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Addition
reaction
 Addition Reaction

Electrophilic Addition Rxn.

 Addition Reaction

Electrophilic Addition Rxn.

 Addition Reaction
Markovnikov's Rule

When molecule of all polar reagent (such as H-X; H-OH; H-SO3H etc.)
add on unsymmetrical unsaturated hydrocarbon;

the -ve part goes to the unsaturated carbon atom bearing lesser no.
of H-atom.
 Addition Reaction
Markovnikov's Rule
 Addition Reaction
Addition of Sulphuric acid
Addition Reaction
Addition of water
 Addition Reaction
Hydroboration Oxidation
 Addition Reaction

Free Radical Addition Rxn. Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule

 Addition Reaction
Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule

1 Chain Initiation Step

h𝜈 .
(a) R-O-O-R 2RO

. .
(b) H-Br + RO ROH + Br
 Addition Reaction

Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule 2 Chain Propagation Step

 Addition Reaction

Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule 3 Chain Termination Step

。 。
R + R R - R

。 。
R + Br R - Br

。 。
Br + Br Br - Br
 Addition Reaction
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction

These cation attracts the π – e– of alkynes and decrease the

e– density and hence a nucleophile can attack an alkynes.
 Addition Reaction
NAR in alkynes: Addition of dihydrogen
 Addition Reaction
NAR in alkynes: Addition of halogens
 Addition Reaction
NAR in alkynes: Addition of hydrogen halides
 Addition Reaction
NAR in alkynes: Addition of hydrogen halides
 Addition Reaction
NAR in alkynes: Addition of dil H2SO4 (Hydration)
 Addition Reaction
NAR in aldehydes and ketones
 Addition Reaction
NAR in aldehydes and ketones: Addition of HCN
 Addition Reaction
NAR in aldehydes and ketones: Addition of NaHSO3
 Addition Reaction
NAR in aldehydes and ketones: With Alcohol
 Addition Reaction
NAR in aldehydes and ketones: With Grignard Reagent
Substitution
reaction
 Nucleophilic Substitution Rxn.

SN2 Reaction SN1 Reaction

Substitution nucleophilic Substitution nucleophilic
Bimolecular Unimolecular

Rate = k[R-X] [Nu] Rate = k[R-X]

 SN2
Reaction
 SN2 Reaction

CH3Br + NaOH CH3OH + NaBr

Mechanism

ẟ- ẟ-
SN2 Reaction
 SN2 Reaction

Reactivity order - Methyl > 1° > 2° > 3° Alkyl halide

 SN2 Reaction
SN2 is favoured by

Strong Good Leaving

Polar aprotic
Nucleophile group
solvent
● Aq KOH ● Acetone
● I- ● DMSO I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
● CN–
Important
S N2
Examples
 Important SN2 Examples

Reaction with KCN

KCN
CH3-CH2-Br CH3-CH2-CN + KBr
 Important SN2 Examples

Reaction with AgCN

AgCN
CH3-CH2-Br CH3-CH2-NC + AgBr
Important SN2 Examples

Reaction with KNO2

Important SN1 Examples

Reaction with AgNO2

Important SN2 Examples

Williamson Synthesis
 SN1
Reaction
 SN1 Reaction

(CH3)3CBr + -OH (CH3)3COH + Br-

2-Bromo-2-methyl propane 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

Rate = k[(CH3)3CBr]
 SN1 Reaction

Mechanism
SN1 Reaction
 SN1 Reaction

Reactivity order - 3° > 2° > 1° > Methyl halide

“Due to more stability of 3° carbocation”

 SN1 Reaction

SN1 is favoured by

Weak Good Leaving

Polar protic
Nucleophile group
solvent
● H2O
● ROH ● Methanol I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
● H2O ● Ethanol
Electrophilic Substitution Rxn.
 Electrophilic Substitution Rxn.

Mechanism
Electrophilic Substitution Rxn.
Halogenation
Nitration
Sulphonation
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Rxn.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation Rxn.
Elimination
Reaction
Elimination Reaction
Elimination Reaction

E1 reaction
 Elimination Reaction
E1 reaction: Mechanism

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3
 Elimination Reaction
Saytzeff rule

When two possible alkenes are obtained by the elimination reaction then that
alkene containing maximum number of alkyl group on double bonded C-atoms
is called Saytzeff's product and formed as major product.
 Elimination Reaction

Alc. KOH, Δ
 Elimination Reaction
Saytzeff rule: Example
 Elimination Reaction
Saytzeff rule: Example
Elimination Reaction

E2 reaction
Elimination Reaction

E2 reaction: Mechanism
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