Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biotic and Abiotick
Biotic and Abiotick
kdk
1- tSfod ?kVd
vtSfod ?kVd%
tSfod ?kVd%
v/;;u
ok;q çnw"k.k%
ty çnw"k.k%
e`nk çnw"k.k
1
9- mRiknd] miHkksäk vkSj laxzg.kdrkZ
10- fu’d’kZ
tSfod ?kVd
esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fdlh vU; tho dks çHkkfor djrk
gS] ;k ikfjfLFkfrd ra= dks vkdkj nsrk gSA blesa nksuksa tkuoj
miHkksx djrs gSa] vkSj tho tks miHkksx fd;k tk jgk gSA tSfod
'kkfey gSaA çR;sd tSfod dkjd dks fnu&çfrfnu dk;Z djus ds fy,
tSfod ?kVd vkerkSj ij rhu eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esa Øec) gksrs gSa
2
1- mRiknd vU;Fkk v‚VksVª‚Q ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ÅtkZ
çHkko
çtkfr;ka
3
yxHkx lHkh çtkfr;ka tSfod dkjdksa ls ,d ;k nwljs rjhds ls
çHkkfor gksrh gSaA ;fn f'kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ Fkh]
rks iwjh [kk| J`a[kyk çHkkfor gksxh D;ksafd [kk| J`a[kyk esa
fufnZ"V f'kdkjh ds uhps fxjus okys fdlh Hkh f'kdkj f'kdkj gks
tk,xkA ;fn f'kdkjh dks fjiksIysV djus ds fy, f'kdkj }kjk i;kZIr le;
ugha fn;k tkrk gS] rks blls f'kdkj esa [krjs vkSj foyqIr gksus dk
dkj.k ugha cu ldrk gS] cfYd f'kdkjh Hkh gks ldrk gSA
4
jksxtud vkSj jksx çdksi
gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA tc dksbZ chekjh gksrh gS] rks ;g vkerkSj
ldrk gSA bl çdkj ,d J`a[kyk çfrfØ;k dks can djus dh {kerk gS]
ekuo laidZ
euq"; i;kZoj.k esa lcls vpkud vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ifjorZu djrs gSa
kVd gSa tks ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA Abiotic
mijksä of.kZr dkjd ;k rks tho esa tho vkSj vkdkj esa tula[;k
blesa tSfod rFkk vtSfod dkjdksa ds e/; ,d pØh; i{k }kjk fofHkUu
6
ftlesa tSfod leqnk; rFkk vtSfod i;kZoj.k ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor
7
ikfjfLFkfrd ra= dh lajpuk
vtSfod ?kVd ;s ,sls ?kVd gSa ftuesa thou ugha gksrk gS vkSj
HkkSfrd dkjd
jklk;fud dkjd
8
9
1- HkkSfrd dkj.k%
os lHkh HkkSfrd dkjd tks fdlh u fdlh :i esa tSfod fØ;kvksa dks
2- jklk;fud dkjd%
iw.kZ djus esa lg;ksx çnku djrs gSa A buesa vdkcZfud rFkk
3- vdkcZfud inkFkZ
blds vUrxZr ty rRo] xSlsa vkrh gSa A rRoksa esa egkiks"kh rRo
10
4- dkcZfud inkFkZ
dkcksZgkbMªsV~l A
tSfod ?kVd%
1- Loiksf"kr ?kVd%
11
lk/kkj.k inkFkksZ ls tfVy inkFkksZ dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA blds
2- ijiksf"kr ?kVd%
x;k gS%
¼i½ miHkksäk%
;s miHkksäk Hkh fuEu rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkä fd;s x;s gSa%
12
;s viuk Hkkstu lh/ks mRikndksa ls çkIr djrs gSa] rFkk 'kkdkgkjh
Hk{k.k djrs gSA ;s Lo;a f'kdkj ugha curs vr% ;s mPp miHkksäk
