IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 707~716

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v10.i3.pp707-716  707

Hybrid of convolutional neural network algorithm and

autoregressive integrated moving average model for skin cancer
classification among Malaysian

Chee Ka Chin1, Dayang Azra binti Awang Mat2, Abdulrazak Yahya Saleh3
1,2Department
of Electrical and Electronic, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
3FSKPM Faculty, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Skin cancer is a widely spreading cause of mortality among the people
specifically living on or near the equatorial belt. Early detection of skin cancer
Received Dec 28, 2020 significantly improves the recovery prevalence and the chance of surviving.
Revised May 14, 2021 Without the assist of computer-aided decision (CAD) system, skin cancer
Accepted May 29, 2021 classification is the challenging task for the dermatologist to differentiate the
type of skin cancer and provide the suitable treatment. Recently, the
development of machine learning and pretrained deep neural network (DNN)
Keywords: shows the tremendous performance in image classification task which also
provide the promising performance in medical field. However, these machine
ARIMA learning methods cannot get the deep features from network flow which
Classification resulting in low accuracy and the pretrained DNN has the complex network
Convolutional neural network with a huge number of parameters causes the limited classification accuracy.
Deep neural network This paper focuses on the classification of skin cancer to identify whether it is
Skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma by using the
development of hybrid convolutional neural network algorithm and
autoregressive integrated moving average model (CNN-ARIMA). The CNN-
ARIMA model was trained and found to produce the best accuracy of
92.25%.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Chee Ka Chin
Department of Electrical and Electronic, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Email: 19020098@siswa.unimas.my

1. INTRODUCTION
In National Cancer Registry data, Malaysia’s reported that skin cancers account for 2.6% cancer
cases in the country which considers as minor cases in Malaysia [1]. Based on data collected from
Dermatology Clinic in Hospital Kuala Lumpur from 2006 to 2014 [2], the most common type of skin cancer
is basal cell carcinoma with 34.9%, followed by cutaneous lymphoma with 25.7% and squamous cell
carcinoma in 20.6% cases while melanoma is the least common cases which only 5.4% of the patients
diagnosed. Even though there are less skin cancer cases in Malaysia, this disease still needs to be concerned
due to skin cancer consider as most predominant type of cancer in worldwide [3].
Dermatologists often adopt various diagnosis guide for skin lesion such as ABCDE rule (A–stands
for asymmetrical shape, B–irregular borders of lesion, C–uneven distribution of color, D–diameter, and E-a
presence of evolution) [4], [5] and 7-point checklist [6], [7] but need to be further examined via

Journal homepage: http://ijai.iaescore.com

708  ISSN: 2252-8938

epiluminescence microscopy (ELM). Garnavi et al. described that there is an improvement of 5-30% in the
detection while using ELM as compared to the examination of naked eye [8], [9]. Therefore, it is possible to
assist dermatologists via computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for analyzing the pigmented skin lesions
efficiently with the development of ELM through automatic and quantitative assessment of the skin lesion in
clinical practice.
Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) allowed computers to outperform in the
classification tasks of skin cancer as compare to the machine learning due to the CNN has ability to handle
the large and complex datasets that produce supremacy performance in terms of accuracy [10]. This can be
proved through the study about the artificial intelligence (AI) program that trained on nearly 130,000 images
of moles, rashes, and lesions using a technique known as deep learning which provide “at least” 91 percent
accuracy [11]. The benefit of CNN is this architecture able to classify the skin lesions according to the high-
level features instead of the conventional method that incorporate the visual information of low-level
dermoscopic that needed a segmentation step before the extraction of those features [12].
In addition, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model which known as the Box-
Jenkins method [13] is one of the machine learning algorithms also show the great performance in medical
cases forecasting recently through the statistical analysis [14]. Therefore, the hybrid approach of CNN and
ARIMA has been proposed for skin cancer classification problem in this paper. This approach believe that will
be performed efficiently on a reliable skin cancer classification with the ability to differentiate between three
different common types of skin cancer such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Actually, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the hybrid of CNN algorithm and ARIMA model performance for
skin cancer classification among Malaysian.

