Pre-writing stage 

involves any activity in the classroom that encourages students to write.

It stimulates thoughts for getting started. Pre-writing activities help students prepare raw
materials for the composing stage, and organize them in the best way (Coffin et al., 2003);
therefore, they develop students’ fluency (Byrne, 1988).

In the first place, it is necessary to help students identify who they going to write to, what
kind of writing they are going to perform and what the purpose of the writing is. In addition,
teachers should introduce a variety of strategies for getting started with a writing task to
students and encourage them to work out which strategies are the best for them (Kroll,
1991).

While-writing stage: From controlled writing, guided writing to free writing

1. Controlled writing involves students in very mechanical activities under the control of

the teacher to practise certain vocabulary and sentence structures.

2. Guided writing activities are less mechanical than controlled writing ones, but students
still have to write under the teacher’s control to some extent.

3. Free writing allows students to express their ideas more freely. The teacher can ask
students to write about pictures or to write in response to a situation.

Post-writing stage aims providing feedback on the students’ writing and correcting errors
of their papers, getting the students revise and edit their work, evaluating and doing things
with the completed pieces of writing (Seow, 2002).