Hkh dgykrs gSaA tSls cM+h eNfy;ka] ckt] phy] 'ksj] vtxj] euq";
¼ii½ vi?kVudrkZ
dj ljy ?kVdksa esa rksM+ nsrs gSaA bl ljy inkFkZ dk dqN Hkkx
13
vi?kVudrkZvksa }kjk iqu% vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gS rFkk 'ks"k
gSA
v/;;u%
1- ok;q çnw"k.k%
14
i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ok;qe.My dk lqj{kkRed vkoj.k ik;k tkrk gS
A tks dop tSlk dk;Z djrk gS A ;fn ok;q e.My nwf"kr gksxk ;k
¼ii½ m|ksx
¼iii½ dkj[kkus
15
¼xi½ ,;jkslksy
bR;kfn dkjd ok;q dks çnwf"kr dj ok;q çnw"k.k iSnk djrs gSa A
2- ty çnw"k.k%
fd ty gh thou gS A
¼i½ okfgr ey
16
¼iv½ HkkSfrd çnw"k.k
dkxt vkfn A
17
3- e`nk çnw"k.k%
/kjrh dh Åijh ijr çk;% thou dk laHkj.k djus ds mi;ksx esa vkrh
gSA e`nk dgykrh gSA ,sls lHkh inkFkZ tks e`nk ra= dk fgLlk u
gSa] e`nk çnw"kd dgykrs gSaA vkSj e`nk çnw"k.k gks tkrk gSA
¼ii½ ihM+duk'kh
{kerk dk v/;;u%
18
ifjp;%
gksrh gSA
ç;ksx%
19
e`nk ds HkkSfrd xq.kksa dk voyksdu fofHkUu çdkj dh
QSyk ysa A
ç;ksx%
20
djsa A ;g rhozrk vyx&vyx uewuksa esa n'kkZbZ xbZ Vsfcy ds
uksV%
mijksä ç;ksx e`nk ?kksy rS;kj djds Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS A e`nk ?
kksy rS;kj djus ds fy, 10 xzke e`nk dks 50 fe-eh- ty esa Mkydj ?
kksy rS;kj djsa rFkk bl ?kksy dks fQYVj isij ls Nku ysa A
21
¼ii½ e`nk esa ukbVªsV dh mifLFkfr Kkr djuk%
ç;ksx%
lkUæ lY¶;wfjd ,flM MkysaA e`nk ?kksy esa uhys jax dh rhozrk
Kkr djuk%
baMhdsVj MkysaA
22
e`nk ds vyx&vyx uewuksa dks ,d tSlh ij[kufy;ksa esa Mkysa A
A voyksdu djus ij Kkr gksxk fd ftl e`nk ds d.k NksVs ,oa l?ku
gksaxs muesa ty jks/kd {kerk vf/kd gksxh rFkk e`nk ds d.k ;fn
ifjp;%
gksrs gSaA
ç;ksx%
iks[kj] rkykc dk ty] ?kj dh Vadh dk ty] fdlh LFkku dk xank tyA
23
ij[kufy;ksa esa FkksM+k lk ty ysdj blesa ;wuholZy baMhdsVj
çnf'kZr djrk gS A
24
¼ii½ ty esa dkcksZusV dh mifLFkfr Kkr djuk%
ç;ksx%
ç;ksx%
25
26
¼iv½ ty esa lYQsV dh mifLFkfr Kkr djuk%
ç;ksx%
ç;ksx%
27
D- ok;q&ok;q esa mifLFkr lw{ed.k dk v/;;u%
ifjp;%
ok;q esa vusd lw{ed.k rSjrs jgrs gSA vyx&vyx LFkkuksa esa ;s
ç;ksx%
28
29
tSfod o vtSfod ?kVd D;k gS\
gS ,oa ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor djrs gq, ç—fr ,oa [kk| J[kyk esa
tSfod ?kVd
tUrq%
tho&tUrq lfEefyr gS] ftles typj] uHkpj] ,oa LFkyh; tho 'kkfey
x;k gSA
30
ouLifr%
xbZ gSA
lw{e tho%
lw{e tho i;kZoj.k esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS] ftles lHkh çdkj
euq";%
vtSfod ?kVd
çdk'k ,oa rki tSfod ?kVdksa ds iks"k.k ,oa thfor jgus ds fy, vR;ar
inkFkZ dks e`nk ;k feVVh dgrs gS] tks ouLifr ds fy, t:jh gSA
vknZzrk%
txg dk vkdkj gS] tks fdlh xzg dh igpku ds fy, vko';d gSA