2. RELATED WORKS
Recently, researchers around the world focus on solving the classification problems in medical field
especially skin cancer classification by using the machine learning and deep learning approaches. Codella et
al. [15] depicted the combination of deep learning and sparse coding as feature extractor while the fused
support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used for classification task. The beauty of this paper is the
adoption of the deep learning in feature extraction task which able to increase time and space complexity of
the model. After that, an improvement approach has been introduced by same author in terms of the
automated segmentation, multi-contextual analysis of the extracted features and additional machine learning
techniques for classification task [16].
In Ozkan and Koklu [17] proposed a skin lesion classification system by applying four machine
learning methods to classify the lesion into melanoma, abnormal, and normal. In this work, the highest
accuracy percentage of 92.50% was performed by the artificial neural networks (ANN). This obviously
shows that machine learning techniques still consider as low accuracy performance when compare to ANN
due to the machine learning methods unable to get the deep features from network flow. Oliveira et al. [18]
used used the ABCD rule and the Box-Counting approach as attribute extraction descriptors and support
vector machine (SVM) as classifier for the identification pigmented skin lesions in macroscopic images. The
best performance was achieved by SVM with histogram intersection kernel give the accuracy of 79.01% at
the classification between nevi and seborrheic keratosis.
For the utilization of deep learning approach in skin cancer classification, Emara et al. [19]
proposed the modified Inception-v4 architecture which was also a CNN architecture to classify skin lesion
through imbalance HAM 10000 skin cancer dataset [20]. The enhancement of this work was employing the
feature reuse using long residual connection to improve classification performance with the achievement of
high accuracy, 94.70% but this pretrained DNN has the complex network with a huge number of parameters
that may causes the limited classification accuracy. Mukherjee et al. [21] using CNN methods named as
CNN malignant lesion detection (CMLD) architecture to analyze the classification accuracy performance of
malignant melanoma. The best performance in this work was achieved with accuracy of 90.58% when using
Dermofit dataset for model training and testing. Recently, Kassem et al. [22] used modified GoogleNet by
replacing last two layers with multiclass support vector machine (SVM) with transfer learning to classify the
skin lesion. This hybrid approach achieved classification performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity,
and precision are 94.92%, 79.80%, 97.00%, and 80.36%.
Since ARIMA model shows the outstanding performance in forecasting tasks, researchers tend to
use hybridisation methods for enhancement due to its outstanding performance in solving a lot of engineering
problems. Wang et al. [23] developed the hybrid model of SVM and ARIMA (SVM-ARIMA) to the garlic
short-term price and outperformed the ARIMA and SVM models. Ma et al. [24] proposed hybrid of
multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network with ARIMA model which named as NN-ARIMA and hybrid of
multidimensional support vector regression (MSVR) with ARIMA model which known as MSVR-ARIMA

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  709

for network-wide traffic state prediction. MLP neural network and MSVR were implemented to capture the
network-scale co-movement pattern of all traffic flows while ARIMA was utilized to postprocess the residual
time series out of neural network in this paper. Suhermi et al. [25] employed the hybrid deep neural network
(DNN) and ARIMA model for roll motion prediction. This proposed approach is based on the supremacy
performance of ARIMA and artificial neural network (ANN) models in linear and non-linear modelling. In
addition, the advance hybrid approach has been yielded by Ji et al. [26]. The authors introduced the hybrid of
ARIMA model, CNN and long short-term memory network (LSTM) to forecast the future prices of carbon.
The idea behind of this hybrid method is ARIMA used for linear features capturing. CNN utilized for
hierarchical data structure capturing while LSTM utilized for long-term dependencies capturing in the data.
The beauty of these papers were the empirical results of hybrid model performed better than that of non-
hybrid model and proven that the hybrid method quite effective in improvement of forecast accuracy.

