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FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
• A push or pull on a body is called force.
• we can say that force is an influence which tends to set a stationary body in motion
or which tends to change the speed and direction of a moving body or the shape of a
body.
• We cannot see force but we can felt the effect of force.

• It is a vector quantity.
• S.I. unit of force is Newton. Denoted by letter N.
• The force applied on a body can bring about the following changes:
☼ It can change the state of rest of a body or change its position
☼ It can change the speed of the body
☼ It can change the direction of motion of a body
• Resultant Force: ---- The resultant force is that single force which when acting on
a body produces the same effect as that produced by a number of forces.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

Balanced Forces –
• When equal amount of forces are applied on an object from different directions such that
they cancel out each other
• They do not change the state of rest or motion of an object
• They may change the shape and size of an object
• The resultant of balanced forces is always equal to zero (because the forces are equal
and opposite)
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Fig.3- Balanced Forces

Unbalanced Force –
• When forces applied to an object are of different magnitude(or not in opposite directions
so as to cancel)
• They can alter state of rest or motion of an object
• They can cause acceleration in an object
• They can change the shape and size of an object
FRICTION:
• Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and
material elements sliding against each other.
• It acts between to surfaces.

• Frictional forces are of two types
I. Static friction: It acts when two surfaces are at rest with respect to
each other
II. Kinetic friction: It acts when two surfaces are in relative motion
with respect to each other.
• Frictional force is directly proportional to

I. Weight of the body
II. Roughness of the surface
III. Surface area of contact.
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Galileo’s Observation
• He observed the motion of objects on an inclined plane.
• When a marble is rolled down an inclined plane its velocity increases.
Galileo’s Arguments
• When a marble is rolled down from the left – It will go up on the opposite side up to the
same height at which it is dropped down.
• If the inclination of planes is equal – The marble would travel equal distances while
climbing up as travelled while rolling down.
• If we decrease the angle of inclination of the right plane – The marble would travel
further until it reaches its original height.
• If the right-side plane is made flat – Marble would travel forever to achieve the same
height.
Galileo's Inference
• We need an unbalanced force to change the motion of the marble but no force is required
when the marble is moving uniformly. In other words, objects move at a constant speed
if no force acts upon them.
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• On the basis of these Galileo’s observations newton proposed three laws of motion
commonly known as
I. Newton’s first law of motion
II. Newton’s second law of motion
III. Newton’s third law of motion
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION:

• An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an applied force.
Or
An object resists a change in its state of motion or state of rest.
• From newton’s first law of motion, it is clear that a body is unable to change its state
of rest or state of motion by itself. This property of matter is known as inertia.
Or,
the tendency of the body to oppose or resists any change in its state of rest or of
uniform motion is called inertia of the body.
• Inertia is Classified as:

1. Inertia of rest 2. Inertia of motion 3. Inertia of direction
1. Inertia of rest
• When a bus suddenly starts moving, the passenger in the bus fall
backward.
Explanation: - this is because the lower portion of body being in contact with bus
comes in motion while the upper portion of body remains in rest due to inertia of
rest. Hence passenger falls backward.
• The carpet is beaten with stick to remove the dust particles.

Explanation: - the fibres of carpet comes in motion when beaten with stick but the
dust particles remains at rest due inertia of rest. Therefore, they fall down.
2. Inertia of motion
• A passenger standing in a moving bus leans forward when the bus stops
suddenly.
Explanation: - lower portion of man comes to rest as suddenly the bus stops but the
upper portion remains in motion following inertia of motion. Therefore, the
passenger leans forward.
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3. Inertia of direction
• The water particles sticking to the cycle tyre are flying off tangentially because
of inertia of direction.
• A bullet fired from a gun makes a small hole in the window pane while passing
through it, but the stone striking the window pane breaks it into pieces
Explanation: - when the bullet strikes the window pane only a small portion comes
in motion because time of contact is very less due to high speed of bullet, whereas
rest of pane remains at rest due to inertia of rest.so a small hole is made.
On the other hand, the speed of stone is very less
as compare to speed of bullet so pane comes in contact for a larger period of time
and the whole pane comes in motion.so, the window pane breaks in pieces.
• When a tree is vigorously shaken, some of the leaves fall from the tree.
Explanation: - when a tree is vigorously shaken, the branches of the tree come in
motion but the leaves tend to continue in their state of rest due to inertia of rest. As
a result, leaves get separated from the branches of a tree and fall down.
MASS & INERTIA:

• Inertia of a body is directly proportional to the mass of the body.
• Inertia of a body depends upon its mass. That is, massive objects possess more
inertia than lighter ones.
MOMENTUM:
• The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body is known as momentum of the
body
• The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity.
• Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction will be same as that of velocity.
• It is represented by p. p = mv where, m is the mass of the object, v is its velocity.
• SI unit of momentum is kg m/s.
• As an unbalanced force changes the velocity of the object, it s clear that objects
momentum is also changed due to application of unbalanced forces.
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SECOND LAW OF MOTION:

• The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object
is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.
𝑑𝑝
Fα
𝑑𝑡
dp = change in momentum
dt = time taken for this change in momentum
• MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION: -

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with initial velocity u. let a force F acts on the
body for time ‘t’ so that the velocity of body after time t is ‘v’
m m
F u F v
T=0 T=t
• The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied force.

So, Newton's second law of motion can be expressed as
• Suppose an object of mass, m is moving along a straight line with an initial

velocity, u. It is uniformly accelerated to velocity, v in time, t by the application of a
constant force, F throughout the time, t.
• The initial and final momentum of the object will be, p1 = mu and p2 =
mv respectively.
• Now change in momentum would be
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• Now force applied is proportional to rate of change of momentum. So,
where, a =(v-u)/t is the acceleration which is the rate of change of velocity. The
quantity, k is a constant of proportionality
• The unit of force is chosen in such a way that the value of the constant, k becomes
one.
• For this, one unit of force is defined as the amount that produces an acceleration of
1 ms-2 in an object of 1 kg mass. That is,
-2
1 unit of force = k × (1 kg) × (1 m s ). Thus, the value of k becomes 1.
• From eq
F = ma (3)
• The unit of force is kgms-2 or Newton, which has the symbol N.
• The force is said to be 1 newton if it produces 1 m s-2 acceleration in a body of 1 kg

mass
• The second law of motion gives us a method to measure the force acting on an object
as a product of its mass and acceleration.
• Force is a vector quantity.
• C.g.s unit of force is dyne.
• 1 dyne = 1 g cm s-2
• 1 newton = 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒
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APPLICATIONS OF NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION:

1. A cricket player lowers his hands while catching the ball.
A fast moving ball has a large momentum. In catching a cricket ball, momentum has
to be reduced to zero. If the time taken to stop the ball is large, rate of change of
momentum is small and hence a small force is exerted on the hand of the player.so
the hand does not get hurt.
2. During athletics meet, a high jumping athlete is provided either a cushion or

heap of sand on the ground to fall upon.
When the high jumper falls on a soft landing site, then the jumper takes a longer
time to come to a stop. Thus the rate of change of momentum of athlete is lowers
down. Hence a smaller stopping force acts on the athlete.
3. The cars are provided with seat belts for passengers to prevent injuries in case
of accidents.
The slightly stretchable seat belts worn by passengers of the car increases the time
taken by the passenger to fall forward during accidents. Due to this longer time the
rate of change of momentum of passenger is reduced. Hence less force acts on them
which results in less injuries.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:
• “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction".

Or
• The third law of motion states that when one object exerts a force on another object,
the second object simultaneously exerts a force back on the first. These two forces
are always equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
• There are pair of forces between two objects. The two opposing forces are also
known as action and reaction forces.
• Action and reaction forces acts on two different bodies.
Some of the situations in daily life to illustrate Newton's third law of motion.
• When we walk on the ground, then our foot pushes the ground backward (action
force) and the ground in turn exerts a force on the foot (reaction force) pushing the
foot forward
• When a man jumps from a diving board he pushes the board (action force) and the
board in turn pushes the man forward in the opposite direction (reaction force)
• The birds, while flying, push the air downwards with the help of their wings (action
force) and the air in turn exerts a force on the bird in the upward
direction (reaction force)
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• A swimmer pushes the water in the backward direction (action force) and the water
exerts a force on the swimmer (reaction force) which pushes him forward
• When a bullet is fired from a gun, force is exerted on the bullet and the bullet
accelerates in the forward direction. According to Newton’s third law of motion an
equal and opposite forces is exerted on the gun. That’s why the gun moves backward
or recoil.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:
According to law of conservation of momentum, total momentum of a system (or an object)
remains constant if no external force (unbalanced) acts on the system.
Let two bodies A and B (say glass spheres) of masses m1 and m2 respectively.
Assume that they are in motion with velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 as shown in fig, let 𝑢1 > 𝑢2 .
Let these bodies collide with each other for a small time interval ‘dt’. Due to collision there
is action-reaction force.
Let 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 be the velocities of body A and B respectively after collision.
𝑢1 𝑢2 -F F
𝑚1 𝑚2
A B A B
Before collision At collision
𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑚2
After collision
Initial momentum of body A= 𝑚1 𝑢1

