿ = - 393(10 - 6)
963
*10–8. The state of strain at the point on the bracket

has components Px = - 200110-62, Py = - 650110-62,
gxy ⫽ - 175110-62. Use the strain-transformation equations y
to determine the equivalent in-plane strains on an element
oriented at an angle of u = 20° counterclockwise from the
original position. Sketch the deformed element due to these
strains within the x–y plane.
x
Px = - 200(10 - 6) Py = - 650(10 - 6) gxy = - 175(10 - 6) u = 20°

Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin (40°) d(10 - 6)

- 200 + (- 650) (- 200) - ( -650) ( -175)
+ cos (40°) +
2 2 2
= - 309(10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin (40°) d(10 - 6)

- 200 + (- 650) - 200 - ( - 650) ( -175)
- cos (40°) -
2 2 2
= - 541(10 - 6) Ans.
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ -(- 200 - ( -650)) sin (40°) + ( - 175) cos (40°)](10 - 6)
= - 423(10 - 6) Ans.
964
10–9. The state of strain at the point has components of

Px = 180110-62, Py = - 120110-62, and gxy = - 100110-62.
Use the strain-transformation equations to determine
(a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum
in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. In each y
case specify the orientation of the element and show how
the strains deform the element within the x–y plane.
x
a) In accordance with the established sign convention, Px = 180(10 - 6),

Py = - 120(10 - 6) and gxy = - 100(10 - 6).
Px + Py 2 gxy 2
b + a b
Px - Py
Aa
P1, 2 = ;
2 2 2
180 + ( - 120)
c d + a
180 - ( -120) 2 -100 2
= b b r (10 )
-6
;
2 A 2 2
= A 30 ; 158.11 B (10 - 6)
P1 = 188(10 - 6) P2 = - 128(10 - 6) Ans.
gxy - 100(10 - 6)
C 180 - ( -120) D (10 - 6)
tan 2uP = = = - 0.3333
Px - Py
uP = - 9.217° and 80.78°
Substitute u = - 9.217°,
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin ( -18.43) d(10 - 6)

180 + (- 120) 180 - ( - 120) -100
+ cos ( - 18.43°) +
2 2 2
= 188(10 - 6) = P1
Thus,
(uP)1 = - 9.22° (uP)2 = 80.8° Ans.
The deformed element is shown in Fig (a).
gmax
gxy 2
b + a b
Px - Py 2
Aa
in-plane
b) 2
=
2 2
c d + a b r (10 ) = 316 A 10 B
gmax 180 - (- 120) 2 - 100 2
= b2 -6 -6
Ans.
in-plane
A 2 2
C 180 - ( - 120) D (10 - 6)

tan 2us = - a b = -c
Px - Py
s = 3
gxy - 100(10 - 6)
us = 35.78° = 35.8° and - 54.22° = - 54.2° Ans.
965
10–9. Continued
gmax
The algebraic sign for in-plane when u = 35.78°.
gx¿y¿ gxy
= -a b sin 2u +
Px - Py
cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = e - C 180 - (- 120) D sin 71.56° + ( -100) cos 71.56° f(10 - 6)
= - 316(10 - 6)
= c d (10 - 6) = 30(10 - 6)
Px + Py 180 + ( -120)
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
The deformed element for the state of maximum in-plane shear strain is shown
in Fig. b
Ans:
P1 = 188(10 - 6), P2 = - 128(10 - 6),
up1 = - 9.22°, up 2 = 80.8°,
gmax = 316(10 - 6), us = 35.8° and - 54.2°,
in-plane
Pavg = 30(10 - 6)
966
10–10. The state of strain at the point on the support

has components of Px = 350110-62, Py = 400110-62,
gxy = - 675(10-62. Use the strain-transformation equations
to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the
In each case specify the orientation of the element
and show how the strains deform the element within the
x–y plane.
a)
Px + Py 2 gxy 2
a b + a b
Px - Py
P1, 2 = ;
2 A 2 2
350 + 400 350 - 400 2 - 675 2

= ; a b + a b
2 A 2 2
P1 = 713 (10 - 6) Ans. P2 = 36.6 (10 - 6) Ans.
gxy - 675
tan 2up = =
Px - Py (350 - 400)
up1 = 133° Ans.
b)
(gx¿y¿)max gxy 2
a b + a 2 b
Px - Py 2
=
2 A 2
(gx¿y¿)max 350 - 400 2 - 675 2

= a b + a b
2 A 2 2
(gx¿y¿)max = 677(10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py 350 + 400
Pavg = = = 375 (10 - 6) Ans.
2 2
-(Px - Py) 350 - 400

tan 2us = =
gxy 675
us = - 2.12° Ans.
Ans:
(a) P1 = 713(10-6), P2 = 36.6(10 - 6), up1 = 133°
(b) gmax = 677(10 - 6), Pavg = 375(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = - 2.12°
967
10–11. The state of strain on an element has components y

Px = - 150110-62, Py = 450110-62, gxy = 200110-62. Determine
Pydy
the equivalent state of strain on an element at the same point
oriented 30° counterclockwise with respect to the original
element. Sketch the results on this element. gxy
2
dy
x
gxy Pxdx
2
dx
Strain Transformation Equations:
Px = - 150(10 - 6) Py = 450(10 - 6) gxy = 200(10 - 6) u = 30°
We obtain
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

-150 + 450 - 150 - 450 200
+ cos 60° +
2 2 2
= 86. 6(10 - 6) Ans.