3. METHODOLOGY
In this paper, a new technique has been introduced for skin cancer classification using hybridisation
technique by combining CNN algorithm and ARIMA model. Our technique has been implemented and
validated. From the CNN-ARIMA model, CNN algorithm will be used to extract the features of skin cancer
and ARIMA model behave as classifier to classify the skin cancer based on three types common skin cancer
which consists of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma [27].

3.1. Dataset
The dataset used in this paper was collected from The International Skin Imaging Collaboration
(ISIC) via Kaggle website [28]. This dataset consists of 2357 RGB dermoscopic images in JPEG format
which categorized in 9 different skin cancer diseases based on the classification taken from ISIC. These
images were very clean with high resolution. Therefore, the dataset from ISIC is suitable for deep learning
implementation. Besides that, there were also different image resolution from this source since the archive
combines many sub datasets. In this paper, there were 995 images which comprised of 3 different classes in
Figure 1 such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were selected due to these
three types of skin cancers considered as common in Malaysia. Figure 1 illustrates the selected skin cancer
types that used in this work such as Melanoma in Figure 1(a), Basal cell carcinoma in Figure 1(b) and
Squamous cell carcinoma in Figure 1(c).

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Selected types of skin cancer [28]: (a) Melanoma, (b) Basal cell carcinoma, (c) Squamous cell
carcinoma

3.2. Data pre-processing

Data pre-processing is the essential step when dealing with complex skin cancer images and also
able to provide the good classification with less testing or training time. Without pre-processing step, there
will be the major problem in the feature extraction step as the prominent features unable to produce and
consequently also degrades the overall performance. This is because skin cancer images taken from a normal
camera may contains the fine hair that may influence the outcome of the study. Therefore, the skin cancer
images that contains fine hair removed by using hair removal technique through open-source computer vision
library (OpenCV) approach in this paper. Figure 2 illustrates the process of hair removal technique through
OpenCV.
Initially, the original skin cancer images in Figure 2(a) that contain fine hair convert to the grayscale
Figure 2(b) and then perform the morphological black hat operation. This operation is to enhance the skin
cancer image that contain the fine hair which are smaller than the structuring element and darker than their
surroundings. Therefore, the fine hair contour will be highlighted Figure 2(c) and the intensity of the fine hair

Hybrid of convolutional neural network algorithm and autoregressive integrated… (Chee Ka Chin)
710  ISSN: 2252-8938

contour will be enhanced by using image thresholding method Figure 2(d). The fine hair contour will be
removed and inpaint the original image to produce the clean skin cancer images without fine hair Figure 2(e).

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

Figure 2. Hair removal process using OpenCV for original basal cell carcinoma image: (a) Original basal cell
carcinoma, (b) Grayscale image, (c) After morphological black hat operation,
(d) Thresholded image, (e) Finalized image without fine hair

3.3. Data augmentation

There are two purposes of data augmentation technique utilized in this paper such as to increase the
dataset and to avoid overfit or underfit issues that might result in poor accuracy. Initially, there were total of
995 original skin cancer images collected through Kaggle which the data collected was limited but more
dataset was needed for better performance. There is no specific requirement for deep learning but the training
data set must be in high quality in medical imaging [29]. Based on [30], at least 500 to more than 1000
images per class is good enough for classification task in deep neural network [31]. Therefore, the dataset
used in this paper have been increased to the total of 4000 images that consist of the pre-processed images
without fine-hair and the augmented images which utilized via the intensity adjustment technique from
original image to blur, light or dark in order to generate additional data to establish a class-balanced dataset.
The number of images before and after augmentation task was given in Table 1.

Table 1. Skin cancer images before and after augmentation

Skin cancer Before augmentation After augmentation
Basal Cell Carcinoma 376 1333
Melanoma 438 1334
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 181 1333
Total 995 4000

After that, the further augmented approaches such as width shift, height shift, zoom, stretch and
rotation were selected to avoid overfit or underfit issues help the model to generalize properly. This process
able to provide the data set with acceptable size. The detail parameters choice for further data augmentation
of skin cancer datasets were summarized in Table 2.