blesa tSfod rFkk vtSfod dkjdksa ds e/; ,d pØh; i{k }kjk fofHkUu
32
NksVk nksuksa gh gks ldrk gSA vksMe ds vulqkj ßikfjfLFkfrd
33
çklafxdrk
dkjdksa esa fdlh çtkfr] mlds leqnk; ;k iwjh vkcknh ds Hkhrj fdlh
tSfod dkjd gS tks fdlh O;fä vkSj mlds leqnk; ds vfLrRo dks
gSA
ekuk tkrk gSA bl ekeys esa] vckmV dkjd feêh vkSj ikuh ds ih,p]
34
Lo&ikSf"Vd thoksa dh mifLFkfr] vkSj miHkksäkvksa dh
35
çHkkfor djus okys lk/ku
çdkjksa vkSj la[;kvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa enn djrs gSa A
Hkhrj thoksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaAblesa tho Lo;a] vU; tho]
36
ckrphr ;g gS fd ikS/kksa çdk'k la'ys"k.k uked çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls
dke djrs gSaA ;g çfØ;k thoksa ds ewy ?kVdksa dks feêh esa
37
,fc;ksfVd vkSj tSfod dkjd ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= cukrs gSaA
38
vtSfod dkjd
vU; vck/k dkjdksa esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks çHkkfor djus okys
tSfod dkjd
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa tSfod dkjdksa esa lHkh thfor phtsa 'kkfey
39
nksuksa mRikndksa vkSj miHkksäkvksa ls vif'k"V rksM+usA
ds çdkj gSaA
40
,d ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ij ,fc;ksfVd dkjd çHkko
,d ç.kkyh esa ekStwn vckmV dkjd fdl çdkj ds tSfod dkjd ekStwn
dksbZ ckny doj vkSj cgqr de ckfj'k 'kkfey gks ldrh gSA ;s dkjd
ekgkSy esa thfor jgus esa l{ke gksaxsA e#LFky esa jgus okys
djus vkSj thfor jgus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, ;k os u"V gks
esa ifjorZu Xykscy okfeaZx ;k ,flM ckfj'k 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA
cM+k çHkko gks ldrk gS; mnkgj.k ds fy,] rkykc esa ,flM ckfj'k
41
isM+ksa dks gVkus tSls tSfod dkjdksa dks cnyuk i;kZoj.k esa
vkSj vkJ; [kkstus ds fy, tkuojksa dks flLVe NksM+uk iM+ ldrk
{ks= dks cnyus dh vuqefr ns ldrh gS] tks fd ikfjfLFkfrd ra= dSls
oLrq,a ¼ikS/ks] tkuoj vkSj tho½ 'kkfey jgrh gSa rFkk ,d nwljs
42
i;kZoj.k ds {ks= esa 'kkfey gSaA tSlk fd geus igys Hkh lh[kk gS
43
vtSfod ?kVd tSfod ?kVd
rkieku 'kkdkgkjh
o"kkZ ekalkgkjh
+½
vkfn- vkfn-
lajpukRed igyw
çR;sd ltho fdlh u fdlh rjg ls vU; thoksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA
46
tkuojksa ds fy, Hkkstu gSaA bl çdkj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa
fu’d’kZ
47
fuHkZj jgrs gSaA gekjs taxyksa esa] ekalkgkjh tkuoj ck?k]
d.kksa esa foHkktu djrs gSa vkSj var ljy inkFkksaZ esa cny tkrs
gSa ftldk ikS/kksa }kjk iks"k.k ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
iks"kd [kRe gks ldrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh u;s thou dk mRiknu
48