gx¿y¿ gxy
= -a b sin 2u +
Px - Py
cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ -( -150 - 450) sin 60° + 200 cos 60°](10 - 6)
= 620(10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

- 150 + 450 - 150 - 450 200
- cos 60° -
2 2 2
= 213(10 - 6) Ans.
The deformed element for this state of strain is shown in Fig. a.
Ans:
Px¿ = 86.6(10 - 6), gx¿y¿ = 620(10 - 6),
Py¿ = 213(10 - 6)
968
*10–12. The state of strain on an element has components y

Px = - 400110-62, Py = 0, gxy = 150110-62. Determine the
equivalent state of strain on an element at the same point
oriented 30° clockwise with respect to the original element.
Sketch the results on this element.
gxy
dy 2
x
gxy Pxdx
2
dx
Strain Transformation Equations:
Px = - 400(10 - 6) Py = 0 gxy = 150(10 - 6) u = - 30°
We obtain
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin (-60°) d(10 - 6)

- 400 + 0 - 400 - 0 150
+ cos ( -60°) +
2 2 2
= - 365(10 - 6) Ans.
gx¿y¿ gxy
= -a b sin 2u +
Px - Py
cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ - ( -400 - 0) sin ( -60°) + 150 cos ( -60°)](10 - 6)
= - 271(10 - 6) Ans.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin ( -60°) d(10 - 6)

- 400 + 0 - 400 - 0 150
- cos ( -60°) -
2 2 2
= - 35.0(10 - 6) Ans.
The deformed element for this state of strain is shown in Fig. a.
969
10–13. The state of plane strain on an element is y

Px = - 300110-62, Py = 0, and gxy = 150110-62. Determine
the equivalent state of strain which represents (a) the
principal strains, and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain
and the associated average normal strain. Specify the
orientation of the corresponding elements for these states gxy
dy 2
of strain with respect to the original element.
x
gxy Pxdx
2
In-Plane Principal Strains: Px = - 300 A 10 - 6 B , Py = 0, and gxy = 150 A 10 - 6 B . We

dx
obtain
Px + Py Px - Py 2 gxy 2
C¢ ≤ + ¢ ≤
P1, 2 = ;
2 2 2
≤ S A 10 - 6 B
-300 + 0 - 300 - 0 2 150 2
= C ; ¢ ≤ + ¢
2 C 2 2
= ( -150 ; 167.71) A 10 - 6 B
P1 = 17.7 A 10 - 6 B P2 = - 318 A 10 - 6 B Ans.
Orientation of Principal Strain:

gxy 150 A 10 - 6 B
( -300 - 0) A 10 - 6 B
tan 2up = = = - 0.5
Px - Py
uP = - 13.28° and 76.72°
Substituting u = - 13.28° into Eq. 9-1,

Px + Py Px - Py
gxy
2 2 2
= c sin ( -26.57°) d A 10 - 6 B
-300 + 0 -300 - 0 150
+ cos ( - 26.57°) +
2 2 2
= - 318 A 10 - 6 B = P2
Thus,
A uP B 1 = 76.7° and A uP B 2 = - 13.3° Ans.
The deformed element of this state of strain is shown in Fig. a.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:

gmax
in-plane Px - Py 2 gxy 2
C¢ ≤ + ¢ ≤
=
2 2 2
a b + a b R A 10 B = 335 A 10 B
gmax - 300 - 0 2 150 2
= B2 -6 -6
Ans.
in-plane A 2 2
Orientation of the Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:

Px - Py ( - 300 - 0) A 10 - 6 B
tan 2us = - ¢ ≤ = -C S = 2
gxy 150 A 10 - 6 B
us = 31.7° and 122° Ans.
970
10–13. Continued
gmax
The algebraic sign for in-plane
when u = us = 31.7° can be obtained using
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= -¢ ≤ sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ -(- 300 - 0) sin 63.43° + 150 cos 63.43°] A 10 - 6 B
= 335 A 10 - 6 B
Average Normal Strain:
= a b A 10 - 6 B = - 150 A 10 - 6 B
Px + Py - 300 + 0
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
The deformed element for this state of strain is shown in Fig. b.
Ans:
P1 = 17.7(10 - 6), P2 = - 318(10 - 6),
up1 = 76.7° and up2 = - 13.3°,
gmax = 335(10 - 6), us = 31.7° and 122°,
in-plane
Pavg = - 150(10 - 6)
971
10–14. The state of strain at the point on a boom of an

hydraulic engine crane has components of Px = 250110-62, y x
Py = 300110-62, and gxy = - 180110-62. Use the strain-
transformation equations to determine (a) the in-plane
principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain
and average normal strain. In each case, specify the
orientation of the element and show how the strains deform
the element within the x–y plane.
a)
In-Plane Principal Strain: Applying Eq. 10–9,

gxy
b + a b
Px + Py Px - Py 2 2
Aa
P1, 2 = ;
2 2 2
a b + a b R A 10 B
250 + 300 250 - 300 2 - 180 2
= B ; -6
2 A 2 2
= 275 ; 93.41
P1 = 368 A 10 - 6 B P2 = 182 A 10 - 6 B Ans.
Orientation of Principal Strain: Applying Eq. 10–8,

gxy - 180(10 - 6)
tan 2uP = = = 3.600
Px - Py (250 - 300)(10 - 6)
uP = 37.24° and - 52.76°
Use Eq. 10–5 to determine which principal strain deforms the element in the x¿
direction with u = 37.24°.
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin 74.48° d A 10 - 6 B
250 + 300 250 - 300 - 180
+ cos 74.48° +
2 2 2
= 182 A 10 - 6 B = P2
Hence,
uP1 = - 52.8° and uP2 = 37.2° Ans.
b)
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: Applying Eq. 10–11,

g max
gxy 2
b + a b
Px - Py 2
Aa
in-plane
=
2 2 2
a b + a b R A 10 B
g 250 - 300 2 -180 2
max = 2B -6
in-plane A 2 2
= 187 A 10 - 6 B Ans.
972
10–14. Continued
Orientation of the Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: Applying Eq. 10–10,