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3.4. CNN-ARIMA architecture

In this paper, the performance for the hybrid (the combined architecture) of CNN and ARIMA will
be investigated for skin cancer classification. The idea of this hybridization is CNN algorithm behave as
feature extractor while ARIMA model acts as classifier by merging into fully connected layer which
performs non-linear transformations of the extracted features as the enhancement for classification. As
compare to the traditional CNN algorithm, the fully connected layer in this architecture will be modified by
inserting ARIMA model in this layer as shown in Figure 3 to output three skin cancer classes as proposed.

Table 2. Data augmentation parameters and values before training

Data augmentation parameters Value of parameter Action
width_shift_range 0.1 Randomly shifts the image size in vertical direction by 0.2
height_shift_range 0.1 Randomly shifts the image size in horizontal direction by 0.2
zoom_range 0.2 Zoom from the center by factor of 0.2
shear_range 0.1 Stretch the image by factor of 0.1
rotation_range 10 Rotate from -10 to 10

Before preprocessed and augmented dataset implement in the CNN-ARIMA model, all of these
datasets need to resize to the shape of 32×32 and consequently convert every pixel of images to array which
known as feature maps. The input will be the skin cancer image with 2D array that corresponding to the pixel
values. According to Figure 3, the proposed CNN-ARIMA model is the multistage architecture consists of
three stages that consists of multiple layers and fully connected layers which are connected after these stages.
The details of the proposed CNN-ARIMA model are such as:
 First stage - Third Stage: The input initially fed into first stage of the CNN-ARIMA model. The first
and second convolutional layers in this stage contain 64 filters with the kernel size of 5×5 followed by
rectified linear unit (ReLU) as an activation function after each convolutional layer. The output size
after pooling layer decreases by half since a stride of 2 have been used with pooling size of 2×2. The
dropout layer with the ratio of 0.5 also added after pooling layer to avoid overfitting. The final dropout
layer in this stage has an output of 12×12×64 which will behave as input in next stage. The same step
will be repeated in next two stages except the 32 filters with kernel size of 3×3 and 16 filters with kernel
size of 1×1 are used in second stage and third stage respectively.
 Fully connected layer: The output from final dropout layer in third stage convert to a single array
through flatten layer which also means convert the 3D array into a 1D array of size 2×2×16= 64. After
that, the ARIMA model obtain in the ARIMA layer via the algorithm;

𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑀𝐴 (3, (𝑝, 𝑑, 𝑞)) (1)

Where p is the auto regressive value, d is the differencing value and q is the moving average value.
However, whatever value insert in p, d and q, the output parameter still the same which will not affect
the performance in this study. In the final last 3 layers, the dense implement according to large 512-unit
layers with the dropout ratio of 0.5 followed by the final layer with 3 nodes for classification
performance among 3 classes of skin cancer which are basal cell carcinoma, melanoma and squamous
cell carcinoma through a softmax activation function.
In addition, there are also the parameters compute after every layer in model except input layer,
dropout layer and flatten layer due to there is no backpropagation learning involve in these layers. The
number of parameters for convolutional layer, 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 and fully connected layer, 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 are
computed by the formula;

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ((𝑚 × 𝑛 × 𝑓) + 1) × 𝑘 (2)

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 = (𝑙 + 1) × 𝑐 (3)

Where 𝑚 is the shape of width of the filter, 𝑛 is the shape of height of the filter, 𝑓 is the number of filters in
the previous layer, 𝑘 is the number of filters in current layer, 𝑙 is the previous layer neurons and 𝑐 is the current
layer neurons. The total parameter computed for the proposed CNN-ARIMA model as shown in Table 3 is
136422 which also based on the sum of every single parameter from each layer.

