Professional Documents
Culture Documents
01 Jones Knobology Sonoma-Syllabus
01 Jones Knobology Sonoma-Syllabus
01 Jones Knobology Sonoma-Syllabus
Intro to Ultrasound
and Knobology
Cameron Jones, MD, MS
Co-Chair for Emergency Ultrasound
Kaiser Permenente, South
Sacramento
I have no disclosures
1
2/26/2014
• Physics Words
• WAVELENGTH:
Distance traveled in
one cycle
• FREQUENCY:
number of cycles per
sec (Hertz)
“Fancy” Words
• PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT:
crystals vibrate at a given frequency
when an alternating current is applied
2
2/26/2014
ATTENUATION: Reduction of
intensity and amplitude
• Absorption: Most common, creates heat
• Reflection: “Echo”
• Scattering: non-homogeneous surface
• Refraction: Different densities
Ultrasound Modes
3
2/26/2014
Transducers (aka:
Probes)
Increasing frequency improves
resolution at the expense of
penetration
4
2/26/2014
Transducer basics
Convex Array :
Sector Scanning -
Resolution becomes poorer
at greater depths
Transducer basics
Phased Array :
Flat Head, crystals fire at
variable time
5
2/26/2014
Transducer basics
Linear Array
Echogenicity
• Hypoechoic
• Less echogenic than
• Hyperechoic surrounding tissue
• More echogenic • Very few echo’s,
than surrounding appears darker
tissue
• Anechoic / Echolucent
• Object has lots of
echo’s, appears • Absence of returning
brighter echo’s
• Area is black
6
2/26/2014
Button Basics
•Gain
• Strength of returning
echoes
• Amplifier
• Gain is adjusted
differently depending
on the machine
7
2/26/2014
Artifacts:
Attenuation Artifacts
• Shadowing
• Partial or total
reflection of sound
• Weak or no
transmission
posterior
Artifacts:
Attenuation Artifacts
• Posterior
Enhancement
• Area behind echo-
weak or echo-free
structure appears
brighter
8
2/26/2014
Artifacts:
Attenuation Artifacts
Artifacts:
Propagation Artifacts
• Reverberation
• Sound encounters 2 highly reflective
layers
• Sound is bounced back and forth
• Probe detects a longer traveling time
9
2/26/2014
Artifacts:
Propagation Artifacts
• Mirror Imaging
• Sound glances off
highly reflective Liver
surface
(diaphragm)
• Returning sound
waves have longer
travel time
Mirror
• Misinterpretation of Diaphragm
“more liver”
Artifacts:Mirror Image
Liver
Mirror
Diaphragm
10
2/26/2014
Artifacts:Mirror Image
Liver
No Mirror
Diaphragm
Trouble-Shooting
Know your anatomy
Define
boundaries
Choose the proper
transducer
Learn acoustic
windows
Go from wider view and zoom in
Visualize the anatomy in two planes
Maximize system controls -
depth/gain/frequency
11
2/26/2014
12