Px - Py 250 - 300
tan 2us = - = - = - 0.2778
gxy - 180
us = - 7.76° and 82.2° Ans.

g max
The proper sign of in-plane
can be determined by substituting u = - 7.76° into Eq. 10–6.
gx¿y¿ Px - Py gxy
= - sin 2u + cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = { -[250 - 300] sin (- 15.52°) + ( -180) cos ( -15.52°)} A 10 - 6 B
= - 187 A 10 - 6 B
Normal Strain and Shear Strain: In accordance with the sign convention,
Px = 250 A 10 - 6 B Py = 300 A 10 - 6 B gxy = - 180 A 10 - 6 B
Average Normal Strain: Applying Eq. 10–12,
= c d A 10 - 6 B = 275 A 10 - 6 B
Px + Py 250 + 300
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
Ans:
P1 = 368(10 - 6), P2 = 182(10 - 6),
up1 = - 52.8° and up2 = 37.2°,
gmax = 187(10 - 6), us = -7.76° and 82.2°,
in-plane
Pavg = 275 (10 - 6)
973
*10–16. The state of strain on an element has components y

Px = -300 (10 - 6), Py = 100 (10 - 6), gxy = 150 (10-6). Determine
Pydy
the equivalent state of strain, which represents (a) the
principal strains, and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain
and the associated average normal strain. Specify the gxy
orientation of the corresponding elements for these states of 2
dy
strain with respect to the original element.
x
gxy Pxdx
2
dx
In-Plane Principal Strains: Px = - 300(10 - 6), Py = 100(10 - 6), and gxy = 150(10 - 6).
We obtain
Px + Py 2 gxy 2
a b + a b
Px - Py
P1, 2 = ;
2 A 2 2
= c d(10 - 6)
-300 + 100 - 300 - 100 2
a b + a
150 2
2 b
;
2 A 2
= (- 100 ; 213.60)(10 - 6)
P1 = 114(10 - 6) P2 = - 314(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of Principal Strains:
tan 2up =
gxy
=
150(10 - 6)
= - 0.375
Px - Py ( -300 - 100)(10 - 6)
up = - 10.28° and 79.72°
Substituting u = - 10.28° into
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
2 2 2
= c sin ( -20.56°) d(10 - 6)

- 300 + 100 - 300 - 100 150
+ cos ( - 20.56°) +
2 2 2
= - 314(10 - 6) = P2
Thus,
(up)1 = 79.7° and (up)2 = - 10.3° Ans.
The deformed element for the state of principal strain is shown in Fig. a.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:
gmax
2 gxy 2
a b + a b
in-plane Px - Py
=
2 A 2 2
= c2 d(10 - 6) = 427(10 - 6)
- 300 - 100 2
a b + a
150 2
2 b
gmax
Ans.
in-plane A 2
974
10–16. Continued
Orientation of Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:
(- 300 - 100)(10 - 6)
tan 2us = - a b = -c d(10 - 6) = 2.6667
Px - Py
gxy 150(10 - 6)
us = 34.7° and 125° Ans.
The algebraic sign for gmax when u = us = 34.7° can be determined using
in-plane
gx¿y¿ gxy
= -a b sin 2u +
Px - Py
cos 2u
2 2 2
gx¿y¿ = [ - (- 300 - 100) sin 69.44° + 150 cos 69.44°](10 - 6)
= 427(10 - 6)
Average Normal Strain:
= a b(10 - 6) = - 100(10 - 6)
Px + Py - 300 + 100
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
The deformed element for this state of maximum in-plane shear strain is shown
in Fig. b.
975
10–17. Solve part (a) of Prob. 10–3 using Mohr’s circle.
Px = 120(10 - 6) Py = - 180(10 - 6) gxy = 150(10 - 6)
A (120, 75)(10 - 6) C (- 30, 0)(10 - 6)
R = C 2[120 - (-30)]2 + (75)2 D (10 - 6)
= 167.71 (10 - 6)
P1 = (- 30 + 167.71)(10 - 6) = 138(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (- 30 - 167.71)(10 - 6) = - 198(10 - 6) Ans.
tan 2uP = a b , uP = 13.3°