Hybrid of convolutional neural network algorithm and autoregressive integrated… (Chee Ka Chin)
712  ISSN: 2252-8938

Table 3. Summary of proposed CNN-ARIMA architecture

Layer (type) Output shape Output size Parameters
input_1 (Input) (32, 32, 1) 1024 0
First Stage
conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (28, 28, 64) 50176 1664
conv2d_2 (Conv2D) (24, 24, 64) 36864 102464
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2D) (12, 12, 64) 9216 0
dropout_1 (Dropout) (12, 12, 64) 9216 0
Second Stage
conv2d_3 (Conv2D) (10, 10, 32) 3200 18464
conv2d_4 (Conv2D) (8, 8, 32) 2048 9248
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2D) (4, 4, 32) 512 0
dropout_2 (Dropout) (4, 4, 32) 512 0
Third Stage
conv2d_5 (Conv2D) (4, 4, 16) 256 528
conv2d_6 (Conv2D) (4, 4, 16) 256 272
max_pooling2d_3 (MaxPooling2D) (2, 2, 16) 64 0
dropout_3 (Dropout) (2, 2, 16) 64 0
Fully Connected Layer
flatten_1 (Flatten) (64, 1) 64 0
arima_1 (ARIMA) (3, 1) 3 195
dense_1 (Dense) (512, 1) 512 2048
dropout_4 (Dropout) (512, 1) 512 0
dense_2 (Dense) (3, 1) 3 1539
output_1 (Output) (3, 1) 3 0
Total Trainable Parameters 136422

Figure 3. CNN-ARIMA architecture

3.5. Training the model

The image data split into the ratio of 70:30 for training and testing dataset respectively. Meanwhile,
30% of training data will be further utilized for validation purpose. The testing dataset will also balance
distributed randomly to avoid overfitting. The important parameters such as batch size, epoch values and
learning rate needed to be concerned in the training of the proposed CNN-ARIMA model. These values were
64 for batch size, 30 epoch values with 2000 steps per epoch and learning rate of 0.0001. Furthermore, Adam
was utilized for neural work optimization and categorical cross entropy [32] was behave as loss function in
this training of proposed CNN-ARIMA model. For the model implementation, this proposed model was run
through tensorflow (2.2.0) and Keras (2.3.1).

3.6. Performance measure

The classification result for the proposed model has been evaluated in four quantitative measures
such as test accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (TPR), specificity (TNR) and precision (PPV) via confusion matrix
[33]. These measures are determined by the formula [34];

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  713
𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁
𝐴𝐶𝐶 = × 100% (4)
𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃+𝐹𝑁

𝑇𝑃
𝑇𝑃𝑅 = × 100% (5)
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁

𝑇𝑁
𝑇𝑁𝑅 = × 100% (6)
𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃

𝑇𝑃
PPV = × 100% (7)
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑃

Where 𝑇𝑃 is true positive value, 𝑇𝑁 is true negative value, 𝐹𝑃 is false positive value and 𝐹𝑁 is false
negative value while 𝑇𝑃𝑅, 𝑇𝑁𝑅 and PPV refers to true positive rate, true negative rate and positive
prediction value respectively. Therefore, the classification result performance in this paper consists of overall
test accuracy with the average sensitivity, average specificity and average precision according to basal cell
carcinoma, melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this experiment, the test accuracy achieved for the proposed CNN-ARIMA model is 92.25%.
From the loss and accuracy performance for training and validation respectively as shown in Figure 4, the
flow of training was decrease exponentially for loss performance while increase exponentially for accuracy
performance which able to produce high accuracy. After 14 th epoch during training and validating in loss
performance, the validation loss is higher than training loss as shown in Figure 4(a). This show that the
model was slightly overfit after 14th epoch due to the model only able to memorize the limited amount of
training data even the data augmentation technique has been implemented and testing dataset have been
balance distributed randomly in this work. Meanwhile, the validation accuracy is lower than training
accuracy after 15th epoch in accuracy performance as shown in Figure 4(b) due to the slightly underfit issue.
This shows that the validation data may perform well under circumstances which the validation data fits
better to the model than training data even though the data is in underfitting situation.
Based on the confusion matrix performance as shown in Figure 5, majority of skin cancer types
were classified accurately since the test accuracy shows the promising performance. The 1200 testing images
(30% of overall dataset) has been balance distributed randomly in three types of skin cancer which 415
images distributed in basal cell carcinoma, 402 images distributed in melanoma and 383 images distribute in
squamous cell carcinoma. From the balance distributed testing dataset in each skin cancer, 362 images of
basal cell carcinoma, 371 images of melanoma and 374 images of squamous cell carcinoma were categorized
accurately in confusion matrix performance as shown in Figure 5.

