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Fluid Mechanics R0 - 220316-1
Fluid Mechanics R0 - 220316-1
Fluid Mechanics R0 - 220316-1
Fluid Mechanics
ENGR. AARON JOSEPH J. PEÑANO
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Outline
10.1 Density and Pressure
10.2 Pressures in a Fluid at Rest
10.3 Buoyancy
10.4 Fluid Flow
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10.1 Density and Pressure
• Density is mass per unit volume.
• Specific Gravity is the ratio of a material to the density of water at 4.0°C (i.e. specific gravity
of aluminum is 2.7)
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10.1 Density and Pressure
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10.1 Density and Pressure
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10.1 Density and Pressure
72 9.8 / ) 705.6
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10.1 Density and Pressure
• Pressure is normal force per unit area.
• Pascal’s law: “pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every
portion of the fluid”
• Absolute pressure ‐ total pressure in a fluid
• Pgauge = Pabs – Patm
• SI unit for pressure: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 101,325 14.7
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10.1 Density and Pressure
101,325 20 2,026,500
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10.2 Pressures in a Fluid at Rest
• The pressure difference between points 1 and 2 in a static fluid of uniform density ρ (an
incompressible fluid) is proportional to the difference between the elevations y1 and y2.
• If the pressure at the surface of an incompressible liquid at rest is p0, then the pressure at a
depth h is greater by an amount ρgh.
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10.2 Pressures in a Fluid at Rest
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10.2 Pressures in a Fluid at Rest
The absolute pressure is
101,325 1000 / 9.80 / 12.0
218,925 2.16
The gauge pressure is
218,925 101,325
117,600 1.16
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10.3 Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle:
When a body is immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward buoyant force on the body
equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
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10.3 Buoyancy
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10.3 Buoyancy
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10.3 Buoyancy
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10.3 Buoyancy
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10.3 Buoyancy
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10.4 Fluid Flow
• An ideal fluid is incompressible and has no viscosity (no
internal friction).
• A flow line is the path of a fluid particle; a streamline is a
curve tangent at each point to the velocity vector at that point.
• A flow tube is a tube bounded at its sides by flow lines.
• In laminar flow, layers of fluid slide smoothly past each other.
• In turbulent flow, there is great disorder and a constantly
changing flow pattern.
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10.4 Fluid Flow
• Conservation of mass in an incompressible fluid is expressed by
the continuity equation which relates the flow speeds v1 and v2
for two cross sections A1 and A2 in a flow tube.
• The product Av equals the volume flow rate, dV/dt, the rate at
which volume crosses a section of the tube.
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10.4 Fluid Flow
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Given: ρ = 850 kg/m3 D = 8.0 cm dV/dt = 9.5 L/s
Find: (a) v = ? ṁ = ρdV/dt = ? (b) if D = 4.0 cm, v=?, dV/dt = ?
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10.4 Fluid Flow
• Bernoulli’s equation relates the pressure p, flow speed v, and elevation y for any two points,
assuming steady flow in an ideal fluid.
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10.4 Fluid Flow
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Given:
D1 = 2.0 cm p1 = 4.0 × 105 Pa
D2 = 1.0 cm h2 = 5.0m v1 = 1.5 m/s
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Given:
D1 = 2.0 cm p1 = 4.0 × 105 Pa
D2 = 1.0 cm h2 = 5.0m v1 = 1.5 m/s
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Given:
D1 = 2.0 cm p1 = 4.0 × 105 Pa
D2 = 1.0 cm h2 = 5.0m v1 = 1.5 m/s
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Reynolds Number
‐ ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is a convenient parameter for predicting if a
flow condition will be laminar or turbulent
When the viscous forces are dominant
(slow flow, low Re) they are sufficient
enough to keep all the fluid particles in
line, then the flow is laminar. Even very
low Re indicates viscous creeping motion,
where inertia effects are negligible.
When the inertial forces dominate over
the viscous forces (when the fluid is
flowing faster and Re is larger) then the
flow is turbulent.
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10.4 Fluid Flow
v
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10.4 Fluid Flow
Sample Problem
What is the Reynolds number for the flowing fluid below? Indicate whether the flow of the
fluid is laminar, transitional or turbulent.
Glycerine at 25°C flowing, in a pipe with 150 mm inside diameter, with average velocity of
18.6 m/s. Density for glycerine at this condition is 1,258 kg/m³ and viscosity is 0.960 Pa∙s.
Given: Solution: v
1,258 /
0.960 / · ·
0.150 18.6 / 1,258 /
0.150
0.960
v 18.6 / ·
3,656 Flow is transitional (2,300<Re<4,000).
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QUESTIONS?
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THANK YOU!
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