75
Ans.
30 + 120
Ans:
P1 = 138(10 - 6), P2 = - 198(10 - 6), up = 13.3°
976
10–18. Solve part (b) of Prob. 10–3 using Mohr’s circle.
Px = 120(10 - 6) Py = - 180(10 - 6) gxy = 150(10 - 6)
A (120, 75)(10 - 6) C ( - 30, 0)(10 - 6)
R = C 2[120 - ( - 30)]2 + (75)2 D (10 - 6)
= 167.71 (10 - 6)
gxy
= R = 167.7(10 - 6)
2
gmax
in-plane
= 335(10 - 6) Ans.
Pavg = - 30 (10 - 6) Ans.
120 + 30
tan 2us = us = - 31.7° Ans.
75
Ans:
g max = 335(10 - 6), Pavg = - 30(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = - 31.7°
977
10–19. Solve Prob. 10–4 using Mohr’s circle.
gxy
Px = 850(10 - 6) Py = 480(10 - 6) gxy = 650(10 - 6) = 325(10 - 6)
2
A(850, 325)(10 - 6) C(665, 0)(10 - 6)
R = [2(850 - 665)2 + 3252](10 - 6) = 373.97(10 - 6)
P1 = (665 + 373.97)(10 - 6) = 1039(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (665 - 373.97)(10 - 6) = 291(10 - 6) Ans.
325
tan 2up =
850 - 665
2up = 60.35° (Mohr’s circle)
up = 30.2° Ans. (element)
gmax
in-plane
= R
2
gmax
in-plane
= 2(373.97)(10 - 6) = 748(10 - 6) Ans.
Pavg = 665(10 - 6) Ans.
2us = 90° - 2up = 29.65° (Mohr’s circle)
us = - 14.8° Ans. (element)
Ans:
P1 = 1039(10 - 6), P2 = 291(10 - 6), up = 30.2°,
gmax = 748(10 - 9), Pavg = 665(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = - 14.8°
978
*10–20. Solve Prob. 10–5 using Mohr’s circle.
gxy
a) Px = 520(10 - 6) Py = - 760(10 - 6) gxy = - 750(10 - 6) = - 375(10 - 6)
2
A(520, -375); C(- 120, 0)
R = 2(520 + 120)2 + 3752 = 741.77
P1 = 741.77 - 120 = 622(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = - 120 - 741.77 = - 862(10 - 6) Ans.
375
tan 2up1 = = 0.5859
(120 + 520)
up1 = 15.2° Ans.
gmax
b) in-plane
= 2R = 2(741.77)
gmax
in-plane
= - 1484(10 - 6) Ans.
Pavg = - 120(10 - 6) Ans.
(120 + 520)
tan 2us = = 1.7067
375
us = 29.8° Ans.
979
10–21. Solve Prob. 10–7 using Mohr’s circle.
gxy
Px = 150(10 - 6) Py = 200(10 - 6) gxy = - 700(10 - 6) = - 350(10 - 6)
2
u = - 30° 2u = - 60°
A(150, - 350); C(175, 0)
R = 2(175 - 150)2 + (- 350)2 = 350.89
Coordinates of point B:
Px¿ = 350.89 cos 34.09° + 175
= 466(10 - 6) Ans.
gx¿y¿
= - 350.89 sin 34.09°
2
gx¿y¿ = - 393(10 - 6) Ans.
Coordinates of point D:
Py¿ = 175 - 350.89 cos 34.09° www.elsolucionario.org

-6
= - 116(10 ) Ans.
Ans:
-6
Px¿ = 466(10 - 6), gx¿y¿ = - 393(10 ),
-6
Py¿ = - 116(10 )
980
10–22. The strain at point A on the bracket

has components Px = 300110-62, Py = 550110-62,
gxy = - 650110 2, Pz = 0. Determine (a) the principal
-6
strains at A in the x – y plane, (b) the maximum shear strain

in the x–y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. y
gxy A x
Px = 300(10 - 6) Py = 550(10 - 6) gxy = - 650(10 - 6) = - 325(10 - 6)
2
A(300, - 325)10 - 6 C(425, 0)10 - 6
R = C 2(425 - 300)2 + ( - 325)2 D 10 - 6 = 348.2(10 - 6)
a)
P1 = (425 + 348.2)(10 - 6) = 773(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (425 - 348.2)(10 - 6) = 76.8(10 - 6) Ans.
b)
g max
in-plane = 2R = 2(348.2)(10 - 6) = 696(10 - 6) Ans.
c)
gabs
max 773(10 - 6) gabs
= ; max = 773(10 - 6) Ans.
2 2
Ans:
(a) P1 = 773(10 - 6), P2 = 76.8(10 - 6),
(b) gmax = 696(10 - 6),
in-plane
(c) gabs = 773(10 - 6)
max
981
10–23. The strain at point A on a beam has components

Px = 450(10 - 6), Py = 825(10 - 6), gxy = 275(10 - 6), Pz = 0.
Determine (a) the principal strains at A, (b) the maximum
shear strain in the x–y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum
shear strain.
A
gxy
Px = 450(10 - 6) Py = 825(10 - 6) gxy = 275(10 - 6) = 137.5(10 - 6)
2
A(450, 137.5)10 - 6 C(637.5, 0)10 - 6
R = [2(637.5 - 450)2 + 137.52]10 - 6 = 232.51(10 - 6)
a)
P1 = (637.5 + 232.51)(10 - 6) = 870(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (637.5 - 232.51)(10 - 6) = 405(10 - 6) Ans.
b)
gmax
= 2R = 2(232.51)(10 - 6) = 465(10 - 6) Ans.
in-plane
c)
gabs
max 870(10 - 6) gabs
= ; max
= 870(10 - 6) Ans.
2 2
Ans:
(a) P1 = 870(10 - 6), P2 = 405(10 - 6),
(b) gmax = 465(10 - 6),
in-plane
(c) gabs = 870(10 - 6)

max
982
*10–24. The steel bar is subjected to the tensile load of 2 in.