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Training and validation performance: (a) Loss, (b) Accuracy

Hybrid of convolutional neural network algorithm and autoregressive integrated… (Chee Ka Chin)
714  ISSN: 2252-8938

Figure 5. The confusion matrix of the classification accuracy for the proposed CNN-ARIMA model

According to Table 4, the performance measure of three skin cancer types via confusion matrix as
shown in Figure 5 achieve the average sensitivity of 92.39%, average specificity of 96.11% and average
precision of 92.40%. In addition, the performance of the proposed CNN-ARIMA model also compared with
the existing techniques using the different amount of skin cancer dataset and different classes of skin cancer
to classify. Results of comparative study as presented in Table 5 show that the proposed CNN-ARIMA
model achieve better performance than the existing tehniques in the term of sensitivity and precision, as it has
been able to accurately distinguish skin cancer in various classes of skin cancer. However, the classification
accuracy and specifity for the proposed model of CNN-ARIMA is still marginally lower than the previous
work proposed by Kassem et al. [22].

Table 4. Performance measure for every type of skin cancer

Type of skin cancer Sensitivity Specificity Precision
Basal Cell Carcinoma 87.23% 96.43% 92.82%
Melanoma 92.29% 93.36% 87.50%
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 97.65% 98.53% 96.89%
Average 92.39% 96.11% 92.40%

Table 5. Comparative study

Methods Classification technique TPR TNR PPV ACC
Ozkan and Koklu [17] ANN 90.86% 96.11% 92.38% 92.50%
Oliveira et al. [18] SVM - - 78.89% 79.01%
T. Emara [19] Modified Inception-v4 71.70% 95.80% - 94.70%
Mukherjee et al. [21] CMLD - - - 90.58%
Kassem et al. [22] GoogleNet-SVM 79.80% 97.00% 80.36% 94.92%
Proposed Method CNN-ARIMA 92.39% 96.11% 92.40% 92.25%

5. CONCLUSION
This research introduced the hybrid algorithm of deep neural network and machine learning
approach for skin cancer classification. The hybrid approach was relied on the combination of CNN and
ARIMA. The proposed hybrid performance shown significantly higher results in terms of sensitivity,
specificity and precision as compared to the state-of-art skin cancer classification approaches that used single
machine learning and single deep learning methods. In addition, this work also did not require any prior
segmentation approach.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is hereby declared that, this paper has not been submitted anywhere for publication and there is no
conflict of interest for publishing this paper. Authors would like to thank University Malaysia Sarawak

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  715

(UNIMAS) and Fusionex International for supporting this research through UNIMAS-Fusionex Research
Grant (RG/F02/FUSX/01/2019).

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mr. Chee Ka Chin is currently pursuing the master's degree of engineering in Faculty of
Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). His research interests include artificial
intelligence and deep learning application.

Dr. Dayang Azra binti Awang Mat is a Senior Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering, University
Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) from 2006 until now. She graduated from Kyushu University
Japan, in 2014 with Doctor of Engineering (in RF and millimeter-wave design). She received
her MEng. (Computer and Communication) in 2006 at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and
degree in BEng. (Hons) Electronic and Telecommunication at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
She is expert in mobile and wireless communication, antenna and filter design, RF both in
microwave and millimeter-wave.

Dr. Abdulrazak Yahya Saleh is a Senior Lecturer in Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and
Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). He received his PhD from
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MSc and BSc from University of Science and Technology,
Yemen. His research is mainly on the cognitive science, artificial intelligence, neural networks,
spiking neural networks, brain modeling, optimization methods, multi-objective optimization
algorithms and machine learning techniques and their applications. The current focus of his
research is on deep learning applications and challenges in big data analytics.

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2021: 707 - 716