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 Normally, many crops posses a waxy coating on

the surface
During harvesting and subsequent handling, as
Processing
of


much as 50% can be easily damage or lost.

Perishable Agricultural
Products

 Application of a thin film of surface coating to

1. Transparent – renders the commodity
fruits and vegetables. surface clearly visible
 Intended to replace the commodity’s natural 2. Glossy – gives shine or luster to the
wax removed during handling or supplement it. commodity surface and adds to the
visual appeal of the commodity
3. Odorless – does not give any off-odor to
the commodity
4. Tasteless – does not impart any peculiar
taste

5. Biodegradable – breaks down easily 1. Reduces water loss

2. Maintains and enhances the natural gloss and
when the commodity or coating is increases visual appeal
discarded 3. Slows down the respiration rate and ripening
6. Safe – should not contain any substance process
injurious to people 4. Acts as a carrier for inhibitors of senescence,
superficial scald and sprouting when used for
fungicides and colorants
5. Seals tiny scratches and injuries on the
surface of commodities
6. Reduces chilling injury in some crops
(pineapple, mango)

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 Produce quality – fruits to be wax

 Presence of free moisture – be sure
must be mature , clean and of good
that the surface of the fruit is dry since
quality
water will dilute the wax
 Type of wax – every commodity
 Time of application – the sooner a
responds differently to different wax
commodity is waxed after harvest, the
formulations
greater the effect.
 Amount of wax – the layer of wax must
not be too thick or too thin

1. Dipping
2. Foam waxing
3. Spray waxing
4. Slab or brush method
5. Drip method
6. Controlled drop application

 the art, science and technology of Package

bringing goods from its source to the
place of consumption at the minimum
cost possible
 essential to maintaining product quality
during transportation and marketing
 provide protection
 in the form of shipping containers, serves
to enclose the product and provide a
means of handling
 refers to a container designed to keep
the produce
Packing
 describes the act of putting produce into
a package and preparing the packaged
produce for shipment or transport

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Packaging must withstand:
 rough handling during loading and
unloading
 impactand vibration during
transportation
Functions of a Package
1. Containment and protection
2. Enhancement of product sales appeal
3. Contributing to keeping minimum
product cost
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 compression from the overhead weight of
other containers
 high humidity during precooling, transit
and storage
In more specific terms, a good package
should:
1. Facilitate easy handling by meeting the
requirements of the produce.
2. Protects produce from all of forms of
damage which affect external and internal
quality.
3. Sells the produce by initially attracting
consumers visually and ultimately
developing brand loyalty.
4. Informs the consumer of produce benefits
and provides instruction for shippers to
ensure proper and safe handling of goods.
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Classifications of Packages According to Material

1. According to material
2. According to protective capacity
3. According to design
4. According to storability
5. According to returnability
1. Burlap
- also called Hessian cloth
- a coarse material made of jute, flax
or hemp
- could be loosely or densely woven
- suitable for short trips

2.Fibrous materials 3. Wood

- strips are usually woven to form
containers for local transport.
- bamboo-like material locally called
boho is more commonly used than
bamboo and rattan
- packages are made of sawn lumber,
plywood or veneer and come in various
sizes and shapes

4. Paper sheets 5. Plastics

- cardboard, paperboard and - polyethylene
fiberboard are made of paper sheets of - polypropylene
varying number so that they vary in
thickness

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According to Protective Capacity According to Design

1. Flexible 1. Bags and Sacks
- allows easy movement for - terms are synonymous but
commodities traditional usage has associated particular
- does not offer much protection to the materials with a specific term e.g., jute
commodity bags and mesh bags
- useful for bulky or hard produce
2. Semi-rigid and rigid containers
- semi-rigid offers lesser protection
that rigid which are stronger

2. Baskets According to Returnability

- containers made of woven strips of 1. One-trip container
fibrous materials that come in different - designed for one-time use
sizes, shapes and materials - usually non-rigid and cheap
3. Crates and boxes containers
- box is a solidly walled and usually
rectangular-shaped container 2. Returnable
- crate is a box with more open construction - designed for returnability or multi-
– made of slats or has open spaces at sides and trip use
bottom
- carton is a box made of cardboard,
paperboard or fiberboard

Tray Packing for Fruit

Common Carton for

Pineapple

Watermelon Bins Tray Packed Avocado

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Foam Mesh Sleeves Film Wrapped

for Papaya Cucumbers

Fiberboard dividers Dividers and

for melon shredded papers

Packing methods include:

1. Field packing
- products are placed in fibreboard
boxes or wood crates during harvesting
- some products are wrapped
- filled containers are then taken to a
precooling facility

2. Shed packing
- products are processed or packed
indoors or under cover at a central
location.
- product is brought from the field to
the packing shed in bulk in field crates,
bins or trucks.

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3.Repacking
- products are taken out of one
container, regarded and placed in another
- often done to make smaller
containers for the retailer or consumer
packages
3. Mode of transport
- the dimensions and design of a
package must be suited to the available
transport in order to load neatly and easily
4. Distance of delivery
- baskets or flexible packages are
used for nearby markets
- the more sturdy ones are used for
distant markets
6.Method of selling
- the capacity, structure and
appearance of the container should suit
market demands
7.Cost-effectiveness
- it should not be more expensive than
necessary to achieve its purpose
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Basis on Package Selection:
1. Commodity
- package must be strong enough to
withstand the rigors that the commodity
undergoes during handling yet sufficiently
smooth to prevent abrasion
2.Type of loading
- package should be easy and
convenient to handle by a person of
average build
- handholds are necessary
5. Postharvest treatments and storage
conditions
- if hydrocooled or iced, container
must be water-resistant
- if iced, it should have provisions for
containing the water from the melting ice
- if forced air-cooled, it needs
sufficient vents to facilitate cooling
- if cold-stored, package should be
moisture-resistant, strong and stable
enough to withstand stacking during
storage