500 lb. If it is 0.5 in. thick determine the three principal
strains. E = 29 (103) ksi , n = 0.3. 500 lb 500 lb
15 in.
500
sx = = 500 psi sy = 0 sz = 0
2(0.5)
1 1
Px = (s ) = (500) = 17.2414 (10 - 6)
E x 29(106)
Py = Pz = - vPx = - 0.3(17.2414)(10 - 6) = - 5.1724(10 - 6)
P1 = 17.2(10 - 6) P2, 3 = - 5.17(10 - 6) Ans.
983
10–25. The 45° strain rosette is mounted on a machine

element. The following readings are obtained from each
gauge: Pa = 650(10 - 6), Pb = - 300(10 - 6), Pc = 480(10 - 6).
Determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the a
maximum in-plane shear strain and associated average b
normal strain. In each case show the deformed element due
to these strains.
45⬚
c
45⬚
Pa = 650(10 - 6) Pb = - 300(10 - 6) Pc = 480(10 - 6)
ua = 90° ub = 135° uc = 180°
Pa = Px cos2 ua + Py sin2 ua + gxy sin ua cos ua
650(10 - 6) = Px cos2 90° + Py sin2 90° + gxy sin 90° cos 90°
Px = 650(10 - 6)
Pc = Px cos2 uc + Py sin2 uc + gxy sin uc cos uc
Py = 480(10 - 6)
Pb = Px cos2 ub + Py sin2 ub + gxy sin ub cos ub
- 300(10 - 6) = 480(10 - 6) cos2 135° + 650(10 - 6) sin2 135° + gxy sin 135° cos 135°
gxy = 1730(10 - 6)
gxy
= 865(10 - 6)
2
A(480, 865)10 - 6 C(565, 0)10 - 6
R = ( 2(565 - 480)2 + 8652)10 - 6 = 869.17(10 - 6)
a)
P1 = (565 + 869.17)10 - 6 = 1434(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (565 - 869.17)10 - 6 = - 304(10 - 6) Ans.
865
tan 2up =
565 - 480
up = - 42.19° (element)
b)
gmax
in-plane
= 2R = 2(869.17)(10 - 6) = 1738(10 - 6) Ans.
Pavg = 565(10 - 6) Ans.
2us = 90° - 2up = 5.61° (Mohr’s circle) Ans:

P1 = 1434(10 - 6), P2 = - 304(10 - 6),
us = 2.81° (element) gmax = 1738(10 - 6), Pavg = 565(10 - 6)
in-plane
984
10–26. The 60° strain rosette is attached to point A on the

surface of the support. Due to the loading the strain gauges
give a reading of Pa = 300(10 - 6), Pb = - 150 (10-6), and b c
Pc = - 450 (10 - 6). Use Mohr’s circle and determine (a) the
in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane 60⬚ 60⬚
shear strain and the associated average normal strain. x
Specify the orientation of each element that has these states a
of strain with respect to the x axis.
A
Normal and Shear Strain: With ua = 0°, ub = 60°, and uc = 120°, we have
Px = 300(10 - 6)
- 150(10 - 6) = 300(10 - 6) cos2 60° + Py sin2 60° + gxy sin 60° cos 60°
0.75Py + 0.43301gxy = - 225(10 - 6) (1)

2 2
Pc = Px cos uc + Py sin uc + gxy sin uc cos uc
- 450(10 - 6) = 300(10 - 6) cos2 120° + Py sin2 120° + gxy sin 120° cos 120°
0.75Py - 0.43301gxy = - 525(10 - 6) (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
Py = - 500(10 - 6) gxy = 346.41(10 - 6)

gxy
Construction of the Circle: Px = 300(10 - 6), Py = - 500(10 - 6), and = 173.20(10 - 6).
2
Thus
= c d (10 - 6) = - 100(10 - 6)
Px + Py 300 + ( - 500)
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
The coordinates of reference point A and center of C of the circle are
A(300, 173.20)(10 - 6) C( - 100, 0)(10 - 6)
R = CA = a2[300 - ( - 100)]2 + 173.202 b(10 - 6) = 435.89(10 - 6)
Using these results, the circle is shown in Fig. a.
In-Plane Principal Strains: The coordinates of reference points B and D represent

P1 and P2, respectively.
P1 = (- 100 + 435.89)(10 - 6) = 336(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (- 100 - 435.89)(10 - 6) = - 536(10 - 6) Ans.
985
10–26. Continued
Orientation of Principal Strain: Referring to the geometry of the circle,
173.20(10 - 6)
tan 2(up)1 = = 0.43301
(300 + 100)(10 - 6)
(up)1 = 11.7° (counterclockwise) Ans.
The deformed element for the state of principal strain is shown in Fig. b.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: The coordinates of point E represent Pavg and
gmax
in-plane
. Thus
2
gmax
in-plane
= R = (435.89)(10 - 6)
2
gmax
in-plane
= 872(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: Referring to the geometry of the

circle,
300 + 100
tan 2us = = 2.3094
173.20
us = 33.3° (clockwise) Ans.
The deformed element for the state of maximum in-plane shear strain is shown in
Fig. c.
Ans:
P1 = 336(10 - 6), P2 = - 536(10 - 6),
up1 = 11.7° (counterclockwise),
gmax = 872(10 - 6), Pavg = - 100(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = 33.3° (clockwise)
986
10–27. The strain rosette is attached at the point on the