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Initial momentum of body B= 𝑚2 𝑢2
Final momentum of body A=𝑚1 𝑣1
Final momentum of body B=𝑚2 𝑣2
Total momentum of system before collision= 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
Total momentum of system after collision = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑣1 −𝑚1 𝑢1
Rate of change of momentum of body A=
𝑑𝑡
According to newton’s 2nd law of motion,
Force = rate of change of momentum

𝑚1 𝑣1 −𝑚1 𝑢1
F= …………………1
𝑑𝑡
Also, for body B;

𝑚2 𝑣2 −𝑚2 𝑢2
-F= …………………..2
𝑑𝑡
From 1 and 2
𝑚1 𝑣1 −𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚2 𝑣2 −𝑚2 𝑢2
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
On rearranging we get;
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
total momentum of system before collision= total momentum of system after collision
1. RECOIL OF GUN.
▪ When the bullet if fired, it leaves the gun in forward direction with
certain momentum. Since no external force acts on the system, so the
momentum of the system must be zero after firing. This is possible
only when gun moves backward with a momentum equal to the
momentum of the bullet. That is why gun recoils or moves backward.
2. ROCKET PROPULSION.
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▪ The momentum of a rocket before it is fired is zero. When the rocket

is fired, gases are produced which comes out of the rear of the rocket
with high speed. To neutralise this momentum rocket moves upward
with a momentum equal to the momentum of the gases. The rocket
continues to move upward as long as the gases are ejected out of the
rocket.

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STUDY MATE creating scholars

FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

• A push or pull on a body is called force.

• We cannot see force but we can felt the effect of force.

☼ It can change the state of rest of a body or change its position

☼ It can change the speed of the body

☼ It can change the direction of motion of a body

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

• They do not change the state of rest or motion of an object

• They may change the shape and size of an object

Fig.3- Balanced Forces

• They can alter state of rest or motion of an object

• They can cause acceleration in an object

• They can change the shape and size of an object

• It acts between to surfaces.

• Frictional force is directly proportional to

• When a marble is rolled down an inclined plane its velocity increases.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION:

• Inertia is Classified as:

• The carpet is beaten with stick to remove the dust particles.

MASS & INERTIA:

• It is represented by p. p = mv where, m is the mass of the object, v is its velocity.

• SI unit of momentum is kg m/s.

SECOND LAW OF MOTION:

dt = time taken for this change in momentum

• MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION: -

• The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied force.

• Suppose an object of mass, m is moving along a straight line with an initial

• Now force applied is proportional to rate of change of momentum. So,

• The unit of force is kgms-2 or Newton, which has the symbol N.

• The force is said to be 1 newton if it produces 1 m s-2 acceleration in a body of 1 kg

• Force is a vector quantity.

• C.g.s unit of force is dyne.

• 1 newton = 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒

APPLICATIONS OF NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION:

2. During athletics meet, a high jumping athlete is provided either a cushion or

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:

• “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction".

• Action and reaction forces acts on two different bodies.

Let 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 be the velocities of body A and B respectively after collision.

Before collision At collision

Initial momentum of body A= 𝑚1 𝑢1

Initial momentum of body B= 𝑚2 𝑢2

Final momentum of body A=𝑚1 𝑣1

Final momentum of body B=𝑚2 𝑣2

Total momentum of system before collision= 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2

Total momentum of system after collision = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2

According to newton’s 2nd law of motion,

Force = rate of change of momentum

Also, for body B;

▪ The momentum of a rocket before it is fired is zero. When the rocket

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