surface of the pump. Due to the loading, the strain gauges give b
a reading of Pa = - 250(10 - 6), Pb = - 300 (10-6), and
Pc = - 200 (10 - 6). Determine (a) the in-plane principal
strains, and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain. Specify
60⬚ a
the orientation of each element that has these states of strain
xx
with respect to the x axis.
A 60⬚
Normal and Shear Strains: With ua = 0°, ub = 60°, and uc = - 60°, we have
-250(10 - 6) = Px cos2 0° + Py sin2 0° + gxy sin 0° cos 0°
Px = - 250(10 - 6)
300(10 - 6) = - 250(10 - 6) cos2 60° + Py sin2 60° + gxy sin 60° cos 60°
0.75Py + 0.43301gxy = 362.5(10 - 6) (1)
Pc = Px cos2 uc + Py sin2 uc + gxy sin uc cos uc
- 200(10 - 6) = - 250(10 - 6) cos2 ( -60°) + Py sin2 ( -60°) + gxy sin ( -60°) cos ( -60°)
0.75Py - 0.43301gxy = - 137.5(10 - 6) (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain
Py = 150(10 - 6) gxy = 577.35(10 - 6)

gxy
Construction of the Circle: Px = - 250(10 - 6), Py = 150(10 - 6), and = 288.68(10 - 6).
2
Thus
= a b(10 - 6) = - 50(10 - 6)
Px + Py - 250 + 150
Pavg = Ans.
2 2
The coordinates of reference point A and center of C of the circle are
A( - 250, 288.68)(10 - 6) C( -50, 0)(10 - 6)
R = CA = a2[ -250 - ( - 50)]2 + 288.682 b(10 - 6) = 351.19(10 - 6)
Using these results, the circle is shown in Fig. a.
In-Plane Principal Strains: The coordinates of reference points B and D represent

P1 and P2, respectively.
P1 = (- 50 + 351.19)(10 - 6) = 301(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (- 50 - 351.19)(10 - 6) = - 401(10 - 6) Ans.
987
10–27. Continued
Orientation of Principal Strain: Referring to the geometry of the circle,

288.68
tan 2(up)2 = = 1.4434
250 - 50
(up)2 = 27.6° (clockwise) Ans.

The deformed element for the state of principal strain is shown in Fig. b.
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: The coordinates of point E represent Pavg and
gmax
in-plane
. Thus
2
gmax
in-plane
= R = 351.19(10 - 6)
2
gmax
in-plane
= 702(10 - 6) Ans.
Orientation of Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain: Referring to the geometry of the

circle,
250 - 50
tan 2us = = 0.6928
288.68
us = 17.4° (counterclockwise) Ans.
The deformed element for the state of maximum in-plane shear strain is shown in
Fig. c.
Ans:
P1 = 301(10 - 6), P2 = - 401(10 - 6),
up2 = 27.6° (clockwise),
gmax = 702(10 - 6), Pavg = - 50(10 - 6),
in-plane
us = 17.4° (counterclockwise)
988
*10–28. The 60° strain rosette is mounted on a beam. The

following readings are obtained from each gauge:
Pa = 250(10 - 6), Pb = - 400 (10-6), Pc = 280(10 - 6). Deter- b
mine (a) the in-plane principal strains and their orientation, a
and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average
normal strain. In each case show the deformed element due
to these strains. 60⬚
c 60⬚ 60⬚
Pa = 250(10 - 6) Pb = - 400(10 - 6) Pc = 280(10 - 6)
ua = 60° ub = 120° uc = 180°
Pc = Px cos2 uc + Pg sin2 uc + gxy sin uc cos uc
Px = 280(10 - 6)
250(10 - 6) = 0.25Px + 0.75Py + 0.433gxy (1)
Pb = Px cos 2 ub + Py sin2 ub + gxy sin ub cos ub
- 400(10 - 6) = Px cos2 120° + Py sin 2 120° + gxy sin 120° cos 120°
- 400(10 - 6) = 0.25Px + 0.75Py - 0.433gxy (2)
Subtract Eq. (2) from Eq. (1)
650(10 - 6) = 0.866gxy
gxy = 750.56(10 - 6)
Py = - 193.33(10 - 6)
gxy
= 375.28(10 - 6)
2
A(280, 375.28)10 - 6 C(43.34, 0)10 - 6
R = ( 2(280 - 43.34)2 + 375.282)10 - 6 = 443.67(10 - 6)
a)
P1 = (43.34 + 443.67)10 - 6 = 487(10 - 6) Ans.
P2 = (43.34 - 443.67)10 - 6 = - 400(10 - 6) Ans.
375.28
tan 2up =
280 - 43.34
up = 28.89° (element)
989
10–28. Continued
b)
gmax
in-plane
= 2R = 2(443.67)(10 - 6) = 887(10 - 6) Ans.
Pavg = 43.3(10 - 6) Ans.
2us = 90° - 2uy = 32.24° (Mohr’s circle)
us = 16.12° (element)
990
10–30. For the case of plane stress, show that Hooke’s law
can be written as
1Px + nPy2, sy = 1Py + nPx2

E E
11 - n22 11 - n22
sx =
Generalized Hooke’s Law: For plane stress, sz = 0. Applying Eq. 10–18,
A s - n sy B
1
Px =
E x
nEPx = A sx - n sy B n
nEPx = n sx - n2 sy (1)
1
Py = (s - n sx)
E y
E Py = - n sx + sy (2)
Adding Eq. (1) and Eq.(2) yields.
nE Px + E Py = sy - n2 sy
A nPx + Py B
E
sy = (Q.E.D.)
1 - n2
Substituting sy into Eq. (2)
A n Px + Py B
E
E Py = - nsx +
1 - n2
E A n Px + Py B EPy
sx = 2
-
n (1 - n ) n
EnPx + EPy - EPy + EPy n2
=
n(1 - n2)
E
= (Px + n Py) (Q.E.D.)
1 - n2
991
10–31. Use Hooke’s law, Eq. 10–18, to develop the strain-

transformation equations, Eqs. 10–5 and 10–6, from the
stress-transformation equations, Eqs. 9–1 and 9–2.
Stress Transformation Equations:

sx + sy sx - sy
sx¿ = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u (1)
2 2
sx - sy
tx¿y¿ = - sin 2u + txy cos 2u (2)
2
sx + sy sx - sy
sy¿ = - cos 2u - txy sin 2u (3)
2 2
Hooke’s Law:
sx n sy
Px = - (4)
E E
- n sx sy
Py = + (5)
E E
txy = G gxy (6)
G =
E www.elsolucionario.org (7)
2(1 + n)
From Eqs. (4) and (5)

(1 - n)(sx + sy)
Px + Py = (8)
E
(1 + n)(sx - sy)
Px - Py = (9)
E
From Eqs. (6) and (7)
E
txy = g (10)
2(1 + n) xy
From Eq. (4)
sx¿ n sy¿
Px¿ = - (11)
E E
Substitute Eqs. (1) and (3) into Eq. (11)

(1 - n)(sx + sy) (1 + n)(sx - sy) (1 + n)txy sin 2u
Px¿ = + cos 2u + (12)
2E 2E E
By using Eqs. (8), (9) and (10) and substitute into Eq. (12),
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Px¿ = + cos 2u + sin 2u (Q.E.D.)
2 2 2
992
10–31. Continued
From Eq. (6).
E
tx¿y¿ = Ggx¿y¿ = g (13)
2(1 + n) x¿y¿
Substitute Eqs. (13), (6) and (9) into Eq. (2),
E E(Px - Py) E
gx¿y¿ = - sin 2u + g cos 2u
2(1 + n) 2(1 + n) 2(1 + n) xy
gx¿y¿ (Px - Py) gxy

= - sin 2u + cos 2u (Q.E.D.)
2 2 2
993
*10–32. The principal plane stresses and associated

strains in a plane at a point are s1 = 36 ksi, s2 = 16 ksi,
P1 = 1.02(10-3), P2 = 0.180(10-3). Determine the modulus
of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.
s3 = 0
1
P1 = [s - v(s2 + s3)]
E 1
1
1.02(10 - 3) = [36 - v(16)]
E
1.02(10 - 3)E = 36 - 16v (1)
1
P2 = [s - v(s1 + s3)]
E 2
1
0.180(10 - 3) = [16 - v(36)]
E
0.180(10 - 3)E = 16 - 36v (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields: www.elsolucionario.org

E = 30.7(103) ksi Ans.
v = 0.291 Ans.
994
10–33. A rod has a radius of 10 mm. If it is subjected to an

axial load of 15 N such that the axial strain in the rod is
Px = 2.75(10-6), determine the modulus of elasticity E and
the change in its diameter. n = 0.23.
15
sx = = 47.746 kPa, sy = 0, sz = 0
p(0.01)2
1
Px = [s - v(sy + sz)]
E x
1
2.75(10 - 6) = [47.746(103) - 0.23(0 + 0)]
E
E = 17.4 GPa Ans.
Py = Pz = - vPx = - 0.23(2.75)(10 - 6) = - 0.632(10 - 6)
¢d = 20(- 0.632(10 - 6)) = - 12.6(10 - 6) mm Ans.
Ans:
E = 17.4 GPa , ¢d = - 12.6(10 - 6) mm
995
10–34. The polyvinyl chloride bar is subjected to an axial

force of 900 lb. If it has the original dimensions shown
determine the change in the angle u after the load is applied. 900 lb 900 lb
3 in.
Epvc = 800 (103) psi, npvc = 0.20. u
6 in.
1 in.
900
sx = = 300 psi
3(1)
sy = 0 sz = 0
1
Px = [sx - v(sy + sz)]
E
1
= [300 - 0] = 0.375(10 - 3)
800(103)
1
Py = [s - v(sx + sz)]
E y
1
= [0 - 0.2(300 + 0)] = - 75(10 - 6)
800(103)
a¿ = 6 + 6(0.375)(10 - 3) = 6.00225 in.
b¿ = 3 + 3( - 75)(10 - 6) = 2.999775 in.
u = tan - 1 a b = 26.56505118°
3
6
u¿ = tan - 1 a b = 26.55474088°
2.999775
6.00225
¢u = u¿ - u = 26.55474088° - 26.56505118° = - 0.0103° Ans.
Ans:
¢u = - 0.0103°
996
10–35. The polyvinyl chloride bar is subjected to an axial

force of 900 lb. If it has the original dimensions shown
determine the value of Poisson’s ratio if the angle u 900 lb 900 lb
3 in.
decreases by ¢u = 0.01° after the load is applied. Epvc = u
800(103) psi.
6 in.
1 in.
900
sx = = 300 psi sy = 0 sz = 0
3(1)
1
Px = [s - vpvc (sy + sz)]
E x
1
= [300 - 0] = 0.375(10 - 3)
800(103)
1
Py = [s - vpvc (sx + sz)]
E y
1
= [0 - vpvc (300 + 0)] = - 0.375(10 - 3)vpvc
800(103)
a¿ = 6 + 6(0.375)(10 - 3) = 6.00225 in.
b¿ = 3 + 3( -0.375)(10 - 3)vpvc = 3 - 1.125(10 - 3)vpvc
u = tan - 1 a b = 26.56505118°
3
6
u¿ = 26.56505118° - 0.01° = 26.55505118°
3 - 1.125(10 - 3)vpvc
tan u¿ = 0.49978185 =
6.00225
vpvc = 0.164 Ans.
Ans:
npvc = 0.164
997
*10–36. The spherical pressure vessel has an inner 20 mm

diameter of 2 m and a thickness of 10 mm. A strain gauge
having a length of 20 mm is attached to it, and it is observed
to increase in length by 0.012 mm when the vessel is
pressurized. Determine the pressure causing this
deformation, and find the maximum in-plane shear stress,
and the absolute maximum shear stress at a point on the
outer surface of the vessel. The material is steel, for which
Est = 200 GPa and nst = 0.3.
r 1000
Normal Stresses: Since = = 100 7 10, the thin wall analysis is valid to
t 10
determine the normal stress in the wall of the spherical vessel. This is a plane stress
problem where smin = 0 since there is no load acting on the outer surface of the wall.
pr p(1000)
smax = slat = = = 50.0p (1)
2t 2(10)
Normal Strains: Applying the generalized Hooke’s Law with
= 0.600 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm
0.012
Pmax = Plat =
20
C s - n (slat + smin) D
1
Pmax =
E max
0.600 A 10 - 3 B =
1
[50.0p - 0.3 (50.0p + 0)]
200(109)
p = 3.4286 MPa = 3.43 MPa Ans.

From Eq. (1) smax = slat = 50.0(3.4286) = 171.43 MPa
Maximum In-Plane Shear (Sphere’s Surface): Mohr’s circle is simply a dot. As the
result, the state of stress is the same consisting of two normal stresses with zero
shear stress regardless of the orientation of the element.
tmax Ans.
in-plane = 0
Absolute Maximum Shear Stress:
tabs smax - smin 171.43 - 0

max = = = 85.7 MPa Ans.
2 2
998

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

*9–96. The propeller shaft of the tugboat is subjected to

Internal Loadings: Considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram of the

A = p A 0.0752 - 0.052 B = 3.125p A 10 - 3 B m2

A 0.0754 - 0.054 B = 12.6953125p A 10 - 6 B m4

The shear stress is contributed by the torsional shear stress only.

The state of stress at point A is represented by the element shown in Fig. b.

Construction of the Circle: sx = - 1.019 MPa, sy = 0, and txy = - 3.761 MPa.

A(-1.019, - 3.761) C( - 0.5093, 0)

Thus, the radius of the circle is

R = CA = 2[- 1.019 - ( - 0.5093)]2 + (- 3.761)2 = 3.795 MPa

Using these results, the circle is shown in Fig. c.

In-Plane Principal Stress: The coordinates of reference points B and D represent s1

s1 = - 0.5093 + 3.795 = 3.29 MPa Ans.

s2 = - 0.5093 - 3.795 = - 4.30 MPa Ans.

A up B 2 = 41.1° (clockwise) Ans.

The state of principal stresses is represented on the element shown in Fig. d.

*9–97. The box beam is subjected to the loading shown. 1200 lb

8 in. 3 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft 5 ft

Support Reactions: As shown on FBD(a).

Internal Forces and Moment: As shown on FBD(b).

(8) A 83 B - (6) A 63 B = 233.33 in4

Normal Stress: Applying the flexure formula.

Shear Stress: Since QA = QB = 0, then tA = tB = 0.

s1 = sx = 61.7 psi Ans.

s2 = sx = - 46.3 psi Ans.

9–98. The state of stress at a point is shown on the element. 60 MPa

a) sx = 45 MPa sy = - 60 MPa txy = 30 MPa

s1 = 53.0 MPa s2 = - 68.0 MPa Ans.

up = 14.87° and - 75.13°

Use Eq. 9–1 to determine the principal plane of s1 and s2

Therefore, up1 = 14.9° ; up2 = - 75.1° Ans.

(sx - sy) [45 - ( - 60)]

us = - 30.1° Ans. and 59.9° Ans.

9–99. The state of stress at a point in a member is shown on 14 ksi

sx¿ = - 16.5 ksi Ans.

tx¿y¿ = 2.95 ksi Ans.

10–1. Prove that the sum of the normal strains in

Adding Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) yields:

Px¿ + Py¿ = Px + Py = constant (Q.E.D.)

10–2. The state of strain at the point has components of

In accordance with the established sign convention,

Px = 200(10 - 6), Py = - 300(10 - 6) gxy = 400(10 - 6) u = 30°

= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

= 248 (10 - 6) Ans.

gx¿y¿ = e - C 200 - ( - 300) D sin 60° + 400 cos 60° f(10 - 6)

= c sin 60° d(10 - 6)

The deformed element of this equivalent state of strain is shown in Fig. a

10–3. The state of strain at a point on a wrench

Px = 120(10 - 6) Py = - 180(10 - 6) gxy = 150(10 - 6)

P1 = 138(10 - 6); P2 = - 198(10 - 6) Ans.

up = 13.28° and - 76.72°

Use Eq. 10–5 to determine the direction of P1 and P2

sin 26.56° d10 - 6

Therefore up1 = 13.3°; up2 = - 76.7° Ans.

- (Px - Py) -[120 - ( - 180)]

us = - 31.7° and 58.3° Ans.

Use Eq. 10–11 to determine the sign of gmax